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4 EDITORIAL ausmf0if;
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6 EDITOR’S REPORT SPECIAL FEATURE armifaZ,sm
CHOICE 149 t,f'w D mtzGYJ 42 atmifZifrif; aersKd;ol&
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COVER THEME a': MuLMuLjrifh
58 zm&d(')Zmcg&&D m FEATURES
2008 w½kwfjynf (Economy, Society, Culture, etc.) DESK REFERENCE
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taemuf\tem*wf wwd,vrf; aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;qdkwm bmvJ (3)
91 rd;k aumif; 115 0if;aemif rsufEmS zH;k cGiUf jyKcsuftrSwf
w½kwfya[Vd 5402610308
tawG;rSm;? t,HkrSm;? tpGJrSm;rsm;\ MYANMA HIST0RY SERIES
tajznd§jcif; tMurf;zufrI (2) qufo,
G &f efvyd pf m
96 armifp;l prf; 182 Adv
k rf LS ; b&Sif
122 rd;k aumif; trSwf (217)? yxrxyf(0J)?
2008 ckESpf w½kwfplygyg0gjzpfNyD jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;ESifh w½kwfpmay
vlrItif*sifeD,menf;ESifU qdyfurf;omvrf;(tv,f)?
100 armifp;l prf; taxmuftxm;rsm;
zGHYNzdK;a&;jyoem ausmufwHwm;NrdKYe,f?
&Dquf&Sif;ESifU 197 Than Tun (trans)
128 vif;xufaZmf &efukefNrdKY /
Chinese Sources on Myanma History
a':vmwefzdk;usqif;rI 'ku©wkdhuif;&mukef&m zkef; 095193106? 384199

2 3
Editorial
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tar&duwdkY\OD;aqmifrI tajymif;tvJ/) wif;wif;rmrm
ESifh ppfyrJG sm;okYd OD;wnfomG ;onfvnf;&So d nf/ (Oyrm-yxr
urÇmppftNy;D *smreDtiftm;Bu;D rm;vmjcif;/) nifomrvm;?
jyif;xefrvm; qdkonfukd? tcsufESpfcsufu tqHk;tjzwf
ay;onf[kvnf;? rSwfcsufjyKMuygonf/ þonfwdkYrSm
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taetxm;ukd nd, § El idk v
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xefrnf... ponfjzihf? rSwfom;&ygonf/

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u oHk;oyfMuygonf/ ppfat;vGefacwfwGif? *&dwfyg0g
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onf/ þwGif? orkdif;ukdjyefMunfhzdkY taMumif;zefvmawmh
onf /
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ordkif;wGifBuHKcJhaom yg0ga&GUajymif;rIrsm;udk jyef
Munfhvdkufaomtcg? at;at;anmif;anmif; ajymif;oGm;
(3)
20 &mpkwGif toHk;rsm;onfhpOf;pm;enf;rSm? 'kdif,m
vufwpfenf; jzpfonf/ vuf0J,vuf,mra&G;? þenf;ukd
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enf;[k qkd&ygvdrfhrnf/ 21 &mpkum;? 20 &mpkESihf rwl
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tiftm;pkESpfck tNydKifwnf&SdrIukd? &nfrSef;csufxm;onf/
tm;rQajc taetxm;wpfck ay:xGuv f map&ef? ndE§ iId ;f Mu
jcif;jzpfygonf/ orl[csO;f uyfenf;[k qdEk idk of nf/ r*Fvm
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„

4 5
Editor's Choice
rxifrSwfaom½dkufcsufESifh
r[mAsL[majrmuftzh H ,
G cf ek pfyg;
bvdik ;f qdu
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tifwmeufaus;Zl;aMumif?h rMumao;rDu pmtkyw f pftyk f jrnf;cGihf
&vdkufonf/ pmtkyftrnfu? enf;enf;awmh aMumufp&maumif;onf/
]bvkdif;qdkuf} (Blindside) [l\/ tbd"mefziG q hf ckd sut
f &? ]rxifrw S o
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bufrS 0if½dkufjcif;}? ]rodrjrif&aomae&mrS wdkufcdkufjcif;} ponfjzifh
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r[kw/f pma&;olaygif;pH\ k aqmif;yg;aygif;csKyjf zpfonf/ e,fy,ftoD;oD;
rS ynm½SiftoD;oD;\ xifjrifcsufrsm;[k qdkEdkifygvdrfhrnf/
pmtkyfudkpkpnf;wnf;jzwfolrSm emrnfausmf z&efppfzlul,m;rm;/
]tem*wfESifhywfoufNyD; uRefawmfwdkYaocsmayguf cefYrSef;EdkifonfrSm?
rxifwmawGjzpfvdrfrnf? thHMozG,f&mawGvmvdrfhrnf qdkaomtcsufrS
vGJí tjcm;r&SdawmhNyD} [laom? wnf;jzwfol\trSmpum;jzifh pmtkyfudk
zGifhvdkufonf/ wpfqufwnf;rSmyif ]jzpfEdkifajctvGefenf;onf[k xif&
aomt&mawGrSm? wpfcsdefrSm t"dutusqHk;pdefac:csufawG jzpfvmEdkif
p&m&Sdonf}[kvnf; aumufcsufcsonf/ ath'f(pf)a&m*g? 9^11 ta&;
tcif;? uufx&Demrkefwdkif;? blwdkvkyfBuHcH&rI paom edpö"l0jyóem
awGukd awG;vdu k rf &d m? zlu,l m;rm;aumufcsuf rSerf nfyh ½kH o
dS nf[?k pOf;pm;
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umrsm;twGuf acgif;ajcmufp&mjzpfae&m? þtjcif;t&mudkyif zlul,m;
rm;u ]r[mAsL[majrmuf thHMozG,f&mrsm;} (Strategic Surprises)[k
trnfay;xm;onf/ cyfvG,fvG,f pOf;pm;MunfhvQif? tqdkyg r[mAsL[m
ajrmuftHhzG,f&mrsm; a&SUa&mufvmonfrSm? ay:vpDrdwfumrsm;\ ]tem
*wHoÓPf} csdKUwJhaomaMumifh? jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifygonf/ odkYaomf þ
tjrifudk yg0ifa&;om;ol? tem*wf0g'DESpfOD;jzpfaom yDwm½S0yfZfESifh
6 7
- Blindside : How to anticipate
Forcing Events and Wild Cards
in Global Politics
- Edited by Francis Fukuyama
'yfc&f ef'v
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Ykd vufrcH/ tjypfzpYkd um;qdak om bvde;f *dr;f (Blame Game)
jzifh jyóemudkrcsOf;uyfEdkif/ taotcsmqef;ppfzdkY vdkvdrfhrnf[k tBuH
jyKonf/
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Edkifajc½IjrifuGif;rsm;} (alternative potenital scenarios) rsm; jzefYcif;Munfh
zdjYk zpfonf[k qdo k nf/ þodYk Munfjh rif&mwGi?f tpOftvm toH;k rsm;aom
a*smfumoHk;ajz½Sif;enf;udk tm½kHrusrdzdkY? owday;onf/ jyóemrsm;pGm
xJrS t"dutusqHk;jyóem (wpfenf; t"duy#dyu©)udk qkyfudkifvkduf
vQif? usefjyóemrsm;tm;vHk; ajyvnfoGm;vdrfhrnfqdkaom taumuf
t,ludk ]a*smfumoHk;ajz½SSif;enf;}[k qdkvdk&if;jzpfonf/ wpfqufwnf;rSm
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Edik if aH &;? pD;yGm;a&;oufa&mufciG u f kd tav;xm;MunfzYkd xyfrt H qdjk yKonf/
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,le, D NH yKd urJG I urS? Bu;D us,½f rkH Qru *vdb k ,foabmaqmifaom vSnahf jymif;
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þtjcif;t&mudkyif zlul,m;rm;u &Sdonf/
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jzpfay:vmap&ef? ay:vpDcif;&rnf[k qdkygonf/ &Sad eonf/ wpfcgu rdr\ d Mu,f&EH ikd if rH sm; Oa&myor*¾tzGUJ 0ifjzpfuek í f ?
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toifh BudKwifrSef;qEkdifp&m &Sdygonf[kqdkonf/ olwdkYESpfa,muf (yDwm rIrSm yxr-pD;yGm;a&;rSpNyD;? aemufydkif; EdkifiHa&;odkY OD;wnfoGm;Edkifonf/
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[kqdkygonf/ jzpfonf/ odkYaomf vmrnfhq,fpkESpfwpfck (odkYr[kwf) ESpfcktwGif;? ],l½dk}
e,fy,frScGmawmhrnfh ]tD;,l}EdkifiHawG? qufwdkufay:xGufvmEdkifonf/
ckepfyg; ,ckyif tDwvDu þajcvSrf;udk paeNyD/
olwaYkd jymaom ]tHzh , G cf ek pfyg;}udk pmzwfow l Ykd pdwu f ;l uGejYf rL;Edik &f ef (6) tD*spfrSm 1978 u tD&efvdkrsdK;jzpfoGm;Edkif
wef;pDazmfjyvkdufygonf/ oufwrf;&SnMf umvmaom tmPmydik pf epf? tusiyhf sujf cpm;rIEiS hf
(1) tif'dkeD;&Sm;NydKuGJEdkif ruif;aomtDvpfrsm;? jrefEeI ;f jrifh vlO;D a&wd;k yGm;rIEiS hf tMurf;zuf bmom
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jyóemtcsKUd &So d nfw h ikd f rNyKd uEJG ikd [
f rk eS ;f q&onf/ odaYk omf ajrivsiaf b;? (7) w½kwfarmif;rnfU *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;
MuufiSufwkyfauG;ESifh tpGef;a&muf bmoma&;tkyfpkrsm;aMumifh rxif ,cktcsed x f ?d *vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;½Si;f jzpfpOfBu;D udk armif;ESiaf eonf
rSwfbJNydKuGJEdkifp&m &Sdonf/ rSm? tar&duefyHkpH t&if;½Sifpepfjzpfonf/ odkYaomf? þpepf\ rrQwrIrsm;
(2) uGefysLwmpGrf;&nf uGrfwrfckeful;rI tay: tpmraMuonfrsm; wdk;yGm;vm&mrS? w½kwfyHkpHt&if;½Sifpepfjzifh
uGefysLwmpGrf;&nfwdk;wufrIESifhywfowfvQif ]rl;vfed,mr}&Sdonf/ armif;ESiaf om *vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f jzpfvmEdkifonf/
a&SUvmrnfh uGefysLwmpGrf;&nfwdk;wufrIrSm? ]uGrfwrfckeful;rI} oabm þonfwu Ykd m;? tem*wf0g'DEpS Of ;D azmfxw k v f u
kd af om? r[mAsL[m
aqmifvmrnfjzpf&m? rl;vfed,mrudkausmfoGm;rnfhykH ½Sdonf/ odkYESifhtrQ ajrmuf tHzh ,G cf ek pfyg; jzpfygonf/ taygif;vu©Pmxuf tEIwv f u©Pm
1980 0ef;usifuay:xGufcJhaom ]ynmaygufuGJrI}xuf tqrsm;pGm u rsm;aeonfudk qifjcifMunfhzdkYjzpfygonf/
ydkBuD;rnfh? aemufxyfynmaygufuGJrIBuD;wpfckESifh BuHK&Edkifp&m½Sdonf/
(3) aewdk;tzGJY BuD; aysmufoGm;Edkif pmtñTef; - Blindside : How to Anticipate
aewdk; (NATO) tzGJUBuD;rSm? 'kwd,urÇmppfaemufydkif; ay:xGufcJh Forcing Events and Wild Cards in Global Politics.
aom r[mrdwt f zGUJ rsm;pGmxJr?S wpfcw k nf; pGNJ ru J se&f pfcohJ nft h zJUG Bu;D jzpf

8 9
 Opinion ,if;rSm aps;uGufonf trSefwu,f rvGwv
jyóemawG awGU&jcif;jzpfonf/
f yfaomaMumif?h

10 ajAmifonfvS\ (5) þodYk aps;uGuüf yHpk yH surf I (distortion)rsm;&Sv d Qif 0ifa&muf

14 ykef;uG,faeaomrsufESmpmESifU . . . pGuzf uf&onf/ 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufenf;rSm aps;uGuef nf;wdo Yk m
18 ykdhpfarmf'ef jzpfonf/ aps;uGut f wGi;f rvGwv f yfrwI u
Ykd kd z,f&mS ;ay;onfh
29 tem*wfa[mudef;ESpf&yf ESdkif;,SOfcsuf enf;wdkYom jzpfonf/
34 rsKd;½dk;ADZynmESifUukd,fusifUw&m; þenf;jzifph rD aH om t&if;&Sipf epfu?kd taESmiftzGUJ r&Sad om t&if;&Sif
38 rdbrJUwdkif;jynf\trsKd;om;a&;tvGrf;Zmwf pepf (unfettered capitalism) [kac:onf/ t&if;&Sipf epf yDyo D o oefo Y efY
„ armifpl;prf; vdkvQif aESmifBudK;awGuif;&rnf/ aps;uGufoabmt& þtjrifudk av;
pm;zG,fvufopf (neolized faire) [kac:onf/
ajAmifonf vS\ ajAmiftvGwfonfvS\
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t&if;&Sifpepfüvnf; t&if;&Sifpepfppfppfudk vdkcsifonf/ aps;uGufpD;yGm; twnf;wdkYudk toHk;csí? ajymif;vJrIwdkYudkoGwfoGif;&ef EId;aqmfonf/ t
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vrf;cGaJ &mufow l uYkd kd 'd|[ d x k ifonf/ xdaYk Mumifh olwu Ykd kd tajccH0g'Drsm;[k twnf;wdu Yk kd wrifzefw;D ívnf;? ajymif;vJrw I Ukd udk aqmif&u
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orm;? tajccH0g'Dorm;awG&Sdonf/ Fundamentalists of Capitalism [k ab;tEÅ&m,fESifh tusyftwnf;wdkYudk toHk;jyKí? jyKjyifrIwdkYudk
ac:onf/ olwdkYonf wpf,loefvGef;onf/ olwdkYu aqmif&GufvQifvnf; a&Smhcf½dkufaqmif&Guf&rnf/ vQifvQifjrefjref oGuf
(1) aps;uGuo f nf vGwv f yf&rnf/ rnfonfh tcsKyt f cs,t f uefY oGufvufvuf aqmif&Guf&rnf/ a&Smhcf½dkufaqmif&Gufjcif;udk shock
towfrQ r&Sd&/ therapy [kac:onf/ w&pyf tqufrjywfaqmif&Gufjcif;udk rapid faire
(2) vGwv f yfaomaps;uGuo f nf odyeHÜ nf;usí Ny;D jynhpf akH ompepf transformation [kac:onf/ odkYjzifh ab;tEÅ&m,fESifh tusyftwnf;
jzpfonf/ wduYk kd toH;k jyKvmonfjzpfí? t&if;&Sipf epfww Ykd iG f ab;'kut © ajccH t&if;
(3) þpepfü vlwo Ykd nf ud,k uf sK;d udk t"duxm;í ,SONf yKd iMf u&if;? &Sipf epf(disaster capitalism)uvnf;? pepfwpfyg;tjzpf ay:xGe;f vmNy[ D k
þod, Yk OS Nf yKd irf aI Mumifh tm;vH;k twGuf tjrifq h ;kH tusK;d aus;Zl; axmufjyonf/
awG jzpfay:onf/ ab;'kut © ajccHt&if;&Sipf epfü shock ukoenf;udk tav;ay;&ef
(4) tu,fí vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufü wpfpHkwpf&m trSm;awGU a[majymonfhtwGufvnf;? a&Smhcfenf;onf rl0g'vdk jzpfvmonf/
vQif (Oyrm-tifzav;&Sif;ESifh tvkyfvufrJhjyóemrsKd;) Shock doctrine and the rise of disaster capitalism [k trnfay;onf/

10 11
ab;'ku©ESihf tusyftwnf;wdkYonf? t&m&mudk zsufqD;ypfvdkufojzifh
wvif;jyifvdk? uGif;jyifvdkjzpfoGm;onf/ þodkY wvif;jyif? uGif;jyifwGif
ta[mif;wdu Yk kd zsuq
f ;D rIrvkyaf wmhbJ topfwnfaqmufonf/ ajymif;vJ
rItopfwdkYudk vkyfEdkifrnf/ odkYjzifh blank is beautiful (uGuv
f yfvw
G o
f nf
vSy\/ ajAmifonf vS\)[k ajymvmonf/
tD&wfESifh uwfx&D;em;
ab;'ku©tEÅ&m,fwdkYqdk&mü obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fvnf; yg0if
onf/ vluzefwD;aom ab;tEÅ&m,fwdkYvnf; ygonf/ tar&duef
awmifydkif; e,l;atmfvif;ü? uwfx&D;em;rkefwdkif; a&vIdif;wdkufcdkufvdkuf
aomtcg? taqmufttHkawG tukefavmufeD;yg; ysufpD;ukefonf/
vlwdkYvnf; tNyD;tydkifa&TUajymif;Mu&onf/ tukef tvGwfwvif;jyif
jzpfoGm;onf/ þodkY tvGwfajAmifjzpfoGm;jcif;onfyif? tcGifhtvrf;[k
t&if;&Sifppfppform;wdkYu ,lqvdkufonf/ vlawG ab;tEÅ&m,f uif;
&modkY a&GUajymif;'ku©a&mufaejcif;udkvnf;? tcGifhtvrf;[k ,lqvdkuf
onf /
e,l;atmfvif;wGif pmoifausmif;wdo Yk nf tpd;k &ausmif;awG jzpfMu
onf/ t&Sif;&ifppfppf jzpfcsifolwdkYonf ,ckuJhodkYynma&;ü tpdk;&u
udkifxm;jcif;udk rBudKufMuay/ ausmif;udk tpdk;&ydkifausmif;rS yk*¾vduydkif
ausmif;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJypfcsifonf/ tpdk;&u axmufyHhaom yk*¾vdu
ausmif;awGtjzpf ajymif;vJypfcsifonf/
e,l;atmfvif;uvnf; a&awGvTrf;rdk;? [m&Dudef;avrkefwdkif;ESifh
vlawGvw G &f muRw&f modYk avQmufajy;aepOfwiG ?f tpd;k &ausmif;wdu Yk kd csmwm
ausmif;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJypfaMumif;? tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;u trdefYxkwfvkduf
onf/ ab;'ku©udk csufaumif;,lí ynma&;udk yk*¾vduydkifjyKvkyfjcif;?
(privatization of education) wdYk jyKvy k v
f u
kd o f nf/ rauseyfow l u Ykd vnf;
'ku©awGa0NyD; aqmufwnf&mr& ajy;vTm;ae&if;jzifh? bmrQ jyefvnf
apm'uwufjcif; r&SdcJhMuay/
aemufOyrmwpfckrSm? tD&wfppfyGJudk qifETJpOfu shock and awe
(a&SmhcfESifh xdwfvefYzG,f) trnfjzifhqifonf/ wpf[kefxdk; tiftm; tvHk;
t&if;jzifh tjrefcsDwufNyD;? tm;vHk; xdwfvefYwkefvIyf acsmufcsm;atmif
jyKonf/ þppfqifa&;aMumifh tD&wfonf uGuv f yfajAmifvkd jzpfomG ;onf/
12
tD&wfpD;yGm;a&;udk tHhMoxdwfvefYenf;wdkYjzifh a&Smhcf½dkufonf/
bGo
YJ pf
txufygwdkYrSm ab;'ku©udkvnf;aumif;? tusyftwnf;udkvnf;
aumif; toHk;jyKí? t&if;&SifppfppfwdkY a&Smhcf½dkufonfhom"ursm;yif jzpf
onf/ oD&v d uFmü qlemrDivsiaf Mumifh a&vTr;f onfjh zpfpOfuvnf;? urf;
ajcwpfavQmuf ajymifwvif;jzpfomG ;cJo h nf/ Edik if pH akH umfyakd &;&Si;f Bu;D wdu
Yk
ajymifwvif;jzpfoGm;aom oD&dvuFmurf;ajcü? a[mfw,fBuD;rsm; wnf
aqmuf&ef? tajy;tvTm;0ifvmMuonf/ zsufypfrnfht&mwdkYudk obm0
u zsufay;vdkufonf/
t&if;&Sifpepfppfppf? vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufppfppfudk vdkvm;ol
ynm&SifwdkYonf? vufwiftar&duüvnf; tmPm&SdNyD; vGwfvyfaom
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;udk oGwfoGif;cJhMuonf/ yk*¾vduydkifawG jyKvkyfcJhMu
onf/ Oyrmtaejzifh csDvDESifh tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiHwdkYudk jyonf/ oabm
w&m;t&ajymvQif t&if;&Sifppfppf? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;ppfppfonf 'Drdku
a&pDESifh aoQmifaemufqHxHk;ygqdkovdk wGJygonf/ odkYaomf vufwif
tar&duEdkifiHwdkYü? ppftmPm&SifpepfESifh t&if;&SifppfppfwdkYudk wGJay;cJh
&onf /
vufwiftar&duEdkifiHwdkYwGif EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf;udk toHk;jyK
NyD;? t&if;&Sifppfppf aps;uGufppfppfodkY tajymif;tvJjyKvkyfcJhonf/ &v'f
um; pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfonf/ tusyftwnf;ESifh ab;'ku©wu Ykd kd tajymif;
tvJjyKvkyf&ef tcGifhaumif;wpfcktjzpf toHk;csNyD;? shock ukxHk;wdkYjzifh
t&if;&Sifpepfppfppf? aESmifBudK;rJht&if;&Sifpepfudk xlaxmifMunhfcJhav
&m? vufawGUprf;oyf"mwfcGJcef;wGif prf;oyfenf;rsKd; prf;oyfcJhav&m?
xifovdk jzpfrvmcJhMuay/
uGeq f maA;wpf0g'onf? ab;'kuE© iS fh tusyt f wnf;wdo Yk nf t
ajymif;tvJjyKvyk &f ef tcGithf vrf;aumif;jzpfonf[k ,lqMuonf/ odjYk zifh
ab;'ku©toHk;jyK t&if;&Sifpepf? disaster capitalism [kqdkNyD;? t&if;
&Sifpepfonf bGJUwHqdyftopfwpfrsKd; &&Sdaeonf/
armifpl;prf;
Ref : The Shock Doctrine The Rise of Disaster Capitalism
By Naomi Klein:
13

ykef;uG,faeaom rsufESmpmESifh
arSmifrnf;aeaom aehrsm;taMumif;
„ OD;csrf;at;
yke;f uG,af eaomrsuEf mS pmrsm;
ykHaoum;csyfykHpH? orm;½dk;usykHp(H sterotypes)wdkYudk
tajccHí jyóemudkcsOf;uyfjcif;onf? tcsKdUae&mwdkYüqD
avsmfoavmuf? tcsKdUae&mwdkYü tppftrSefwdkYESifh vGJacsmf
oGm;wwfonf/ Oyrm-ykHaoum;csyfpOf;pm;vQif? *vdkb,f
vdkufaZ;&Sif;onf w&m;0ifenf;vrf;? w&m;0ifaps;uGufrS
wpfqifh 0ifonf? jzpfxGef;onf/ vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;usus
enf;vrf;(formal market)wdrYk w S pfqif?h *vdb
k ,fvukd af Z;&Si;f
0ifonf/
pD;yGm;a&;avhvmenf;wGi?f Freakonomics (z&dwu
aemrpf)enf;jzifh avhvmenf;wpfrsK;d ay:onf/ ¤if;enf;u
t&m&mwdik ;f \ yke;f uG,af eaomrsuEf mS pm edp"ö 0l b0ü? yke;f
uG,faeaomrsufESmpmudk EIdufcRwfuavmfxkwfí avhvm
onf/ To Study Hidden Side of Everything [kqdkonf/ ykH
aoum;csyfavhvmenf; r[kwfay/
ykaH oum;csyaf vhvmenf;onf tpDtpOftwdik ;f pOf;
pm;onf/ wpfNyD;ESpf? ESpfNyD;okH; ponfjzifh tpDtpOftwdkif;
pOf;pm;onf/ z&dwu f akd emrpfenf;u tpDtpOftwdik ;f rpOf;
pm;ay/ tpDtpOfudkzsufNyD; ckefausmf? jzpfEikd af om tvm;
tvmwdkYudk&Smonf/ Oyrm-tpDtpOftwdkif;qdkvQif (1)
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;rS (2) pufrIvkyfief;zGHUNzdK;a&;odkY (3)
pufrv I ufrx I eG ;f um;a&;rS tqifjh rifeh nf;ynm [du k wf ufct
f ikd pf w
D o
D [
Ykd í
l
tpDtpOftwdkif; jr§ifhwifoGm;&ef jzpfonf/ odaYk omf 21 &mpkacwfü v,f,m
pdu
k yf sK;d a&;rS [du
k w f ufct
f ikd pf w
D o
D Ykd ckeful;oGm;Edkifonf/ pufrIvkyfief;tqifh
udk ckefausmfypfvdkufcsifonf/
pnf;vGwEf iS hf ajymif;jyef
þae&mü orm;½dk;ustjrifwpfckudk tvsOf;oifhíazmfjyvdkonf/
okawoeESifh zGHUNzdK;a&;vkyfief; (research and development)onf pufrI
vkyfief;? ukefacsmxkwfvkyfrIvkyfief;ESifh obm0tavsmuf qufEG,fae
onf/ okawoevkyif ef;t&yf&yfonf pufrv I yk if ef;twGuf &nfpl;&onf?
OD;wnf&onf/ okawoe&v'fwdkYudk pufrIvkyfief;wGif taumiftxnf
azmf&onf/ pifppfüvnf; pufrIvkyfief;r&SdbJ? okawoeESifh zGHUNzdK;a&;
vkyfief;wdkYonf r½SdEdkifay/ þtjrifonf orm;½dk;ustjrif jzpfonf/
,ck pufrIvkyfief;ukd ypfrSwfrxm;bJ? tjcm;vkyfief;wdkYudk ypfrSwf
xm;í okawoeESizhf UHG NzKd ;a&;vkyif ef;wdu Yk kd jyKvyk Ef ikd pf rG ;f &Sv
d monf/ okaw
oeESifhzGHUNzdK;a&; (R&D)udk ukefacsmxkwfvkyfrIvkyfief;tm; ckefausmfNyD;?
abmifcwfEdkifjcif;rsKd;awG jzpfay:vmonf/ zGHUNzdK;rItif*sifudk ordkif;wGif
jzpfay:zl;aomtpDtpOfjzif?h ykaH oum;csyf avSe"H m;xpf rpOf;pm;awmhay/
tajctaeudk taotcsmavhvmtuJcwfNyD;? ckefEdkifonfhae&mückef?
ajy;Edkifonfhae&müajy;? vrf;avQmufEdkifonfhae&müavQmuf ponfjzifh?
f kd tajctaet& yHpk t H rsK;d rsK;d udak &maESmok;H pGv J monf/ t&yfpum;jzifh ajym
&vQif? vmbfjrifzdkY jzpfonf/
aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;pepfqo D Ykd ul;ajymif;a&;rSm jrefrmhtajctaet&
ajymif;jyefu;l ajymif;&jcif; (reverse transition) jzpfonf/ qd&k , S v
f pfp;D yGm;a&;
pepfrS jyefívefusvmjcif;jzpfonf/ qd½k , S v f pfpepfukd prf;oyfNy;D ratmif
jrifojzifh aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;pepfqD jyefvn S &hf aomEdik if w H t Ykd xJwiG ?f jrefrmh
pD;yGm;a&;tusK;H 0ifonf/ ½k½mS ;? w½kw?f ta½SUOa&my? AD,uferf ponfh
Edik if w
H EYkd iS q
hf ifwo
l nf/ aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;pepfoYkd jyefO;D vSn&hf jcif; jzpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;wGif xl;xl;qef;qef;awG jzpfay:onf/
(1) *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;½Sifonf pnf;vGwfpnf;jyifaps;uGufrSvnf;
0ifonf/
(2) aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;odkY ajymif;jyefvSef ul;ajymif;&onf/

14 15
 (3) ykaH oum;csyf r[kwb
f ?J orm;½d;k ustpDtpOftwdik ;f r[kwb
f ?J umv\trSwfwHqdyf
ckefausmfEdkifaom tvm;tvmawG½Sdonf/ qGpfZmvefEdkifiH? 'gAdkUpfNrdKUüESpfpOfusif;yaom urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;zdk&rf
onf? rMumao;rDu usi;f yNy;D pD;oGm;onf/ þ'gAdUk pfz&kd rfoYkd urÇmph ;D yGm;a&;
oGi;f uket
f pm;xk;d NyKd if acgif;aqmifrsm;? tpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm;? urÇmhEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;?
jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;onf plygyg0gtqifhodkYa&mufvmaom w½kwfESifh odyyHÜ nm½Sirf sm;? trÇmt h awG;tac:ynm½Sirf sm; tpkt H nD wufa&mufMu
tdE´d,wdkYMum;wGif½Sdonf/ þyx0DEdkifiHa&;taetxm;u tcGifhtvrf; onf/ olwdkYudk 'gAdkUpfxdyfwef;vTm (Davos' Elite) rsm;[kac:a0:Muonf/
aumif;awG trsm;BuD;arG;xkwfay;ovdk? tcGifhtvrf;aumif;awG jrefjref olwdkY\toHudk wpfurÇmvkH;uem;pGifhMuonf/
aysmufoGm;Edkifaom tvm;tvmwdkYvnf;½Sdonf/ Oyrm-oGif;ukeftpm; zd&k rftpnf;ta0;ü olwaYkd jymMuqdMk uykrH mS ? 2008 ckEpS u f kd taumif;
xdk;jcif; (import substitution) jzpfonf/ oGif;ukeftpm;xdk;jcif;udk w½kwf rjrifay/ 2008 ckEpS o f nf arSmifrnf;aomaeYrsm;(dark days) jzpfrnfvm;
if ESifhtdE´d,wdkYu cyfjrefjrefjyKvkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfukd axmufjyvdkonf/ [k? pdk;&drfylyefaMumif; xkwfjyefaMunmMuonf/ arSmifrnf;aomaeYrsm;
w½kwjf ynfonf ajraygonf/ vlaygonf/ vkyo f m;OD;a&aygonf/ tjzpf tuJjzwfvdkufapumrl? tar&duefpD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;ESifh
wuúEdkvdk*sD&Sdonf/ aps;uGufBuD;onf/ xdkYaMumifh jrefrmbufrS ukefypönf; ywfoufí ]tufp}f (S)vm;? ]tm&f} (R)vm; qdak omtcsuüf wpfow H nf;
tcsKdUudk? olwdkYEdkifiHür&Sdao;ojzifh wifoGif;rnf/ txl;ojziffh tajccHukef rxGufMuay/ oabmxm;uGJvGJMuonf/
ypönf;wdkYjzpfonf/ þodkY0,f,lwifoGif;NyD;aemuf? olwdkYü ajrESifhvl ayg tcsKUd u tar&duefp;D yGm;a&;tusyt f wnf;onf? twufaES;oGm;
ojzifh? wifoGif;aomoD;ESHwdkYudk rsKd;,lNyD;pdkufysKd;Edkifonf/ yxr jrefrm jcif;omjzpfonf[k ok;H oyfonf/ Slow down [kqo kd nf/ pD;yGm;a&; wuf
z&JoD;udk 0,fonf/ aemufydkif; olwdkYu z&JoD;jyefydkYonf/ yxr jrefrm onf/ odaYk omf ,cifuvdk rjref/ twufaES;aeonf[k qdo k nf/ tcsKUd u
yef;oD;0,fonf/ aemufyikd ;f olwu Ykd yef;oD;jyefyo Ykd nf/ oabmu oGi;f ukef vuf½&dS ifqikd af e&aom tar&duefp;D yGm;a&; tusyt f wnf;onf? twuf
tpm;xdk;jcif;(import subsitution)udk? olwdkYu ydkNyD;BuD;BuD;us,fus,f jref aES;oGm;jcif;r[kw/f wufjcif;r[kw/f usqif;jcif;(recession)omjzpfonf
jrefqefqefESifh p&dwfusOf;usOf;jzifhvkyfEdkifjcif;udk &nfñTef;onf/ w½kwf [kqdkonf/ 'gAdkYpfzdk&rfonf ]tar&duefpD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;onf
ESit hf Ed ,
´d wdo Yk nf jrefrmEdik if rH w S ifyoYkd rQukd cyfjrefjref tpm;xd;k ypfEikd af om tufpf(S)vm;? tm&f(R) vm;}? jiif;ck&H if;Ny;D pD;oGm;cJo h nf/ arSmifaomaeYrsm;
pGrf;yum; &Sdonf/ [k 2008 ckESpfudktuJjzwf&mürl? oabmwlnDMuonf/
oGif;ukef tpm;xdk;a&;ac:ac:? ajymif;jyeftif*sifeD,m (reverse odjYk zif?h ay:vpDcsrw S o f w l MYkd um;wGi;f zd;k uyfpaf jymif;oGm;onf/ ,cif
engineering) vda Yk c:ac:? tdref ;D em;csi;f aps;uGuBf u;D ? wdik ;f jynfBu;D ? vlayg u pD;yGm;a&;zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufru I kd pDrcH efcY aJG e&onf/ Management for growth
aomEdik if w H u Ykd ? wuúEv kd *kd sED iS ahf ygif;pyfí ydNk y;D aqmif½u G Ef ikd af Mumif;ud?k owd [k qdkonf/ ,ck tusyftwnf;udk b,fvdkpDrHcefYcGJrvJ (management
csyfzdkY jzpfonf/ oGif;ukeftpm;xdk;&ef udk,fuajymaewkef;? olwdkYu tpm; for the crisis)udk vufudkifjyKae&NyD/ zdk;uyfpfa½TU&onf/ tusyftwnf;
xdk;NyD; jzpfaewwfonf/ tdwfpfydkYyifvkyfEdkifonf/ þtcsufudk wifjy& udk Munf&h müvnf;? *vdb k ,ftusyt f wnf;tjyif? rdrEd ikd if t H wGuf xl;xl;
onfrSm rnfonfht&mudkrS w&m;ao? ykHaoavSeH"m;xpf rrSwfxm;vdkí jcm;jcm; ½du k cf wfrnf*h ,ufu?kd *½kpu kd &f awmhrnf/ Edik if t H vdu
k x f ;l jcm;csuaf wG
jzpfonf/ Filp side udk xnfhpOf;pm;&ef jzpfonf/ *drf;ukd t½Sif upm;&ef &Sdrnf/ tusyt f wnf;qdo k nfrmS t&m&mudt k uJprf;jcif;jzpfav&m? aysmh
jzpfonf/ aysmif;aomay:vpD(flexibility)onf? umv\trSwfwHqdyfjzpfp&m t
oGif;ukeftpm;xdk;jcif;üvnf; EdkifiHtcsif;csif; tonf;toef ,SOf aMumif;&Sdonf/
NyKd iMf uonf/ þod, Yk OS Nf yKd i&f mü Edik if w H t
Ykd Mum; ]EIid ;f ,SOt f cGio hf mrI} (com- OD;csrf;at;
parative advantage) rwlonfudk owdxm;tyfonf/ Ref: CNN

