Name: Jui Manohar

Yezarkar
Ex5: To determine the number of longitudinal mode and their frequency
separation using python.

Date:04/10/2021
Aim: To determine the number of longitudinal mode and their frequency
separation using python.

Software/Apparatus used: Python

Theory: Modes are the way in which rays are propagated. The single-mode
step index fiber has the distinct advantage of low intermodal dispersion
(broadening of transmitted light pulses), as only one mode is transmitted,
whereas with multimode step index fiber considerable dispersion may occur
due to the differing group velocities of the propagating modes.

Fig(a): Single and Multimode Propagation

Propagation Modes In Single-Mode:

 o In Single Mode Optical fibre, the optical signal is carried by the
linearly polarized “fundamental mode”, which has two polarization
components that are orthogonal. So, we need to arbitrary choose
horizontal (H) and the vertical(V) polarization modes would make up
fundamental HE, mode.

o Electric field of the light propagating along the fiber is a LINEAR

SUPERPOSITION of these two polarization modes. It depends on the
polarization of the light the launching point into the fiber.

o If TE along x-directional other orthogonal mode in y direction then, in

ideal fibers that have perfect rotational symmetry, two modes are
degenerate with equal propagation constants (kxky).

Fig(b): Horizontal and Vertical Orthogonal Polarization modes

Propagation of light along a waveguide can be described in terms of set of

guided E.M waves, called modes of waveguide. Each guided mode is a
pattern of electric and magnetic field line that is repeated along the fiber.
The different types of modes are :–
1. Hybrid Mode
 2. Bounded Mode
3. Leaky Mode

1) Hybrid Mode and Bounded Modes:

Hybrid modes of HE and EH type, having a non-zero longitudinal
components of both electric and magnetic field.

SR. NO HYBRID MODE BOUNDED MODE

represented by HE or EH
1) Maximum energy is contained in core
modes
both E2 and HZ are
2) arise from meridional
nonzero.
This mode is for away frequency,
3) results from Skew Rays more concentration is in the core.
greater energy travels in cladding.
larger contribution to the
4)
axis of fibre.

2) Leaky Modes:

• These are partially confined to core.

• Order of mode is equal to the number of field zeroes across the
guide. • Lower order modes → Here fields are highly concentrated
near the axis of fiber (core), with little penetration in cladding.
• Higher order modes → Fields are distributed more towards edge of
guide and penetrate in cladding

Linearly Polarized Mode:

o Combination of bounded and unbounded mode. For weakly guided
fibers Difference between refractive indices of core and cladding is
very small. In such weakly guided fibers, the EM field patterns and
propagation constants for certain modes are very similar.
o Thus, these modes degenerate. Such degenerate modes are called as
linearly polarized mode. For weakly guiding structures with dominant
forward propagation, mode theory gives dominant transverse field
components.

Fig(c): The electrical field configuration of LP Modes and their

Field distribution

Longitudinal Modes:
 o A longitudinal mode of a resonant cavity is a particular standing wave
pattern formed by waves confined in the cavity. o The longitudinal
modes correspond to the wavelengths of the wave which are
reinforced by constructive interference after many reflections from the
cavity's reflecting surfaces.
o All other wavelengths are suppressed by destructive interference. o
A longitudinal mode pattern has its nodes located axially along the
length of the cavity.
o Transverse modes, with nodes located perpendicular to the axis of the
cavity, may also exist.
Mathematical Expression:

A ruby laser contains a crystal of length 4 cm with a refractive index of

1.78. The peak emission wavelength from the device is 0.55 μm.
Determine the number of longitudinal modes and their frequency separation.

Solution:
The number of longitudinal modes supported within the structure may be
obtained where:

Using eq (1) the frequency separation of the modes is:

δf
= 2.1 GHz
Procedure:
1. Online GDB was opened using the following link:
https://www.onlinegdb.com 2.
The code was written and then run.
3. Output is observed.
CODE:

Fig(d): Python Code

Output:
 Fig(e): Output of the code

Conclusion: Thus, we have determined the number of longitudinal modes

and their frequency separation using python and the output is displayed
successfully.