COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

BACHELOR OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION

BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

GEEd4/GE1
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MODULE 2

Name of Student:
Jervin Almazan
Year/Block
BSOA 1

MS. JASMIN S. MINA

College Instructor

RUBELYN M. ESPERON, PH.D.

College Dean

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 Good day my dear students! How are you today? I hope you are all doing well while staying at
you home. Do not forget to take a rest from time to time. Let us start our day asking for God’s presence
and guidance.

MODULE 2: Mathematical Language and Symbols

Learning Outcomes:
1. Discuss the language, symbols, and conventions of mathematics and its importance;
2. Elaborate the nature of mathematics as a language;
3. Demonstrates operations on mathematical expressions correctly

Materials
● calculator, mobile phones, reading articles, video discussions
● Math isn’t hard, it’s a Language by Randy Palisoc TEDxManhattanBeach (video link:
https://youtu.be/V6yixyiJcos

For thousand years, mathematicians had developed spoken and written natural languages that
are highly effective for expressing mathematical language. The mathematical language has
developed and provides a highly efficient and powerful tool for mathematical expressions,
exploration, and reconstruction after exploration and communication. Its power comes from
simultaneously being precise and yet concise. But the mathematical language is being used
poorly. The mathematical language and logical reasoning using that language from the everyday
working experience of mathematics. Pag
Pag
e
Characteristics of Mathematical Language ePA
PA
GE
Think About This! GE
\*
\*
ME
You are in a math class, and the instructor passes a piece of paper to each ME
RG
student. It is announced that the paper contains Strategies in Solving Math RG
Problems. You are to read it and make comments. Upon glancing the paper, you EF
EF
OR
are surprised that it is written in a foreign language that you do not understand. Is
the instructor being fair? OR
MA
MA
T3
Of course not. Indeed, the instructor is probably trying to make a point. Although the
T3
ideas in the paragraph may be simple, there is no access to the ideas without knowledge of the
language in which the ideas are expressed.

Language is a systematic way of communication with other people use of sounds or

convention symbols. It is system of words used in particular discipline. It is also a system of
abstracts, codes, which represent antecedent events and concepts arranged in ordered sequence to
form words. Language was invented to communicate ideas to others.

Comparison between the English Language and Mathematical Language

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 ENGLISH MATHEMATICS
English alphabet, Numerals, Greek
English alphabet and
Symbols letters, grouping symbols, special
punctuations
symbols
Name Noun Expression
Complete Thought Sentence Sentence
Operations and other actions (e.g.,
Action Verbs
simplify, rationalize)
What’s in a Sentence Verbs Equality, inequality, membership in a set
Attribute of a Sentence Fact or Fiction True or false

Mathematical language has its own characteristics: precise, concise and powerful.
Language of mathematics is said to be precise if it is able to make very fine distinctions; it is
concise if it is able to say things briefly; and powerful if it is able to express complete thoughts
with relative cases. Precision in mathematics like a culture of being correct all the time.
Mathematical language must be concise or shows simplicity. Mathematical language must also
be powerful. It is a way of expressing complex thoughts with relative ease.

VIDEO WATCHING
Are you bored already? Let us take a break while watching another video clip!
Math isn’t hard; it’s a language by Randy Palisoc TEDxManhattanBeach
https://youtu.be/V6yixyiJcos

SHORT RESPONSE!

What do you think our situation would be if we cannot understand mathematical

language?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________.

Expression vs Sentence

Try Me!
Now, you need to try classifying the following as English noun and Mathematical
expression.
English Noun 1.Dog
Mathematical expression 2.5
Mathematical expression 3.3 + 7
English Noun 4.Mango
Mathematical expression 5. 91

Did you find it difficult? I’m sure it was just a piece of cake for you!

Expression is the mathematical analogue of an English noun; a correct arrangement of

mathematical symbols used to represent a mathematical object of interest. An expression does
not state a complete thought; it does not make sense to ask if an expression is true or false. Most
common expression types: numbers, sets, functions.

English (NOUN) Mathematics (EXPRESSION)

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 Carlo 6
Banana 3
4
Dog
34 + 10
Samsung

Task!
Construct at least 10 mathematical expressions.
1.8 times the width n 6. 23 x 4
2.2 times the height 2 7.
3.6 times the sum of the number n and 3 8. 10÷ 5
4.10 times the sum of the number n and 8 9 .x-y
5.the supply y quadrupled 10. X ¿ 10

Try Me!
Classify the following as English sentence or Mathematical sentence.

Math sentence 1. x 2+ 67 y =8
English sentence 2. The dog ate the meat.
Math sentence 3. 1 + 4 = 5
English sentence 4. Ana went to the hospital to visit her husband.
Math sentence 5. 50 x 19=5,950

It seemed that it was a lot way easier for you this time!