16 17
 yGm;&m wnfae&m jzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh vlwef;pm;wdu k yf o
JG nf tem*wf
awmfvSefa&;\tajccH jzpfonf/
odjYk zifh þtjrifonf ypön;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;(proletariat)udk ,leAD mq,f
vlwef;pm;(universal class)tjzpf vH;k 0,HMk unfonf/ vlrsK;d ra&G;? bmom
ra&G;? vdifra&G; urÇmtvHk;pHkü&Sdaom t<uif;r&Sdvlwef;pm;tjzpf jrif
vdkufonf/ þvlwef;pm;uyif qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmifyGJqDodkY a&SUaqmif
oGm;vdrfhrnf[lívnf; t<uif;rJh,HkMunfonf/ vlrIa&;ESifh,Ofaus;rI
b0wdkYwGif? pD;yGm;a&;u pD&ifjy|mef;aom factor jzpfonf[lívnf;
,HkMunfonf/ odkYaomf? ,ck þtjrifwdkY,dkifvJoGm;NyD/ EdkifiHa&;tawG;t
ac:wdkYvnf; yHkoP²mefajymif;vJoGm;onf/

ydkhpfarmf'ef twGi;f NyKd vm;? ed*;kH vm;

ydkYpfarmf'eftawG;tac:onf vlwef;pm;wpf&yfu? tzGJUtpnf;
(structure)wpf&yfu? zufwm(factor)wpf&yfuom wpfckwnf;jzifhordkif;
„ armifpl;prf;
udk ajymjyEdik o f nf[q k akd om t,ltqudv k nf;aumif;? tajymif;tvJawG
vlwef;pm;yHk&dyf tufuGJ zefwD;jyKvkyfEdkifonfqdkom t,ltqudkvnf;aumif; pdefac:vdkufonf/
,leDAmq,fvlwef;pm;? ,leDAmq,ftzGJUtpnf;? ,leDAmq,ftkdif'D,mwdkY
armf'efacwf ta&;oHk;yg; a&wdkufpm; u tajymif;tvJudk zefwD;Edkifonfqdkaom tqdktrdefYudk? ½kyfvGefyHkjyif
BuD;rsm;(meta-narrative)[k ac:onf/
rmhc0f g' yHak jymif; yHjk yifwoYkd nf rsm;aomtm;jzifh a'otvdu k yf jkH yif? yHjk yiftao;awG
ynmacwf[kqdk&mü? ynmonf wpfvHk;wpfpnf;wnf; pkpkpnf; jzpfMuonf/ Local and Micro-narrative rsm;[kac:onf/ odaYk omf {&mr
pnf;jzpfvmonfr[kwf/ ynmonf tydkif;ydkif;tpp yJhxGufonf/ Splin- yHkjyifBuD;wdkYvnf;&Sdonf/ þ{&mryHkjyifBuD;wdkYonf avmutvHk;pHkü cdkif
tering of knowledge [kac:onf/ ynmü tydi k ;f ydik ;f tppyJx
h u
G o
f nfEiS hf vHo k nf/ Universally valid jzpfonf[lí a[mMum;onf/ þyHkjyifBuD;wdkY
twl? vlrIa&;ESifh,Ofaus;rIwdkYuvnf; tpdwfpdwft`rTm`rTmjzifh pifNydKifjzpf udk ½kyfvGefyHkjyifrsm;[kac:onf/
vmonf/ ynmyJhxGufrIESifh vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rI tpdwfpdwft`rTm`rmT jzpf 1980 jynfEpS af emufyikd ;f ppfat;acwfü? uGejf rLepf0g' ,dkifvJNydKus
rIwYkd pifNyKd iaf y:onf/ ,if;udyk if ydpk ahf rmf'eftajctaewpfyg; (post mod- oGm;onf/ þodNYk yKd vo J mG ;onfEiS hf yg0gajryHv
k nf; ajymif;vJomG ;onf/ yg0g
ern condition)tjzpf tuJjzwfonf/ ajryHtk opf(new map of power) ay:vmonf/ þajryHktopfü vuf0J
þydkYpfarmf'eftajctaeonf EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlrIa&;tawG;tac: uvnf; tv,fA[dkbufa&TUonf/ vuf,muvnf; tv,fA[dkbuf
wdkYtay:? rnfodkY*,uf½dkufoenf;[k a0zefqef;ppfMunhf&ef jzpfvm a&TUonf/ tv,fA[dkü vuf0J,vuf,mqHkrdjcif;udk implosion [kac:
onf/ þodkYqef;ppfMunhfaomtcg rmhcf0g'(Marxism) \toGifoP²mef onf/ twGi;f bufuRí H jyefqif;jcif;[k teuft"dymÜ ,fxu G o
f nf/ tcsKUd
ajymif;vJoGm;rI(The Transformation of Maxism)udk txift&Sm; oGm; ynm&SifwdkYuvnf; þoabmudk tkdif'Dtkdvdk*sD\ed*Hk;(the end of ideol-
awGUonf/ rmhcf\tjrift& vlwef;pm;(class)onf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frI jzpf ogy) [k owfrSwfonf/

18 19
 yH&k yd u
f sK;d yJh azmfjyaomtzGJUu? olwdkYukd,folwdkY rD;½IdUjyrnf[k &mZoHay;onf/ þ
jzpfay:vmaom tajctaetopfwdkYt&? pD;yGm;a&;udk tajccH &mZoHrsKd;udk rD'D,mwdkYu tBuD;tus,fae&may;onf/ tm;vHk;vHkNcHKí
aom vlwef;pm;tay:rlwnfNy;D ? Edik if aH &;trSwt f om;ESihf vlraI &;trSwf ajym&vQif? rD'D,mwdkYonfyif vlwef;pm;ta&;udk rudkifwG,fMuawmhay/
tom;wdkYudk rwnfaqmufEdkifawmhay/ vlwef;pm;tjrifjzifh EdkifiHa&;? NAwd o d QygvDref\ Oyrmwpfcu k vnf; pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;onf/
vlrIa&;trSwftom;wdkYudk rxlaxmifEdkifyg[k qdkvdk&if;jzpfonf/ usm;,r avbmygwDqakd omfvnf; ygvDrefxw J iG f tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;taMumif;
vdicf jJG cm;rI? vlrsK;d pktrSwt f om;? vdiq f ufqrH t I ay: oabmxm;ESihf t raqG;aEG;Muawmhay/ vlrnf;wdkY\ &ufyfoDcsif;taMumif;udk a&;BuD;cGif
jcm;t&mwdu Yk vlwef;pm;yH&k yd f(image of the class)udk eif;ausmf jzwfoef; us,v f yk Nf y;D aqG;aEG;aeonf/ xdaYk Mumifh ed*;kH csKyaf jym&aomf ydpYk af rmf'efacwf
oGm;MuNyD/ vlwef;pm;yHk&dyfwdkYonf tufuGJukefNyD/ usKd;yJhukefNyD/ wGif? armf'efacwfwkef;u tav;xm;cJhaom (1) EdkifiH(nation) (2) vl
pufrv I yk if ef;tydik ;f üvnf; tajymif;ta&TUawG jzpfvmonf/ pHcsed f wef;pm;(class)ESifh (3) urÇmBuD;udk vufvDvufum; ajymif;vJypfrnf[k
pHñeT ;f wpfcw k nf;jzpfjcif; (standardization) r[kwaf wmhb?J xkwu f ek w
f uYkd kd qdkaom tdkif'D,mESif,HkMunfrIwdkYonf wpfpwpfp a&wdkufpm;NyD;? yJha<u
rsK;d pHak tmifxw k v
f yk jf cif; (diversification of output) odYk a&TUajymif;oGm;onf/ ukefNyD[k qdk&rnf/
oabmrSm [ife&DzdkY'fwDxGifcJhaom xkESifhxnfESifh trsm;tjym;xkwv f yk f
jcif;(mass production)rS? t&om(taste)a&G;aom txl;py,f&, S f ukef „
ypönf;rsm; xkwfvkyfa&mif;csjcif;(niche marketing)buf a&GUajymif;jcif;
jzpfonf/ ydkYpfarmf'eftwÅESifh tD*dkaemfrpftwÅ
þta&TUtajymif;wdkYaMumifh vlwef;pm;vnf; tpdwfpdwft`rTm`rTm
uGo J nf/ Fragmentation of Class [kac:onf/ vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif ydkrdk ½kyef mrfEiS hf wuúEv
kd *kd srD sK;d pyf
<u,f0csr;f omvmolwo Ykd nf t&om(taste)trsK;d rsK;d jzifh tkypf u k v
JG monf/ tD*dkaemfrpfu ego [koHk;onf/ ydkYpfarmf'efu self [koHk;onf/
Taste groups rsm;ay:onf/ <u,f0olwo Ykd nf tastetrsK;d rsK;d udv
k nf;aumif;? ESpfckpvHk;udk tbd"mefu ]twå}[ktrnfay;onf/ oabmw&m;csif;u
vdkufzfpwdkiftrsKd;rsKd;udkvnf;aumif;? yHk&dyftrsKd;rsKd;udkvnf;aumif;? vuf rwlonft h avsmuf? tD*akd emfrpfu twåukd bdZeuf½aI xmifrh MS unho f nf/
awGUprf;oyfMunhfcsifonfh pdwfxm;awG t&rf;yGm;rsm;vmonf/ rlv aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;wGif ray:aomtcsuftjzpf Munhfonf/ twå\ tm;
vlwef;pm;ZmpfjrpfESifh trSwftom;wdkYudk arhukefonf/ omcsufESifhtm;enf;csufwdkYudk &SmazGonf/ aumif;usKd;jyKaomtwå &Sdo
vdk qdk;usKd;jyKaomtwåvnf;&Sdonf/
ta&;oHk;yg; a&wdkufpm; ydpYk af rmf'efurl twåukd 'óetjrifEh iS hf vlro I yd yHÜ nmESpcf u k akd ygif;
AD'D,dkwifqufrIwdkYwGif ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&mEdkifiHa&;udk o½kyfazmfjy NcHKNyD;Munhfonf/ twåudk trSwftom;(identity)tjzpfvnf; Munho f nf/
vmonf/ odkYaomf ,cifu &SdcJhzl;aom blZGmESifhypönf;rJh y#dyu©yHkoP²mef þodkYMunhf&mü wpfckwnf;? wpfvHk;wpfpnf;wnf; rjrifay/ twåonf
rsK;d jzifh rwifqufawmhb?J vdit f rSwt
f om;wdq Yk ikd &f m 0da&m"drsm;ESihf t vnf;aumif;? trSwt f om;onfvnf;aumif;? tufuaJG eonf/ t`rmT `rmT
a&;tcif;wdkYudk OD;pm;ay;wifqufrIwdkYudk ydkNyD;zefwD;aeonf/ wpfppDuaJG eonf/ Fragmented self [kac:onf/ armf'efot D &dk D orm;wdYk
roefprG ;f olrsm;ta&;? obm0ywf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f a&;? aus;vuf u? twåü tajctjrpfEiS hf ,kw(då substance)wdYk qH;k ½I;H vmonf[w k u G o f nf/
usqif;rIESifh wd&pämeftcGifhta&;wdkYvdk ta&;tcif;wdkYu? rD'D,mavmu ydkYpfarmf'efuvnf; twåü tajctjrpfESifh ,kwådr&Sdjzpfaeonf/
wGif ydkíae&m&vmonf/ vlwef;pm;ta&;onf rD'D,mü aysmufq;kH oGm; odaYk omf zuf&iS x f w
k af zmfcsu(f fashion statement)? a&Smhyifaps;0,fxGuf
NyD/ r&SdawmhNyD/ tdE´d,rD'D,mü r,furÇma&G;yGJudk tdE´d,ü rjyKvkyf&ef jcif;ESihf vdu k zf pf wdik af &G;cs,Ef ikd rf (I life style choices)wdu Yk ppfreS rf I (au-
20 21
thenticity) udk nDrQjcif;(equation)rS armif;xkwfypfonf[k ,lqonf/
t"dymÜ ,frmS twå\yifu, kd tf ppftrSeo
f nf ray:bJ? tay:,H a&TreI Bf uJ
wdkYuom ay:ay:vGifvGif pdk;rdk;xm;onf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/
"r®q&mwdu Yk twåukd ½kyef mrfEpS yf g;jzifh Munho
f nf/ ydpYk af rmf'ef0g'
u ½kyfemrfESpfyg;udk tDvufxa&mepfwuúEdkvdk*sDjzifh aygif;pyfMunhfonf/
odkYjzifh vludk½kyfemrfESpfyg;&Sdaom owå0gtjzpfomrMunhfbJ? wuúEdkvdk*sD
udkyg aygif;pyfMunhfaomaMumifh? vlonf cybog jzpfoGm;onf/ qdkifabmh
qdkonfrSm cybernectic organism udk ac:onf/ vlEiS phf uf aygif;pyfaom
rsKd;pyf(hybrid)jzpfonf/
e,ferd w
d af wG½yI f
½kyef mrfEiS phf ufwYkd aygif;pyfrad omtcg e,ferd w d af wG tuke½f yI u f ek f
onf/ ½kyfESifhemrfMum; jcm;xm;aome,fedrdwf? ½kyfESifhwuúEdkvdk*sDMum;
jcm;em;xm;aome,fedrdwf? emrfESifhwuúEdkvdk*sDMum; jcm;em;xm;aom e,f
edrdwfawG tukefa&maxG;½Iyfukefonf/ xdkYtjyif? vlESifh vlr[kwfaom
t&mMum;e,fedrdwf (between human and nonhuman)? obm0 (na-
ture) ESihf zefw;D xm;aomt&m(artificial)wdMYk um; e,fer d w
d ?f twGi;f avmu
ESifh tjyifavmuMum;e,fedrdwf (between innerworld and outerworld)?
ZD0aA'ESifh wuúEdkvdk*sDMum; e,fedrdwfwdkYüvnf; tukef½IyfaxG;ukefonf/
þodeYk ,ferd w d af wG ½Iyaf xG;vmaomtcg vlaY vmu(humanity)ESifh
twåb0(selfhood)wdkYuJhodkYaom pum;&yfwdkYudk rnfokdYteufay;rvJ
[lí ar;p&may:vmonf/ ajz&ef cyfcufcufjzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh ydpYk af rmf
'efacwfwGif vlom;qdkonfrSm bmudkqdkvdkoenf;[lí? aomu topf
yGm;rsm;&rnf[k qdkonf/ vlomy"me[k tcdkiftrmajym&ef cufonf/
vludk ½kyfemrfESpfyg;wifrubJ? wuúEdkvdk*sDyg aygif;pyfwGJpOf;pm;
aomtcg vlwdkY\edpö"l0b0ü yHk&dyfrsm;? oauFwrsm; xlxlxyfxyf NydK;NydK;
jyufjyuf usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmjcif;udk? xnfhwGuf&onf/ rD'D,m? 'pöy
av;ESifh aMumfjimaygif;pHkwdkYwGif yHk&dyfESifhoauFwwdkYjzifh jynhfvQHaeonf/
þodYk yH&k yd Ef iS o
hf auFwwdYk jynhv f QaH eojzif?h vlwo
Ykd nf vduk zf pf wdik t
f rsK;d rsK;d
udk tdyfrufrufEdkifMuonf/ yHk&dyfESifhoauFwwdkY aygrsm;vmojzifh þ
yHk&dyfESifhoauFwwdkYudkvnf; pm;oHk;Edkifonf/ þyHk&dyfESifh oauFwwdkYudk
ñTef;aom ukefypönf;wdkYudkvnf; pm;oHk;Edkifonf/ pm;oHk;rIESpfrsKd; jzpfoGm;
22
onf/ ukeyf pön;f pm;oH;k rIEiS hf yH&k yd Ef iS o
hf auFwwdYk pm;oH;k rIw[
Ykd í l jzpfonf/
odjYk zif?h t&m&monf a&mif;ukeaf wGjzpfonf/ ypön;f wdo Yk mru yH&k yd f
ESifhoauFwwdkYonfvnf; a&mif;ukefawGjzpfukefonf/ t&m&monf aps;
uGuf\,kwådwGif atmufusKdU&NyD;? aumfrm&S,fjzpfukefonf/ þjzpfpOfudk
commodification [kac:onf/ wpfzufü vlxkrD'D,mESifh qufoG,fa&;
pepfwYkd t&rf;acwfru D s,jf yefv
Y monf/ ½kyef mrfEpS yf g;ESihf wuúEv kd *kd sD aygif;
pyfrI? vlxkrD'D,mESifh qufoG,fa&;pepfacwfrDrIESifh? t&m&m a&mif;ukef
jzpfvmrIwdkYaMumifh vlwdkYonf trSwftom;rsKd;pHk&&Sdvmonf/ u@(role)
rsKd;pHk&&Sdvmonf/ þonfudkyif twåtufoGm;onf? tpdwfpdwft`rTm`rTm
wpfppDjzpfoGm;onf[k oHk;oyfonf/
BuKd wifowdav;yg;
ydpYk af rmf'ef0g'u? twåukd tuGt J tuftjzpf oH;k oyfjypOfwiG f? tD*kd
aemfrpf(egonomics)u twåudk yifudkp½dkuf 27 rsKd;jzifh pdwfjzmjyonf/
csOf;uyfyHkcsif;rwlí wpfrsKd;wpfbmompDjzpfMuygvdrfhrnf/ ,ck tD*dkaemf
rpfu twåonf rdrdudkqefYusifí wefcdk;jyawmhrnf[kqdkvQif BudKwif
owday;aMumif; ajymjyonf/ BudKwifowday;csufav;yg; (four early
warning signs) &Sdav&m? ¤if;wdkYonf (1) EIdif;,SOfcH&onf (being com-
parative)? (2) cHppfjzpfvmonf (being defensive)? (3) xl;cRefajymif
ajrmufonf[k Aef;wifcH&onf (showcasing brilliance)? (4) vufcHrIudk
&SmazG&onf (seeking acceptance) wdkY[lí jzpfMuonf/
tcsufjy (1) ü ]olrsm;xufomatmif}qdkNyD; ypfrSwfxm;avh&SdMu
onf/ þodkYypfrSwfxm;jcif;onf yifudkoabmt&qdkzG,fr&Sday/ odkYaomf
olrsm;xufomatmifqdk&mü tvGeftuRHjzpfvmvQif vlwdkif;udk NydKifbuf
tjzpf jrifvmonf/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&rnfholudkyif NydKifbuftjzpf
txifrSm;Edkifonf/
tcsufjy (2)ü tdkif'D,mwpfckudk umuG,fjcif;ESifh cHppfjzpfjcif;wdkY
Mum;jcm;em;rIudk odxm;&rnf/ tkdif'D,mwpfckudkumuG,fjcif; qdkonfrSm
tdkif'D,maumif;wdkYxJrS aumif;&mudka&G;cs,fjcif;rnfonf/ bdZeufonf
tdik 'f ,
D maumif;wdt Yk ay: rDw
S nf&rnf/ þodrYk [kwb
f J tmPmESihf &mxl;
&SdolwdkYtay: rSDcdktm;xm;&vQif? cHppftaetxm; jzpfaeaMumif;udk od
tyfonf/
23
 tcsujf y (3) ü rdr\ d xl;cReaf tmifjrifruI kd Aef;wifveG ;f vQif tm
½Hkpl;pdkuf&mA[dkjzpfatmif jyKvkyfvdkjcif;udkjyonf/ þtwGuftcsdefESifh
rdrdpGrf;tifwdkYudk? vdktyfonfxuf ydkoHk;&ma&mufoGm;onf/ odyÜHynm
&SiBf u;D tdik ;f pwdik ;f u? ]uREykf wf \
Ykd xl;cRe;f atmifjrifrtI m; a*gh'u
f kd rylaZmf
oif/h xl;cReaf tmifjrifro I nf tiftm;Bu;D aomcGet f m; jzpfapumrl ,if;ü
yifupkd ½duk rf &Sd (no personality)/ ,if;u acgif;raqmifEdkif/ jznfhqnf;
aqmif&Gufay;Edkif½Hkom &Sdonf} [kajymjyonf/ It cannot lead, it can
only serve [kqdkonf/
jrif;onfawmfav;a,muf
tcsufjy (4) ü acgif;aqmifrI[lonf wrifzefwD;,l&efr[kwf?
rdrdbmvJ[lí vlawGu olUbmomol jrif&efjzpfonf/ todtrSwfjyKrI
&&Sd&ef? rdrdukdvufcH&ef BudK;yrf;rIwdkYonf vdktyfaomt&mjzpfaomfvnf;?
rvkyw f wfvQif acgif;aqmifru I kd ½du
k o
f iG ;f &ma&mufí todynmrsK;d pHrk EI iS hf
vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:rI(intellectual diversity and independent think-
ing) wdkYudk ajratmufydkYvdkufovdk jzpfrnf/
vufcrH uI &kd mS azGjcif;onf BuKd wiftcsujf ywdt Yk xJü todraf rGUqHk;
tcsujf yrIjzpfonf/ taMumif;rl? ,if;onf ]csKo d m}vGe;f aomaMumifh jzpf
onf/ xdaYk Mumif?h vufcaH pjcif;ESihf todtrSwjf yKcv H jkd cif;wdu
Yk kd jiif;y,f
cH&onft h cg? tdkif'D,mudk jiif;y,fjcif;vm;? (odkYwnf;r[kwf) rdrdwdkY b,f
olvJ (who we are)udk jiif;y,fjcif;vm;[lí? cGJjcm;od&Sd&efvdkonf/ þodkY
od&SdrIonf cyfayghayghaemufvdkufvm;? (odkYr[kwf) aphaqmfrIr&Sdaom
acgif;aqmifvm;[lí cGJjcm;Edkifonf/
txufyg BuKd wifowday;csuaf v;yg;onf? twåonf rdrt d usK;d udk
pwifqefYusifawmhrnf[k? BudKwifowday;jcif;jzpfonf/ þBudKwifowd
ay;csufav;yg;onf bdZeufydkif;ESifhom oufqdkifonfr[kwfbJ? tdrf
axmifa&;wdkYüvnf; oufqdkiftusKH;0ifaMumif;udk awGU&Sd&onf/ tdrf
axmifa&;ü twåvGefuJvQif (1) a0hvnfaMumifywfvkyfjcif; (stone-
walling)? (2) umqD;umqD;vkyfjcif; (defensiveness)? (3) a0zefjcif;
(criticism) ESifh (4) rxDav;pm;jyKjcif; (contempt) wkYdjzpfay:vmonf/
þav;yg;udk ]urÇmysufudef; jrif;onfawmfav;yg;} (four horsemen of
the apocalypse)[k or®musrf;pmjzifh wifpm;onf/
[pfa[mh(yf)ESifh &uf(yf)jrL;Zpf
o½kyfaqmif yGJMunhfy&dowf jzpfoGm;jcif;
oauFwESihf tifazmfar;&Si;f pD;qif;rI
rmvfwrD 'D , D myHpk aH wGrsK;d pH?k acwfrq
D ufo,G af &;pepfawGrsK;d pH?k *vdk
b,fN*dK[fwk½kyfoHvTifhrIrsKd;pHk? tifwmeuf0uf(b)qdkufrsKd;pHk? o,f,lydkY
aqmifa&;pepfrsKd;pHk wpf[kefxdk; t&rf;xGef;um;vmaomtcg? ½kyfydkif;jzifh
jy|mef;xm;aom e,fedrdwfwdkYonf? yx0Dü ta&;ygrIavsmhyg;oGm;onf/
xdt k pm;? tifazmfar;&Si;f owif;tcsut f vufEiS hf oauFwpD;qif;
rI flow of information and signs wdkYtay:tajccHaom yx0Dopf ay:
vmonf/ e,fajrtajcpdkufyx0DESifh tifazmfar;&Sif;ESifh oauFwpD;qif;
rItajcpdkufyx0DwdkYqdkNyD; ESpfrsKd;pifNydKifjzpfvmonf/
,ckacwfudk armf'efvGefacwf? ydkY(pf)armf'efacwf[k tuJjzwfMu
onf/ þydkY(pf)armf'efacwfü vlawG? tifazmfar;&Sif;awG? yHk&dyfawG? t&m
0w¬KawG urÇmudktvsiftjrefywfaeMuonf/ þodkYywfaerIaMumifh vlY
todkif;t0dkif;wpf&yf\ tuefYtowf e,fedrdwfwdkYudkvnf;aumif;? yDyD
jyifjyifteuft"dymÜ ,f&iS ;f jy&ef cufcv J monf/ oabmrSm Edik if eH ,ferd w d ?f
obm0e,fedrdwfwdkYonf Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fvHk;udk tukeftpif rajym
awmhjcif; jzpfonf/ obm0ESifhEdkifiHe,fedrdwfwdkYudk oauFwe,fedrdwfwdkY
ESifh bufnD&ef rQajcudkuf&ef BudK;yrf;&awmhonf/
oauFwe,fedrdwfwdkYudk vlxkrD'D,m? *vdkb,faps;uGuf? uGefysL
wmus,fjyefYvmrIESifh tjcm;t&mwdkYu arG;xkwfay;onf/ þae&müwDADG
u tawmfta&;ygt&ma&mufonf/ tvkyf½Hkwdkif;? tdrfwdkif;? zkef;wdkif;
qDa&muf&Sdojzifh? txl;udpöudk aZmif;ay;aom txl;0uf(b)qdkufawG
ay:onf/ oauFwwkdYjzifhzefwD;? oauFwwdkYjzifh qufqHaomtodkif;
t0dik ;f (virtual community)awG ay:vmonf/ txl; py,f&, S jf yóemwdYk
ud?k zd;k uyf(pf)vkyaf omudpw ö v
Ykd nf; ay:vmonf/ ,if;ESpcf k ½Iy½f yI af xG;axG;
aygif;qHkrdonf/
ydkY(pf)armf'efacwfwGif vlwpfa,mufonf trSwftom;rsKd;pHkjzifh
aexdkifonf/ þtrSwftom;wdkYxJwGif *vdkb,fjzpfoGm;aomtrSwf
tom; (globalized identities) wdkYvnf; ay:xGef;vmonf/

24 25
 vufwef;ESio
hf rd ;f ,ljcif; jzwfpn§ypf rsm;
vlrItajymif;tvJawG trsm;BuD;jzpfoGm;onf/ þvlrItajymif; 'kwd,tcsufrSm jrL;ZpfwdkYudka&maESmMunhfjcif;? usyef;aumuf,l
tvJwu Ykd trSwt f om;wdu Yk v kd nf; tajymif;tvJjzpfaponf/ ,Ofaus;rI Munhfjcif;? ukwfjcpfMunhfjcif;wdkYjzifh zefwD;aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ ,Ofaus;
wduYk vkd nf; tajymif;tvJjzpfaponf/ vlxk tajrmuftjrm;pm;oH;k rI? uGef rIonf tpkta0;wpfck\ oD;oefYypönf;jzpfonf[k rajymqdkEdkifawmhay/
ysLwmESifh rmvfwDae&Sife,fqufoG,fa&;yHkpHwdkYonf vlwdkif;udk tnDtrQ Hip-hop ESifh rap jrL;ZpfwdkYonf vlrsKd;a&;azmfjyrI\ ppfrSefaomyHkoP²mef
tusKd;jzpfxGef;aponfawmh r[kwfay/ rnDrrQ tusKd;jzpfxGef;onf/ (authentic form of racial expression) tjzpfrSwf,lvQif? trSwftom;
þtwGuf hip-hop ESifh rap music wdkYudkOyrmjyonf/ þjrL;Zpf onf tNrv J yI &f mS ;ajymif;vJaeonf/ 0da&m"djzpfaeonfqakd om tcsuu f kd
ESpfrsKd;onf urÇmwpf0ef;ü tajcpdkufrdaeonf/ þjrL;ZpfwdkYudk? ajrmuf jiif;qdk&ma&mufoGm;onf/
tar&du qif;&Jom;&yfuGuf vlrnf;wdkYu? pwifwDxGifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ acwfonf ,Ofaus;rIrsKd;pHkuGmaeaom acwfjzpfonf/ urÇmvHk;csD
,cktcg wpfurÇmvHk;u wD;rIwfoDqdkaeMuonf/ þjrL;ZpfESpfrsKd;onf trSwt f om;ESihf urÇmvH;k csD vdu k (f z)pwdik rf sK;d pH&k adS eaomurÇmBu;D wGi?f a&G;
*vdkb,ftrSwftom; &vmonf/ þjrL;ZpfwdkYudk vljzL,vlrnf; ESpfrsKd; cs,fp&mawG rsm;vSonf/ a&G;cs,fp&mrsKd;pHk aygrsm;aomurÇmBuD;ü acwf
pvH;k u oDqv kd mMuonfut kd aMumif;jyKí bricolage ESihf appropriation NydKifjrL;ZpfwdkYwGifvnf; MoZmrsKd;pHk yg0ifywfoufaernf/ jzpfpn§yfprsKd;
qdkaom toHk;tEIef;ESpf&yf ay:vmonf/ pHu
k kd BuKH ovdu k yfxm;bdouJo h Ykd jzpfonf/ MoZmwdo Yk nf tpdwt f ydik ;f rsK;d pHk
Bricolage qdo k nfrmS &&mypön;f ESihf jzpfovdkvufwef;wDxGifjcif;udk ESifh tptersKd;pHkrsm;vGef;ojzifh ½dk;&mZpfjrpfwpfckwnf;udk pGJNidxm;&ef
ñTef;xm;onf/ wul;wuefY &SmazGraebJ? udk,fhtem;&Sdypönf;jzifh vuf cufcv J monf/ acwfNyKd iv f ukd (f zf)pwdik Ef iS hf trSwt f om;wdo Yk nf umvay:
wef;pyfqw kd ;D rIwqf Mkd unhjf cif; jzpfonf/ Appropriation qdo k nfrmS oabm jrL;ZpfwdkYuJhodkYyif aomif;ajymif;aygif;pyfxm;jcif; a&mpyfxm;jcif;rsKd; jzpf
wlnDcsufr,lbJ ypönf;wpf&yfudk vuf0,fodrf;,ljcif;udk ñTef;onf/ vmonf/
Hip-hop ESifh rap wdkYonf yxrtqifhü bricolage enf; (&&mypönf;ESifh ta&mtpyfrsm;tjyif toGiw f al tmifo½kyaf qmifrI (simulation)
vufwef;wD;rIwo f q D jkd cif;)jzpfNy;D ? aemufyikd ;f ü tjcm;t&yfwrYkd v
S nf;aumif;? wdkYvnf; tvGefrsm;vmonf/ rD'D,mudk,fpm;jyKrI 'D*spfw,fvfyHk&dyf? yHkwl
tjcm;vlrnf;wdkYuvnf;aumif;? tjcm;tom;ta&mif&Sd vluHkxHrS rsm;jcif;? vlUÓPfudk uGefysLwmjzifhwkyzefwD;rIwdkYonf toGifwlatmif
vnf;aumif; cdk;,loDqdkMuonf/ þenf;udk apropriation [k ac:onf/ o½kyfaqmifrIwdkYyifjzpfonf/ ¤if;udk simulacrum vdv Yk nf;ac:onf/ t
tqdyk genf;vrf;ESp&f yfjzifh jrL;ZpfEpS rf sK;d onf *vdb k ,ftrSwt f om; oGiw f al tmif o½kyaf qmifro I nf? rl&if;aumfyx D w k jf cif; r[kwaf y/ ta&;
&&Sv d mMuonf/ odaYk omf jrL;ZpftrsK;d tpm;wpfcük arG;&myg &if;jrpfwpfyg; vnf; rygawmhay/ yH&k yd \ f yH&k yd f(image of image)jzpfonf/ udk,fhcGeftm;
&Sdonfqdkaomtjrifudk? a0zefaom a0zefcsufwpf&yfay:onf/ þ ESifhudk,f arG;xkwfaompepfwdkYu arG;xkwfaom trSwftom; vu©Pm
a0zefcsuu f jrL;Zpfem;axmifonfh y&dowf(audience)bufrS ½Ijrifonf/ oauFwwdkYjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf avxJa&xJwdkYü vGifhyg;aeMuukef
y&dowfonf vlrnf;wDxGifaomjrL;Zpfudk em;raxmif&[k trdefYay;jcif; onf/ arsmaeMuukefonf/
udk *½krpdu k /f Hip-hop jrL;Zpfudk vljzL,vlrnf;ra&G; em;axmifMuonf/ þt"dymÜ ,fEiS ½hf jI rifvQif tifwmeufrS qGcJ s,al om jrL;Zpfwo Ykd nf
þtcsufudkaxmufjyí jrL;ZpfwpfrsKd;udk oD;oefYy&dowfwpfyg;\e,fed toGiw f al tmif o½kyaf qmifrjI zpfonf/ rsm;pGmaomyH&k yd Ef iS hf jrL;Zpfwo Ykd nf
rdwftwGi;f ü csKycf s,u f efo Y wfxm;vdrYk &[k aumufcsujf yKonf/ oP²mefvkyf o½kyfwlatmif jyKMujcif;jzpfonf/

26 27
 tppfESifhvlvkyfMum; ydwf
jrefrmpum;yHu k ]yHkoP²mefEiS hf ynwfonf y&rwfr[kw}f [laom
tcsuEf iS hf qifwal vrvm;rod/ oP²mefvyk f o½kyaf qmifjcif;onf tppf
r[kw[ f k rqdEk ikd af y/ ¤if;wdo Yk nf tppfEiS hf vlvyk zf efw;D olwMYkd um; uGm[rI
udk ydwfrdonf/ To close the gap between real and artifical [k qdo
oP²mefvkyfo½kyfwlatmif jyKaomt&mwdkYonf tppfvnf;r[kwf? twk
vnf;rrnf? aumfyDvnf;r[kwf/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;onf þvkdt&mawG
Mum;xJ aevm&ojzif?h vlUtzGUJ tpnf;onfyif oP²mefvyk o
jyKxm;aomt&mvdk jzpfvmonf/vlt Y zGUJ tpnf;onf ud, k u
hf , kd u
xif[yf&mü oP²mefvkyfo½kyfwlatmifjyKí xif[yfonf/
vlxkrD'D,maMumifh yHk&dyf? oauFwtrSwftom;wdkYonf aps;uGuf
xJu a&mif;ukefvdk tukefjzpfukefNyD/ ¤if;udk commodification [k ac:
onf/ vlxkrD'D,m vlxkqufoG,fa&; tm;aumif;aom uGefjyLwmESifh
tifwmeufwdkUaMumifh? t&m&mwGifaps;uGufESifh csdwfqufrdonf/ t&m
&monf a&mif;ukefjzpfoGm;onf/ þodkY? vlxkrD'D,mESifh a&mif;ukefawG
jzpfukefrIwdkYaMumifh? vlwdkYonf b0udk yGJMunhfy&dowftjzpf? rvIyrf ,Suf
Munhv f m&onf/ o½kyaf qmifaomZmwfaumifrS yGJMunhfy&dowfodkY ajymif;
oGm;onf/ oP²meffvkyfo½kyfwlatmifvkyfMu&if; yGJMunhfy&dowftjzpf
MunhfvmMu&onf/ Zmwfpifay:wufNyD; udk,fwdkifruawmhay/ þ
tcsufu pm;oHk;jcif;udkñTef;onf/ vlwdkYonf ½kyfypönf;wdkYudkom pm;oHk;
onf r[kw?f yH&k yd ?f oauFwtrSwt f om; vu©Pmwdu Yk vkd nf; pm;oH;k onf/
wDAD? AD'D,dkMunhfjcif;wdkYudk ñTef;onf/ pm;oHk;jcif;oufoufjzpfí rvIyf
r,Suyf MJG unhyf &dowf jzpfomG ;onf/ ,if;onfyif yifra&pD;aMumif; jzpf
av&m? þtcsuu f kd rESpof ufaom *Dwa0zefa&;orm;wdu
aMumif;a0zefa&;udk pwifjyKvkyfvmMuonf/
Ref : Postmodernism by Glenn Ward
av;urÇm? av;jrifuiG ;f ? edrw
d t
f yg;oH;k q,f
k nf/ tem*wfa[mudef;ESpf&yf EdIif;,SOfcsuf
„ OD;csr;f at;
f ½kyw f al tmif
f ,kd f jyef BuKd wifcefrh eS ;f csuEf pS yf g;
tem*wf0g'Dorm;wdu Yk 21 &mpk\teuft"dymÜ ,fu&kd mS &if; w½kwf
jynf\pGrf;yum;udk cefYrSef;onf/ Forecast vkyfMuonf/ w½kwfjynfudk
21 &mpkwGif ay:aygufvmzG,f&Sdonfh? tiftm; awmifhwif;cdkifrmaom
EdkifiHwdkY\uvyf (The Strong Nations Club) xJ pm&if;oGif;onf/ þ
uvyftzGJU0ifEdkifiHwdkYonf tiftm;awmifhwif;cdkifrmvm&m cHwyfBuD;
(fortress)wdkYESifh wlacsonf/
taemufwdkif;rS tem*wf0g'Dorm;wdkYu? w½kwfjynf\ tem*wf
tvm;tvmudk cefYrSef;ovdk? w½kwfjynfrS w½kwfynm&SifokcrdeftzGJU
wpfzGJUuvnf;? rdrdwdkYEdkifiHonf 2035 ckESpfü b,fvdkyHkoP²mef&SdrvJ[k
cefYrSef;Muonf/ Forecast vkyfonf/ ,ckaqmif;yg;onf? taemufwdkif;
okcrdefwdkYESifh w½kwfynm&SifokcrdefwdkY\ w½kwfjynf\tem*wfudk ½Ijrif
oHk;oyfyHkwdkYudk EdIif;,SOfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
av;urÇm
Yk ? yifra&pD; 21 &mpk\teuft"dymÜ ,f (The Meaning of 21 Century) taMumif;
usrf;jyKol? *sdrf;rmwifu urÇmBuD;udk av;urÇmcGJjcrf;jycJhonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm-
(1) yxrurÇm-<u,f0csrf;omaom pufrIEdkifiHwdkY jzpfonf/
armifpl;prf; (2) 'kw, d urÇm-qif;&JwiG ;f rSvw
G af jrmufvmNy;D ? yxrurÇmtqifh
a&mufatmif BudK;yrf;aeaomEdkifiHwdkY jzpfonf/ xdk'kwd,
urÇmxJ w½kwfESifhtdE´d,wdkYudk xnfhxm;onf/
(3) wwd,urÇm-zGHYNzdK;qJEdkifiHwdkYudk &nfñTef;onf/
(4) pwkw¬urÇm-qif;&JwGif;rSrvGwfajrmufEdkifbJ cdkudk;&mrJhjzpf
aeaomEdkifiHwdkYjzpfonf/

28 29
 urÇm½h cI if; av;rsK;d [rIu usOf;NyD; wnfNidrfoGm;rnf/
qdkcJhygtwdkif;? urÇmBuD;udk av;urÇmcJGjcm;NyD;aemuf urÇmh½Icif;jrif (6) pGrf;tifoHk;pGJrI- xda&mufNyD; ydkaumif;vmrnf/
uGif;(World Secenario)udkvnf; av;rsdK;cJGjyefonf/ (7) a&eHwifoGif;rI-t&rf;wufrnfr[kw/f oif½h w kH ufrnf/
(1) cHwyftar&dum; (Fortress America) (8) ukefoG,fa&; &;-ydkaiGwdk;rnf/ odkYaomf w½kwfjynf\ EdkifiHjcm;
(2) tiftm;awmifhwif;aomEdkifiHwdkY\uvyf(The Strong Na- ukefoG,fa&;tay: rSDcdktm;xm;rIonf avsmhoGm;rnf/
tion Club) / w½kwE f iS t
hf Ed ,
d́ wdu
Yk kd xnfx
h m;onf/ (9) w½kwfukrÜPDrsm; sm;-urÇmay:wGif urÇmt h qifrh u D rk P Ü aD ygif;
(3) touf½Sif&ef tvm;tvm½SdolwdkYudkom OD;pm;ay;ae&aom 500 ½Sd&m? xdktxJwGif w½kwfukrÜPD 22 ckyg0ifonf
EdkifiHrsm;(Triage) / aq;½Hkü ckwifr&SdonfhOyrmjzifh ajz&Sif;jy aemufxyfw½kwu f rk P
Ü D 30 rS 40 txd urÇmt h qifrh u D rk PÜ D
onf / awG jzpfvmzG,f½Sdonf/
(4) arwåmu½kPmoufp&murÇm (Compossinate World) (10) armfawmfum;pif;a& a&-w½kwfjynfwGif 2035 ckESpfü 53.4
wdkY[líjzpfonf/ oef; ausmfrnf/
qdck yhJ gtwdik ;f taemufwikd ;f tem*wf0g'Dynm&Siw f uYkd urÇmBu;D udk (11) rdkbdkif;zkef; -2000 jynfEh pS w f iG f rdb
k ikd ;f zke;f ½So d l oef; 480 ½Sd
þodkY av;urÇmcJG? urÇmhjrifuGif;udk av;jrifuGif;o½kyfcGJ jyvdu k cf sed w
f iG ?f av&m 2035 ckESpfü 541 oef;txd ½Sdvmrnf/
w½kwo f ck rdet f zGUJ uvnf; 2035 ckEpS t f xd w½kwjf ynfBu;D \tem*wfudk (12) tifwmeuftoHk;jyKol -,ckvuf½Sd tifwmeuftoHk;jyKol
a[mudef;xkwfonf/ tydkif; 30 yg0ifonf/ 137oef; ½Sdonf/ 2035 ckESpfü 223oef; ½Sdvmrnf/ NrdKUjy
xGef;um;rIaMumifh vlOD;a&\ 70 &mcdkifEIef;onf tifwm
w½kwo
f ck rdew
f ahkd [mude;f euftoHk;jyKolawG jzpfvmrnf/
þtydkif;oHk;q,fpvHk;udk tao;pdwf½Sif;rjybJ ta&;BuD;onfh t (13) pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr-I 2030jynfESh pS üf tajccHtm;jzifh
ykid ;f udo
k m pmrsuEf mS iJíh tenf;i,fp½D iS ;f jyygrnf/ w½kwv f rl o
I yd HÜ tu,f NyD;pD;rnf/ usefumvwGif tusdK;pD;yGm;csif; ñ§dEdIif;rIwdkYom
'rDtzGJUrS okawoDwdkY\a[mudef;jzpfonf/ taemufwdkif;a0zefolwdkYu ½Srd nf/ Adjustment of Interests [kqdkonf/
þa[mudef;udk ½dk;om;aoma[mudef;[k todtrSwfjyKonf/ (14) aps;uGuf,SOfNydKifrI -*vdb k ,fvaf ps;uGuw f iG f w½kwu f rk PÜ D
(1) vlOD;a& a&-w½kwv f Ol ;D a&onf 2030jynfEh pS wf iG f 1.47 bDvsH wdkY\ ,SOfNydKifEdkifrIpGrf;yum;onf
&Sdí? 2035ckESpfwGif 1.49 bDvsH&Sdrnf/ ,ck w½kwfvlOD; (u) okawoeESizhf NYHGzKd ;a&;udk tm½Hpk ;l pdu k jf cif;jzifv h nf;aumif;?
a& 1.31 bDvsH&Sdonf/ (c) vkyt f m;cEIe;f edru hf sraS y:aom tcGit hf vrf;wdu Yk kd toH;k
(2) *sD ' D yD-2035 ckESpfü a':vm 6.7 x&DvsH &Sdrnf/ csjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
(3) wpfOD;us *sD'DyD-2035 ckESpfü a':vm 4500 &Sdrnf/ ,ck (*) t½G,t f pm;\tusKd ;udk toH;k jyKjcif;jzifv h nf;aumif;
186.7 a':vm&Sdonf/ awmfawmfwdk;wufvmrnf/
(4) 0efaqmifrIpD;yGm;a&; ;a&;-2035 ckESpfwGif w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;\ (15) b@ma&;pepf-acwfNyKd ib f @ma&;pepf ay:xGe;f rnf/odaYk omf
55 ESifh 60 &mcdkifEIef;Mum; a&muf½Sdrnf/ bPfwdkYwGifjrKyfaeaom tufqufwdkYaMumifh tenf;i,f
(5) qif ; &J c srf ; omuG m [rI - acgif;aqmifBuD; wdefa½Smifyifu aES;auG;p&m½Sdonf/
tcsdKUvlawG t&ifcsrf;omygap[k qdkcJhaomaMumifh? qif;&J (16) odyÜHynmESifhwuúEdkvdk*sD-xl;cRex f ufjrufol &Sm;yg;rIEiS hf ÓPf
csr;f omuGm[rIBu;D cJo h nf/ vmrnfEh pS f 30 twGi;f þuGm ynmypönf; rlydkiftcGifhta&; nHhzsif;rIaMumifh 2036 ckEpS f

30 31
 txd tcuftcJawGUEdik pf &m&So d nf/ 0efxyk 0f efydk; BuD;av; tmz&du? vufwiftar&duwdkY qufqHrIwGif tcsKd;rnDrI
p&m ½Sdonf/ (anymmetry) ay:aygufEdkifonf/
(17) w,f v D u G e f ; quf o G , f a &; &;-tuefYtowfcsKyfcs,frIwdkYudk (29) ppfa&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI-w½kwfjynfvkyf ppfvufeufwdkYjzifh
2030 jynfEh pS af vmufü tawmftwef z,f&mS ;Edik v f rd rfh nf[k tiftm;jznfq h nf;Edik af pumrl? Edik if jH cm;rS acwfrv D ufeufrsm;
arQmfvifhxm;rnf/ wifoGif;rIudk qufvuftm;udk;&OD;rnfjzpfonf/ 2035
(18) vlrIa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrI-vlrzI v l akH &;ESihf use;f rma&; apmifh ckESpftxd þodkYtm;udk;rI ½Sdaernfjzpfonf/ þtcsuu f yif
a½SmufrIwdkYonf vlrIjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;\ ta&;BuD;aom w½kwjf ynf\a½G;cs,rf I(China's option)wdu Yk kd tueft Y owf
tpdwftydkif;wdkY jzpfrnf/ jzpfaprnf/
(19) usef ;rma&;apmihfa½Smufr-I tvH;k pHt k usKH ;0ifaom use;f rma&; (30) Muufacgif;qdwfrcH-Muufacgif;qdwfrcHaom (sensitive)
apmifha½SmufrI ay:rnf/ jyóemrsm;½So d nf/ ¤if;wdt
Yk ay: BuKd wifcefrY eS ;f &efcufonf/
(20) y nma&;
nma&;-ynma&;aps;uGut f ay: csKycf s,x f m;rIwu Ykd kd z,f þjyóemwdkYrSm
½Sm;NyD;om; jzpfrnf/ tpdk;&ynma&;ESifh y½dkufAw d yf nma&; (u) EdkifiHa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;?
wdt Yk Mum; w&m;rQwpGm ,SONf yKd irf aI y:aygufrnf/ (c) tvkyform;or*¾rsm;ESifh
(21) tpm;xd k ; pG r f ; ti tif-aps;uGufus,fjyefYvmrnf/ (*) bmoma&;
(22) ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&; a&;-avxk a&xknpfnrf;rI? obm0 wdkYjzpfMuonf/
npfnrf;rIwu Ykd w
kd u
kd zf suaf om wuúEv kd *kd saD wG acwfpm;rnf/ txufygwdu Yk m; taemufwikd ;f tem*wf0g'Dynm½Siw f uYkd w½kwf
(23) a&t&if ; tjrpf -wd;k wufrI tm;&p&mr½Sad y/ 2035-36ckEpS üf jynfESifhywfoufNyD; jyKvkyfaom BudKwifcefYrSef;csufESifh w½kwfynm½SifwdkY
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f ikd u
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udk wjznf;jznf;½kyfodrf;rnf/ MunfhEdkif&monf/
(25) ,ltufpf(tar&duef)ESifhqufqHa&; &;-w½kwEf iS hf ,ltufpw f Ykd
pD;yGm;a&;t&qufqHrIawG wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmovdk ukef armifpl;prf;
oG,af &;? a'ovHNk cKH a&;ESihf tMurf;zuf0g' qefu Y siaf &;wdw Yk iG f
wlnaD omtusKd ;pD;yGm;awG &Sv d mrnf/ Ref : The Meaning of 21 Century
(26) w½k w f ( wd k i f a y)ES i f h quf q H a &;
&;-wef;wl&nfwl ydjk zpfvmrnf/ Forecast by Chinese Academy of Social Science
EdkifiHa&;tjiif;yGm;rIwdkYudk ukefoG,fa&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;
aqmif½GufrIwdkYjzifh tpm;xdk;rnf/
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aqmif½u G rf u I kd wd;k `ri§ phf &m½So
d nf/ odaYk omf w½kwNf crd ;f ajcmufrI
qdak omt,ltqudk ½S½mS ;bufrS udik v f mp&m&So d nf/
(28) tmz&du? vufwiftar&duESifh w½kw-f tmz&duESihf vuf
wiftar&duwdYk rdwaf qGqufqaH &;wd;k jr§irhf nf/ w½kwfESifh

32 33

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34
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35
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36
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social implication in Asia and Europe
37
Essay
rd b rJU wkdif; jynf \
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rsm;pkaexkid &f m jynfe,frsm;ukpd pk nf;Ny;D ? vGwv f yfaom Ekid if H
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tvm ZmwfcGJjcm;rItarGqdk;rSy,fcGmNyD;? 'Drdkua&pDpepfjzihf
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om;vHk;ukd ukd,fpm;jyKEkdifrnfh MoZmwduúrBuD;aom acgif;
aqmifrI&SmyHkawmfc&D;rSm? ,aeYwdkifyifjzpfawmhonf/
38
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2008 ckESpfvkyfBuHrIaMumifh toufiifaeaom rpöpfblwdkukd? aemufq;kH
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39
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40 41
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42 43
 (1)
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45
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46
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vnf; a½S;uay:wmyJav/ um;vfrwf&JU Manifesto
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zuf'a&;½Sif;vdkYokH;wm/ usefwmawGawmh uRefawmf
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zwfzl;w,f/ q&mhudkarG;zGm;ay;cJhwm .../
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47
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bk&m;xJu Z&yfawGrSm0ifaeMuwm/ rif;om;BuD;cspf
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48
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vmw,fqdkuwnf;u qif;qif;&J&J tvkyfr½Sd tudkif
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odawmh 0ifac:wm/ reufrdk;vif;awmhrS ..tdrfa½SU
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w,f/ bmvdkYvJqdkawmh &efukefysufoGm;awmh qdkif
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csrf;a&;tjrpfwG,fwmaygh/e*dkpdwfuvnf; uRefawmf
49
 u &efjzpfwmawGbmawG r½Sb d ;l As/ i,fi,fuwnf;u
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oHo&m} pmtkyf (2005)ckESpfrSma&;om;cJhzl;w,f/
uRefawmfwdkY rrDcJhwmawGrsm;w,f/ tck uRefawmfeJY
twlygvmwJh ]pdkif;pdkif;}qdk&if uRefawmfhxufawmif
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í em;vnfovdk a&;om;jcif;omvQifjzpfonf/}}
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52 53
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54 55
ig;yg;oDvu
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56 57
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58 59
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61
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a[mifaumifukdvTJtyfpOfu ]usefZDrif;}ESifU ]uvifwef} 2008 ab*sif;tkdvHypf

62 63
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64
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rsm;tMum; ppfyGJwpfckjzpfyGm;jcif;rSm? udk,fhvnfyif; udk,fBudK;
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onfwdkif? yl;aygif;yg0ifzdkYvG,fulygonf/...}}
(aumufEIwfcsuf)
(þaqmif;yg;- The Rise of China and The Future of The West...
tjynfhtpkHudk ,ckaqmif;yg;aemufwGif uyfvsufazmfjyxm;ygonf/)
ygarmu© tDuifbm&D axmufjyaom þtajctaeudk? rdrdwdkY
bufrS em;vnfoabmaygufaMumif; w½kwfjynftaeESifh tBudrfBudrf
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t"dutusq;Hk jzpfz, G &f adS om Zefb, D ef u? w½kwjf ynfa&G;cs,x f m;aom
vrf;aMumif;udk ]Nidrf;csrf;pGm tiftm;BuD;rm;a&;} (peace for rise)[k
0dN*dK[fjyKonf/ t"dyÜm,frSm? w½kwfjynftaeESifh wnfqJurÇmhtpDtpOf
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65
Nidrf;csrf;pGmyl;aygif;yg0ifrnf qdkonfhoabmyif? jzpfonf/ þoabm
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aexGufcsdef}(The Rise of Great Nations) trnf&pmwrf; jzpfonf/
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tar&duefjynfaxmifpktygt0if vuf&SdurÇmhtiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm; t
wGufvnf;? ]wnfqJurÇmhtpDtpOfrsm;xJodkY w½kwfe*g;BuD; at;at;
anmif;anmif;wGif;0ifajzmifhap&ef? uRrf;usifpGmudkifwG,fMu&rnfh ta&;
BuD;aom ESpfwpfESpfjzpfygvdrfhrnf/

0if;aemif

e,l;0d(c)r*¾Zif;yifwdkifaqmif;yg;&Sif-zm&dZmcg&D&m\ The Rise of a Fierce

Yet Fragile Superpower aqmif;yg;udk 0if;aemif tESpc f sKyb
f momjyefonf/

66 67

Cover Theme
CHINA AND THE WORLD ORDER
THE RISE OF CHINA AND
THE FUTURE OF THE WEST
„ *sD *Ref tDuifbm&D
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w½kwfwdkY\ wefcdk;tmPmESifh MoZmt&Sdeft0gwdkY ydkrdkjrifh
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68
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BuD;rm;vmNyD;? tar&du\ taetxm; wpfppavsmhyg;vmonfh jzpfpOf
BuD;rS? tjcif;t&mESpf&yf ay:xGufvmvdrfhrnf}[k rSwfcsufjyKMuonf/
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&GufrIudka&S;½Ionf/ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;tay: tajccHonf/ us,fjyefY
onfESifhtrQ euf½Idif;aom EdkifiHa&;tajccH&Sdonf/ þtajctaewGif
acwfNyKd iEf sLuvD;,mawmfveS af &;uvnf;? r[mtiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;Mum;
ppfyGJrsm;udk wm;qD;xm;ovdk&Sdonf/ tu,fí zsuftm;jyif;EsLuvD;,m
vufeufrsm;ESifh xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifMuvQif? ESpfzufpvkH; udk,fhvnfyif;udk,f
BudK;uGif;pGyfovdkjzpfvdrfhrnfudk? oabmayguf em;vnfxm;Muonf/ odkY
twGuf wnfqJEdkifiHwumpepfudk arSmufvSefzsufqD;zdkYtwGuf? ppfyGJqdk
aom ajz&Sif;enf;udk tm;udk;vdkYr& jzpfvmonf/ tcsKyfqdk&vQif ,aeY
EdkifiHwumtpDtpOfrSm zsufqD;zdkYrvG,fyg/ odkYaomf yl;aygif;yg0ifzdkYum;
tqifajyvG,fulvSonf/
70
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EdkifiHwumpepfrSm? tajrmftjrifBuD;aom acgif;aqmifrI\ tusKd;quf[k
qdkEdkifygonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppftNyD;? tar&duefjynfaxmifpktaeESifh rdrd
udk,fudk OD;aqmifurÇmhtiftm;BuD;EdkifiHtjzpf wnfaqmufcJh½kHrQru? wpf
avmuvk;H oabmaqmifaom Edik if w H umtzGUJ tpnf;Bu;D jzpfvmapa&;
twGufvnf;? t"dutcef;rS a&SUaqmifcJhygonf/ þtzGJUtpnf;BuD;u
urÇmhEdkifiHtm;vkH;udk wHcg;zGifhBudKqdkcJhovdk? 'Drdkua&pDESifh aps;uGuftajccH
vlt Y zGUJ tpnf;tmm;vk;H udvk nf; ausmcsi;f uyfapcJo h nf/ xdrk Qru? tom;
usNyD; tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;omru? vGwfvyfcgpEdkifiHrsm;yg wpfaygif;
wpfpnf;wnf; yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGuf? tqifajyvG,ful
aprnfh urÇmhtpDtpOfwpf&yfudkvnf; ykHazmfay;EdkifcJhygonf/ ,aeY tif
tm;BuD;rm;vmaom w½kwfjynftaeESifh? tqdkygurÇmhtpDtpOfxJwGif
wufwuf<u<u yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkif&ef? tjynfht0wHcg;zGifh
xm;NyD;jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf w½kwfjynfbufrS qufvuftiftm;BuD;rm;
cGifh&Sdovdk? wnfqJ EdkifiHwumtpDtpOfonfvnf; qufvuf touf
qufEdkifp&m&Sdygonf/ ajym&vQif ESpfOD;ESpfzuftusKd;rsm;aprnfh ]Edkif-
Edkif-qufqHa&;} (Win-Win relationship) [k qd&k rnfjzpfygonf/
0g&SifweftaeESifh rdrd\tqifhae&mudk qufvufxdef;odrf; xm;
vdkvQif? vuf&SdEdkifiHwumtpDtpOf\ ausmaxmufaemufcHrsm;jzpfaom?
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;ESifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk cdkifrmoxufcdkifrmatmif quf
vuftm;jznfhay;&ygvdrfhrnf/ w½kwfjynfvdk topfjzpfxGef;vmaom
tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;twGuf? vuf&SdtpDtpOfudk jiif;y,fonfxuf vuf
cHonfu ydktusKd;rsm;apaMumif; jyoEdkifzdkYvdkygonf/ ]ta&SUodkYoGm;&m
vrf;onf taemufudkjzwfoGm;&ayvdrfhrnf} qdkaom aqmifyk'fay:wGif
tajccHí? rdrd\r[mAsL[mudk wnfaqmuf&rnfjzpfygonf/ odkYrSom
vQif EIdif;,SOfjcif;tm;jzifh rdrd(tar&du)\MoZmtmPmudk tusbuf
71
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f ikd f OD;aqmifyaHk zmfcahJ om vuf&u
dS rÇmt
h pDtpOf vQHusvmaeawmhonf/
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tar&duefjynfaxmifpt k wGuf ]{u0if½;kd tcgor,} (unipolar ay:wwfaomjyóem jzpfygonf/ ayg(v)uifae'Dv?kd a&mbwf *D(v)yif
moment)um;? rvTr J a&Smifom ed*;Hk csKy&f avawmhrnf/ tu,fí 21&mpk\ vdk ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm; azmfjycJhMuonfhtwdkif;? ]urÇmhEdkifiHa&;qdo k nfrmS
xif&mS ;ay:vGiaf om tm;NyKd irf rI mS w½kwEf iS hf tar&duefMum;wGif jzpfay: Edik if w
H umpepfwpf&yf zGUJ pnf;xlaxmifEikd o f nftxd? tm;aumif;armif;oef
vmcJhvQif? w½kwfjynfbufrS ydktcGifhomygvdrfhrnf/ tu,fí tqdkyg ay:xGuv f maom tiftm;Bu;D Edik if t H qufquf\ tpDtpOfrsm;jzif?h rSwf
tm;NydKifrIrSm w½kwfESifh wnfqJEdkifiHwumpepftMum; ay:xGufvmrnf wrf;wifxm;aom c&D;&SnfBuD;}yif jzpfygonf/ tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHwpfck
qdkvQifrl? vuf&Sdpepfuom atmifyGJqifoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ ay:xGufvmonfESifh wnfNidrfaom urÇmvkH;csDtpDtpOfwpf&yf jzpfvm
ap&ef? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk zefwD;ykHazmfavh ½SdMu
ul;ajymif;a&;umv? ylyifaomursm; onf/ þodkY zefwD;ykHazmfMu&mwGifvnf;? ¤if;\trsKd;om;a&;ESifh vkHNcHKa&;
tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk? vufudkifjyKMuonfomjzpfygonf/ odkYESifhwdkif? rnfodkY
w½kwfjynfrSm? ¤if;\av;pm;cefYnm;avmufaom urÇmvkH;csD tif aom urÇmvk;H cst D pDtpOfrS xm0&wnfwefEY ikd o f nfawmhr[kwyf g/ a&&Snf
tm;BuD;EdkifiHjzpfvma&; vrf;aMumif;ay:wGif? aumif;pGmcsDwufEdkifNyD wGif yg0gcGJa0rItajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:vmNyD;? aemufxyf pdefac:ol
jzpfygonf/ 1970 tvGefESpfrsm;twGif; aps;uGufjyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; topfrsm; ay:xGufvmonfom jzpfygonf/
pwifNyD;uwnf;u? w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;rSm av;qwdk;wufcJhonf/ cefYrSef; tqdkyg pdefac:oltopfrsm;onfvnf;? rdrdwdkYtrsKd;om;a&;tusKd;
csut f csKUd t&? a&SUvmrnfq
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od&onf/ ,aeYw½kwfjynfrSm urÇmvkH;twdkif;twm xkwfvkyfa&;A[dk zefw;D ykaH zmfEikd &f ef? qufvufBuKd ;pm;Mujyefonf/ þwGif tusbuf a&muf
jzpfvmovdk? pm;okH;rIbufwGifvnf; tMurf;tm;jzifh wpfurÇmvkH; oH? aeaomEdkifiHrsm;taeESifh? ¤if;wdkY\ xdef;csKyfrIrsm; qkH;yg;vmrnfh ta&;
oHrPdESifh ausmufrD;aoG;xkwfvkyfrI\ okH;ykHwpfykHudk jzKef;ay;Edkifaom twGuf xdwv f efw Y ek vf yI v
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taetxm;wGif &Sdonf/ 2006 ckESpf ESpfcsKyfZ,m;t&? a':vm wpf taetxm;tay: ½du k cf wfvmEdik o f nfh vkNH cKH a&;qdik &f m*,ufrsm; twGuf
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onfhEdkifiHBuD;vnf; jzpfygonf/ tzefwvJvJ BuHKawGUae&aom ordkif;\avmu"H[k? qdk&ygvdrfhrnf/
þodkYpD;yGm;a&;bufrS t&Sdeft[kefESifh csDwufvsuf&SdpOf? w½kwf þodkYaom yg0gtajymif;tvJ umvrsKd;rSm? tEÅ&m,fawG ywfcsm
jynf\ ppfa&;tokH;p&dwfrSm (aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIESifh csdefn§dNyD; pm&if;t& 0dkif;aeaom 0½kef;okef;um; tajctaeBuD; jzpfavh&Sdygonf/ tiftm;BuD;
yif) ESpfpOf 18% rSefrSefwdk;wufvsuf&Sdonf/ ¤if;\ oHcif;wrefcif; EdkifiHwpfcktaeESifh? EdkifiHwumpepfwpf&yfwGif trdefYay;OD;aqmif tae
vufwHrsm;rSmvnf;? tm&Sa'oudk ausmfvGefNyD;oumv tmz&du? vuf txm;udk ydik q f ikd xf m;Nyq D o kd nfEiS hf tqdyk gwnfqpJ epfudk ajymif;vJypf&ef?
wiftar&duESifh ta&SUtv,fydkif;txd a&muf&SdaeNyDjzpfonf/ ppfat; ¤if;wGiaf &m pepftwGi;f &Sd tm;enf;onfh tjcm;Edik if rH sm;wGiyf g? rnfonfh
acwfu qdkAD,uf,leD,HrSm? ppfa&;rsufESmpmwGifom tar&duudk,SOf rufvkH;rS r&SdEdkifawmhyg/ odkYESifhwdkif pdefac:olEdkifiHwpfck\ wefcdk;tiftm;
Edkifaomfvnf;? ,aeYw½kwfjynfum; ppfa&;a&m pD;yGm;a&;wGifyg tar Bu;D rm;vmNy;D ? vuf&OdS ;D aqmifEikd if \ H MoZmt&Sed t f 0g csnfheJYvmaomtcg
&duudk aumif;aumif;,SOfEdkifonfh? pdefac:oltopfwpfa,muf jzpfvm wGifrl? r[mAsL[majrmuf,SOfNydKifrIwpf&yf xGufay:vmygawmhonf/
acsNyD/ onfvdkESifh urÇmvkH;csD yg0gcGJa0ay;rIwGif? euf½dIif;aom tajymif; þNydKifqdkifrIrSaeí y#dyu©rsm; (rMumcPqdkovkd) ppfyGJrsm;txdyif
tvJrsm; jzpfay:vmawmhrnfh t&dyfvu©PmawG? e,fy,ftoD;oD;rS OD;wnfoGm;onfrsm; &Sdwwfygonf/
72 73
 þoabmrsKd;udk 19 &mpkaESmif;ydkif; *smreDwGif BuHK&zl;onf/
1870jynfEh pS u f ? NAw d o
d Qw\Ykd pD;yGm;a&; ppfa&;yg0grSm? *smreDxuf okH;q
ausmfrQydkygonf/ 1903 ckESpfodkY a&mufaomtcgwGifrl? pD;yGm;a&;a&m
ppfa&;wGifyg *smreDu NAdwdoQwdkYudk? jzwfausmfwufoGm;cJhonf/ *smreD
EdkifiH aygif;pnf;rdNyD; tiftm;BuD;rm;vmonfESifhtrQ? ¤if;\wnfqJ
Edik if w
H umpepftay: rauseyfrrI sm;ESihf awmif;qdck surf sm;rSmvnf;? onf;
oefjyif;xefvmum Oa&my&Sd tjcm;aomtiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;twGuf
Ncdrf;ajcmufrIwpfckvdk jzpfvmcJhonf/ onfvdkESifh? vkHNcHKa&;qdkif&m,SOfNydKifrI
rsm; pwifvmawmhonf/ þwGif r[mAsL[majrmuf tiftm;csdefcGifvQm
jyefvnfcsdefn§dvmMu&mrS? ,cif&efola[mif;rsm;jzpfaom jyifopf? ½k½Sm;
ESifh NAdwdefwdkYrSm? topfxGufay:vmaom *smreDudk &ifqdkifEdkifa&;twGuf
pkpnf;vmcJhMuonf/ tusKd;qufum; Oa&myppfyGJBuD;yif jzpfawmhonf/
avhvmapmifMh unfo h l awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u? rsuaf rSmufacwftar
&duef-w½kwf qufqHa&;udk? qdkcJhygjzpf&yfESifh rsOf;NydKifqGJMunfhMuonf
rsm;&Sdonf/ þudpöESifhywfoufNyD; o½kyfrSef0g'Dynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol *Ref
rd,m&SD;rm;u? ,ckvdka&;om;cJhonf/ ]tu,fí w½kwfjynfom a&SUvm
rnfh q,fpktenf;i,ftwGif;? ¤if;\av;pm;cefYnm;avmufaom pD;yGm;
a&;wd;k wufru I kd qufvufjri§ w hf ifEikd rf nfqv
kd Qi?f tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
ESifhw½kwfjynfwdkYrSm jyif;xefaom vkHNcHKa&;qdkif&m,SOfNydKifrIBuD;wGif? xdyf
wdkufawGUMuayawmhrnf/ þ,SOfNydKifrIrSaeí ppfyGJwpfyGJodkYyif OD;wnf
oGm;aumif; oGm;Edkifavonf...} pojzifh/
odkYESifhwdkif? yg0gtajymif;tvJwdkif;u ppfyGJudkarG;xkwfonfawmh
vnf;? r[kwfyg/ wnfqJurÇmhtpDtpOfa[mif;udk arSmufvSefajymif;vJ
ypfvdrfhrnf[lívnf;? ,wdjywfqdkEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/ 20 &mpk\
tapmydkif;q,fpkrsm;twGif;u? NAdwdeftaeESifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
odkY rdrd\OD;aqmifrItcef;udk? tomwMunfvTJajymif;ay;cJhzl;onf/ þ
tajymif;tvJwGif jyif;xefaom y#dyu©rqdkESifh? ESpfEdkifiHqufqHa&;rSmyif
tzktxpfrsm; ajymyavmufatmifr½Sdyg/ tvm;wl? 1940tvGefESpfrsm;
\aESmif;ydkif;rS 1990 tvGefESpfrsm;\ tapmydkif;umvrsm;twGif;?
*syef\ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIEIef;rSmvnf; tHrcef;[k qdkEdkifavmufygonf/
(,cifutar&duef *sD'DyD\ 5%om½Sd&mrS 60%txd wpf[kefxdk;
wufoGm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/) odkYjzpfvifhupm; *syeftaeESifh wnfqJEdkifiH
74
yg0gtajymif;tvJwdkif;u
ppfyGJudkarG;xkwfonfawmUvnf; r[kwfyg/
wnfqJurÇmhtpDtpOfa[mif;udk
arSmufvSefajymif;vJypfvdrfUrnf[lívnf;
,wdjywfqdkEdkifvdrfUrnf r[kwfyg/
wumtpDtpOftay: pdefac:onfrsm; b,fwkef;urS rvkyfcJhygacs/
þtawGUtBuKH rsm;u bmudak zmfjyaeoenf;qdv k Qi?f yg0gtajymif;
tvJrsm;rSm tm;vkH;xyfwlnDMuonfr[kwf/ rwlaomykHpH toD;oD;&SdEdkif
onf qdkaomtcsufjzpfygonf/ tcsKdUaomEdkifiHrsm;rS? ¤if;wdkY\pD;yGm;a&;
ESifh yx0DEdkifiHa&;yg0g tBuD;tus,f BuD;xGm;vmaomfvnf;? wnfqpJ epf
twGi;f rSmyif tvdu k of ifth vsm;oifh yg0ifaygif;pnf;zdkY BudK;pm;wwfMuyg
onf/ tcsKdUurl? þodkYr[kwf ¤if;wdkY\BuD;xGm;vmaom wefcdk;tmPmudk
tokH;jyKNyD;? wnfqJEdkifiHwumpepfudk arSmufvSefypfum? aemufxyf tpD
tpOfopfwpf&yfxlaxmif&ef BudK;yrf;wwfMuygonf/ ordkif;wGifBuHKcJhzl;
aom yg0gtajymif;tvJrsm;udk jyefMunfhvdkufvQif? rwl jcm;em;onfh
qdkcJhygykHpHESpf&yf (tenf;qkH;) &Sdaeonfudk? awGU&ygvdrfhrnf/
yg0gtajymif;tvJrsm;\ wl½lcsufudk? owfrSwfjy|ef;ay;aom t
csufrsm;um;? wpfckru rsm;pGm&SdEdkifygonf/ þtxJrS ta&;BuD;aom
tcsufwpfckrSm? tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHtjzpf topfjzpfxGef;vmaom EdkifiH\
oabmobm0ESifh? wnfqJtpDtpOfa[mif;tay: ¤if;\rauseyfcsuf
twdkif;twm jzpfygonf/ Oyrm-19 &mpktqkH;u ork'´&mjcm;aeaom
tar&durSm? wdu k Bf u;D wpfct k wGi;f aexdik af om *smreDxuf? NAdwdoQA[dkjyK
EdkifiHwumtpDtpOfudk at;at;anmif;anmif; zufayGUvufcHEdkifcJh
ygonf/ ydkíta&;BuD;aom tqkH;tjzwfae&mwGif &SdEdkifonfh aemufxyf
tcsufwpfckrSm? wnfqJ EdkifiHwumtpDtpOfudk,fwdkif\ p½dkufvu©Pm
jzpfEdkifygonf/ taMumif;rl topfjzpfxGef;vmaom tiftm;BuD;EdkifiH\
]pdefac:rvm;? yl;aygif;rvm;}qdkaom a&G;cs,frIudk? wnfqJtpDtpOf\
oabmobm0ESihf p½du k v
f u©Pmrsm;u? yko H iG ;f ay;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
75
 wHcg;zGit
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ppfNyD;acwf urÇmhtpDtpOfrSm? ordkif;tawGUtBuHKt& xl;jcm;
onf[q k Ekd ikd yf gonf/ tiftm;Bu;D Edik if wH pfcck u k vTr;f rd;k xm;aom rnfonfh
Edik if w
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kd af vsmrI ta&mtpyftay:
tajccHMuonfu rsm;onf/ odkYESifhwdkif? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\
OD;aqmifrIESifh ay:xGufvmaom ppfNyD;acwf EdkifiHwumtpDtpOfurl?
qdkcJhygtpOftvmrS azmufxGufEdkifcJhygonf/ þpDtpOfrSm tifyg,m
oabmxuf vpfb&,foabm ydkaqmifonf/ urÇmhEdkifiHtm;vkH; us,f
us,fjyeYfjyefY yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifap&ef? us,fus,fjyefYjyefY wHcg;zGifhxm;
onf/ EdkifiHwpfck\ tvdkqE´twdkif;r[kwf/ EdkifiHwumOya'ESifhtnD
aqmif&u G o f nf/ a&wdrk [mrdwt f zGUJ oabmr[kw/f a&&Sno f abm aqmif
onf/ þtpDtpOf\ aemufuG,frS t"duwGef;tm;tjzpf? 'Drdkua&pDESifh
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf &Sdonf/ odkYESifhtrQ? yl;aygif;yg0ifaomEdkifiH tm;
vkH;\ pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk? vrf;zGifhay;Edkifonf/ þ tm;aumif;
aomtcsufrsm;aMumifhyif? ppfNyD;acwfurÇmhtpDtpOfudk NzdKzsufzdkY rvG,f
ovdk? yl;aygif;yg0ifzdkY tqifajyvG,fulapjcif; jzpfygonf/
trSefpifppf? tqdkygppfNyD;acwfurÇmhtpDtpOfudk OD;aqmifykHazmfcJh
Muaom AdokumBuD;rsm;\&nf&G,fcsufrSm? aoG;wlarG;wlcsif; tkyfpkzGJUMuzdkY
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jzpfygonf/ þoabmudk? qdkcJhygurÇmhtpDtpOfopf\ acgif;udkifzcif
wpfOD;jzpfaom z&efuvif½kpAJ(v)\ oabmxm;wGif? &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
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EdkifiHtm;vkH; yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJEdkifrnfh urÇmhpepfwpf&yf zefwD;Edkif&ef? enf;
vrf;&SmazGcJhonf/ ol\&nf&G,fcsufrSm? ppfEdkifaomfvnf; ppf'PfaMumifh
zGwfzGwfnufnuf aMuaeaomEdkifiHrsm;ESifh? ppf½IH; 0if½dk;pGef;EdkifiHrsm; twl
vufwGJNyD;? pkaygif;vkHNcHKa&;pepf xlaxmif&efESifh urÇmvkH;twdkif;twm
pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIudk? wGef;wifEdkif&efjzpfonf/
ajym&vQif? ukvor*¾tzGJUBuD;\ vkHNcHKa&;aumifpD tNrJwrf; tzGJU
0ifae&mwGif? w½kwfjynf yg0ifcGifh&ap&ef csmcsDBuD;ESifh twdkuftcHvkyfNyD;
BudK;yrf;cJholrSm? z&efuvif½kpAJ(v)yif jzpfonf/ «½kpAJ(v) udk,fwdkif
76 77
BudK;pm;&,lay;cJhaom w½kwfjynf\ae&mwGif? w½kwf(wdkifay)tpdk;&udk
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(wpfenf; ppfat;udkrwm;qD;EdkifcHonfhwdkif) awmfawmfrsm;rsm;atmifjrif
rI&cJhonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ emZD*smreDwpfjzpfvJ taemuf*smreDtaeESifh?
]Oa&my ausmufrD;aoG;ESifh oHrPdtzJGU} (aemif tD;pD jzpfvmrnfhtzGJU)rS
wpfqifh? 'Drdkt&ufwpf taemufOa&myESifhaygif;pnf;EdkifcJhonf/ wpf
qufwnf;rSmyif? twåvefwpfvkHNcHKa&;pmcsKyfrSwpfqifh tar&duefjynf
axmifpkESifh aygif;pnf;EdkifcJhonf/ tvm;wl ppftwGif; zufqpf*syefrSm
vnf;? tar&duESihf vkNH cKH a&;? pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf rI sm;rS wpfqif?h
EdkifiHwumrdom;pkzGJU0if jzpfvmcJhonf/
onfvdkESifh 1944 ckESpf b&dwef0k uGefz&ifhBuD; usif;yaomtcg?
ppfNyD;acwfurÇmhpDyGm;a&;\ yJhudkifEdkifiHwum tzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzpfaom
urÇmb h Pf? tdik tf rftuf(z)ESihf *wftzGYJ (aemifurÇmu h ek o
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Oa&myESifh *syefwdkYOD;aqmifaom? A[dk0if½dk;vu©Pm\ tvkyfjzpfrI[k
trSwfay;&rnfjzpfygonf/
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okH;cJhaomfvnf;? Oa&mytaeESifhrl wif;rmrIavQmhaygha&; ay:vpDudkom
awmufavQmufqdkovdk usifhokH;cJhygonf/ aemufqkH; qdkAD,uf,leD,H
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wyfonfrsKd;rvkyfcJhbJ? jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;0g'D a*:bmacsmh(z) udkom
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wpfjzpfvJ ½k½Sm;EdkifiHrSm? EdkifiHwumrdom;pkESifh vkH;0uif;uGmroGm;cJhjcif;
jzpfonf/ *smreDEdkifiH jyefvnfaygif;pnf;oGm;aomtcgwGifvnf;? vuf&Sd
78
ppfNyD;acwf urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;pef;yGifUrIrsm;ESifU
wpfpkHwpf&m EdkifiHa&;wnfNidrfrI
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onfom jzpfygonf/ ppfat;vGefacwf uGefjrLepfEdkifiHa[mif;rsm;twGuf
vnf;? tvm;wl wHcg;us,fus,fzGifhay;cJhonfom jzpfygonf/ þodkY
EdkifiHopfrsm;twGuf wHcg;us,fus,f zGifhay;Edkifjcif;onfyif? ppfNyD;acwf
urÇmhtpDtpOf oufwrf;&SnfMumpGm tvkyfjzpfEdkifa&;twGuf? t"du
tm;aumif;csufwpfck[k qdkEdkifvdrfhrnfxifygonf/
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jzpfaeonfudk jyefvnfqef;ppfMunfhvdkufvQif? ¤if;\twdwfu pepfrsm;
ESifhrwlaom xl;jcm;onfhvu©PmokH;&yfaMumifh[k? qdkEdkifygvdrfhrnf/
yxrvu©PmrSm twdwu f &Scd zhJ ;l aom tpDtpOfrsm;vd?k tifyg
,mpepftay: tajccHonfr[kwfbJ? vpfb&,fEIef;pHrsm;tay:
tajccHaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ tifyg,mpepfqdkonfrSm tiftm;
tay: A[dkjyKjcif;jzpfNyD;? vpfb&,fpepfurl tiftm;xuf w&m;
tay: tajcjyKygonf/ ppfNyD;acwfurÇmhtpDtpOf tajcjyKaom
w&m;um;? 'Drdkua&pDESifh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfyif jzpfonf/
odt Yk wGuf? þpepfwiG v f ufwyJG g0ifaom Edik if rH sm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;?
EdkifiHa&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrufvkH;rsm; &Sdaejcif;jzpfonf/
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tm;tBuD;qkH;EdkifiHwpfck\ vTrf;rdk;rItay: tajcrcHbJ? urÇmhEdkifiH
rsm; (wdwdususqdk&vQif tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;) \ yl;aygif;aqmif
&Gurf tI ay:? tajccHjcif;jzpfonf/ wpfenf;qd&k vQif {u0if½;kd tpD
tpOfr[kwf/ A[k0if½dk;tpDtpOfjzpfonf/ ppfat;wdkufyGJ NyD;cgp
url? wpfckwnf; xD;xD;BuD; usef&pfaom plyg-yg0g tar&du
79
 pdeaf c:ou
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rsufarSmufacwf wu©Ekdvkd*sDrsm;u
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pD;yGm;udk? obm0uspGm xdef;odrf;umuG,fvdkrnfom jzpfonf/ þodkY
,kwÅdaA'ukd tajcrSajymif;jypfvdkufNyD[k xdef;odrf;umuG,fEdkifonfESifhtrQ? vuf&SdEdkifiHwumpepfESifh o[Zmw
qdk&ygvdrfUrnf rQaprnfhvrf;aMumif;udk a&G;cs,fygvdrfhrnf/ w½kwfjynftwGufa&m
wpfurÇmvkH;twGufyg uHaumif;aponfhtcsufrSm? vuf&SdEdkifiHwum
pepftaeESifh topfjzpfxGef;vmaom tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;twGuf? wHcg;
zGifh BudKqdk½kHrQru ae&may;qufqHjcif; jzpfygonf/ aemufxyfuHaumif;
aponhftcsufwpfckrSmum;? tqdk;xJrS taumif;[k qdk&ygvdrfhrnf/
taeESifh? {u0if½dk;wdrf;ñGwfrIrsm; &Sdoavmuf&cdS yhJ gonf/ odaYk omf tar&duESiw hf ½kwt
f ygt0if urÇmt h iftm;Bu;D Edik if H tm;vk;H avmufwiG ?f
A[k0if½;kd urÇmt h pDtpOfu? wpfudk,fawmfusdwf ajcvSrf;rsm;udk EsLuvD;,mvufeufrsm; &Sdaejcif;jzpfygonf/ EsLuvD;,mNcdrf;ajcmuf
vufrcH/ þtcsufudk tD&wfppfyGJu oufaojycJhonf/ [eYw f m;rIacwfwiG ?f *&dwyf g0gppfyrJG sm;jzifh ordik ;f udrk ajymif;vJEikd af wmhNy/D
wwd,vu©PmrSm? twdwfu&SdcJhzl;aom tpDtpOfrsm;vdk zsuftm;jyif;EsLuvD;,mvufeufrsm;\ a&SUarSmufwGif? ppfyGJjzifharmif;
tkypf k oabmaqmifonfh wHcg;ydwpf epf r[kw/f urÇmEh ikd if t H m;vk;H aomtajymif;tvJrSm ordkif;jzpfpOfBuD;wpfckvkH; ed*kH;urÜwftqkH;owf
tvG,fwul yl;aygif;yg0ifvmEdkifap&ef? ae&mus,fus,fay;xm; oGm;Edik of nfu?kd w½kwaf &m tar&duuyg oabmaygufMuNy;D jzpfygonf/
aom wHcg;zGifhpepfjzpfonf/ topfjzpfxGef;vm;aom tiftm;
Bu;D Edik if w
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odrf;Edkifjcif; jzpfonf/
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w½kwfjynftaeESifh wnfqJurÇmhtpDtpOfudk rNzdKzsufbJ? tomwMunf
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufaprnfh txda&mufqkH;rufvkH;rsm; jzpfzG,f&Sdygonf/
þrufvkH; okH;ckudk xyfrHtm;jznfhxm;onfh pwkw¬rufvkH;rSm? wu©Edkvdk*sD
jzpfonf/ rsufarSmufacwf wu©Edkvdk*sDrsm;u? tpOftvmpD;yGm;a&; quf
qHrIrsm;\ ,kwådaA'udk? tajcrSajymif;jypfvdkufNyD[k qdk&ygvdrfhrnf/
wu©Edkvdk*sDjzifharmif;aom rsufarSmufacwfpD;yGm;a&;wGif? rnfonfhEdkifiHrS
{upmusifhvdkYr&EdkifawmhNyD/ tjyeftvSeftrSDo[JjyK&rIrsm;jzifhom rdrdwdkY
&nfrSef;csufrsm; atmifjrifEdkifonfjzpf&m? þtcsufudk tajrmftjrifBuD;
aom w½kwfacgif;aqmifrsm; oabmaygufMuygvdrfhrnf/