Sentence is a mathematical analogue of an English sentence; a correct arrangement of

mathematical symbols that states a complete thought. A mathematical sentence can also use
symbols or words like equals, greater than, or less than. It makes sense to ask if a sentence is
true, false, sometimes true, and sometimes false. An example of a true mathematical sentence: 1
+ 2 = 3; an example of a false mathematical sentence is 1 + 2 = 4; an example of a sometimes
true of sometimes false mathematical sentence is x=1 if and only if x =1, it is true.

English (SENTENCE) Mathematics (SENTENCE)

67 + 89 = 156
1. South Korea is a beautiful country to visit.
2. Harry Potter is one of the best-selling
books worldwide.
78 – 35 = 45

PRACTICE TEST 1.1

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 THE LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS
A. Translate each of the following phrases into mathematical
expressions/sentences. Use as few variables as possible.

1. The sum of a number and 10 X+10

2. The product of two numbers hxy =
3. The product of -1 and a number -1 x n =
1
4. One –half times the sum of two numbers x n+y
2
5. Twice a number 2x
6. Five less than a number 5<x
7. A number, less 8 X<8
8. Six more than a number 6>x
9. A number, plus 6 X+6
10. The square of a number x2
11. Four times the square of a number 4xn2
1
12. One-half of a number is 5. x =5
2
13. Three less than twice a number 3<2x
14. Five more than three times a number 5>3xn
16. The sum of the squares of two numbers is 25.
17. There are twice as many boys (b) as there are girls (g)
18. There are 10 more cars (c) than jeeps (j).
19. A man’s age (a) 10 years ago is 43.
20. The area (A) of a rectangle whose length (l) is 7 more than the
width (w).

Four Basic Concepts

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 Now that we have discussed about mathematical symbols and language, let us proceed
with another lesson.

A. The Language of Sets

Set Theory is a branch of mathematics that studies sets or the mathematical science of the
infinite. A set is a well – defined collection of objects; the objects are called elements or
members of the set. The symbol ∈ is used to denote that an object is an element of a set.

In presenting a set, you could use verbal or word description (e.g. set of counting numbers);
rosting or listing (e.g. { 2,3,4,5,7 } set of prime number); and by set notation or rule method (e.g. A
¿ { x∨x is a multiple of 5less than 20 } ¿ .

There are also different kinds of set. These are the following:
● Subset – a set which is part of another set called subset of an original set.
e.g. A={ 1,2,3 } B is a subset of A
B= {1,2 }

● Equal sets – if every member of A is a member of B and ad every member of B is also a

member of A.
e.g. A={−2 ,0 ,2 } A=B
B= {−2 , 0 , 2 }

● Equivalent sets – if the two sets have the same number of elements
e.g. A={ x , y , z } A B
B= {1 , 2 ,3 }

● Empty / Null sets – a set that contains no members. {}

● Finite sets – elements of a set are limited or countable and the last element can be
identified.
e.g. x ∈ real numbers 0< x<10

● Power sets – for any set x, the power set of xwritten P( x ) is defined to be the set
{ A∨A isa⊂of x }
e.g. x= {1 , 2, 3 }
P ( x ) ={ 1 } , {2 } , { 3 } , {1,2 } , { 1, 3 } , { 2 ,3 } , { 1 ,2 , 3 } ,{}

● Universal sets – contains all elements in a set

e.g. A={ 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ,7 ,8 , }
B= {1 , 3 ,5 , 7 }
C={ 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 }
D= { 2, 3 , 6 , 7 }

There are also considered as operations of set:

a. Union of sets – set elements that are members of A or B, or both denoted by∪.
e.g. A={ 1, 2 , 3 }
B= {1 , 3 , 4 , 5 }
A ∪ B= {1 , 2, 3 , 4 ,5 }

b. Intersection of sets – set that contains all elements found in both A and B denoted by∩.
e.g. A={ 5 ,6 ,7 }
B= {7 , 8 , 9 }
A ∩ B= {7 }

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 c. Compliment of sets – given two sets A and B, the complement of B is not in the set A
and vice versa denoted as A ¿
e.g. A={ 1, 2 , 3 , 4 }
B= {3 , 4 ,5 ,6 }
A ¿={ 1,2 }
B ¿= {5,6 }

B. Language of Functions

When we talk about relation, we are referring to a set of ordered pair that satisfies a
relationship. If x and y are elements of these sets and if a relation exists between xand y, the we
say that x corresponds to y or that y depends on x and is represented as ordered pair of ( x , y ).
A relation from Set A to Set B is defined to be any subset of A x B. If R is a relation from A to B
and (a , b) ∈ R, then we say that “a is related to b” and it is dneoted as a R b.