80 81
 þae&mwGif? w½kwfjynftiftm;BuD;rm;vmrIESifh ywfoufaom
]pdea&;&m}uRr;f usio f wl pfO;D jzpfonfh ygarmu©rmhvefwif;\ aumufcsuf
tcsKdUudk? tenf;i,fazmfjyvdkygonf/ olUaumufcsufwGif? w½kwfwdkYa&G;
cs,fxm;aom r[mAsL[mvrf;aMumif;udk? rSef;qEdkifp&m &SdaomaMumifh
jzpfygonf/
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jzpfaomfvnf;? trsm;xifxm;oavmuf pd;k &drzf , G &f mawmh r[kwf
yg/ taMumif;rl? w½kwfjynf\ajcvSrf;rsm;rSm twdwfuay:xGuf
cJhzl;aom pdefac:olrsm;ESifhrwlaomaMumifh? jzpfygonf/ ,aeY
w½kwfjynfrmS ,cifuESiphf mvQi?f a'oqdik &f mESihf urÇmvk;H twdkif;
twm ta&;t&mrsm;wGi?f ydrk w kd uf<upGm yg0ifvmaeNyjD zpfygonf/
þonfrmS ? ¤if;a&G;cs,x f m;aom Nird ;f csr;f pGmjzpfay:a&;vrf;aMumif;
udk uset f iftm;Bu;D Edik if rH sm;u? em;vnfoabmaygufap&efjzpfEdkif
ygonf/ xdkYxufydkíjzpfEdkifonfrSm? ¤if;\aemufxyf&nf½G,fcsuf
wpfcjk zpfaom]*vdb k ,fyg0g}taetxm;odaYk &mufvmapa&;twGu?f
vuf&SdEdkifiHwumtpDtpOf&SdtzGJUrsm;udk tokH;csvdkaomaMumifh
jzpfygvdrrhf nf/ rnfoyYkd ifqakd p w½kwjf ynf tiftm;Bu;D rm;vmonf
rSm? wnfqJpepf\ jyifyrSr[kwf/ pepfa[mif;twGif;rS tiftm;
BuD;rm;vmjcif;jzpfonfudk owdcsyfMuzdkYjzpfonf/
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tNrJ;wrf;tzGJU0ifjzpfonf/ «þonfrSm ½kpAJ(v)arQmfrSef;cJhaom ]tiftm;
Bu;D Edik if rH sm;\ ya'ompkaH cgif;aqmifr}I \toD;tyGijhf zpfonf/» þonf\
tusKd;qufaMumifh? tjcm;aomtNrJwrf;tzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm;vdkyif ]*&dwfyg0g
>cif;csuftcGifhta&; (wpfenf; ADwdktmPmokH;ydkifcGifh)} &aeonf/ þ
onfrmS vuf&u dS rÇmt
h pDtpOf\ Edik if aH &;rsuEf mS pmwGif? w½kwfwdkYvdkcsif
aom taetxm;yifjzpfonf/ ,ck þtaetxm;udk ydik yf ikd Bf u;D &aeonf/
vuf&Sd *vdkb,fukefoG,fa&;pepfrSmvnf;? w½kwfjynftwGuf
tusKd;rsm;pGm jzpfaponf/ ajym&vQif? w½kwfjynf\pD;yGm;a&; tusKd;
pD;yGm;rSm? wnfqJ*vdkb,ft&if;&SifpepfESifh tH0ifcGifus&Sdaeonf/ (,ck
aemufydkif; ukefoG,fa&;tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;wGif? w½kwfjynfu ]z&D;x&dwf}
bufrS&yfcHaejcif;u? þtcsufudk azmfjyvsuf&Sdonf/) rsufarSmufacwf
EdkifiHwpfck\tiftm;rSm a&&SnfwnfwefYaom pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrItay:
82
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vuf½SdEdkifiHwumtpDtpOfESifU
wnfqJtzGJYtpnf;abmifudk jzwfoef;oGm;ygrS
c&D;wGifEdkifaMumif; w½kwfacgif;aqmifawG
ususeeoabmaygufaeMuNyDjzpfygonf
tajccH&onfjzpf&m? rnfonfhEdkifiHrS *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;ESifhuif;uGmNyD;
acwfrED ikd if aH wmf rwnfaqmufEikd af Mumif;? w½kwaf cgif;aqmifawGoo d nf/
(þtodaMumifhyif urÇmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJU WTO odkY rjzpfrae 0ifcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/) ajym&vQif? ]*vdkb,fyg0g}odkYoGm;&mvrf;rSm vuf&SdEdkifiHwum
tpDtpOfESifh wnfqJtzGJYtpnf;abmifudk jzwfoef;oGm;ygrS c&D;wGifEdkif
aMumif;? w½kwaf cgif;aqmifawG ususeeoabmaygufaeMuNyDjzpfygonf/
odt Yk wGuf vuf&pdS epfEiS hf vuf&t dS zGUJ tpnf;rsm;udk ab;rSyef;wdkufzdkYxuf?
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rsm;uay;aom umuG,fapmifha&SmufrIudkvnf;? qufvuftvdk&Sdae
rnfomjzpfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh WTO \A[k0if½;dk ukeo f ,G af &; tajccH
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cGjJ cm;qufqaH &;Ncrd ;f ajcmufrrI sm;rS? w½kwjf ynfukd aumif;pGm tumtuG,f
ay;xm;Edkifonf/
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wGiftaxGaxGxdef;csKyfrI avQmhcsa&;)udk ydkrdkaqmif½GufvmonfESifhtrQ?
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rsm; &½SdcJhygonf/ þtawGUtBuHKaMumifhyif WTO &Sd w½kwfjynftcef;
83
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taemufEikd if rH sm;\ WTO tay:axmufcrH rI mS ? tusbufoYkd a&mufaumif;
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&ifMum;aphay;Edkifp&m &Sdygvdrfhrnf/
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uJo h aYkd om tiftm;Bu;D onfEh ikd if rH sm;ud?k ¤if;wd\ Yk xuf,atmufzUJG pnf;ykw H iG f
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wpfck jzpfvmawmhonf/ 2006 ckESpf pufwifbmvtwGif;u puFmyll
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84
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tpDtpOfrSm? topfjzpfxGef;vmaom tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;udk? Nidrf;csrf;pGm
jzpfay:a&;vrf;aMumif;rS aoGznfroGm;ap&ef? wHcg;zGifhBudKqdkay;Edkifaom
aMumifh jzpfygonf/ odkYESifhwdkif? þvrf;aMumif;twdkif; taotcsmjzpfzdkY
qdv k Qi?f tar&duefjynfaxmifpb k ufrvS nf; oabmxm;rSefzdkYvdkygvdrfhrnf/
tar&dutaeESifh? w½kwfjynftay: r[mAsL[m&efbuftjzpf oabm
rxm;bJ? rdwfbuftjzpf vuf&SdpepfabmifxJrS vufcHBudKqdkEdkif&ef jyif
qif&ygvdrfhrnf/ þtwGuf? vuf&SdEdkifiHwumtpDtpOfudk cdkifrmoxuf
cdkifrmatmif? tm;jznfhwnfaqmufzdkYvdkygonf/
,ckavmavmq,ftcsdefwGif? 0g&SifwefrSm tMurf;zufrIqefYusif
a&;wdu k yf EJG iS hf ta&SUtv,fyikd ;f ta&;wGio f m epfaeqJ&&dS m? qdck yhJ g Edik if aH &;
tpDtpOftm;jznfha&; vdktyfcsufudk? tjynfht0 wm0efr,lEdkifjzpfae
&onf/ xdkYxufydkíqdk;onfrSm? vuf&Sd bk(&S)tpdk;&xJrS tcsKdUaomtpdwf
tydkif;rsm;taeESifh? wpfcsdefu tar&duudk,fwdkif OD;aqmifykHazmfcJhaom
A[k0if½dk;EdkifiHwumpepfESifh? EdkifiHwum pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;tay:
twdtvif; qefYusifaeMujcif;jzpfonf/ trSefpifppf? þodkYaom &efvdk
onfhoabmxm;rSm ½l;rdkuf&mus½kHrQru? tEÅ&m,fvnf;BuD;ygonf/
pdwq f E´t& vdv k m;onfjzpfap,rvdv k m;onfjzpfap? w½kwfjynftaeESifh
,ck&mpktwGif; tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHBuD;wpfck? taotcsm jzpfvmayawmh
rnf/ ,ckyifvQif urÇmhtiftm;BuD;EdkifiHwpfcktjzpf pwifajcvSrf;vsuf
&SdaeayNyD/ þaemufcHtcif;tusif;wGif? tar&dutwGuf xda&mufNyD;
tpGrf;xufEdkifonfh r[mAsL[mvufeufrSm? tiftm;BuD;rm;vmaom
w½kwfjynfudk? vuf&SdEdkifiHwumtpDtpOfwGif at;at;anmif;anmif;
ae&mcsxm;EdkifpGrf;yif? jzpfygonf/
þodkYjzpfvmap&ef? tar&dutaeESifh vuf&SdEdkifiHwumtpD
tpOfudk? jyefvnftm;jznfhay;&ygvdrfhrnf/ pepftwGif;rS EdkifiHtm;vkH;
yl;aygif;aqmif½u G Ef ikd &f ef? tjyeftvSeo f nf;cHxed ;f csKyEf ikd &f ef? rdrdudk,fwdkif
85
u pHjytcef;rSyg0ifNyD; wGef;tm;ay;zdkY vdkygvdrfhrnf/ bk(½S)tpdk;&twGif;rS
tiftm;pktcsKUd tm½k&H aeaom? ]wpfu, kd af wmfusw d 0f g'} (unilateralism)
udkausmckdif;NyD;? 'Drdku&ufwpfEdkifiHrsm;\ pkaygif;acgif;aqmifrItay:
tajccHaom? ]EdkifiHpkHpkaygif;BudK;yrf;rl0g'} (multilateralism) udk jyefvnf
tm;jyKzdkY? txl;vdktyfygvdrfhrnf/
trsm;qE´EiS yhf íkd nDnw G af om? Edik if w H umw&m;Oya'ESihf pnf;rsOf;
pnf;urf;rsm;tay: ydí k tajccHaom? ydí k yGivhf if;jrifomaom Edik if w H um
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk wnfaqmufvmEdkifonfESifhtrQ? ydkírsm;jym;aom 'Drdk
u&ufwpfEikd if rH sm;ud?k qdck yhJ gtzGUJ tpnf;abmiftwGi;f wGif ydrk pkd pk nf;Edik yf g
vdrrhf nf/ þodpYk pk nf;Edik af om Edik if rH sm;tMum;? vuf&pdS epf\ tusKd;tjrwf
rsm;udk? ydkíus,fjyefYrQwpGm cGJa0cHpm;EdkifonfESifhtrQ? topfjzpfxGef;vm
aom tiftm;Bu;D Edik if rH sm;taeESiv hf nf;? pepftay: ydrk , kd MHk unf tm;ud;k vm
Muygvdrfhrnf/ odkESifhtrQ? vuf&Sdpepfudk NzdKcszdkYxuf wnfqJpepfabmif
twGif;rS Nidrf;csrf;pGmyl;aygif;aqmif&GufzdkY? ydkrdktm;oefvmMuygvdrfhrnf/
vuf&dS Edik if w
H umtpDtpOfopfukd ydí k tm;aumif;armif;oef wnf
aqmufzdkYqdkvQif? tar&duefjynfaxmifpktaeESifh rvGJraoGaqmif&GufzdkY
vdktyfonfhvkyfief;pOfrSm? wpfcsdefu ¤if;udk,fwdkifOD;aqmifykHazmfcJhonfh
urÇmvkH;csDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf\ t"dur@dKiftjzpf? rdrdudk,fudk jyefvnf
wnfaqmufEdkifzdkY jzpfygonf/ ydkí &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;qdk&vQif? tqdkyg
urÇmvkH;csD tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf\0dnmOf[kqdkEdkifaom ]pkaygif;jyóemajz&Sif;
a&;pepf} (collective problem solving) ud?k jyefvnftoufoiG ;f zdjYk zpfyg
onf/ þodkYvkyfEdkifygrS? ppfat;acwfu&&SdcJhaom ,kHMunfrIrsKd;udk? jyef
vnf&vmEdkifp&m &Sdygonf/ tD&wfppfyGJaemufydkif; xdcdkufyGef;yJhcJh&aom
tar&du\ Oy"dudkvnf;? jyefvnfwnfhrwfEdkifp&m &Sdygvdrfhrnf/
'kwd,vkyfief;pOfrSm? 'kwd,urÇmppftNyD; vkHNcHKa&;pmcsKyfrsm;
csKyfqdkcJhpOfu? aomhcsuftcef;rSyg0ifcJhaom n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;rI ykHoP²mef
a[mif;rsm;udk? acwfESifhtnDjyefvnfn§dzdkYjzpfygonf/ xdkpOfu n§dEIdif;
aqG;aEG;rI ykHoP²mefrsm;\ aemufuG,fwGif&SdcJhaom em;vnfcsufrSm? ,ck
vdkjzpfonf/
]*vdkb,foabmaqmifvmaom uGefjrLepf ighrif;ighcsif;pepf\
tEÅ&m,frS umuG,fEdkif&ef? usefurÇmhEdkifiHrsm;u tar&duudk
trsm;nDacgif;aqmiftjzpf odrSwfvufcHrnf/ tar&dubuf
86
rSvnf; xdkEdkifiHrsm;\ vkHNcHKa&;ESifh zGHYNzdK;a&;udkwm0ef,lay;&vdrfh
rnf.../}
qdkaom tay;t,loabmjzpfygonf/ ,ckuGefjrLepftEÅ&m,f ajymy
avmufatmif r&Sdawmhaomtcg? tqdkyg tay;t,lem;vnfcsufwGif
tjiif;yGm;zG,f&mrsm; &SdvmEdkifygonf/ txl;ojzifh ppfat;vGefurÇmhEdkifiH
rsm;\ ydkrdkvGwfvyfvdkonfh wdrf;nGwfcsufESifh? A[k0if½dk;vdkvm;csufrsm;udk
tar&dubufrS odrw S v
f ufcaH y;zd?Yk vdt k yfvmygonf/ þodYk odrw S v f ufcH
EdkifrSom ppfat;vGefacwfESifh t[yfnDrnfh n§dEIdif;aqG;aEG;rI ykHoP²mef
opfudk zefwD;ykHazmfEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
wwd,vkyfief;pOfrSm? ppfNyD;cgpu ¤if;udk,fwdkifOD;aqmif zefwD;cJh
aom EdkifiHwumtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ us,fjyefYrIESifhxda&mufpGrf;aqmifrIudk?
jyefvnftm;opfay;zdkY jzpfygonf/ ajym&vQif? þtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\
wu,ft h ouf0n d mOfrmS Edik if pH Hk yl;aygif;aqmif&u
G Ef ikd pf rG ;f yif? jzpfygonf/
'kw, d urÇmppfNy;D cgp ppfat;acwftaetxm;t&qd&k vQi?f tar&duESifh
Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;\pkaygif;pGrf;aqmifrI? (wpfenf;) taemuf\pGrf;aqmifrI
yifjzpfonf/ odkYESifhwdkif? ,cka&muf&Sdaeaom ppfat;vGefacwfwGif? t
aemuf\wpfzufowfO;D aqmifrEI iS hf rvkaH vmufawmhyg/ olUtwdik ;f twm
ESifhol tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;rSm? urÇmhtaemufjcrf;rSomru urÇmwpf0ef;
rS ay:xGufvmaeaomaMumifh? jzpfygonf/ þodkYa&SUwef;a&mufvmaom
Edik if oH pfrsm;twGu?f xdu k o
f ifah om ajyma&;qdck iG Ehf iS hf qk;H jzwfyikd cf iG hf tmPm
udk zefwD;ray;EdkifvQif? tqdkygtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ touf0dnmOfjzpfaom
EdkifiHpkH yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;rSm? qufvuf&SifoefEdkifawmhrnf r[kwf
ygacs/
,aeY WTO tzGJUBuD;\ 'dk[mtausmhaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;? a&SUrwdk;Edkif
jzpfae&onfrSm þoabmyifjzpfonf/ þodkY a&SUrwdk;Edkifjzpfae&rI\
tusKd;qufaMumifh? urÇmvkH;twdkif;twm oabmwlnDcsufrsm; rzefwD;
Edkifjzpfaeawmh&m? ESpfEdkifiHoabmwlnDcsufrsm; (bilateral)? a'oqdkif&m
oabmwlncD surf sm; (regional)jzifo h m pcef;oGm;ae&awmhonf/ tqdyk g
ESpfEdkifiH (odkYr[kwf) a'oqdkif&moabmwlnDcsufrsm;rSmvnf;? tcsKdUu
tar&duESifheD;í? tcsKdUuw½kwfESifh eD;pyfonfjzpfMu&m? urÇmBuD;rSm
trsm;arQmfvifhovdk A[k0if½dk;jzpfrvmbJ? 'Gd0if½dk;urÇm (bilateral world)
odkY jyefvnfxGufvmEdkifygonf/ wnfqJEdkifiHwumtpDtpOfrSmvnf;?
87
 ]c&pfESpf 2050 odkha&mufvQif ESifhzGHUNzdK;a&;tzGJU)udkrl? trDvdkufzdkYyif vG,fvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ þtcsufukd
atmufygZ,m;wGif awGUEdkifygonf/
BRIC (b&mZD;vf? ½k½Sm;? tdEdÅ,ESifU
w½kwf)EdkifiHrsm;\ pkpkaygif;pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;rSm Z,m;(1) urÇmhtiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;\ *sD'DyDcefhrSef;csuf (2005-2030)
rlv G6 EdkifiHrsm; (*smreD? jyifopf? tDwvD?
*syef? NAdwdefESifU tar&du)wdkh\
pkpkaygif;pD;yGma&;xuf ydkrdkBuD;rm;vmvdrfhrnf}

wpfvkH;wpfpnf;wnf;aom *vdkb,foabmxuf? tpdwfpdwft`rmT `rTmNyKd

uGv J mEdik pf &m&Syd gonf/ odt
Yk wGu?f wnfqJEdkifiHwumtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\
EdkifiHpkHpkaygif;aqmif&GufrI touf0dnmOfudk? jyefvnfazmfxkwf &Sifoefap
a&;rSm? tar&dutwGufa&m urÇmBuD;twGufyg txl;ta&;BuD;aom
vkyfief;pOf jzpfvm&ygonf/ ppfa&;rsufESmpmbufrSMunfhvQifrl? w½kwfjynftaeESifh tar&du
vufawGUususajym&vQif tar&duESifhOa&myEdkifiHrsm; (qdkMuygpdkY udka&m OECD EdkifiHrsm;udkyg? rSef;qEdkifonfh tem*wfumvtwGif;
taemuf)taeESifh? w½kwfjynfudkomru b&mZD;? tdEd´,ESifh awmif trDvdkufzdkY vG,fvdrfhOD;rnfr[kwfyg/ þrSef;qcsufudkvnf; atmufyg
tmz&duvdk topfjzpfxGef;vmaom tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;udkyg? wnfqJ Z,m;wGif awGUEdkifygonf/
EdkifiHwumpepfwGif ae&may;Mu&rnfjzpfygonf/ *dk;(v)rif;qmh(cs)
okawoDtzGJUBuD;\ tpD&ifcHpmwpfapmift&? ]c&pfESpf 2050odkYa&muf Z,m;(2) urÇmhtiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;\ ppfa&;toHk;p&dwfcefhrSef;csuf (2003-2030)
vQif BRIC (b&mZD;? ½k½Sm;? tdEd́,ESifhw½kwf)EdkifiHrsm;\ pkpkaygif; pD;yGm;
a&;tiftm;rSm? rlv G 6 EdkifiHrsm; (*smreD? jyifopf? tDwvD? *syef?
NAdwdefESifh tar&du)wdkY\ pkpkaygif;pD;yGm;a&;xuf ydkrdkBuD;rm;vmvdrfhrnf}
[k od&onf/ þtajymif;tvJrsm;udk? tar&dutygt0if vuf&SdEdkifiH
wumtpDtpOfudk OD;aqmifykHazmfcJhMuonfh EdkifiHrsm;taeESifh? odrSwf
vufcHEdkifMuzdkY txl;ta&;BuD;vSygonf/
tem*wff
pD;yGm;a&;rsufESmpmbufrSMunfhvQif? w½kwfjynftaeESifh tar&d
uefjynfaxmifpkudk a&SUvmrnfh q,fESpfausmfumvtwGif;? jzwfausmf
wufEdkifp&m &Sdygonf/ odkYESifhwdkif? wnfqJ EdkifiHwumtpDtpOf\ þZ,m;ESpfcku bmudkazmfjyaeoenf;qdkvQif? tar&dutwGuf
t"duEdkifiHrsm;jzpfaom OECD EdkifiHrsm; (pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI {u0if½;dk tcgor, vGecf NhJ yq
D akd omtcsuEf iS ?hf w½kwjf ynftwGuf {u0if½dk;
88 89
tcgor,jzpfEdkifajc r&Sdao;qdkaom tcsufyifjzpfygonf/ wpfenf;
qdk&vQif? urÇmBuD;\tem*wfrSm A[k0if½dk; rjzpfEdkifajctwGif;rSmyif
qufvufwnf&SdaeqJ[k qdk&rnfomjzpfygonf/
þuJhodkYaomtajctaeatmufwGif? tar&duefay:vpD rdwfum
rsm;twGuf rdrdudk,fudk jyefvnfar;cGef;xkwf&awmhrnfh r[mAsL[m
ajrmufykpämrSm? wpfckwnf;om &Sdygawmhonf/ ]rdrdwdkY\ tqifhae&mESifh
wefcdk;tmPmwdkY avQmusaeonhf tcgor,wGif? rnfodkYaom EdkifiH
wumtpDtpOfrsKd;udk awGUjrifvdkygoenf;} qdkaom tar;pum;yifjzpfyg
onf/ þar;cGef;udkyif rsufarSmufacwf\ ]eD,dk&m0,f(v)qD,Hykpäm}
(neo-Rawlsian question) [k qdE k ikd yf gvdrrhf nf/
EdkifiHa&;'oeynm&Sif *Ref&m0,f(vJpf)u? ]EdkifiHa&;tzGJYtpnf;
wpf&yfwnfaqmuf&mwGi?f wnfaqmufo\ l udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;ESifhywfouf
ygu? Oayu©mZmy0gvTr;f í pdwu f ;l BupH nfoifo h nf}[k qdck zhJ ;l onf/ þodYk
wnfaqmufEdkifygrSom? csrf;omonfjzpfapç qif;&Jonfjzpfapç tiftm;
BuD;onfjzpfapç tm;enf;onfjzpfap ... EdkifiHtm;vkH;twGuf a&&Snf
tusKd;rsm;aprnfh tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfudk zefwD;ykHazmfEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpt k aeESihf rdru d , kd w
f ikd f OD;aqmifyaHk zmfcahJ om vuf&dS
Edik if w
H umtpDtpOfpepfu?kd tqdyk g *Re&f m0,f(vfçpf)\ csO;f uyfrjI zifo
Munfjh rifoifyh gonf/ odrYk o
S m tiftm;csed cf iG v f Qm tajymif;tvJrsm; rnf
odkYyif BuHK&onfjzpfap? pepfwpfckvkH;\ pGrf;aqmif&nfudk qufvufxdef;
odrf;xm;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf/ þonfyif wnfqJEdkifiHwumtpDtpOf\
tem*wfjzpfovd?k þtpDtpOf\aemufu, G wf iG &f adS om vpfb&,fEeI ;f pH
wefzdk;rsm;\tem*wf jzpfygonf/ ajym&vQif urÇmBuD;wpfckvkH;\tem
*wfvnf; jzpfygonf/
ausmf0if;
y&ifpwefwuúodkvfrS EdkifiHa&;odyÜHygarmu© G. John Ikenberry \
The Rise of China and the Future of the West pmwrf;udk ]ausm0
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tESpfcsKyfbmomjyefonf/
90
Cover Theme
THINK AGAIN
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jyóemrSr&S[ d ?k qdv
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pepfwGif a&SmifvTJzdkYrvG,fvSonhf pD;yGm;a&;twuftus oHo&mrsm;ESifh?
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tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;enf;wl? aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIjyóemESifh pD;yGm;a&;
tusyftwnf; jzpfEdkifajcrsm;&Sdaeonfom? jzpfygonf/ odkYESifhwdkif? ,aeY
w½kwfacgif;aqmifrsm;wGif acwfrDxufjrufaom b@ma&;ESifhaiGaMu;
91
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Edkifonfh taetxm;wGif &SdaeNyDjzpfygonf/
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rsm;\b0t&nfaoG;ud?k qd;k qd;k 0g;0g;xdcu kd vf suf &Sad eygonf/ vkaH vmuf
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&Sef[dkif;wGifqdkvQif toifh&&SdEdkifaom ajray:a&\ 1% EIef;omvQif?
pdwfcsvufcs aomufokH;Edkifonfh taetxm;wGif&Sdonf[k od&ygonf/
w½kwfjynfrSm? tEÅ&m,fBuD;vSaom ul;pufa&m*gBuD;rsm;\Ncdrf;
ajcmufpdefac:rIESifhvnf;? &ifqdkifae&ygonf/ w½kwftpdk;&\ w&m;0if
xkwfazmfcsuft&? 2006 ckESpftxd HIV a&m*g&Sdaeonfhvlaygif;?
650000 rQ&o dS nf[ok &d ygonf/ 2010 jynfEh pS af &mufvQi?f þta&twGuf
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wlyif? MuufiSufwkyfauG;a&m*gESifh qm;a&m*gwdkYvdk ul;pufjrefa&m*gBuD;
rsm;\tEÅ&m,frSmvnf;? pdk;&drfzG,f&mtaetxm;wGif &SdaeqJjzpfygonf/
trSefpifppf tusyftwnf;rSm? pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI udk,f
wdkifu arG;xkwfvdkufaom? topfjzpfxGef;vmonfh vlvwfwef;pm;
ta&;ESifh? qufpyfay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfygonf/ w½kwfacgif;aqmif
rsm;taeESifh? tqdkygvlvwfwef;pm;\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk? vkH;0
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92
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w½kwfuGefjrLepfygwDuGef*&ufu csrSwfcJhaom OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;pOfrsm;
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jzpfygonf/
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taewGif &Sdygonf/ odkYESifhwdkif? tqdkygae&mrsm;wGif ol\trmcHrsm;ESifh
93
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cs,f&awmhrnfjzpfonf/ odkYaomf NyD;cJhaomygwDuGef*&ufwGif þodkYaom
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jzpfvmonhf w½kwfjynftwGuf? txl;owdxm;&onfhoabm &Sdonf/
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94
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95
 w½kwfplygyg0gonf tMurf;rcHay/
Cover Theme rcdkifcHUao;[k qdkapumrl
OPINION urÇmha&;&mwdkYwGif plygyg0g tar&duefESifhtwl
2008 ckEpS f tzufzufü ta&;ygt&ma&mufaeNyDjzpfí
w½kwfudk plygyg0gtjzpf todtrSwfjyK&rnf[k
w½kwfplygyg0gjzpfNyD oH;k oyfMuonf/

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w½kwfjynf\ tiftm;BuD;xGm;rIudk plygyg0gtqifhtjzpf
todtrSwfrjyKcJh/ wpfaeYaeYü plygyg0gjzpfvmvdrfhrnf[l
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Muonf/
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qdkapumrl urÇmha&;&mwdkYwGif plyg yg0g tar&duefESifh
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ckESpftm; wpfckcktajymif;tvJtwGuf pD&ifcH&rnfhESpf
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96
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rI&Sdaom pepfjzpfonf/ pnf;rsOf;udk tajccHonf/ euf½Idif;us,fjyefYaom
tajccHtkwfjrpfawG&Sdonf/ þyHkpHonf w½kwfjynfudk tusKd;aus;Zl;
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97
 Nidrf;csrf;pGm jzpfxGef;wdk;wufrIqdkonfrSm w½kwfplygyg0gonf
wnfqJurÇmhpepfudk z½dkz&Jjzpfatmifrvkyf/ wnfqJurÇmhpepfESifhtnD
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,ckvnf; plygyg0gtopfjzpfvmaom w½kwEf iS hf &S&d if;plygyg0g tar&duef
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csrSwf&rnfhESpfjzpfvmNyD/ tar&duefplygyg0gonf plygyg0gwpfckwnf;&Sd
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onf/ rawGUzl;í tawGUtBuHKopfjzpfaeonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap w½kwf
98
plygyg0gonf t&Sdw&m;jzpfí yg0gudkrQa0&eftqifoifh&Sd&awmhrnf/
xdaYk Mumifh 2008 ckEpS o
f nf w½kwu
f kd plygyg0gtjzpf todtrSwjf yK&rnfEh pS ?f
þplygyg0gopfESifh yg0grQa0,l&rnfhESpf[k axmufjyonf/
twGJjzKwfçrjzKwf jyóem
w½kwftm; plygyg0gtopftjzpf 2008 ckESpfü todtrSwfjyKvm
MupOfü? plygyg0gtopfonf tar&duefplygyg0gESifh twGJjzKwfçrjzKwf
(decoupling) jyóempOf;pm;onf/ txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;ydik ;f wGif pOf;pm;
onf/ 2007ckESpfü wpfurÇmvHk; EdkifiHwdkif;onf pD;yGm;a&;t& zGHUNzdK;
wdk;wufcJhonf/ pD;yGm;a&;rzGHUNzdK; rwdk;wufonfh EdkifiH[lír&Sdoavmuf
&Sm;yg;cJhonf/ odkYjzifh EdkifiHwdkif; pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmaomtcg
(1) csrf;omaomEdkifiHESifh qif;&JaomEdkifiHwdkYonf pD;yGm;a&;t&
twGJjzKwfvmEdkifNyDvm;?
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ypfEdkifNyDvm;?
(3) w½kwpf ;D yGm;a&;onf tar&duefp;D yGm;a&;ESihf twGjJ zKwEf ikd Nf yD
vm;[lí ar;cGef;ay:onf/
2007 ckESpf pD;yGm;a&;pef;yGifhcJhaomfvnf; ,ck 2008 ckESpfxJ
a&mufonfESifh? tar&duefplygyg0gpD;yGm;a&;onf &Dquf&Sif;(qkwf,kwf
usqif;rIuyf)xJ 0ifaejcif; [kwfçr[kwf tjiif;yGm;onf/ ,ckaemufqHk;
tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;onf &Dquf&Sif;xJa&mufaeNyD[k wpfoabmwnf;
oHk;oyfvdkufMuonf/ tar&duef plygyg0gpD;yGm;a&;onf 2008 ckESpfxJ
0ifonfESifh &Dquf&Sif;ESifh BuHKae&NyD/
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yg0gw½kwfESifh plygyg0gtar&duefwdkY twGJjyKwfaevQif twGJjyefwGJoifhNyD
[kaxmufjyvmMuonf/ Recoupling [kac:onf/ w½kwEf iS t hf ar&duef
jyefwGJrS? awGUae&aom &Dquf&Sif;onf ydkí rqdk;0g;oGm;Edkif[kqdo k nf/
tar&duef&q D uf&iS ;f urÇmtESYH rysUH ESaYH tmif wm;qD;a&;? w½kwu f txl;
wvnf ulnDEdkifonfudk axmufxm;í? w½kwfu plygyg0gjzpfvmyHkudk
oufaotaxmuftxm;wpf&yf taejzifhvnf;? wifjyonf/
armifpl;prf;
Ref : CNN, Newsweek, Jan 10, 2008
99
 tar&duefp;D yGm;a&;usqif;rIEiS hf
Cover Theme a':vmwefzdk;usqif;rIwaYkd Mumifh
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„ OD;csr;f at; tar&duefa':vmESihf csw d q
f uf yufvkyfxm;aom a[mifaumifa':vm
tar&duefa':vmwefzdk; xdk;usvmaomtcg ar;cGef; uvnf; a':vmyuf jzKwf&ef oifhçroifh pOf;pm;ae&NyD/ tar&duefonf
awG wpfoDBuD;ar;onf/ a&S;OD;yxr tar&duefa':vm us &Dquf&iS ;f ESit
hf wl a':vmudk 0dik ;f 0ef;eef;csjcif;ESihf BuKH ae&Ny/D a':vmrS
qif;rIonf w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;udkvnf; tusbufqGJac:oGm;rSm vnf;aumif;? a':vmtqufqufwdkYrSvnf;aumif; pGefYcGmaeMuonf/
vm;[líar;onf/ þar;cGef;udk ajzqd&k ef ESpEf ikd if pH ;D yGm;a&;\
taetxm;udk tMurf;zsi;f tuJjzwfonf/ ,ltufppf ;D yGm;a&; w½kwfudk xdcdku?f rxdcdkuf
onf zsm;emaeonf? ckwifay:vJaeonf[o k ;kH oyfí w½kwf ,cktajctaetopfawG ay:vmojzifh rnfonfEh ikd if \ H pD;yGm;a&;
pD;yGm;a&;url oGufvufusef;rmaeonf[k oHk;oyfonf/ xdkY tajctaeudk ydkNyD; tm½Hkpl;pdkuf&rnfenf;[k ar;onf/ tar&duef
aMumifh zsm;emaeaom pD;yGm;a&;udk rdru d ohJ v Ykd el mjzpfomG ;atmif pD;yGm;a&;usqif;rItay: ydkNyD;pdk;&drf&rvm;[lí EIdif;,SOfavhvmMuonf/
jyKvyk Ef ikd pf rG ;f &Syd govm;[k ar;cGef;wpfyk'f xyfqifhxkwfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sit f rsm;pk\tajzu tar&duefp;D yGm;a&; usqif;rItay:
þar;cGef;onf *vdkb,fpD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk odyfrpdk;&drf? w½kwfpD;yGm;a&; usqif;rItay:om ydkNyD;pdk;&drfonf/
w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;u ydkNyD; taxmuftuljyKaeovm; (odkYwnf; w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;usqif;rIu tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;usqif;rIxuf
r[kwf) tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;u ydkNyD;taxmuftuljyKaeovm; ydjk yif;xefrnf[k wGuMf uonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ,ckw½kwpf ;D yGm;a&;rusqif;bJ
[k ar;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;\ *s'D yD w D ;kd wufrw
I iG f q,fpEk pS f ESpcf vk ;kH wpf&edS x
f ;kd axmifwufaeonfukd aus;Zl;wifMuonf/
w½kwpf ;D yGm;a&;u tar&duefp;D yGm;a&;xuf ydkNyD;taxmuftul þwGif tusr&SdbJ qufwdkufaxmifwufaeaom w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;onf
jyKaeNy;D ? þoabmt& urÇmph ;D yGm;a&;onf tar&duefp;D yGm;a&; acGusroGm;Edkifbl;vm;[k qef;ppfMunhfMuonf/
wpfcw k nf;tay: rSw D nfjcif;r&Sad wmhay/ w½kwpf ;D yGm;a&;tay: w½kwpf ;D yGm;a&;acGusomG ;Edik o
f nf[k ,lqolwu Ykd w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;
om rSDwnfvmonf/ wpfESpfysrf;rQ 10&mcdkifEIef;ausmf rSefrSefwufaejcif;udk vufn§Kd;xdk;onf/
,ck tar&duefpD;yGm;a&; qkwf,kwfusqif;aeonf/ þvdkwufvGef;ojzifh w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;tif*sifylvGef;aeNyD[k qdkonf/
&Dquf&Sif;xJ0ifaeonf/ a':vmwefzdk;usqif;aeonf/ tD&ef olwu Ykd w½kwpf ;D yGm;a&;tif*siyf al epOf? tar&duefp;D yGm;a&; &Dquf&iS ;f xJ
u ol\a&eHukd a':vmESirhf a&mif;awmh[q k o kd nf/ yifv,fauGU a&mufNy;D a':vmwefz;kd usqif;aerIaMumif?h w½kwpf ;D yGm;a&;vnf; ,dik v f J
100 101
oGm;Edkifonf[k wGufjyonf/ t"dutm;udk;NyD; axmufjyonfhtcsufrSm
w½kwf\ tar&duefodkYwifydkYaomtdwfpydkY jzpfonf/
tar&duefp;D yGm;a&; usqif;rIEiS hf a':vmwefz;kd usqif;rIwaYkd Mumifh
tar&duefu tdwfpydkUwdkUudk avQmhcsvmp&m&Sdonf/ þodkU avQmhcsvm
onfESifh tdwfpydkYudk tajccHxm;aom w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;onf? ,dkifoGm;
&rnf[kqdkonf/ oabmrSm a':vmwefzdk;usqif;rIonf tdwfpydkYus
qif;rIrSwpfqifh w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;udk tusbufqGJac:oGm;rnf/
0,fvdktm;csif; axEkdif? acsEdkif
w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;onf wu,fyJ tdwfpydkYarmif;pD;yGm;a&; (export-
drived economy) [kwf,r[kwfar;cGef;xkwf&awmhonf/ ]tDaumfaemfrpf
*sme,f}BuD;u w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;onf tdwfpydkYarmif;pD;yGm;a&;jzpfonf
qdkaom Zmwfvrf;udk '@m&D[k axmufjyvdkufonf/ tdwfpydkYtajcpdkuf
pD;yGm;a&;qdkonfrSm jynfy0,fvdktm; (odkYr[kwf) jynfyrSoHk;pGJrIwdkYtay:
rSDcdkaejcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ þae&mü jyóemonf wu,fvnf; tdwfpydkY
avsmo h mG ;vQif jynfy0,fvt kd m;avsmo h mG ;jcif;jzpfí? þ jynfy0,fvt kd m;
tavsmu h kd jynfwiG ;f 0,fvt kd m;ESihf axEdik çf rEdik q
f akd omjyóem jzpfvmonf/
w½kwfjynfpD;yGm;a&; t&rf;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufaeonf[k qdkonfrSm?
w½kwfjynfwGif;ü 0,fvdktm;awG t&rf;wdk;yGm;vmjcif;udkvnf; &nfñTef;
onf/ xdkYaMumifh jynfyrS0,fvdktm; usqif;rIudk? jynfwGif;rS0,fvdktm;
wdk;wufrIwdkYjzifh aumif;rGefpGm axEdkif? acsEdkifonf/ jynfwGif;0,fvdktm;
uyif jynfy0,fvdktm;xuf trsm;BuD;ydkvQHaeonf/ ,if;\oabmrSm
tar&duefüjzpfyGm;aom pDyGm;a&;usqif;rIa&Smhcfudk? w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;u
aumif;rGefpGm pkyf,lEdkifonf[kqdkjcif;jzpfonf/ Capicity to absorb
shorks [kac:onf/
pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI\ &v'ftjzpf? w½kwfjynfwGif tifz
av;&Si;f (t&yf&yfaps;EIe;f rsm;wufjcif;) txdu k t f avsmuf ay:vmonf/
þtifzav;&Si;f udw k u
kd zf su&f ef w½kwAf [db k Pfonf twd;k EIe;f udk ig;Burd f
jr§ifhcJhonf/ ,ckaemufqHk; bPfwdkufwdkYu tenf;qHk;xm;&Sd&rnfh aiGom;
t&efaiG (reserve requirement) udk jr§ifhvdkufonf/ bPfwdk;vnf;jr§ifh?
aiGom;&efyHkaiGudkvnf; jr§ifhvdkufojzifh aiGacs;iSm;rIawG &yfwefYoGm;Edkif
onf/ þtcsufu w½kwftmPmydkifwdkYu tifzav;&Sif;&SdaMumif;udk
102
todtrSwfjyK&ma&mufonf/
r*Fvmowif;
a':vmwefzdk; usqif;jcif;onf w½kwfjynf\ tifzav;&Sif;udk
ydNk y;D qd;k 0g;oGm;Edik o f nf/ tifzav;&Si;f qd;k 0g;vmvQif w½kwpf ;D yGm;a&;vnf;
usqif;&rnf[k qifajcay;Muonf/ þtcsufuvnf; ,kwåd&Sdovdkvdk
ESifh ,kwådr&Sdjzpfaeonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf w½kwfjynfü Edik if jH cm;aiG
&efyakH iG tvQyH ,ftrsm;Bu;D &So d nf/ {&mrrsm;jym;vSaom Edik if Hjcm;aiGwdkYjzifh
tifzav;&Sif;jyóemudk ajz&Sif;Edkifonf/ tifzav;&Sif;omru tjcm;
rnfonfh pD;yGm;a&;jyóemBuD;wkdYudkrqdk ajz&Sif;EdkifpGrf; &dSaeonf/
tu,fí tar&duefp;D yGm;a&;usqif;rIEiS hf a':vmwefzdk;usqif;rI
wdaYk Mumif?h w½kwpf ;D yGm;a&;udk usqif;aponf[q k vkd Qiv
f nf; þusqif;rI
onf tqdk;xJrS taumif;jzpfrnf/ w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;onf r&yfrem;zGHUNzdK;
wd;k wufvmojzifh zGUH NzKd ;rIukd t&Sed af vQmch s&efvo kd nf/ rD;aygifavQmh&efvdkonf/
,ck tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;usqif;rIaMumifh w½kwpf ;D yGm;a&; usqif;rnf[k
qdv k Qif? jzpfcsio f vdjk zpfvmí tusaumif;[kqdk&rnf/ w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;udk
wtm;,dik v f aJ ponfh xd;k ESucf surf jzpfEikd af y/ acG;ususjcif; (handlanding)
rjzpfEdkifay/
w½kwfpD;yGm;a&; tusbufNydKvdrfhrnf[k wGufqxm;olrsm;u
w½kwfjynfü tvkyform;awG vkyfc raygawmh/ aps;aygtvkyform;
&Sm;yg;rIBuD; ay:aeNyD[k xdwfvefYwMum; oHk;oyfjyonf/ aps;aygtvkyf
orm;&Sm;yg;rI(shortage of cheap labour) aMumifh w½kwpf ;D yGm;a&;usqif;
&awmhrnf[k ajymonf/ þoHk;oyfcsufonf t"dyÜm,fr&Sd[k ]tDaumf
aemfrpf}*sme,fBuD; u a0zefjyonf/ vkyfcawG wdk;wufvmaomfvnf;
wpfzufü tvkyform;wdkY\ xkwfvkyfrItpGrf;owådu trsm;BuD;wufae
jcif;udk axmufjyonf/ t"dymÜ ,frmS vkyo f m;caps;Bu;D vmjcif;onf pD;yGm;
a&;wpfcv k ;kH udk tEÅ&m,fay;avmufatmif rjzpfyg[k axmufjyjcif;jzpfonf/
w½kwfpD;yGm;a&;u wmwdktjrefajy;aeonf/ tar&duefpD;yGm;
a&;u tdyf&may:vJaeonf/ þtajctaeuyifurÇmhpD;yGm;a&;twGuf
aumif;owif;jzpfonf[k qdkonf/
OD;csrf;at;
Ref : The Economist, 12, December, 2007.
103
People
Feature
104 AE¨KvOD;pdef
108 wwd,vrf;
115 tawG;rSm;t,HkrSm;tpGJrSm;rsm;\tMurf;zufrI(2)
122 vlrItif*sifeD,menf;ESifUzGHY NzdK;a&;jyóem
128 'ku©wkdhuif;&mukef&m
AE¨ K vOD ; pd e f (1900-67)
( 1900-67)
armifaZ,sm
udv
k ekd aD cwf jrefrmEdik if aH &;ESihf pme,fZif;avmuwGif AE¨Kv
OD;pdet
f rnfjzifh xif½mS ;onf/ pme,fZif;avmuwGif xif&mS ;aom
AE¨Kv *sme,f? AE¨Kvowif;pm wnfaxmifolt,f'Dwm/ AE¨Kv
*sme,frS pdefuavmif? wif;bkwf? owdk;pdef? AE¨KvOD;pdef uavmif
trnfrsm;jzifh *sDpDbDattoif;csKyfBuD;udk axmufcHí 21 OD;
tzGJUudk jyif;jyif;xefxefa0zefcJhonf/ pHzJta&;ay:aygufvmcsdef
wGif pdefuavmiftrnfjzifh 4 yJwef pHzJ0w¬Ka&;om;cJh&m puf
wifyEHk ydS q
f rJ mS yif tkyaf &wpfoed ;f a&mif;cJ&h onf/ wGaJ &;cGaJ &; ay:
aygufvmcsdefwGif 'D;'kwf*sme,fESifhtwl AE¨Kv*sme,frS wGJa&;
udak qmfMocJo h nf/ xdaYk emuf Edik if aH &;avmuwGif a'gufwmbarmf
\ r*FvGef;*sDpDbDatOuú|? qif;&J;om;ygwDacgif;aqmif? Armh
xGuf&yf*dkPf;\tvkyftrIaqmifjzpfvmonf/ 1940 jynfhESpfwGif
umuG,fa&;tufOya't& NAw d o
d Qw\ Ykd axmif'Pfc&H onf/ *syef
acwfwiG f a'gufwm barmfOD;aqmifaom tpdk;&tzGJUü omoem
a&;ESifh 0g'jzefYcsda&;0efBuD;tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ udk,fwdkif
yg0ifcJhaom EdkifiHa&;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk ]t*Fvdyfajy;rif;}
(1946)? ]uREfkyfwdkY\twGif;a&;} ESpfwGJ (1946) pmtkyfrsm;jzifh
rSwfwrf;wifchJonf/
104
pdef? OD;? AE¨Kv -
1900 jynfhESpf rwfv 13&uf t*FgaeYwGif rEÅav;c½kdif?
jrpfi,fNrKd Ue,f O,smOfawmf½mG üzGm;onf/ tz ukeo f nf OD;zd;k MuL;?
trd a':ausmh jzpfonf/ i,fpOfu bkefBuD;ausmif;ü ynm
oifMum;cJhonf/
rEÅ a v;Nrd K U "m;wef ; t&yf OD ; av;awmf o l OD ; csif ; \
*kP0wDyEHk ydS w f u
kd w
f iG f pwiftvkyv f yk o f nf/ xdaYk emuf &efuek Nf rKd U
12vrf ; xd y f jref r mh 0 ef x rf ; owif ; pmwd k u f t ,f ' D w mtjzpf
aqmif&Gufonf/ 1921 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 12&ufaeYwGif ]ESpfyg;
Munf*sme,f}udk pwifxkwfa0onf/ *sme,ftrnfudk ]AE¨Kv
*sme,f}[k {NyDvwGifajymif;vJonf/ AE¨Kv*sme,fwGif yDrdk;eif;
udk r@dKifxm;í armifpdefudk,fwdkif ]pdefuavmif}? ]wif;bkwf}?
]pdef'dk;}? ]owdk;pdef} trnfrsm;jzifh *sDpDbDat toif;csKyfBuD;
udkaxmufcHí 21 OD;tzGJYudk jyif;jyif;xefxefa0zefcJhonf/
1921 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 3 &ufaeYwGif ol&d, owif;pm
t,f'Dwm OD;wkwfBuD; (o&mZOD;wkwfBuD;) obmywdtjzpf
aqmif½Gufaom ]pme,fZif;rsm;\ 0IdufaumfrwDoydwfarSmufa&;}
tpnf;ta0;udk wufa&mufonf/ 1922 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif
AE¨Kv*sme,fonf jrefrmhtvif;? ynmhtvif;? 0&Zdef*sme,f
wdkYESifhtwl tmrcHaiGESpfaxmifusyf wif&onf/
1927 ck E S p f Zef e 0g&D v 1&uf paeaeY w G i f ]AE¨ K v
owif;pm} xyfrHxkwfa0onf/ pHzJowif;? rpöwmarmifrIdif;\
pHzJaqmif;yg;rsm;jzifh AE¨Kvowif;pmonf vlBudKufrsm;vmonf/
owif;pmzdk;udk ½kyf&SifvufrSwfwef;pD0,fouJhodkY apmifhí aiG
oGif;&onf/ AE¨KvOD;pdefudk,fwdkif pdefuavmiftrnfjzifh 4 yJ
wef pHzJ0w¬Ka&;&m pufwifykHESdyfqJrSmyif apmifa& wpfodef;
a&mif;csc&hJ onf/ wGaJ &;cG;J a&;ay:aygufvmcsed w f iG f 'D;'kw*f sme,f
ESifhtwl wGJa&;bufrS axmufcHtm;ay;cJhonf/
1933 ck E S p f w G i f OD ; pd k ; od e f ; *sD p D b D a trS Ouú | jzpf o l
OD;pdk;odef; pGefYcGmoGm;&m AE¨KvOD;pdefOuú|jzpfvmonf/ [Hom
0wD e ,f r*F v G e f ; q&mawmf a xmuf c H í r*F v G e f ; *sD p D b D a t
[kvnf;ac:a0:Muonf/ 1934 ckESpfwGif rkH&Gmwpfzufurf;
105
 anmifyifBuD;ul;wdkYqdyf t|rkedat;csrf;&efatmif bk&m;teD;
usif;yaom 19 Budrfajrmuf r*FvGef;*sDpDbDatuGefz&ifhü obm
ywd t jzpf wif a jr§ m uf c H & onf / 1936ck E S p f rEÅ a v;Nrd K UwG i f
usif ; yaom (20)Bud r f a jrmuf r*F v G e f ; *sD p D b D a tuG e f z &if h ü
Ouú|tjzpf om,m0wD OD;armifarmif a&G;cs,í f ? AE¨KvOD;pdeo f nf
aiGxdef;tjzpfwm0efay;tyfcH&onf/ xdkuGefz&ifhü a'gufwm
barmf\ qif;&Jom;0g'udkvufcHí qif;&Jom;tzGJU acgif;aqmif
jzpfvmonf/
1939 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif ]AE¨Kvr*¾Zif;}udk t,f'D
wmtjzpfwm0efcí H xkwaf 0onf/ r*¾Zif;wGif AE¨KvOD;pdef ud,
wdik f t*Fvyd -f jrefrmppfyGJESifh ywfoufaom aqmif;yg;½Snf a&;
om;cJ h o nf / 1939 ck E S p f atmuf w d k b mv 1 &uf a eY w G i f
a'gufwmbarmf\ aetdrfü zGJUpnf;aom ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;wGif
A[d k t vk y f t rI a qmif j zpf v monf / xG u f & yf * d k P f ; Ouú | rS m
a'gufwmbarmf? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;rSm ocifatmifqef;
jzpf o nf / 1940 jynf h E S p f w G i f umuG , f a &;tuf O ya't&
axmif'Pf tjypfay;cH&onf/
1942 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 10 &ufaeYwGif axmifrS
vGwfajrmufonf/ ZGefv 4 &ufaeY jyifOD;vGifNrdKUwGif jrefrmjynf
*syefwyfrawmfwm0efcH *syefAdkvfcsKyfBuD; tD'g OD;aqmifjyKvkyf
aom ArmjynfA[dktkyfcsKyfa&; pDpOfa&;tzGJU0if jzpfvmonf/
1942 Mo*kwfv 1&ufaeYwGif a'gufwmbarmf OD;aqmifaom
jrefrmjynfA[dktpdk;&tzGJUwGif vrf;yef;taqmufttHkESifh jyef
vnfxlaxmifa&;0efBuD;/ 1943 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 1 &ufaeUwGif
t"dywd a'gufwmbarmf OD;aqmifaom vGwfvyfonfh jrefrm
jynftpdk;&tzGJUü omoema&;? EdkifiHBuD;yGm;a&;ESifh 0g'jzefYcsda&;
0efBuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1945 ckESpf *syefwyfrsm;
&efuek u f pkd eG cYf mG &m tpd;k &tzGUJ 0if a'gufwmbarmf? ocifjr? ocifEk
wdkYESifhtwl vdkufygcJhonf/ *syefvufeufrcsrD ESpf&ufcefYtvdk
wGif? Adkvf&efEdkif? a'gufwmbarmf rdom;pkEiS t hf wl ,d;k ',m;(xdik ;f )Edik if H
twGi;f xd vdkufygcJhonf/
1945 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv ESpf&ufaeYwGif xdkif;EdkifiHrS
106
a&vrf;? ukef;vrf;? av,mOfc&D;wdkYjzifh jrefrmjynf jyefa&mufcJhonf/
NAdwdoQwdkY\ zrf;qD;tusOf;cscH&onf/ 1946 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 5 &ufaeY
wGif tif;pdefaxmifrSvGwfajrmufí qif;&Jom;0HomEktzGJUudk jyefvnf
OD;aqmifcJhonf/ owif;pmrsm;rS AE¨KvOD;pdeftwGuf bk&ifcHOD;aqmif
aom tpdk;&tzGJUwGif omoema&;ESifh jyefMum;a&;0efBuD; wpfae&may;
&ef &nf&G,faeaMumif;a&;om;cJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; 1956 ckESpf
atmufwdkbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif omoema&;Xme omoema&;ñTefMum;
a&;0eftjzpf cefYtyfcH&onf/ 1961 ckESpfwGif &mxl;rStNidrf;pm;,lcJh
onf /
k f AE¨KvOD;pdefonf t*Fvdyfpmrwwfaomfvnf; vkyf&nfudkif&nf
xufjrufí omoema&;ESifhpme,fZif;avmuwGif xif&Sm;onf/ Ak'¨
omoemaumifpD? awmifwef;omoemjyKtzGJU? EdkifiHawmf omoema&;
aumfr½SifwdkYwGif tusKd;aqmiftwGif;a&;rSL;? wdyd#ua½G;cs,fa&; tvkyf
trIaqmift&m&Sd? 1957 ckESpfwGif Ak'¨Z,EdÅtxdrf;trSwf jrefrmEdkifiH
udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU0iftjzpf xdkif;? uarÇm'D;,m;? vmtdkEdkifiHrsm;odkY
oGm;a&mufcJhonf/
touf 67 ESpt f &G,?f 1967 ckEpS f arv 22 &ufaeYwiG f &efuek Nf rKd U?
bdkuav;aps;vrf;? wdkuftrSwf (132)? wwd,xyfaetdrfü uG,fvGefcJh
onf/ uG,fvGefcsdefü ZeD;a':cifjrESifh om;wpfOD;usef&pfonf/
armifaZ,sm
4007660606
UNITY
urÇmod jrefrmrsm;ESifh
urÇmod jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;
armifaZ,sm
urÇmUynm&Sifrsm;tv,f xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vSaom jrefrmynm&Sifrsm;taMumif;
t*Fvdyfbmomjyef urÇmausmf jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;taMumif;
107
Alternative Trend
wwd , vrf ;
The Third Way
tefaxmfeD*D'if a&;í ausmf0if; bmomjyefonf/
,cifvrStquf
ay:vpD&AD sL;
1989 qdkAD,uftifyg,m NydKuGJoGm;
aomtcg? taemufOa&myuGefjrLepfygwDrsm;
rSm ygwDqdkif;bkwfESifh ygwDtrnfrsm;udk 'a&m
aomyg; ajymif;NyD;oumv? qdk&S,f'Drkdu&uf
wpfpnf;0dkif;xJodkY ajy;0ifvmMuonf/ wpfNydKif
eufwnf;rSmyif? ta&SUOa&mywpfvTm;wGif
vnf; qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDrsm; tNydKif;
t½dkif; ay:xGufvmMuonf/ þodkY qd&k ,
ua&pDukd tm;ud;k wBu;D csO;f uyfvmMu csed w
tpOftvmpHawmf0if qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDukd,f
wdkifurl? rdrdwdkY\rlvtxdkifudk tBuD;tus,f
jyefvnfpdppfaeMu&NyD jzpfygonf/
þtcsufudk 1987 ckESpf? atmufwdk
bmvtwGif;u usif;ycJhaom NAdwdoQavbm
ygwD\uGezf &ifw h iG ?f txift&Sm;awGUEdik o
vlBudKufrsm;vSaom]oufcsm0g'} ESifh xdyfwdkuf
&ifqikd &f aomtcg? avbm\ay:vpDtyk pf rk sm;
Mum;wGif oabmwlnDcsufwpfck &vmcJhonf/
avbmtaejzifh yk*v ¾ u d vGwv
f yfciG Ehf iS hf wpfO;D
csi;f a&G;cs,yf ikd cf iG u
hf kd tav;rxm;vQif vlx\
tEl;tñGwfaxmufcHrIudk b,fvdkrS &Edkifp&m
108
r&Sd qdkaomtcsuf jzpfygonf/ þtcsufrSmyif avbm\ay:vpD
tajymif;tvJrsm; ay:xGuv f mjcif;jzpfonf/ pufrv I yk if ef;tm;vH;k jynfol
ydkifodrf;a&;qdkaom r[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csufudk? tNyD;wdkifpGefYvTwfvdkuf
onf/ udef;abm*aA'vm ]0,fvdktm;bufrS pDrHcefYcGJrI} udkvnf; yGifhyGifh
vif;vif; y,fvdkufonf/ tvkyform;or*¾rsm;tay: tBuD;tus,frSDcdk
ae&onfudkvnf;? ododomomavQmhcsypfvkdufonf/ pHawmf0if qdk&S,f
'Drdkua&pDwGif? b,fwkef;urS ae&mray;cJhzl;aom obm0ywf0ef;usif
udpöudkvnf;? xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;vmonf/
aemufxyfta&;BuD;aom ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk? 1986 ckESpfESifh 1988
ckEpS rf sm;u usi;f ycJah om? aemfa0avbmygwD\ uGezf &ifrh sm;wGif awGUEdik f
ygonf/ þuGefz&ifhrsm;twGif; jyóemajcmuf&yfudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkcJhMuonf/ yk*¾vduESifh vlxktMum; [efcsufnDa&;? tvkyf
csdefESifhywfowfaom ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,fEdkifpGrf;? ynma&;tcGifhtvrf;?
obm0ywf0ef;usif,dk,Gif;rI? tdrf&m (odkYr[kwf) aea&;udpöESifh pD;yGm;
a&;'Drdkua&pDwdkY jzpfonf/ aqG;aEG;csuftm;vHk;\ t"duwl½lcsufrSm?
wpfcsed u f azmufjyefonft h ,ltq[k owfrw S cf MJh uaom ]yk*v ¾ u
d tusKd ;
pD;yGm;rsm;} (individual interests) jzpfygonf/
ydkíta&;BuD;aom ay:vpDvSnfhajymif;rIrSm? Oa&my\ tiftm;
S 'f rD kd tBu;D qH;k *smrefq&kd , S v
f pf'rD u
dk &ufwpfygwDwiG f jzpfay:cJo h nf[?k qdEk ikd f
f iG ?f vdrfhrnfxifygonf/ pifppf qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD\ ay:vpDppfaq;rIrsm;rSm?
aps;uGuf'óe\ pdefac:csufudkwHkYjyef&ef jzpfaomfvnf;? *smreDwGifrl
þrQruyg/ wjznf;jznf;tiftm;BuD;vmaom obm0ywf0ef;usif0g'D
]jrpdr;f a&mifygwD}(Green Party)ESiv hf nf; ywfoufygonf/ oufcsm0g'udk
*smreDwGif yGJxkwfvmonfh [JvrGwfcdk;(v)\ c&pf,mef 'Drdku&ufrsm;
ESifh&ifqdkif&ef? qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;twGuf ]*&if;}wdkYESifhr[mrdwfzGJUa&;rSm?
f nf/ aomhcsufjzpfvm&onf/ odkYjzifh obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;rSm?
pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rIESifh qefYusifbufr[kwf? tjyeftvSefaus;Zl;jyKaeaom
rdwfbufjzpfonf} qdkaom t,ltqudk wDxGifBuHqvm&awmhonf/
aemufxyfta&;BuD;onfh ay:vpDtajymif;tvJrSm zGHUNzdK;NyD;EdkifiH
rsm;wGif xif&Sm;vmaom ]½kyf0g'tvGef} (post materialism) tajctae
k opfrsm;tay:? cH,lwHkYjyefyHkjzpfonf/ þae&mwGif EdkifiHa&;odyÜHynm&Sif
a&mf e ,f t if * vd [ wf \ t,l t qrsm;ud k tud k ; tum;jyKMuonf /
109