For example, A={ a , b , c , d }be the set of makeups, and let B= { s , t , u , v } be the set of different
brands. Then, A x B gives us all possible pairings of the elements of A and B, let the relation R
from A to B be given by R =
{ (a , s)(a ,t )(a , u)( a , v )(b , s)(b ,t )(b , u)( b , v )( c , s)(c , f )(c ,u)(b , v)(d , s )(d ,t )( d ,u)(d , v ) }.

We also need to understand what a domain and range are. When we say domain, it refers
to the set of all possible input values (often the “x variable) which produce a valid output from a
particular function. It is the set of all real numbers for which a function is mathematically
defined. On the other side, we have the range that is the set of all possible output values (usually
the variable y, or sometimes expressed as f (x)), which result from using a particular function.

Let us a have an example: we have y=6 x ; x=1 ,2 , 4 ; y=6 , 12 ,24. The domain is 1, 2, 4
while the range is 6, 12, 24. We are only substituting the value of our x.

Domain Range
Function is a relation in which an element in the
domain corresponds with one and only one element in a
range. There are different types of functions: one to one A B
function, one to many, and many to one functions. a s
The sample figure on the right is an example of one to one b t
function. c u
d v

C. Language of Binary Operations

The set of algebraic structures, focuses on investigating sets asscosiated by single operations
that satisfy certain reasonable axioms; that is, to define an operation on a set in a way that will
generalize such familia structures as the integers together with the single operation of addition,
or invertible 2 x 2 matrices together with the single operation of matrix multiplication. The
integers under addition and the 2x 2 matrices under multiplication, are examples of algebraic
structures known as group.

Now let us talk about groups. A group is a set of elements, with one operation, that satisfies
the following properties: the set is closed with respect to the operation, (ii) the operation satisfies
the associative property, (iii) there is an identity element, and (iv) each element has an inverse. In
other words, it is an ordered pair ¿where G is a set and ¿ is a binary operations on G satisfying
the four properties.

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 1. Closure property - if any two elements are combined using the operation, the result
must ne an element of the set, a∗b=c ∈ G, for all a, b, c ∈ G.
e.g. 8 + 4 = 12; 5 +10 = 15

2. Associative property - ( a∗b )∗c=a∗(b∗c), for all a , b , c ∈G.

e.g. (3 + 5) + 4 = 3 + (5 + 4)

3. Identity property – There exists an element e in G, such that for all a ∈ G, a∗e=e∗a.
e.g. 5 + 0 = 5

4. Inverse property – for each a ∈G there is an element a−1 of G, such that

a∗a−1=a−1∗a=e .
e.g. 9 + -9 = 0

PRACTICE SET 2.2

A. Language of Sets
Identify the following as finite, infinite or empty set.

1. The set of fraction in integers. Infinite

2. The set of governors in Region 3 . Infinite
3. The set of consonant in aisle. Finite
4. The set of days in a week beginning with the letter T. Finite
5. The set of protein in glow foods. Infinite
6. The set of prime numbers from 1 to 100.
7. The set of parallel lines in y−axis Infinite
8. The collection of all rivers in Nueva Ecija. Infinite
9. The collection of integers more than – 6. Infinite
10. The set of singers won in The Voice PH. Finite

B. Give the following:

1. A={ x∨x is a set of prime numbers less than 50 } / Finite
2. B= { x∨x is a set of odd numbers less than 100 but greater than 45 }/Finite
3. C={ x∨x is a multiple of 8 less than 200 }/Finite
4. D= { x ∨x is a set of mayors∈Nueva Ecija }/ Infinite
5. E={ x∨x is a set of Milktea shops ∈Guimba }/ Infinite

C. Language of Function
Give the domain and range of each relation.
Given Domain Range
a. (2, 7), (6, 0), (5, -4), (0, -3) (2,6,5,0) (7,0,-4,-3)
b. (9, 2), (0, -1) (8, 4), (-3, 8) (9.0,8,-3) (2,-1,4,8)
c. (4, 8), (0, -7), (5, 9), (5, 7) (4,0,5) (8,-7,9,7)
d. (-5, 1), (4, 2), (0, 10), (5, -8) (-5,4,0,5) (1,2,10,-8)
e. (7, 9), (5, 0), (-5, -8) (-6, 0) (7,5-5,-6) (9,0,-8)

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Before we end this module, share with me your learning by completing the statements below.

LEARNING SUMMARY

✔ Expression and sentence differs from one another because

____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________.
✔ ______________________ is a fact, name, notation, or usage which is
generally agreed upon by mathematicians.
✔ The three characteristics of a mathematical language are
________________, ____________________, and __________________.
✔ Mathematics language is useful because ___________________________
___________________________________________________________.

REFLECTION

According to Galileo Galilei, “Mathematics is the language with which God has written
the universe.”. Share your insight about this.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.

In this module, I need to understand more the concept/s on

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________.

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