ajymif;vJvmaom taetxm;wGif
tpOftvm vuf0Jvuf,mqdkaom cGJjcm;enf;jzifU
rJqE´&Sifrsm;udk MunfUjrifr&Edkifawmhyg/ tvkyform;?
t&if;&Sif paom vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;pdwfjzmrIwdkhrSmvnf;
vufawGYESifU tHr0ifawmUaom w&m;aorsm;
jzpfuek yf gawmUonf/
[wfu ]]vlonf wpfpHkwpf&maomtqifhxd csrf;om<u,f0vm
vQi?f pD;yGm;a&;jyóemxuf ]b0t&nftaoG;}(quality of life)ud?k
ydkí tm½Hk&vmonf}}[k qdkonf/ þtqdku? pHawmf0ifqdk&S,f
'Drdku&ufwpf\ tpOftvm vu©Pmjzpfaom ]pkaygif;0g'}udk?
tajcrSudkifvIyfvdkufovdk &Sdonf/ odkYjzifh pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;
½HkrQjzifh rvHkavmufawmhbJ? wpfOD;csif;b0rsm;\ t&nftaoG;
jrifhrm;a&;rSm? qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD\ &nfrSef;csufopf jzpfvm&
awmhonf/
tajymif;tvJ
ygwD0ifodrf;oGif;&mwGifaomfvnf;aumif;? rJqE´wGufcsuf
&mwGifaomfvnf;aumif;? pHawmf0if qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpf\ tajc
cHpOf;pm;yHkrSm vlwef;pm;qufqaH &;taetxm;[kqEkd ikd o
f nf/ ,ck
þtaetxm;rSm ododomom ,dk,Gif;vsuf&SdaeayNyD/ qdk&S,f'Drdk
u&ufrsm;\tvdkt&? t"dutusqHk;[k ,lqcJhMuaom aumfvm
jymtvkyform;xkrSm? ta&twGuft&a&m ta&;ygrIbufwGifyg
tusbufa&mufvmonf/ þtcsdefwGif? 0efaqmifrIu@rS aumf
vmjzLtvkyform;xkrSm? twufbufjyaeonf/ xdkYxuf? trsdK;
orD;rsm; tvkyform;tiftm;pkxJodkY? ydkíydkí yg0ifvmMuonf/
þtcsdefrSmyif trsm;pk[krqdkomonfhwdkif? ta&twGuft&
renf;vSaom tiftm;pkwpfck? jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmvsuf &Sd
aeonf/ olwdkYrSm rnfonfhygwDrS r[kwfMuovdk? rnfonfhygwD
udkrS rJqE´ay;zdkY oabmxm;r½Sdaom? EdkifiHa&;ESifhuif;uif;
110
aevdkolrsm; jzpfonf/ þtcsufu bmudkazmfjyaeoenf;qdkvQif ]&Sm;yg;
rIwefz;kd } (scarcity value)rS ]½kyv
f eG w
f efz;kd } (post-meterialist value) qDoYkd
ajymif ; vmonh f o abm jzpf y gonf / wpf e nf ; ajym&vQif a&mf e ,f
tif*vD[wf\t,ltq rSefuefaMumif;? oufaojycsufyif jzpfawmh
onf /
þodkY ajymif;vJvmaom taetxm;wGif? tpOftvm vuf0J,
vuf,mqdkaom cGJjcm;enf;jzifh? rJqE´&Sifrsm;udk Munfhjrifr&Edkifawmhyg/
tvkyform;? t&if;&Sif paom vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;pdwfjzmrIwdkYrSmvnf;? vuf
awGUESifhtHr0ifawmhaom w&m;aorsm;? jzpfukefygawmhonf/ *Refbvef
'J(v) ESifh b½dkif,efa*gh(p)acsmh wdkY\ okawoeqmaA;t&? NAdwdoQvlxk
udk EdkifiHa&;wdrf;ñGwfrIt& av;rsKd;av;pm; cGJjcm;Edkifonf[k qdkygonf/
uGefqmaA;wpfrsm;? vpfbmwm&D,efrsm;? qdk&S,fvpfrsm;ESifh atmhodk&pf
wm&D,efrsm; jzpfonf/
uG e f q maA;wpf r sm;rS m aps;uG u f v G w f v yf r I u d k tqd k j yKaom
av;q,fzJ,m;0g'Drsm;jzpfonf/ odkYESifhwdkif rdom;pk? rl;,pfaq;0g;ESifh
udk,f0efzsufcscGifhudpörsm;wGif? tpdk;&\ wif;wif;usyfusyfcsKyfudkifrIudk
tvdk&Sdonf/ vpfbmwm&D,efrsm;(Libertarian)rsm;u? yk*¾vdu0g'tvH
udk vTifhonf/ e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif EdkifiHawmf\yg0ifrIudk tedrfhqHk;
jzpfapvdkonf/ qdk½S,fvpfrsm;url? uGefqmaA;wpfrsm;ESifh ajymif;jyef/
pD;yGm;a&;wGif tpdk;&yg0ifrIudk wufwuf<u<u axmufcHaomfvnf;?
usifh0wfudpörsm;wGifrl wpfpHkwpf&m vGwfvyfcGifhay;apvdkonf/ ]atmhodk
&pfwm&D,efrsm;} (Authoritarian) url? e,fy,ftm;vHk;udk EdkifiHawmfrS
wdkuf½dkufcsKyfudkifzdkY a[monf/
qmaA;yg udef;*Pef;rsm;t& ajym&vQif? NAdwdoQvlOD;a&\ oHk;yHk
wpfyHkrSm uGefqmaA;wpft,ltqESifh eD;olrsm;[k? qdkygonf/ 20%rSm
vpfbmwm&D,efrsm;? 18%rSm qdk½S,fvpfrsm;jzpfNyD;? 13%rSm atmhodk
&pfwm&D,efrsm;[k azmfjyxm;onf/ þt,ltqav;&yfvHk;ESifh uif;
vGwfaeaom EdkifiHa&;rS cyfcGmcGmaevdkolrsm;rSm? 15%xd &SdEdkifonf[k
qdkonf/ rm*&ufoufcsmESifh olr\uGefqmaA;wpfrsm;udk pkNyHKrJay;cJhMu
aom rJqE´&Sifrsm;\ 84%rSm? uGefqmaA;wpfrsm;csnf; r[kwf? vpfbm
wm&D,efrsm;vnf; ygonf[k qdkygonf/
þae&mwGif? touft½G,ftvdkuf EdkifiHa&;t,ltqrsm;tay:
111

wwd,vrf;opfonf
pHawmf0ifqdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD (vuf0Ja[mif;)
r[kwof vdk
vpfb&,f0g'opf (vuf,mopf) vnf;
r[kwyf g/
wHjYk yefyrkH mS ? pdw0f ifpm;zG,jf zpfonf/ touf 15 ESpEf iS hf 24 ESpfMum;
vli,frsm;\ 18%uom uGeq f maA;wpft,ltqudk vufcHMuNyD;?
72%u vpfbmwm&D,efrsm; jzpfMuonf/ touf 55 ESpfESifh
txuf rJqE´&Sifrsm;\ 54%url uGefqmaA;wpfrsm;jzpfNyD; vpf
bmwm&D,ef t,ltqESifheD;olrsm;rSm 36% rQom&Sdonf/ vpf
bmwm&D,ef t,ltqudk axmufcHMuolrsm;xJwGif trsdK;orD;xk
tawmf r sm;rsm; yg0if a eonf r S m vnf ; xl ; jcm;csuf w pf c k y if
jzpfonf/
þodkUvlxktMum; EdkifiHa&;wdrf;ñGwfrIrsm; ajymif;vJvm
jcif;rSmvnf;? pHawmf0ifqdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDudk jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
jzpfpOfay:odkU? wGef;wifvdkufaom taMumif;&if;wpfck jzpfEdkifp&m
&Sdygonf/
qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pD\uHMur®m
qdkcJhyg tajymif;tvJrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifvdkuf&aomtcg?
qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDrSm ajrmif;xJodkY a&mufoGm;cJhNyD[líawmh? ,wd
jywfajymEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/ qefYusifpGmyif 1998 ESpfv,fodkY
a&mufaomtcg? qdk&S,f 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDrsm; (okdYr[kwf) A[dk
vuf0JñTefYaygif;tpdk;&rsm;rSm? Oa&mywpfvTm;wGif jyefíae&m
&vmcJhygonf/ t*Fvef? jyifopf? tDwvD? MopBwD;,m;? *&dESifh
puif'DaeAD;,ef;EdkifiHrsm;wGif jzpfonf/ ta&SUOa&myEdkifiHrsm;wGif
vnf; qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd &ufrsm;rSm? t&;Bu;D onfh Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;
jzpfvmcJhygonf/
112
þodkYaom a½G;aumufyGJatmifjrifrIrsm; &cJhonfhwdkif? pHawmf0if
qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDrSm EdkifiHa&;tjrifopfwpf&yfudk pkpnf;yHkazmfEdkifcJhonf
awmh r[kwfyg/ ay:vpDppfaq;rIrsm;ESifh jyKjyifajymif;vJrItcsdKUwdkY ½SdcJh
onfhwdkif? tpOftvmpOf;pm;yHk e,fy,fxJrS rxGufEdkifao;[líom
qdk&ygvdrfhrnf/ ajym&vQif? qdk&S,fvpf0g'ESifh oHa,mZOf rjzwfEdkifao;
aom vuf0Ja[mif;[líom? ,lq&rnf jzpfonf/ pifppf ppfNyD;acwf
qd&k ,S 'f rD u
kd a&pDrmS ? ppfat;umv 'Gpd u
kH rÇmtajctaeatmufwiG f yHak zmf
cJh&jcif; jzpfonf/ qdkAD,ufpepfudk qefYusifonfhwdkif? uGefjrLepf0g'\
tajccHtaumuft,ltcsdKUudkrl? vufcH,HkMunfxm;qJ[kqdkEdkifonf/
txl;ojzifh? t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepfrSm wpfckwnf;aom a&G;cs,fp&m
jzpfonfqdkaom tcsufudk? b0ifrusEdkif jzpfaeqJ[k qdkEdkifonf/ odkYjzifh
qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD\ tdkif'Dtkdvdk*sDtajccHrSmyif? ½IyfaxG;rIrsm; &SdaeqJ[k
qd&k rnfomjzpfonf/ þonfyifvQif qd&k , S 'f rD u
kd a&pD\uHMur®mjzpfawmh
onf /
þtaetxm;wGif? ]wwd,vrf;}qdkaom a0g[m&udk,fwdkifonf
yif? ½IyfaxG;rIrsm;jzifh uif;Edkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ ordkif;udkjyefvSef&vQif
þa0g[m&\ZmpfjrpfrSm? 19 &mpktukef 20 &mpkqef;umpuyif? oaE¨
wnfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ qdk&S,f'Drdku&uffwpfrsm;ESifh qdk&S,fvpfrsm;u
wGifwGifus,fus,f toHk;jyKcJhonfhwdkif? 1920 tvGefESpfrsm;avmufxd
v,f,mtkyfpkrsm;Mum;wGifom? a&yef;pm;cJhonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;
NyD;csdefa&mufrS? qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfrsm;\ w&m;0ifa<u;aMumfoHjzpfvm
cJhonf/ tar&duefaps;uGufpepfESifh qdkAD,ufuGefjrLepfpepfMum;rS
wwd,vrf;[k t"dyÜm,fzGifhcJhMuonf/ 1951 ckESpf qkd&S,fvpftifwm
ae&Sife,fudk jyefvnfzGJYpnf;Muaomtcg? þwwd,vrf; t,ltqrSm
w&m;0ifr[mAsL[m jzpfvmcJhonf/
aemufxyftESpf 20 rQ Mumaomtcg? aemufxyf wwd,vrf;
qd k a omtoH u d k Mum;vd k u f & jyef o nf / þtBud r f w G i f r l qd k & S , f v pf
tifwmae&Sife,frSr[kwf/ qdkAD,uftkyfpktwGif; (twdtus ajym&
vQif) [efa*&DESifh csufudkpvdkAm;uD;,m;wdkYrS jzpfonf/ vlom;rsufESmESifh
qdk&S,fvpf0g'[k qdkMuonf/ qdk&S,fvpf&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh aps;uGuf
pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk orl[jyKEdkifzdkY BudK;yrf;Munfhaom ]aps;uGufqdk&S,fvpf
0g'} (market socialism) prf;oyfcsufjzpfygonf/ qdkAD,uf,leD,Ha&m?
113
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b0ifusEdkifzG,fr½Sd/ bD;(v)uvefwef u? ]a½Tjynfomvrf;aMumif;}udk THE VIOLENCE OF ILLUSION
qHk;cef;wdkif&rnf[k qdkaomtcg? wwd,vrf;rsufESmzHk; pGyfxm;aom „ 0if;aemif
]vpfb&,f0g'opf}[ka0zefMuonf/ ]wdkeDbvJ}\ pD;yGm; a&;ay:vpDudk ,cifvrStquf
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f m; wpfrsK;d jzpfygvdrrhf nf/ obm0
w&m;um;? vlw\ Ykd pdwqf E´EiS rhf oufqikd ?f olUoabm olaqmifonfjzpf&m?
qufvufazmfjyygrnf/ ¤if;\owfrSwfjy|ef;csufrsm;udk vufcHMu&rnfomjzpfonf/ Oyrm-]aeY}
ausmf0if; udk ]n}jzpfapcsifvdkY r&ovdk? ]n}udkvnf; ]aeY}jzpfapcsifvdkY r&Edkifyg/
(vGefa&muRHa&m ]aeY} twk? ]n}twkomzefwD;vdkY&ayvdrfhrnf/) þodkY
a½SUvtñTef; - tcef;(2)tusOf;tusyf 5 &yf aom obm0tjcif;t&mrsm;wGif a&G;cs,pf &mr&S[ d q k v
kd Qi?f vufcEH ikd pf &m
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114 115
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t&mjzpfygonf/ trSefpifppf
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uReaf wmfwwhkd awGrmS
cs,frIrsm; vkyfaeMu&onfom jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkY\ rwljcm;em;
aom? ya'ompkjH zpfaeaom qufpyfrrI sm;? pkzUJG rIrsm;wGi?f rnfonft h &mudk
pOfqufrjywfqo kd vd?k
OD;pm;ay;Mu&rnfqdkonfudk a&G;cs,faeMu&onfomjzpfonf/ uRefawmf a½G;cs,frIrsm;
wdkY ydkifqdkifaom vlrItkyfpkrsm;pGmteufrS? rnfonfhtkyfpktay: opömcH vkyaf eMu&onfomjzpfygonf
rnfqdkonfudkvnf;? owfrSwfqkH;jzwfaeMu&onfom jzpfonf/ þodkY
a½G;cs,fowfrSwfqkH;jzwfMu&mwGif? ]]trsm;nD ]þ} udk ]uRJ} zwf}} Mu EdkifiHwdkif;\ pD;yGm;a&;jrifuGif;udkMunfhvdkufvQif? tqdkyg bwf*swftuefU
rnfavm ...? udk,fydkiftod? udk,fydkifqifjcifwkHw&m;jzifh a&G;cs,fowf towfudk? vufñSdK;xdk;rvGJ awGUEdkifygonf/
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oabmudkajym&vQif? rdrdowfrSwfvufcH&m EIef;pHwefzdk;rsm;t& qifjcif aom vlrIa&;? EdkifiHa&; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGifvnf; ? (a,bk,s
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[kvnf; ,kHMunfygonf/ ]aps;0,fxu G o f nfOh yrmudk qufpOf;pm;Munhyf grnf/ bmypön;f 0,frnfenf;
]a&G;cs,frI&Sdonf? &Sd&rnf? &Sdoifhonf...}[k qdkvdkufonfh t qkH;jzwf&mwGif? ygvmaomaiGaMu;yrmP\ tuefYtowfwpfckwnf;
wGuf? þodkYaom a&G;cs,frIrsm;wGif tuefYtowfr&Sd[k qdkvdkonfawmh ay: owfrSwf&onf r[kwfyg/ BudKuf,rBudKuf? usef;rma&;ESifh nD,rnD
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116 117
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tay: vlom;wpfa,muftjzpf qufqHMu&ef? awmif;qdkvdkY &Edkifrnf
r[kwyf g/ olwv Ykd Ul tzGUJ tpnf;udk vTr;f rd;k xm;aomvlrsm;u? olEiS yhf wfouf
vQif vljzLr[kwaf om twef;tpm;wpfcw k iG ?f oD;oefw
Y pfae&m owfrwS f
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trSwftom;o½kyfudk? rdrdudk,fwdkifa½G;cs,fEdkifa&; vGwfvyfrIrSm? tjcm;
olrsm;\tjrifwGif? xl;qef;pGmuefUowfNyD;jzpfaeygawmhonf/ uRefawmf
wdkUu rdrdudk,fudk rnfodkYyifMunfhjrifapumrl? tjcm;olrsm;u? uRefawmf
wdkYtay: olwdkYMunfhcsifovdkom? MunfhMuygvdrfhrnf/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif? uRefawmfwdkYtaeESifh tjcm;olawGu rdrdtay:
b,fvdktrSwftom;o½kyf owfrSwfxm;onfudkyif? tjynfht0 odMu
onfr[kwfyg/ rdrdudk,fwdkif owfrSwfxm;aom em;vnfcsufESifh? rwlzdkY
awmh rsm;ygvdrfhrnf/ þudpöESifhywfoufNyD;? tDwmvsH 0w¬Kwdkwpfyk'fu
ay;aompdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m oifcef;pmwpfck &Sdonf/ 0w¬KaemufcHrSm?
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avmufu jzpfonf/ 0w¬KxJrS ZwfaumifwpfOD;jzpfol zufqpfygwD0if
vlopf pkaqmif;a&;rSL;wpfOD;u? aus;vufqdk&S,fvpf0g'Dwpfa,mufudk
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azmfjyygonf/
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118
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usKd;aMumif;qDavQmfrI½Sdaom pOf;pm;enf;wpfckudk? wifjyvdkí jzpfygonf/
rnfoyYkd ifqakd p? y#dyu©rsK;d pkjH ynfv
h Qr;f aeaom rsuaf rSmufacwfwiG ?f rnfonhf
pOf;pm;csufrS vkH;0tjypfuif;vdrfhrnf[k? arQmfrSef;tyfonfawmh r[kwf
yg/ rjyif;xefvSaom? odrfarGYonf[k,lq&aom pOf;pm;csufrsm; rSmyif?
rdrrd vdv k m;olukd qefu Y siaf pvdo k nfh vIUH aqmfcsurf sm;? yl;wGyJ g0ifae wwf
ygonf/ þoabmudkxif½Sm;ap&ef? ,ef;aygqwf\ ]*sL;qefYusifa&;
orm;wpfa,muf \½kyfykHvTm} (Portrait of the Antisemite) pmtkyfrS?
tenf;i,f xkwfEIwfjyvdkygao;onf/
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xm;olrSm? oludk,fwdkifr[kwf/ *sL;qefYusifa&;orm;rsm; udk,f
wdkifyif jzpfonf/ }}
trkef;w&m;jzifh pGJcsufwifvdkonfh ,lqcsufrsm;wGif? wpfckESifh
wpfck uGJjym;onfhwdkif? tjyeftvSefqufpyfaeaom ]ykHzsufajymqdkrI}
ESpfrsKd; yg0ifavh&Sdygonf/ yxrykHzsufrIrSm? ypfrSwfxm;aom vlrItkyfpk
trsKd;tpm;xJrS vlwpfa,mufESifh ywfoufvQif? rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; azmfjy
jcif;jzpfonf/ 'kwd,rSm? þodkY vdk&mqGJ rrSefruefykHzsufxm;aom p½dkuf
vu©Pmrsm;udkyif? xdkyk*¾dKvf\trSwftom;o½kyf[k ZGwf&yfcHajymqdkjcif;
jzpfygonf/ þodkYaom jyifyrSvmonfh tremy jy|mef;csufrsm;udk wGef;
vSefzdkYqdkvQif? qdkcJhyg ykHzsufajymqdkrIrsm;udk BuHBuHcHEdkif½kHrQjzifh rvkHavmuf
yg/ rdrd\ tjcm;aomp½dkufvu©Pmrsm;? tjcm;aomtrSwf tom;o½kyf
rsm;udkvnf;? rdrdbufrS azmfxkwfjyozdkY vdkygvdrfhrnf/ þoabmudk
&SdwfpyD;,m;\ ]Aif;epfNrdKUom;ukefonf} (The Merchant of Venic) wGif
Advdefo½kyfaqmif[k trsm;jrifxm;Muaom ½Idif;avmh(c)BuD;u? ajymif
119
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uvDpmawG rygbl;vm;? cHpm;rI r&Sdbl;vm;? roem;&awmh rdrdtay: em;vnf,kHMunfapa&;ESifh
bl;vm;? rcspfwwf&awmhbl;vm; .../ *sL;jzpfjzpf? c&pf,mef
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MuonfrSm? rwlaom acwfrsm;ESifh rwlaom ,Ofaus;rI"avhrsm;wGif? rdr\d ud,k yf ikd tf rSwt f om;o½kyu f ?kd tjcm;olrsm; odrw S v f ufcv H map&ef
rMumcPqdkovdk ay:xGufwwfonfh qdkcJhyg ykHysufyef;ysuf tqdkrsm;udk tcuftcJ&EdS ikd yf gonf/ vlrsm;pkukd ydí k qGaJ qmifEikd o
f nfrmS tjcm;olrsm;u
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2000 ywf0ef;usiu f ay:xGucf o hJ nf?h tdE, ´d r[muAsm ]r[mbm&w}wGif yef;ysuof wfrw S cf surf sK;d udo
k m? vlwpfa,muf (odrYk [kw)f vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d \
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b[m&m(')0& qdak om? aomwkZewpfO;D u? olUacwfoUl tcg r[my@dwf tqdkygvlwpfa,muf (odkYr[kwf) vlrsKd;wpfpkudk 0dkif;0ef; qefYusifap
Bu;D jzpfol b[&D*\ l ]ZmwfcjJG cm;rIpepf}udk ,ckvakd 0zefajymqdv k u
kd o
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]jAm[®Pjzpfjzpf? ok'¨jzpfjzpf b,folrqdk avmb? a'go? aomu *sL;qefYusifa&; vIyf½Sm;rIrSm þoabmyifjzpfygonf/
eJY taMumufw&m;awG? qmavmifrGwfodyfrIawG&JU om;aumif þwGiaf jymvdo k nfrmS trSwt f om;o½kyf tajymif;tvJrsm;udk wrif
r[kwfygvm;Asm/ 'geJYawmif bmhaMumifhrsm;? Zmwfedrfh? Zmwfjrifh zefwD;jcif;jzifh? trkef;rD;yGm;rsm;udk ysHUESHUavmifNrdKufapwwfonfh obm0
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azmfjy½kHrQru? wpfckwnf;aom trSwftom;o½kyf\ tjrifaoGvGJrIrsm; rwlaom &ufpufMurf;MuKwfrIrsm;qDodkYyif? OD;wnfoGm;Edkifp&m&Sdygonf/
vnf; yg0ifavh½Sdygonf/ tqdkygwpfckwnf;aom trSwftom; o½kyfqdk odkYtwGuf trSwftom;o½kyfudpöwGif? tjcm;olrsm;u rdrdtay: em;
onfrmS vnf;? tjcm;olrsm;u ¤if;wdo Yk u
d m© csvakd om vlwpfa,muftay:? vnf,kHMunfapa&;ESifh? rdrdudk,fwdkifu tjcm;olrsm;tay: tjyeftvSef
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o½kyfaqmif yDwmqJ(v)vm u? ol\ emrnfBuD; tifwmAsL; wpfckwGif trSwftom; o½kyfudk ]ESvkH;oGif;EdkifrI} jzifh? csOf;uyfMuzdkYjzpfygonf/
,ckvkdajymqdkcJhzl;onf/
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z,f&Sm;vdkY &Edkifygw,f/ 'gayrJh 'DvdkcGJpdwf z,f&Sm;&wmudku 0if;aemif
pdefac:csufwpfckyg/ 'DxufravQmhwJh pdefac:csufwpfck uawmh? pmñTef; - Identity and Violence (Amartya Sen)
wjcm;vlawGu cGJpdwfoGwfoGif; vdkufwJh ]wu,fh ig}qdk wmaygh/
120 121
State Building
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130
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131
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csyfvlaewJawGudk jrif&awmhonf/ ]atmf...aemufxyfokcNrdKUawmf
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132
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133
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iSuaf ysmñGeaYf &mifvrT ;f oGm;onf/
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134
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135
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f ;l pmñGef; - An End to Suffering (Pankaj Mishra)
136 137
 Special Section
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138
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139
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142
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143
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146
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yxrt&G,fu oif,lcJhaomynmrQESifhom? wpfb0vkH; c&D;qufMu
&awmhonf/ (ykHESifhwGJíMunfhyg&ef)
touftvdkufausmif;aeEdkifrI
(a&jyifnDrsOf;rSm touftydkif;tjcm;udkazmfjyí a'gifvdkufrsOf;rSm ausmif;aeEdkifrI
&mcdkifEIef; jzpfygonf/ touf 12 ESpfwGif 85% txuf ausmif;aeEdkifaomfvnf; 18
ESpfwGif 50% om &SdawmUonf/ 24 ESpfta&mufwGifrl okntxd xdk;usoGm;onf/)
150
t"duysKd;axmifay;&olrSm? rdbESpfyg;(odkYr[kwf) rdom;pkb0jzpfygonf/
touf 4 ESpfrS 5 ESpftwGif;a&mufawmhrS? rlBudK (odkYr[kwf) rlvwef;
ausmif;odkYydkYavh½SdMuonf/ þtcsdefwGif uav;\todtvdr®mb0udk?
q&mrsm;ESifhpmoifausmif;u t"duykHazmfay;Mu&ygonf/ rdbtrsm;pk
\qE´rSm? rdrdwdkY om;orD;rsm;udk 'kwd,tqifh(tv,fwef;? txufwef;
tqif)h Ny;D qk;H onftxd? ausmif;xm;ay;zdjYk zpfygonf/ odaYk omf þtwdik ;f
&mEIef;jynfhtaumiftxnfazmfEdkifonfawmh r[kwfyg/ (ausmif;rScGmNyD
qdkonfESifh? rdbq&mrsm;\ulnDyHhydk;rI r&Edkifawmhyg/ udk,fhtm;udk udk;í
om? b0c&D;udq k uf&awmhrnf jzpfygonf/) 'kw, d tqifNh y;D qk;H oGm;vQirf l
wpfckckqkH;jzwf&ygawmhonf/ wuúodkvfqufxm;rnfvm;? ausmif;xkwf
NyD; vkyfief;cGif0ifcdkif;rnfvm;? (odkYr[kwf) tdrfaxmifjyKrnfvm; ...
ponfjzifh../
þodkY a&G;cs,fqkH;jzwf&mwGif? rdbESifhausmif;om;omru tpdk;&
ay:vpDuyg? pum;ajymygonf/ tpdk;&rsm;taeESifh? qif;&Jcsrf;omra½G;
t&nftcsif;½Sdolwdkif; ynmqufvufoif,lcGifh&ap&ef? tpDtpOfrsm;
csrwS af qmif&u G af y;zdv
Yk ykd gonf/ tqifjh rifyh nmwwf vli,fwpfa,muf\
ynmtusKd;qufrSm? ol\rdom;pktwGufomru wdkif;jynftwGufyg
tusKd;rsm;aponfjzpfí? ynma&;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIudk tpkd;&ydkif;uyg yg0if
aqmif&Gufoifhygonf/
vli,fb0\ þtajymif;tvJumv (touf 12 ESpfESifh 24
ESpf Mum;) pDrHcefYcGJrIwGifrl? tcsKdYEdkifiHrsm;rSm ydkíatmifjrifNyD; tcsKdUEdkifiHrsm;
wGirf l tvm;wl atmifjrifrrI &onfu?kd awGU&ygonf/ atmifjrifrI t&qk;H
151
EdkifiHrsm;rSm ta&SUtm&SEdkifiHrsm;jzpfygonf/ þodkY tcsKdUa&SUa&muf? 2/ vkyif ef;cGib
f 0
tcsKdUaemufus bmhaMumifhjzpf&onfudk pdppfMunhf&m? atmufygtcsuf (vkyfief;cGifb0 pwifjcif;)
rsm;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/
„ NyD;cJhaomESpfrsm;twGif; rlvwef;ynm NyD;qkH;atmif oifMum; uRrf;usifrIESifh ynmudk &SmazGpkaqmif;NyD;onfESifh (wpfenf;
Edkifol ta&twGuf wdk;vmcJhaomvnf;? rlvwef;ynma&;wGifrl ausmif;rSxGufonfESifh)? þodkY &SmazGpkaqmif;&&SdNyD; ynmudk xdxd
tm;wuf p &mraumif ; vS a o;ygacs/ ],aeY v l i ,f t rsm;pk a&mufa&muf tokH;cscGifh&zdkY vdkygonf/ EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif vkyfief;cGifb0
taeESifh jzpfoifhjzpfxdkufoavmuf? ynmoifMum;cGifh r&Mu pwifonfh touftydkif;tjcm;rSm? 12 ESpfESihf 24ESpfMum; jzpfygonf/
ao;}[k? axmifpkopf zGHUNzdK;a&;xdyfoD;nDvmcHBuD;rS axmufjy þumvtwGi;f ? ynmoifMum;Edik o f nfh ta&twGurf mS usqif;vmaomf
xm;onf/ vnf;? vkyif ef;cGit f wGi;f 0ifa&mufonft h a&twGuu f rl? ydrk sm;vmaeyg
„ rlvwef;NyD;qkH;NyD;om; ausmif;om;rsm; qufvufynm roif onf/ touf 24 ESpfa&mufNyD;qdkvQif vli,fvl&G,fwdkif;avmuf pmoif
MuawmhonfrmS (1) pmoifausmif;&Sm;yg;rI? (2) qif;&Jr?I (3) tdrf cef ; xJ r&S d a wmh b J ? vk y f i ef ; cG i f a &muf a eNyD j zpf o nf / þoabmud k
axmifusoGm;jcif;... ponfwdkYteuf? wpfckckaMumifhaomfvnf; atmufyg*&yfykHwGifawGUEdkifygonf/
aumif;? okH;rsKd;vkH;aMumifhaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfonf/
touftvdkuff vkyfief;cGif0ifa&mufrI
„ ausmif;om;rsm;ud, k w
f ikd u
f ynma&;udpk w
d rf ygawmhí? ynm
qufvuf roifMuawmhonfvnf;&Sdonf/ þodkYjzpf&onfrSm?
q&mrsm;\oifMum;rItEkynm? oifMum;ykHpepf? ausmif;ywf0ef;
usifqufqHa&;? ynmwwftvkyfvufrJhjyóem? EdkifiHa&;rwnf
NidrfrI? urÇmBuD;ESifhtqufjywfrI paomtaMumif;w&m;rsm;ESifh
qufpyfEdkifygonf/
„ tcsKdUaomausmif;om;rsm;rSm NyD;qkH;atmif ynmoifMum;Mu
aomfvnf;? toufEiS t hf wef;tcsK;d ? rnDonfrsm;&Syd gonf/ Oyrm-
rmvDEdkifiHwGif touf 15 ESpfESifh 29 ESpfMum;vli,frsm;\ 20%
om rlvwef;ynmNyD;qkH;atmif oifMum;cJhonf/ rmv0DwGif
touf 19 ESpf t&G,fvli,frsm;\ 50%rSm? rlvwef;ynm
oifMum;aeqJtqifhwGif½Sdonf/
„ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh wu©Edkvdk*sDqdkif&m urÇmvkH;csDvIdif;vkH;BuD;rsm;u? vlrIodyÜHynm&Siftrsm;pk\ tvdkt&? vkyfief;cGifodkY pwif0if
tajccHuRr;f usirf x
I uf rsm;pGmomvGeaf om tqifjh rifh ynmwwf a&mufonfhumvrSm? b0wpfoufwm trSDcdkuif;&yfwnfEdkifa&;twGuf
rsm;udk? awmif;qdkvsuf &Sdaeonf/ odkYESifhwdkif? EdkifiHtrsm;pkrSm ta&;BuD;aom ]ñGefrSwf}[k? qdkEdkifygonf/ odkYESifhwdkif? þumvudk atmif
þawmif;qdkrIudk vkHavmufpGmjznfhqnf;ay;Edkifonf r[kwfyg/ jrifpGmjzwfausmfEkdifzdkYqdkonfrSm? tpOftNrJvG,fulonfawmh r[kwfyg/
þae&mwGif? jyóemrSm xkwfvkyfay;Edkifaom tqifhjrifhynm tvkyfr½Sd tudkifr½Sdb0ESifh? vli,fb0udk umvwm½Snf jzwfoef;ae&
wwf qdkolrsm;\ ta&twGufomru? t&nftcsif;ESifhyg ouf olrsm;? EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif &Sdaeygonf/ þumv wm½Snfav? wdkif;jynf
qdkifygonf/ twGufa&m oufqdkif&mvli,frsm;twGufyg? xdcdkufepfemav jzpfonf/
152 153
vlro I yd yHÜ nm&Sit f rsm;pk\ tvdtk &
vkyif ef;cGio f hkd pwif0ifa&mufonfu U mvrSm
b0wpfoufwm
trScD ukd if;&yfwnfEikd af &;twGuf
ta&;BuD;aom ]ñGefrSwf}[k qdkEdkifygonf/
tvkyt f udik rf &Sí
d ? vkyif ef;cGirf o
S m&Edik af om uRr;f usirf EI iS hf tawGtY BuKH
rsm; pkaqmif;avhvmcGifhqkH;½IH;&jcif;? tvkyf½Sifrsm; ESpfoufavh&Sdonfh
vkyfief;rSwfwrf;aumif;rsKd; r&Edkifawmhjcif; ... ponfhepfemrIrsm;jzpfyg
onf/ OECD EdkifiHrsm;\ okawoeawGU&Sdcsufrsm;t&? tvkyfvufrJh
umvudk tMumBu;D jzwfoef;olrsm;taeESi?hf wpfb0pm pdwt f rm&Gwrf sm;
wifusef&pfEdkifonf[k qdkygonf/ txl;ojzifh ynma&;? vlrIa&;aemufcH
csKdUwJholrsm;twGuf tajctaerSm ydkqdk;Edkifygonf/
þae&mwGifvnf;? tpdk;&u@rSm ta&;BuD;aomtcef;wGif? &Sdae
ygonf/ tvkyt f udik f pdppfa&G;cs,cf efx
Y m;&mwGi?f rwdusonfh (odrYk [kw)f
rrSefuefonhfowif;tcsuftvuf vGJacsmfrIrsm;? &SdEdkifygonf/ Oyrm-
vkyfief;cGiftawGUtBuHK r&Sdao;aom vli,fwpfOD;\ ukefxkwfowådESifh
uRrf;usifrItvm;tvm? vkyfief;cGif"avhp½dkuf ponfrsm;ESifh ywfouf
aom tuJjzwfcsufrsm;jzpfonf/ þuJhodkYaom rSm;,Gif;cRwfacsmfEdkifonfh
owif;tcsuftvufrsm; xkwfjyefrIwGif? tpdk;&bufrS wpfpkHwpf&mulnD
aqmif&Gufay;ygu ydkrdktqifajyEdkifp&m&Sdygonf/
qif;&Jaomrdom;pkrsm;taeESifh? ¤if;wdkY\om;orD;rsm;udk ynm
rjynfhpkHrD i,fi,f&G,f&G,frSmyif? tvkyfvkyfcdkif;avh&Sdonf/ þonfrSm
qif;&Jr\ I tusKd;qufwpfckjzpf&m? tpdk;&ay:vpDrsm;jzifh ulnDyHydk;ay;Edkif
p&m&Sdygonf/ Oyrm- roifrae& tcrJhynma&;tpDtpOfrsKd; jzpfonf/
tv,fwef;ESifh txufwef;tqifhwGif rwwfEdkifvQifaomfrS? tedrfhqkH;
rlvwef;twGufrl þtpDtpOfrsKd; csrSwftaumiftxnfazmfzdkY? vdkygvdrfh
rnf/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif? tpdk;&ay:vpDaMumifh ]aq;twGufav;} &onf
rsm;vnf;? &SdEdkifygonf/ Oyrm- tedrfhqkH;vkyfc owfrSwfvdkufonfrsKd;
154
jzpfonf/ tawGUtBuHKr½Sdao;aom vlopfwpfa,muftwGuf tpdk;&
owfrSwfxm;aom tedrfhqkH;vkyfconfyifvQif rsm;aewwf&m? tvkyf&Sif
awmfawmfrsm;u vlopfrsm;udk tvkyfrcefYcsifMuay/ onfvdkESifh tvkyf
vufrJhvli,ftrsm;pkrSm ]pnf;vGwfcGifh} odkYa&mufukefNyD;? tvkyform;
tcGifhta&;rsm; qkH;½IH;&awmhonf/
þtajymif;tvJumv pDrHcefYcGJrIESifhywfoufNyD;? EdkifiHtrsm;
BuHK&avh&Sdonfh jyóemrsm;xJrS? t"duusqkH;[k ,lq&onfh tcsKdUudk
azmfjyvdkufygonf/
tcsdefrwdkifrD vkyfief;cGif0ifa&mufjcif;
t½G,fra&mufao;aom uav;oli,frsm;ESifh? t½G,fa&muf
cgpvli,frsm; tcsdefjynfhvkyfief;xJ a&mufvmcJhvQif? tjcm;
olrsm;xufydkí aoG;pkyfcH&Edkifygonf/ taMumif;rl? EdkifiHtrsm;pk
rSm uav;vkyftm;cdkif;aponfh tjyKtrlrsm;udk? ydwfyifwm;qD;
aom EdkifiHwumuGefAif;½Sif;rsm;udk oabmwlxm;Muonfjzpfí?
tqdkyg t&G,fra&mufwa&mufuav;rsm;udk w&m;0if0efxrf;
tjzpf rcefYawmhacs/ odkYESifhtrQ? xdkufoifhaomvkyfc r&½kHrQru?
tjcm;tvkyform; tcGifhta&;rsm;vnf;? qkH;½IH;&awmhonf/
xdkYxuf? tqdkyguav;rsm;rSm i,fi,f&G,f&G,fESifh vkyfief;cGif0if
a&mufvm&í ynmoifMum;cGiq hf ;Hk ½I;H cJ&h &m? tajccHuRr;f usirf rI sm;
yif r&Sdoavmufjzpfaeonf/ odkYESifhtrQ vufeufud&d,m rjynhf
rpkHjzifh? a&SUc&D;udk cufcufcJcJESif&rnfh tvm;tvm &Sdaeonf/
vkyftm;aps;uGufxJodkY tpdrf;oufouf 0ifa&muf&jcif;
vlUtzGJUpnf;wdkif;avmufrSmyif vkyfief;cGifa&mufvQif a&muf
csif; trSDtcdkuif;aom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;tjzpf pwif&yf
wnfEdkifzdkYqdkonfrSm? vufawGUrjzpfEdkifoavmuf cufcJygonf/
tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf tcGifhtvrf;jywif;aygufudk zGifhEdkifonfh
]aomh}rSm? ]vufawGUatmifjrifrt I awGUtBuKH }[k qdkEdkifaomaMumifh
jzpfonf/ þtawGUtBuHKay:rlwnfNyD;rSom vkyfief;ESifh qufpyf
aom uRrf;usifrI? vkyfief;cGiftusifhp½dkuf paom t&nftaoG;
aumif ; rsm;ud k yG m ;pD ; Ed k i f a omaMumif h j zpf y gonf / od k Y t wG u f ?
vkyftm;aps;uGufxJodkY tpdrf;oufouf 0ifa&mufvmaom vl
155
 opfrsm;udk tvkyf½Sifrsm;pku tvkyfray;vdkMujcif; jzpfonf/
þtcsufaMumifhyif vli,fvl&G,f tvkyfvufrJhEIef;rSm? t&G,f
a&mufNyD; vlBuD;rsm;xuf ododomomrsm;aejcif; jzpfygonf/
(vlBuD;ESifh vli,fMum; tvkkyfvufrJhEIef;,SOfcsufjy*&yfykHESifh yl;wGJ
avhvmzdkYjzpfygonf/)
vlBuD;ESifUvli,fMum; tvkyfvufrJU EIdif;,SOfcsuf
3/ use;f rma&;b0
(usef;rma&;ESifh nDñGwfaom b0ykHpHcH,la&;)
tu,fí ]aoEIe;f }udk pHñeT ;f ude;f tjzpf,v l Qi?f vli,fv&l ,
G b
f 0rSm
usef;rma&;taumif;qkH;tcsdef jzpfEdkifygonf/ yQrf;rQtouf 10 ESpf
0ef;usif uav;oli,frsm;\ 97% rSm? touf 25 ESpftxd tjynhft0
touf&SifEdkifp&m &Sdygonf/ odkYaomf þt&G,frSm usef;rma&;ESifh rnD
rñGwfaom aexdkifrIykHpHrsm;? trsm;qkH;&Sdwwfonfh t&G,ftydkif;tjcm;
vnf; jzpfaeonf/ aq;vdyfaomufjcif;? t&ufaomufjcif;? rl;,pf
aq;0g;ok;H pGjJ cif;? vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mtawGUtBuKH &mS rS;D jcif; paom use;f rma&;udk
xdcdkufapEdkifonfh tjyKtrlrsm;udk? pwifvkyfudkifavh&SdonfrSm a,bk,s
tm;jzifh touf 12 ESpfrS 24 ESpftwGif;jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh touf
18 ESpft&G,frSm tajctaetqdk;qkH;jzpfonf/ þoabmudk atmuf
azmfjyyg*&yfykHwGif awGUEdkifygonf/ vli,frsm;\ ynma&;b0? vkkyfief;
cGifb0ESifh usef;rma&;b0wdkYudk qufpyfavhvmEdkif&ef? rsOf;auG;okH;ckjzifh
azmfjyxm;ygonf/

oufwrf;tvdkuftEå&m,fBuD;aom tjyKtrlrsm;
tvkyt f udik o f pfrsm;odhk ajymif;a&Tv
Y yk u
f ikd af &;ESi?Uf uRr;f usirf I avSum;
xpfay:odkh wufvSrf;Edkifa&;
qif;&JEdkifiHrsm;&Sd vli,fvl&G,frsm;rSm? trsm;xifMuovdk
rwufr<u? ysif;&d? xkHxkdif;olrsm; r[kwfMuyg/ olwdkYwpfawGrSm
tvkyfBudK;pm;vkyfudkifMuolrsm; jzpfonfhwdkif? rqdkpavmuf vkyfc
om &&SMd uygonf/ awmfawmfrsm;rsm;qdv k Qif w&m;0if vkyif ef;rsm;
wGif ae&mr&bJ? pnf;vGwfcGifwGifom usifvnfaeMu&ygonf/
olwdkYtwGuf ydkrdktcGifhomrnfh tvkyftudkifopfrsm;okdY ajymif;a&TU
vkyu f ikd af &;ESi?hf w&m;0if vkyif ef;e,fy,fxo J Ykd 0ifa&mufEikd af &;rSm?
uRrf;usifrI avSum;xpfay:odkY wufvSrf;Edkifa&;twGuf? vrf;
wpfoG,fjzpfygonf/ odkYESifhwdkif olwdkYxJrStrsm;pkrSm? þtcGifh
tvrf;udk qkyfudkifEdkifMuonf r[kwfyg/ olwdkY pwif&mvkyfief;
ESifhyif t½dk;xkwf&onfu rsm;ygonf/

156 157
 eDaygESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;wdkYwGif? touf 15 ESpfrS 24ESpfMum; vli,f
rsm;\ 60% rSm? aq;vdyfpGJaeMuNyDjzpfonf/ EdkifiHtrsm;pk&Sd vli,fawmf
awmfrsm;rsm;rSm? touf 15 ESprf wdik rf u D yif vdit f awGUtBuKH &Sad eNyjD zpf
onf/ þvdiftaysmftyg;vdkufpm;ol vli,frsm;xJrS tenf;i,favmuf
om? uGef'kH;okH;pGJMuonf[kvnf; od&ygonf/
þodkYaom? vli,fvl&G,fb0 usef;rma&;ESifhrnDaom tjyKtrl
rsm;\qdk;usKd;tcsKdU( Oyrm-vdiftaysmftyg;vdkufpm;rI)rSm csufcsif; tpGrf;
jywwfaomfvnf;? tcsKdUtjyKtrlrsm; (Oyrm-aq;vdyf? t&uf aomuf
jcif;)rSm? vlBu;D ydik ;f a&mufrS 'kua© y;Muonfvnf;&Syd gonf/ rnfonht
rS tusKd;ay;onfjzpfap? ¤if;wdkY\qdk;usKd;um; oufqdkif&m vlyk*¾dKvf
wpfOD;csif;udkomru? wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;wpfckvkH;udkyg xdcdkufapEdkifyg
onf/ txl;ojzifh vlUpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpf zGHUNzdK;a&;udk aESmifhaES;apNyD;?
usef;rma&;tokH;p&dwfrsm; ydkrdkukefusapygonf/
vli,fvl&G,frsm;? þuJhodkYaom tjyKtrlrsm;ESifh ruif;Edkifjzpf&
onfh taMumif;t&if;udk okawoejyKMunhf&m? usef;rma&;A[kokw
enf;yg;rI? owif;tcsuftvuf(tifazmfar;½Sif;)rjynfhpkHrI? tjrif rus,f
rI... ponfrsm;ESifhqufpyfaeonfudk? awGU&ygonf/ þodkYaom tm;
enf;csurf sm;aMumifh vli,fw\ Ykd pl;prf;vdpk w
d ?f tawGUtBuKH &SmrD;S vdpk wd rf mS
vrf;vGaJ &mufomG ;&jcif; jzpfygonf/ þodaYk om a&vdu k v
f rJG rI sm;ud?k tpd;k &
ay:vpDjzifh wnfhrwfay;Edkifp&m&Sdygonf/
4/ rdom;pkb0
(rdom;pkwpfcktjzpf ykHazmfpkpnf;jcif;)
EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif? yxrOD;qkH; om;OD;uav; pwifarG;zGm;csdef
wpfenf; (yxrOD;qkH; rdb b0a&mufcsdef)rSm? vli,fvl&G,fb0rSmyif
jzpfonf/ rdcifavmif;rsm;\ touf 15 ESpfESifh 24 ESpfMum;wGif? uav;
trsm;pkudk arG;zGm;Mujcif; jzpfygonf/ þtcsufu EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;\
vlOD;a&zGJUpnf;ykHwGif? tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:aponf/ vli,fvl&G,f
vlOD;a&ydkrsm;vmonfh wl½Icsufjzpfonf/ zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;&Sd trsKd;orD;
i,frsm; touf 25 ESpfodkYa&mufNyDqdkvQif? ¤if;wdkYxJrS 60% rSm uav;
tarawG jzpfaeMuayNyD/ a,musfm;av;rsm;wGifrl xkdYxufydkí aemufus
158
onf/ touf 25 ESpEf iS hf 29 ESpt f wGi;f a&mufr?S uav;tazjzpfMuolawG
rsm;onf/ ykwH iG f a,musmf ;av;ESihf rde;f uav;yQr;f rQ,Nl y;D ? touftvdu
k f
rdom;pkzGJUpnf;ykHudk *&yfrsOf;jzifh o½kyfazmfxm;ygonf/
oufwrf;tvdkuf rdom;pkzGJYpnf;ykH
f csed f
vli,fvl&G,frsm;taeESifh? ¤if;wkdY\ om;orD;rsm;twGuf &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHvdkpdwf &Sd,r&SdESifh? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHEdkifpGrf;&Sd,r&SdwdkYrSm aemiftem*wf rsKd;
qufrsm;\ b0tajctaeudk? jy|mef;ay;aeonhf ta&;BuD;aomtcsuf
wpfcsuf jzpfygonf/ vli,ftdrfaxmifonftrsm;pkESifh rdom;pkpDrHudef;?
rdcifESifhuav;apmifha&SmufrI paomvkyfief;rsm;twGuf? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
vkyf&ef pdwfrygMuonfu rsm;onf/ pdwfygvQifaomfrS vufawGUrwwf
Edik of nfu rsm;onf/ þodjYkzpf&onfrmS vnf; vli,frsm;tdrfaxmifjyK apm
aomaMumifh jzpfEdkifygonf/ qif;&JaomEdkifiHrsm;rS rdef;uav;rsm;qdkvQif?
touf 12 ESpf (tcsKdUqdkvQif 12ESpfrjynfh)ESifh tdrfaxmifjyKMuonfrsm;
yif? &Sdonf/ touf 15 ESpfrwdkifrD rdcifjzpfaeolrdef;uav;rsm;\ &m
cdkifEIef;trsm;pkrmS ? qif;&Jaomrdom;pkrS arG;zGm;vmolrsm; jzpfaeonfudk
awGU&onf/
þodkY tdrfaxmifjyK apm&onfhtaMumif;&if;rsm;udk qef;ppfMunhf
&m? ynma&;tcGifhtvrf; enf;yg;rI? pD;yGm;a&;tqifrajyrI? todynm
csKd UwJrh EI iS hf vdiq
f ufqaH &;qdik &f m orm;½d;k us tpGt J vrf;rsm;ESihf qufpyfae
159
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G Ef iS Uf cGifh jyKxm;onf/ wpfNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif? oufqdkif&muGefjrLewDu
jyifqifrv I aHk vmufpmG r&Sb d J owfrw S jf y|ef;xm;aom w&m;Oya'rsm;udk vdu
k ef mzdYk tjynft
h 0wm0ef&NdS yD
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tdraf xmifonfjzpfvmolrsm;rSm om;b0odkY tjynfht0 0ifa&mufvmNyD[k? owfrSwfxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
rdom;pkprD uH ed ;f ESiUf om;orD;jyKpyk sK;d axmifrt
I ydik ;f wGif onfvdkESifh touf 24 ESpf0ef;usifodkYa&mufaomtcg? rdrdwdkYusifvnf&m
tm;enf;avU &So d nfuakd wG&Y ygonf uGefjrLewD\ta&;t&mrsm;wGif 50% rQ yg0ifywfoufvsuf &SdMuonf
udk awGU&ygonf/ þoabmudk azmfjyygykHESifh qufpyfMunhfzdkY jzpfonf/

onfudk awGU&onf/ rnfonfhtaMumif;aMumifhyifjzpfap? touf oufwrf;tvdkuf EdkifiHom;tjzpf yg0ifvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;

i,fi,f&G,f&G,fESifh jyifqifrIvkHavmufpGmr&SdbJ tdrfaxmifonf jzpfvm
olrsm;rSm? rdom;pkpDrHudef;ESifh om;orD; jyKpkysKd;axmifrItydkif;wGif? tm;
enf;avh&o dS nfukd awGU&ygonf/ þodaYk omrdom;pkawG rsm;aeonfh Edik if H
rsm;rSmvnf;? pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIEIef; aES;auG;av;vHaeonfudkom
tawGU&rsm;onf/ onfvdkESifh ]qif;&Jí tdrfaxmifjyKapm? tdrfaxmif
jyKapmí qif;&J}qdkaom? tqdk;ausmhoHo&m jzpfay:vm&onf/ þtqdk;
ausmoh oH &mrS azmufxu G Ef ikd &f ef? r[mAsL[mrsm; BuaH qmifazmfxwk zf v
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(EdkifiHom;b0tjzpfvufawGYyg0ifvIyf&Sm;jcif;)

vlwpfa,muftaeESifh? ¤if;\rdom;pkjyifyrS taMumif;t&mrsm;

ESifh pwifxdawGU odjrifvm&onfrSm? vli,fb0 tcsdefydkif;twGif;rSmyif t&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf;wGifjzpfap? tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif
jzpfonf/ ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom vlYtodkif;t0kdif;ESifh trSDcdkuif;pGm qufpyf jzpfap? Edik if oH m;tjzpf yg0ifvyI &f mS ;aqmif&u G cf iG rhf &Sv
d Qif Edik if aH &;rwnf
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rsm; jzpfwnfvmjcif;jzpfonf/ onfvdkESifh? oufqdkif&m vlUtodkif;t0dkif; awmfrsm;rsm;wGif jrifawGUae&aom vlrsKd;a&;? bmoma&;? EdkifiHa&; wif;
(uGefjrLewD)\ tzGJU0ifrsm; jzpfvmMu&onf/ odkYESifhtrQ? oufqdkif&muGef rmrIrsm;ESihf tMurf;zufvyI &f mS ;rIrsm;rSm? þoabmyifjzpfonf/ odt Yk wGuf
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oufqdkif&m uGefjrLewDtwGuf xrf;aqmif&aom wm0efydkif;awGvnf; jyefjY yefw
Y cH g;zGiahf y;Edik af &;rSm Edik if w
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&Sdvmonf/ þonfudkyif EdkifiHom;tjzpf vufawGUyg0ifvIyf&Sm;jcif;? aom vdktyfcsuf[k qdk&ygvdrfhrnf/
(odkYr[kwf) EdkifiHom;jzpfrI[k a,bk,s,lqEdkifygonf/ w&m;0if EdkifiHa&;&mrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifhESifh? vlrIa&;tzGJU
EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif touf 18 ESpfjynhfNyD;olwdkif;udk? rJay; tpnf;rsm;wGif yg0ifvyI &f mS ;cGirhf mS ? ]aumif;rGeaf om tkycf sKyaf &;pepf} twGuf
160 161
ta&;BuD;aom vdktyfcsufjzpfovdk? vlUpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpf zGHUNzdK;a&;ESifh uGefom,m
pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rItwGufvnf;? r½Sdrjzpfvkdtyfcsuf jzpfygonf/ wpfzufrS ordkif;tkyfaqmif;pmpOf trSwf ( 10 )
w&m;Oya'jzifh xde;f csKyzf v
Ykd o
kd nfw
h ikd ?f ay:vpDaysmah ysmif;rI r&Sv
d Qiv
f nf;? (oef;xGef;a&;wJh pmwrf;eJh aqmif;yg;rsm; pkpnf;rI)
qefYusifbufrsm;ESifh &ifqdkif&Edkifp&m&Sdygonf/ EdkifiHtcsKdUwGif awGU&avh
&Sdaom? trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;qufqHrI? ZmwfcGJjcm;rI? tdkif'Dtdkvdk*sD
tpGJjzifh wpfzufowfESdyfuGyfrI... ponfwdkYrSm? tvGefta&;BuD;aom?
ay:vpDaysmhaysmif;rItwGuf BuD;pGmaom t[efYtwm;rsm;? jzpfwwfyg
onf /
„

txufwGifazmfjycJhaom vli,fb0\ tajymif;tvJig;&yfrSm?

a,bk,soabmom jzpfygonf/ tcsKUd aomolrsm;twGu?f wpfcEk iS w hf pfck

4009240807
axG;a&m,Sufwif jzpfaeonfrsm;? &SdEdkifygonf/ Oyrm - vlwpfa,muf
taeESifh ynmoif&if;? tvkyf vkyfonfrsdK;vnf; &SdEdkifonf/ tdrfaxmif
onfb0ESifh ausmif;qufwufonfrsm;vnf; &SdEdkifonf/ ausmif;om;
b0uyif EdkifiHom;tjzpf yg0ifvIyf&Sm;aeonfrsm;vnf; ½SdEdkifygonf/
tcsKdUaomolrsm; twGufrl qdkcJhygtydkif;tjcm;ig;&yfyifr&SdbJ? tvGef
oef;xGef;
½dk;pif;onfrsKd;vnf; &SdEdkifygonf/ Oyrm-uav;omom 12 ESpft½G,f
( M.A., B.L., Ph.D., D.Lit. London)
avmufuwnf;u aoonft h xd? wpfcw
k nf;aomtvkyu f kd wpfoufv;Hk
vkyfoGm;&olrsm; jzpfonf/ a&T & ef a jyapwD ( 1888)eJ Y bk e f ; BuD ; ausmif ; (1890) rl v vuf & mrysuf
rnfodkYyifqdkap? qdkcJhygtajymif;tvJig;&yfxJrS yxrqkH;aom
jyif q if a &;
tydkif;(ynma&;b0)rSm? ta&;BuD;qkH;tajccHtkwfjrpf[k qdk&ygvdrfhrnf/
þtqifhcdkifrmygrS? a&SUquf&rnfh b0tydkif;tjcm;rsm;wGif? tqifajy
acsmarGUEdkifygvdrfrnf/ tu,fí? þtqifhudk vkH;0rjzwfcJh&vQifrl Restoration of
b0rSm tcsnf;ESD;omjzpfovdk? oufqdkif&m vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGufvnf; Shwe Yan Pyay Pagoda (1888)
vdktyfoavmuf tusKd;rjyKEdkifjzpfygvdrfhrnf/ and
Monastery (1890)
qufvufazmfjyygrnf/
a&SUvtñTef; - ]ay:vpDzdk;uyf(p)ESifh rSefbDvl;okH;vuf} Than Tun
( M.A., B.L., Ph.D., D.Lit. London)

azazmf0g&D 2008
162 163

Desk Reference
164 epfuvwf(p)u,f(v)a'g
174 aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;qdkwmbmvJ(3)
epfuvuf(p)u,f(v)a'g
Nicholas Kaldor (1908-1986)
epfuvuf(p) u,f(v)a'gu ol\ ynm&Sifb0
oufwrf;wpfavQmuf pD;yGm;a&;pGrf;aqmif&nf wdk;wufap
rnfhay:vpDrsm; wDxGifBuHqaom tvkyfudkyif t"du
aqmif&GufoGm;cJhonf/ olu tcGefudk 0ifaiGay:wGif
raumufbJ oHk;pGJrIay:wGif aumufcHoihfaMumif;ESifh zGHUNzdK;
NyD;pD;yGm;a&; (wdkif;jynf) rsm;ay:wGif ukefxkwfvkyfrI u@
(manufacturing sector) wd;k wufap&ef tm;ay;onft h cGef
pepfrsdK;udk usifhoHk;oifhaMumif; wdkufwGef;ajymqdkonf/
xdkYjyif aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIudk udkifwG,f&mü aiG&Sm;atmif
vkyfaomenf; (odkYr[kwf) aiGudk wif;wif;usyfusyf xdef;
csKyfaomenf; (tight money policy)udk toHk;jyKjcif;tm;
olqefYusifonf/ ,if;tpm; aiGazmif;yGrIjzpfatmif wGef;
tm;ay;onfh vkyfc-aps;EIef;c½kywfvrf; (wage- price
spiral)udk xdef;Edkifrnfh ay:vpDrsm;om usihfoHk;oifhaMumif;
olwifjycJhonf/
„
164
u,f(v)a'gudk [efa*&DEdkifiH AsL;'gyuf(p)NrdKU (Budapest)wGif
1908 ckESpfu arG;onf/ olYzcifonf a½SUaeBuD; wpfOD;jzpfNyD;? rdcifu
bPfvkyfief; tygt0if pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;BuD;rsm;vkyfudkifonfh ol<u,f
rdom;pkrS qif;oufvmol jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh? u,f(v)a'g i,fpOfu
csrf;csrf;omom aexdkif&NyD;? ynmudkvnf; jynfhjynfh00 oif,lcGifh&cJh
onf/ AsL;'gyuf(p)wGif olwufcahJ omtxufwef;ausmif;rSm aqmhc&wdå\
oifMum;a&;pepfukd usio hf ;kH aom ausmif;wpfausmif;tjzpf xif&mS ;onf/
u,f(v)a'g\zcifonf a&SUaejzpfonfhtavsmuf olYom;udk
vnf; Oya'ynmoifapcsifonf/ odkYaomf u,f(v)a'gu pD;yGm;a&;
ynmbufudk ydkrdkxufoefcJhonf/ onfwGif? taMumif;wpfcku EdkifiHa&;
udk olpdwf0ifpm;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ,if;ESifhqufEG,fí pD;yGm;a&;
ynmbufudk tm½Hka&mufonf/ aemufwpfcsufrSm 1923 ckESpfu *smreD
jynfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhonfh w&m;vGefaiGaMu;azmif;yGrI (hyper inflation)
ESifhoufqdkifonf/ xdkpOfu? bmaA;&D;,ef; tJhvf(y) (p) awmifwef;wGif
tyef;ajzc&D;xGufpOf onfaiGaMu;azmif;yGrIudk udk,fawGUrsufjrifBuHKum
wthHwMojzpfcJh&mu pD;yGm;a&;ynmudk olpdwf0ifpm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/
1925 ck E S p f w G i f bmvif w uú o d k v f o d k Y ol w uf a &muf o nf /
ESpfESpfcefYMumonfhtcg vef'efpD;yGm;a&;ynmausmif; (London School
of Economics) odkY a½TUajymif;cJhNyD;? pD;yGm;a&;ynm½SifBuD; z&D;'&pf
[dkif;,uf(p) (Friedrich Hayek) xHü avhvmqnf;yl;onf/ 1930
jynfhESpfwGif bGJU&NyD;aemuf? vef'efausmif;rSmyif q&mtjzpf 0ifa&muf
vkyfudkifonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif ausmif;rSxGufNyD;? Oa&mypD;yGm;a&;
aumfr&Si\ f okawoeESiphf ;D yGm;a&;XmecGw J iG f ñTeMf um;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif
&Gufonf/ odkYaomf? onfXmerSm MumMumrvkyfjzpf/ 1949ckESpfwGif
ynma&;avmuxJ jyefa&mufvmonf/ pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifBuD; udef;(p)
(John Maynard Keynes)\ wynfhom0ursm;pka0;&m udef;A&pf(cs)
wuúodkvf uif;(p)aumvdyfü &mxl;wpfae&m olvufcHcJhonf/
1950 ckESpfESifh 1960 ckESpfrsm; wpfavQmufvHk;yif u,f(v)a'g
onf NAdwdoQtpdk;&ESifh tjcm;EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynftcsdKUrS tpdk;&rsm;twGuf
tBuHay;yk*¾dKvftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ NAdwdefjynfwGif b@ma&;
0efBuD;\ txl;twdkifyifcHt&m&Sdtjzpf 1964 rS 1968 txd wpfBudrf?
1974 rS 1976 txd wpfBudrf wm0ef,lcJh&onf/
165
 tpydkif;wGif u,f(v)a'gonf pD;yGm;a&;oDtdk&Dydkif;udk t"du
tm½Hk0ifpm;cJh\/ okdYaomf? udef;A&pf(cs)odkY a&muf½Sdonfh umvavmufrS
pwifí olu pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDydkif;udk ydkrdkpl;pdkufrdvmcJhonf/ xdkYjyif?
pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yfonf tpdk;&pGufzufrIrygbJ ¤if;bmom vGwfvyfpGm
&yfwnfcGifh&rSomvQif taumif;qHk;jzpfvmEdkifonf[laom? olapmapm
ydkif;udkifpGJcJhonfh t,ltqvnf; pGefYvTwfcJhNyD;? tpdk;&u ay:vpDydkif;
qdkif&mü xdxda&mufa&muf yg0ifaqmif&GufzdkY vdktyfonf[laom
oabmxm;udk ajymif;vJcH,lcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh? oludk,fwdkiftaejzifh
pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yfvHk;\ pGrf;aqmif&nfwdk;jrifha&;udk taxmuftuljyK Edkif
onf[k ½Ijrifum tcGefqdkif&mrl0g'trsm;tjym;udk azmfxkwfwifjyay;
cJhonf/ onfhtjyif? aps;EIef;azmif;yGrIrsm;ESifh ywfowfívnf; tpdk;&u
xdxda&mufa&muf pGufzuf aqmif&Gufaomenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh xdef;csKyf
oifhaMumif; 1970 ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1980 ckESpfapmapmydkif;umvrsm;twGif;
olwdkufwGef;ajymqdkrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/
1951 ckESpfwGif u,f(v)a'gonf tjrwfaiGESifh0ifaiGtay:
tcGefaumufcHa&;qdkif&m awmf0ifaumfr&Sifü cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/
onftzGJU\wm0efu vuf½SdusifhoHk;aeonfh NAdwdoQtcGefpepfudk pdppf
oHk;oyfNyD;? ¤if;tm; ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif jyKjyif&efenf;vrf;rsm; tBuHjyK
wifjyzdkY jzpfonf/ odkYaomf? aumfr&Siftpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;wGif u,f(v)
a'gu tNrJ vdkyif twdkuftcHjzpfí aeonf/ trsm;oabmwlvdkufonfh
aumfr&Sif\tBuHjyKcsuf[lonfrsm;udk olvufrcHEdkifojzifh? vlenf;pk
tpD&ifcHpmwpfck &Snfvsm;pGma&;NyD; oD;jcm;wifjycJh&onf/ aemufwGif
onftpD&ifcHpmudk tajcjyKí An Expenditure Tax trnfjzifh pmtkyf
wpftkyfa&;om;NyD; 1955 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhonf/ ¤if;pmtkyfwGif?
tcGefudk 0ifaiGay:wGif raumufcHbJ? oHk;pGJrIay:üaumufcHrnfh vHk;0
uGJjym;aom enf;vrf;opfwpf&yfudk olwifjyxm;onf/ 1950 ckESpf
rsm;wpfavQmufvHk;yif u,f(v)a'gonf zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf;
aumif;? zGHUNzdK;NyD;EdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; tqdkyg oHk;pGJcGef (expendi-
ture taxation) pepfudk usifhoHk;Mu&ef wdkufwGef;rI? tus,fw0ifh ajymqdk
wifjyrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ onfudpötwGuf oltBuHay;cJhonfrsm;xJwGif
tdE´d,? oD&dvuFm? *dkif,mem? wl&uD? tD&ef? AifeDZGJvm;ESifh *gem
ponfhEdkifiHrsm;rS tpdk;&rsm; yg0ifonf/
166
u,f(v)a'gu 0ifaiGay:wGif tcGefaumufcHaom (income tax)
pepfudk olqefYusif&onfh taMumif;&if;rsm;udkvnf; azmfjycJhonf/ ,if;
txJwGif t"duwpfcku? 0ifaiGcGefonf vlwpfa,muf\ tcGefaqmif
EdkifrIyrmPudk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk wdkif;wmjyEdkifjcif;r½Sd[laom tcsufjzpfonf/
onftwGuf xif&mS ;aomom"uwpfct k jzpf t&if;wefz;kd wd;k cGef (capital
gains tax) udk ydik q
f ikd yf pön;f (asset) rsm; a&mif;csonft
h cgrSom aumufcH
Edkifonfhtcsufudkjyonf/ xkcGJa&mif;csrI rjyKrcsif; ,if;uwdk;wuf&&Sd
aeonfh tusKd ;tjrwfay:wGif tcGeaf umufcrH rI jyKEikd b f &J adS e&m 0ifaiGceG f
pepfonf <u,f0olrsm;tm; oufn§mrIay;aeaomoabm jzpfonf[k
olua0zefonf/ xdkYjyif tvGefcsrf;omolrsm;ESifh 4if;wdkYydkifqdkifonfh
Opöm"etrsm;pkonf tarGtESpftjzpf&SdcJhMujcif;jzpfNyD;? aemufydkif;ü
0ifaiGopf ododomom 0ifa&mufvmavh r&dSMu&m? 0ifaiGoufoufay:
wGifom tcGefaumufygu 4if;yk*¾dKvfwdkYonf csrf;om<u,f0ygvsuf
tcGefay;aqmif&jcif;rS vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh &aeMurnfjzpfonf[k
oljrifonf/
'kwd,wpfcsuf olaxmufjyonfu? 0ifaiGcGefaMumifh pD;yGm;a&;
wGifxdcdkufonfhtcsufrsm;jzpf\/ 0ifaiGcGefpepft& twdk;aiG(interest)
rsm;ESifh tjrwftpGef;rsm; (profits) ay:rS tcGefaiGaumuf,ljcif;cH&onfh
tcg ,if;twdk;ESifhtjrwfwdkY jzpfay:aprnfh aiGpkaqmif;jcif;ESifh &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHjcif;[laom tvkyfESpfckudk vkyfudkifvdkpdwf enf;yg;oGm;aponf/
wpfzef? pD;yGm;a&;t& rsm;rsm;pGefYpm;vkyfudkif&NyD; atmifjrifonfhtcg
wGifrS tusKd;tjrwfrsm;rsm;&wwfonfh tvkyfrsKd;udk &½SdonfhtusdK;
tjrwfwpfckwnf;udkMunfhvsuf tcGefEIef; jrifhrm;pGmaumufcHonfhtcg?
vkyfief;orm;rsm;twGuf pdwftm;ysufp&m jzpfaeonf/ onfvdk
pGefYpGefYpm;pm;vkyfief;aqmif½Gufwufolrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yf zGHYNzdK;rI
twGuf ta&;BuD;aom armif;ESiftm;wpfckjzpf&m ¤if;wdkY tm;ysufvQif
zGHYNzdK;a&;vnf; tm;ysufavonf/
onfjyóemrsm;udk ukpm;&eftwGuf u,f(v)a'gu 0ifaiGcGef
tpm; oHk;pGJcGef (consumption tax) pepfudk ajymif;vJusifhoHk;&ef tBuHjyK
jcif;jzpfonf/
onfpepft&rl? 0ifaiGcGefpepfwkef;u tcGefaumufcH&rnfhtxJ
wGif yg0ifonfh pkaiGtopfrsm;tm;vHk;onf uif;vGwfcGifh &oGm;Murnf
167
jzpfonf/ ¤if;pkaiGtopfrsm;\ yrmPudk bPfpm&if;rsm;? pawmh½, S ,
f m
ykdifqdkifrIpm&if;rsm;rSaeí tvG,fwul wGufcsuf,lEdkifayonf/ wpfzuf
wGif pkaiGux kd wk o
f ;kH jcif;? acs;iSm;oH;k pGjJ cif; ponfeh nf;rsm;tm;jzifh vwfwavm
0ifaiGxuf ydkrdkoHk;pGJMuolrsm;rSm ,kwfavsmhpkaiG (negative savings)
ay:wGif tcGefaqmifMu&aom oabm&Sdayrnf/
pkaiGopfrsm;udk uif;vGwcf iG ahf y;xm;Ny;D ? oH;k pGaJ iGay:wGio f m tcGef
aumufrnfqdkvQif tcGefb@maiG avsmhenf;oGm;rnfjzpfojzifh? aumuf
cHonfhtpdwftydkif;ü tcGefEIef;rsm;udk wdk;`r§ifhzdkYvdkvmvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh?
0ifaiGaumufcH&mü 0ifaiGjrifhvmonfESifhtrQ EIef;xm;udk wdk;jrifhonfh
EIe;f wd;k tcGef (progressive tax)pepfjzifh pnf;MuyfouJo h Ykd oH;k pGcJ eG af umufcH
&müvnf; tqifhjrifhoHk;pGJrIrsm;twGuf tcGefEIef;jrifhrm; pGmaumufcHaom
pepfudk usifhoHk;&vdrfhrnf[k u,f(v)a'g ½Ijrifonf/ ol\pmtkyfü
oHk;pGJcGefrsm;udk 100 &mcdkifEIef;ausmftxd aumufcH&ef vdktyfvrd rhf nf
jzpfaMumif;? wcsKd Utpdwt f ydik ;f wGif vdt k yfygu tjrifq h ;kH 300 &mcdkifEIef;
txd aumufcHoifhaMumif; tBuHjyKa&;om;cJhonf/
0ifaiGcGefrSoHk;pGJcGefodkYajymif;vJjcif;aMumifh &vmrnfh t"du tusKd;
tjrwfu pkaiGwdk;wufvmEdkifjcif; jzpfonf/ pkaiGu tcGefray;&? oHk;pGJ
vQifom oHk;pGJrItay: 'PfaMu;yg xyfaqmif;ay;&OD;rnf[laom tae
txm;wGif vlawGaiGydkpk vmMuvdrfhrnf/ pkaiGrsm;onfhtcg &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
bufodkY rsm;rsm;a&mufvmojzifh? ,if;\tusdK;quftjzpf enf;ynmwdk;
wufrI? xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;&nfjrifhrm;rI? xdkrSwpfqihf 0ifaiGwdk;wufrI?
xdkYaemufpkaiGwdk;wufrI? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIwdk;wufrIrsm;yg qufvufjzpfay:
vdrfhrnf[k ol,lqcJhonf/
u,f(v)a'gonf NAdwdoQavbmtpdk;& ESpfqufüvnf;aumif;?
zGHUNzdK;qJwdkif;jynf tawmfrsm;rsm;ü vnf;aumif;? tpdk;&rsm;twGuf pD;yGm;
a&;tBuHay;yk*fd¾Kvftjzpf aqmif½GufcJhaomfvnf;? tcGefay:vpDqdkif&m
ol\tBuHay;csufrsm;udkum; vufcHvdkol enf;yg;cJhonf/ tdE´d,ESifh
oD&dvuFmEdkifiHESpfckom olwdkufwGef;onfhtwdkif; oHk;pGJcGefpepfudk vuf
awGUusifhoHk; MunfhcJhMuonf/ odkYaomf onfpepfpwifNyD; rsm;rMumrDyif
vlxk rausreyfjzpfum qlyt l <kH uvmojzifh tpDtpOfukd &yfpJcJhMu&onf/
vufawGUü ratmifjrifonfudk awGU&aomtcg tcGefay:vpD
onf pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,ftwGi;f ½Sd tcsKUd aomu@rsm; (odrYk [kw)f owfrw S f
168
xm;aomvkyfief;pkrsm;tm; taxmuftuljyKEdkif&ef OD;wnfcsrSwfzdkY vdk
tyfonf[k oljrifvmjyefonf/ Oyrm - t*Fveftaejzifh pD;yGm;a&;\
xkwfvkyftm;ydkrsm;aom (tusdK;tjrwfrsm;aom) tpdwftydkif;udk ydkzGHUNzdK;
atmif aqmif&Gufoifhonf[k ol,lqonf/ xkwfvkyftm;&Sdaom pD;yGm;
a&;u@ESifh? xkwfvkyftm;r½Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;u@[lí cGJjcm;½Ijrifonfh
pD;yGm;a&;awG;ac:&Sif z&GefqGmuifae; (Francois Quesnay 1946 - 1774)
\ t,ltqrsdK;bufodkY jyef,drf;oGm;aom oabmjzpfonf/ olu
wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&; zGHYNzdK;wdk;wuf&eftwGuf pau;udkufxuf txGufydk
aom taetxm;rsKd; (increasing returns to scale) &SdzdkY ta&;BuD;onf
[k,lqonf/ ,if;taetxm;rsdK;onf vkyfief;wpfcku ukefypönf;
wpfckudk wdk;íwdk;íxkwfvkyfvmNyD;? ,if;½Sdvkyfom;rsm;uvnf; xkwfvkyf
rI pGrf;&nfwdk;wufoxuf wdk;wufvmonfhtcgrsdK;üom jzpfay:onf/
xkwfvkyfrI pGrf;tm;wufaomf jynfwGif;ü vkyfief; BuD;xGm;vmouJhodkY
urÇmhaps;uGufwGifvnf; ydkíNydKifqdkifEdkifpGrf; ½Sdvmonf/
u,f(v)a'gu ukefypönf;xkwfvkyfrIu@wGif pau;udkufxuf
ta&twGufydka&;onf tc&mjzpfonf[k jrifonf/ onfvdkjrifvm
&jcif;u? zGHUNzdK;NyD; wdkif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;\ zGHUNzdK;rItawGUtBuHKrsm;udk
oH;k oyfppd pf&if; olawGU½Sv d monfh wlnaD omtcsuo f ;kH &yfaMumihf jzpfonf/
yxrtcsuf
1950 ESifh 1960 ckESpfrsm;twGif; pufrIEdkifiHBuD; 12 EdkifiHudk
avhvmonfhtcg pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rIESifh ukefypönf;xkwfvkyfrIyrmP wdk;
wufrIwdkYonf ododomom qufEG,frI&Sdaeonf[k olqdkonf/ olu?
pkpkaygif;zGHUNzdK;EIef; (aggregate growth rate) rsm;onf ukefypönf;xkwf
vkyrf I u@zGUH NzKd ;EIe;f (manufacting growth rate) rsm;ay:wGif rSw D nfvsuf
&SdaMumif;? ukefxkwfzGHUNzdK;rIurl pkpkaygif; zGHUNzdK;rItay:ü tjyeftvSef
oabm rSDwnfjcif; r&SdaMumif;) þonfrSm pufrIvkyfief;rsm;ü pau;
udkufxuf txGufydkaom taetxm;½Sdjcif;aMumifhjzpfaMumif; oHk;oyf
ajymqdkonf/
'kwd,tcsuf
uk e f x k w f v k y f r I u @ü xk w f v k y f r I p G r f ; &nf wd k ; wuf j cif ; ES i f h
ukefypönf; txGufwdk;jcif;wdkYonfvnf; ododomom qufEG,frI&Sdonf[k
oljrifonf/ onfae&mü olu xkwfvkyfpGrf;&nfwdk;wufjcif;onf xkwf
169
vkyfrIyrmP rsm;jym;vmrIay:wGif rlwnfaMumif; axmufjyonf/
taMumif;u? ukefypönf;wpfckudk vltrsm; wdk;wuf0,f,lvmonfhtcg
¤if;ukefypönf; xkwfvkyfolwdkYu vkyfief;rsm;wdk;csJUvmMurnf/ onftcg
vkyfief;yrmP BuD;vmjcif;aMumifhjzpfonfh pau;vdkuftusdK;xl;rsm;
(economies of scale) udk cHpm;&onf/ t"dyÜm,fu vkyfief;ao;orm;wdkY
roHk;pGJEdkifonfh puf,EÅ&m;opfrsm; oHk;pGJvmEdkifjcif;? vkyfom;rsm;udk ydkí
tao;pdwftvkyfcGJa0ydkif;jcm;ay;Edkifjcif; ponfhtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh
xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;&nf wdk;wufum ypönf;wpfckcsif;twGuf xkwfvkyf
ukefusp&dwfvnf; oufomoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/
wwd,tcsuf
u,f(v)a'g awGU½Sd&onfu? wdkif;jynfwpfjynf\ puf½Hktvkyf½Hk
rsm;rS ukeyf pön;f txGuw f ;kd wufro
I nf ¤if;pD;yGm;a&;\ tjcm;aomu@
rsm;ü xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;wdk;wufrIESifh qufpyfvsuf &Sdaeonf[laom
tcsufjzpfonf/
olu? ukefypönf;xkwfvkyfrIu@ zGYHNzdK;vmonfhtcg v,f,mpdkuf
ysKd;a&;u@½Sd ydkvQHvkyfom;rsm;udk ¤if;bufodkY a&TUajymif;,liifoGm;
aMumif;? xdt k cg pdu
k yf sKd ;a&;u@vnf; tajctaeajymif;vJum xkwv f yk f
pGrf;tm;wdk;wufjcif;? vlaerItqifh twef;jrifhrm;vmjcif; ponfhtusKd;
aus;Zl;rsm;udk cHpm;&aMumif;/ onfhtjyif pufrIvkyfief;rsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;
wufvmonfhtcg enf;ynmajymif;vJEIef;vnf; vQifjrefvmwwfaom
oabm&SdaMumif;? ,if;ajymif;vJrIonf pD;yGm;a&;\u@e,fy,f wpfck
wavüomr[kwfbJ pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fwpf&yfvHk;odkYyif jzefYMuwfouf
a&mufaMumif;? xdkYaMumifh e,fy,faygif;pHkü xkwfvkyfrIpGrf;&nf wdk;
wufum wpfEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh vlaerItqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vm
jcif;jzpfaMumif; axmufjyonf/
xdkYaemuf? onftcsufrsm;udk tajccHvsuf u,f(v)a'gu pD;yGm;
a&;zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrIonf pufrIvufrIu@ (industrial sector)\ zGHUNzdK;rI
ay:wGif OD;pGmyxrtpjyK&aMumif; aumufcsufqGJcJhonf/ ukefypönf;
xkwfvkyfrIvkyfief;rsm; pnfum;&Sio f efvQif pD;yGm;a&;zGUH NzKd ;rI vsifjrefpmG
jzpfay:NyD; vlaerItqifhtwef;vnf; jrifhrm;vmrnf/ onftwGuf
vkyaf qmif&ef enf;vrf; (odkYr[kwf) csrSwfoifhonfhrl0g'u jynfwGif;&Sd
ukefypönf;xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tpkd;&u tm;ay;ulnD&ef jzpf
170
onf/ tpdk;&taejzifh jynfwGif;puf½Hktvkyf½HkwdkYrS xkwfvkyfonfh ypönf;
rsm;udk 0,f,ljcif;? ¤if;vkyfief;rsm;udk tcGefoufomcGifhay;jcif;? wif;
usyfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;tcsKdUudk avsmhayghay;jcif; ponfhrufvHk;
rsm; taxmuftulrsm; ay;aomenf;jzifh ulnDEdkifrnf[k oluqdkonf/
txufupdppfrIrS xGufay:vmonfh u,f(v)a'g\ ay:vpDd
qdkif&m wdwdusus tBuHjyKcsufwpf&yfu? tvkyfcefYtyfrIay:wGif trsKd;
tpm;cGJjcm;í tcGefaumufcHonfh (selective employment tax) pepf
usifhoHk;&ef jzpfonf/ olu? 0efaqmifrIu@ (service sector) &Sd vkyif ef;
rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYiSm;&rf;xm;onfh vkyfom;OD;a&tvdkuf tcGefaumufcH&ef
tBuHay;onf/ xdkodkYaumufcHjcif;jzifh ¤if;u@rsm;wGif vkyfom;opf
cefYtyf&ef aESmifhaES;apNyD;? pau;udkufxuf txGufydkvsuf½Sdonfh ukef
xkwfvkyfrIu@üom vkyfom;opfrsm; wdk;wufcefYxm;jzpfaprnf[laom
oabmjzpfonf/
aiGaMu;azmif;yGru I urÇmph ;D yGm;a&;wGif t"dujyóemBu;D jzpfvm
onf/ 1970 ckESpfrsm;twGif;rl ol\tm½Hkpl;pkdufrIu taMumif;t&m
opfrsm;qDoYkd ajymif;a½TUvmcJo h nf/ onfumv olyxrqH;k &ifqikd &f onfh
jyóemu urÇmwGif acwfpm;vmonfh aiGaMu;y"mepD;yGm;a&;0g'
(monetarism) jzpfonf/
acwfopfaiGaMu;y"me0g'u aps;EIef;rsm;jrifhwufrIonf aiGaMu;
yrmP (supply of money) ajymif;vJjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf[k rSw, f o
l nf/
xdkYaMumifh aiGazmif;yGrIudk xdef;csKyfvdkvQif wpfESpftwGif; aiGaMu;yrmP
wdk;yGm;EIef;udk ESpfpOf pD;yGm;a&;yrmP wdk;wufBuD;xGm;rIEIef;jzpfonfh 3
&mcdkifEIef; rS 5 &mcdkifEIef;txd xuf rydkatmif xdef;ay;xm;zdkYvdkaMumif;
4if;wdkYuqdkonf/
1982 ckEpS x f wk f u,f(v)a'g\ (The Scourge of Monetarism)
usrf;wGif aiGaMu;y"me0g'udk trsm;tjym; a0zefuefYuGufxm;aMumif;
awGU&onf/
yxrtcsuf
olu aiGaMu;y"ge0g'DwdkY\ vJvS,frInDrQjcif; (equation of ex-
change) udk axmufjyonf/ MV=PQ[lí a&;om;onfh ¤if;nDrQjcif;wGif
M onf money supply (aiGaMu;yrmP) jzpfí? V (velocity) rSm aiGvnf
ywfEeI ;f ? P (price) rSm ukefypönf; (odkYr[kwf) 0efaqmifrIaps;EIef;ESifh Q
171
(quantity) rSm ukefypönf; (odkYr[kwf) 0efaqmifrIyrmP jzpfonf/
xkdnDrQjcif;udk tajccHum aiGazmif;yGrI jzpfay:aponfh taetxm;
rsm;udk wGu&f mü? aiGyrmPrsm;jym;rIay:wGif tajccHaom aiGaMu;azmif;
yGjcif;onf aiGvnfywfEIef; wnfNidrfonfhtcgrsdK;üom jzpfEdkifonf[l
aomtcsufwpf&yf xGufay:cJhonf/ onftcsufESifhqufpyfíu,f(v)
a'gu aiGvnfywfEIef;onf tcsdefESifhtrQ ajymif;vJaeaomt&m jzpf
aMumif;? wdkif;jynfwpfjynfESifh wpfjynfüvnf; rwlnDaMumif;? xdkYaMumifh
¤if;udk rlaoxm;NyD; wGufcsufír&EdkifaMumif; jiif;qdkonf/
'kwd,tcsuf
olu aiGy"meorm;wdkY ajymMuonfh aiGaMu;yrmPrsm;jcif;
aMumifh aiGazmif;yGrIjzpf&onf [laomtcsufudkvufrcH/ onfae&mü
taMumif;tusdK;qufEG,frIonf ¤if;ESifhajymif;jyefomjzpfonf[k ol jrif
onf / ol u pD ; yG m ;a&;vk y f i ef ; rsm; oG u f v uf v I y f & S m ;rI & S d v mvQif
(odkYr[kwf) aps;EIef;rsm;wufvmvQifom aiGaMu;yrmP wdk;wufvm&
onf[líjrifonf/ olu? acwfopfpD;yGm;a&;wGif bPfrsm;uxkwfacs;
jcif;jzifyh if aiGaMu;topf jzpfay:onf[al omtcsuu f kd axmufjyonf/
pD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;rsm; aumif;rGeo f nft h cg ukrP Ü rD sm; wpfo;D yk*v
¾ rsm;u
aiGacs; iSm;um vkyfief;rsm; wdk;csJUvkyfudkifcsifvm Muonf/ onfvfk
acs;iSm;rIrsm;aMumifh aiGyrmP wdk;yGm;vm&onf/ wpfzufwGif pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;usqif;aomtcg aiGacs;iSm;NySD; vkyfief;vkyfudkifvdkol enf;yg;
onf/ xdkYjyif bPfrsm;uvnf; acs;aiGtopfrsm;xkwfray;ojzifh aiG
yrmP rwdk;yGm;EdkifbJ ½Sd&onf/ ,if;odkY ol u½Ijrifonf/
aemufqHk;wpfcsuf
olu aiGyrmP wdk;yGm;rIaES;auG;vQif tvkyfvufrJhjyóem ay:
aygufvmEdkifonf[k jrifonf/ xdkYaMumifh aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIjyóemtm;
aiGy"me0g'DwdkY tNrJa&SUwef;wif ajymqdkaejcif;udk oljypfwifa0zefonf/
pifppf? aiGazmif;yGjcif;[lonf taxGaxGukefaps;EIef;rsm; jrifhwufjcif;
yifjzpf&m? tu,fí aps;EIef;rsm;wufovdk 0ifaiGrsm;vnf;tcsKd;nDpGm
jrifwh ufaeMurnfqv kd Qif wdik ;f jynftwGuf ajymyavmufaom xdcdkufrIrsKd;
r&SdEdkif/ aiGy"me0g'Drsm;udk,fwdkifvnf; onfudpöESifhpyfvsOf;í jyóem
Bu;D Bu;D rm;rm; azmfxw k af jymqdEk ikd jf cif; r&S/d xdaYk Mumif?h tvkyv f ufrOhJ ;D a&
wdk;yGm;vQifvnf; twdk;yGm;cHum aiGazmif;yGrIudk wm;qD;umuG,frnf
172
[laom ay:vpDonf vGJrSm;onf[k oluaxmufjyonf/
olu aiGazmif;yGrIjyóem tajz½Sm&mü aiGudk wif;wif;usyfusyf
xdef;csKyfaom ay:vpDusifhoHk;jcif;udkqefYusifNyD;? ,if;tpm; 0ifaiGqdkif&m
ay:vpDopfwpf&yfjzifh ajz&Sif;&ef wifjyonf/
u,f(v)a'gu aiGazmif;yGrI[lonf aiGyrmPrsm;jcif; oufouf
aMumifhr[kwf/ ukefusp&dwfESifh aps;EIef;wdkY wpfckudkwpfck tjyeftvSef
wGef;wifaeMuonfh rqHk;Edkifaom oHo&maMumifhom jzpf&onf[k
jrif\/ aps;EIef;rsm; jrifhwufaomtcg vkyfom;wdkYu rdrdwdkYukefusp&dwf
rsm;udk vdkufrD&eftwGuf vkyfcrsm;wdk;`r§ifhay;&ef awmif;qdkvmMu\/
odkYaomf vkyfcwdk;ay;&vQif vkyfief;wdkYü ukefusp&dwfwufojzifh 4if;udk
umrd&eftwGuf aps;EIef;rsm;wdk;`r§ifhvm&jyef\/ onftcg aps;EIef;wuf
jcif;aMumifh ....[lí aemufxyfwpfywf vnfjyef\/
xdkYaMumifh aiGazmif;yGrI aMumifvdrfavSum; (odkYr[kwf) c½kywf
vrf;aMumif;(inflationaty spiral) udk qufrwufatmifwm;qD;&eftwGuf
tpdk;&u 0ifa&mufaqmif&Gufoifhonf[k u,f(v)a'gu jrifonf/
tpdk;&taejzifh vkyfca&m aps;EIef;rsm;yg owfrSwfumvwpfcktwGif;
onfhxufrwdk;&[k xdef;csKyfuefowfjcif;rsKd; vkyfEdkifouJhodkY? aiGazmif;yGrI
jyóemudk ajz&Sif;&mü vkyfom;rsm;ESifhvkyfief;½Sifrsm; tjyeftvSef
tay;t,l tavsmhtwif; jyKvkyfaomenf;jzifh yl;aygif;yg0ifvmMu
atmif aphpyfñ§dEdIif;rIrsm;vnf; jyKvkyfay;Edkifonf[k olu tBuHjyKonf/
„
u,f(v)a'gum;txufwGifazmfjycJhonfh pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wuf
aumif;rGefatmif jyKjyifEdkifrnfhay:vpDrsm; wDxGifazmf xkwfcJhjcif;twGuf
yif vlodrsm;cJhonf/ pD;yGm;a&;ynme,fy,fü olYtm; udef; (p)tvGef
acwfpD;yGm;a&;ynm*dkPf; (Post Keynesian School of Econmics) udk
wnfaxmifolwpfOD;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKMuygonf/
azjrifh
28 Zefe0g&D 2008
173
 pufbD;wpfpD;xkwfvkyfjcif;
pufbD;xkwfvkyfa&mif;csaom ukrÜPDwpfcktaeESifh pOf;pm;Munfh
ygrnf/ pGefYOD;wDxGifolwpfa,mufjzpfap? ukrÜPDwpfckjzpfap? vkyfief;
wpfck rpwifrD? tcsuftvuf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk pOf;pmwGufcsuf&yg
vdrfhrnf/ pufbD;orm;wpfa,muftwGufqdkvQif yxrqkH; þar;cGef;
rsm;udk pepfwustajzxkwfEdkif&ef pOf;pm;zdkYvdkygonf/
pufbD;trsdK;tpm;opfwpfck xkwfvkyf&ef jzpfwef&m pm;okH;
ol 0,fvdktm;rnfrQ &Sdrnfenf;/ tqdkyg pm;okH;ol0,fvdk
tm; \ oabmobm0rSmrnfodkYjzpfrnfenf;/
pHcsdefrD rdk',fpufbD;rsm;twGuf? wpfckwnf;aom us,fjyefY
onfh aps;uGuf&Sdygoavm .../ odkYr[kwf pufbD;aps;uGuf
wGif aps;uGufi,frsm; uGJaeoavm .../
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;qdkwm bmvJ(3) uav;pD;pufbD;(odkYr[kwf) azmufonfBudKuf NydKifbD; (odkY
r[kwf) ,ckaemufydkif;acwfpm;vmonfh awmifwufpufbD;
What Is a Market Economy? rnfodkYaom pufbD;trsKd;tpm;wGif ]aps;uGuftcGifhtvrf;}
t,f'w
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179
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vufawGUprf;oyfrIrsm;\ toD;tyGifhrsm; jzpfygonf/ þwdk;wufrIrsm; rnf/ wpfurÇmvHk;pD;yGm;a&;twGufvnf; ydkítusdK;rsm;apygvdrfhrnf/
uyif? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk pOfqufrjywf&Sifoefaeap&ef? tm;jznhf þonfyif EkdifiHwumukefoG,fa&;\ tm;aumif;csuf jzpfygonf/
ay;aejcif; jzpfonf/ odkYESifhtrQ? vlom;tm;vkH;twGuf tvkyftudkifopf odkYESifhwdkif? EdkifiHwumukefoG,fa&;ukd tcsKyftcs,fr&Sd vGwfvyf
rsm; zefw;D ay;Ekid jf cif;? ydrk u
kd s,jf yefaY om tcGit hf vrf;rsm; ay:xGuv f mjcif;? pGm aqmif½u G af &;(wpfenf;) z&D;x&dwt f ay: b0ifrusorl sm;vnf; &Sd
ydkrdk BuD;rm;aom csrf;om<u,f0rIrsm;ukd aqmifMuOf;ay;Edkifjcif; ... ygonf/ ¤if;wdu Yk oGi;f ukerf sm;udk tcGet f aumufww H ikd ;f umxm;&rnf
paom aumif;usKd;awG? wpfoDwpfwef; jzpfay:vm&onf/ ajym&vQi?f (odrYk [kw)f trsK;d tpm; ta&twGuf uefo Y wf&rnf... ponfjzifh tqkd
wpfcsdefu 0da&m"doabmaqmifonf[k ,lqcJhMuaom vkyftm;ESifh jyKMuonf/ odrYk o S m jynfwiG ;f xkwv f yk o
f rl sm;ESihf jynfwiG ;f tvkytf udik f
t&if; (wpfenf;qdk&vQif tvkyform;ESifhbdZeuf)udk? wu©Edkvdk*sDjzifh rsm;udk? EdkifiHjcm;,SOfNydKifrIrsm;rS tumuG,fay;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k qdkMuonf/
qGJpkNyD;? orl[oabm aqmifapvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/ olwt Ykd qdrk mS wpfpw d w f pfyikd ;f rSeaf omfvnf;? tjynht f 0rrSeyf g/ xkwvf yk f
EdkifiHwumukefoG,fa&;onfvnf; ukefxkwfowdåESifh csrf;om olrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;udk tumuG,fay;vdkufonfESifh? ¤if;wdkYxkwf
<u,f0rIwdkYudk t&Sdeft[kefESifhjr§ifhwifay;aeonfh? ta&;BuD;aom jznfh vkyfMuaom ukefpnfESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; aps;wufoGm;ygvdrfh rnf/ þodkY
qnf;rIwpfck jzpfygonf/ a&SUtcef;wGif Oyrmay;cJhaom vdar®mfoD; aps;wufomG ;jcif;rSm pm;ok;H olrsm;twGuf owif;aumif;r[kw/f owif;qd;k
0,fxGufMuonfh? a&mbwfESifh rm&D,m ZeD;armifESHtaMumif; wpfcsufrQ jzpfygonf/ wpfurÇmvkH;pD;yGm;a&;ESifh qufpyfpOf;pm;vdkufvQifvnf;?
jyefowd&vdkufyg/ a&mbwfrSm uRrf;usiftqifh ruúif;epfwpfa,muf taxGaxG ukefxkwfowdåtusbufodkY OD;wnfoGm;Edkifí? taumif;xuf
jzpfonf/ a&mbwftaeESifh oluRrf;usif&m ruúif;epftvkyfudk tcsdef tqdk;u ydkrsm;onf[kqdk&ygvdrfhrnf/
jynfhrvkyfbJ? olYtcsdeftcsKdUudkzJh,lNyD; vdar®mfoD;pdkufrnfqdkygpdkY/ tvm;wl qufvufazmfjyygrnf/
yif? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vdar®mfoD;pdkufpm;vmcJhaom opfoD;NcHydkif&Sif axm
rwf(p)uvnf;? olYtcsdeftcsKdUudk ,lNyD; ruúif;epfvkyfrnfqdkygpdkY/ bmjzpf pmñTef; - What Is a Market Economy? (Michael Watts)

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 MYANMA HISTORY SERIES
182 jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;ESifU w½kwfpmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;
197 Chinese Sources on Myanma History
vdak eayonf/
w&kwpf mayESiafh cwfNyKd iaf &;aom &mZ0ifusr;f rsm;ESifh tjcm;pmtkyf
wdkYwGif? jrefrmEkdifiHESihfoufqkdifaom taMumif;rsm;yg&Sdojzihf? ,if; w½kwf
pmayESihfjzpfaom taxmuftxm;wdkUrSm? jrefrmEdkifiHorkdif;udk awGY&ay

jrefrmEkid if pH mayorkid ;f ESihf onf/ xdktapmydkif;umvtwGufomru? aemufydkif;acwfrsm;twGuf

vnf;? jref rmEkdifiHwGif;taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tultaxmufjyKaom?
ppfaq;jyKjyif ay;aom? ydkrdkjynfhpHkapEkdifaom taMumif;tcsufopfrsm;udk
w½kwpf maytaxmuftxm;rsm; jznfhpGufay;onfh? w½kwfpmayESihf taxmuftxm;rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;pGm
&Sdaeayonf/
„ AdkvfrSL;b&Sif 1924 ckxw k f jrefrmEkid if o
H ak woetoif;*sme,f twG(J 14) tydik ;f
(2)wGif? jrefrmEdkifiHorkdif;ESihfqufpyfaeaom w½kwftaxmuftxm;
w½kwb f momESifh a&;om;xm;aom &mZ0ifusr;f rsm;ESifh tjcm;pmtkyw f Ykd onf? usrf;rsm;rSaumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk? ygarmu© *sD[dcsfvkYpfonf t*Fvdyfbm
jrefrmEkdifiHordkif;jyKpka&;wGif vGefpGmta&;ygaom taxmuftxm;rsm; omodkYjyefí xnfoGif;az:jycJhonf/ ,if;pmapmif\ed'gef;wGif þodkUa&;
jzpfMuonf[kqdkvQif? omreftm;jzihf topftqef; jzpfaumif;jzpfaeay om;xm;onf/
rnf/ Edik if o
H rdik ;f ynmudk odyeHÜ nf;uspmG avhvmaom ,ckacwfwiG ?f cdkifvHk ]þpmapmifrmS tprf;oabmjzihf t&JpeG aYf &;om;jcif;jzpf\/ okaw
aom taxmuftxm;r&SdvQif? EdkifiHordkif;r&SdEkdif [laomrludk pGJNrJpGmvuf oejyK&ef jrefrmEdik if EH iS pfh yfqikd af om? us,jf yefv Y o
S nfh w½kwf&mZ
cHvmMuNyjD zpf&m? uREykf w f Ukd \Edik if o
H rdik ;f udk okawoejyK&müvnf;aumif;? 0ifusr;f rsm;ESifh w½kwpf maye,fBu;D &Sad eaMumif;ud?k jrefrmjynfqidk &f m
a&;om;jyKpk&müvnf;aumif;? avhvm&müvnf;aumif;? cdkifvHkaom t ynm&Siw f Ykd jyefvnfowd&ap&ef &nf&G,faompmapmif jzpfonf/
axmuftxm;rsm;udk &SmazGMu&onf? ud;k um;Mu&onf? oufaoxlMu& txufjrefrmEkid if u H kd odr;f Ny;D pjzpfaom tapmydkif;umvwGif? þ
onf/ cdkifvHkaom taxmuftxm;qdk&mü rl&if;jzpfjcif;? wwfEkdiforQ okawoee,fBuD;rSm a&S;OD;vufrGeftjrwfxkwf ]aumufodrf;}rI
acwfNydKifjzpfjcif;[laom t*Fg&yfrsm;ESihfjynfhpHkonfh taxmuftxm;rsm; ud?k rpöwm0g&DEiS fh rpöwmygumwkYd jyKvyk cf MhJ uonf/ olwUkd \bmom
udk qdkvdkayonf/ jyefcsufwdkYteuf? tenf;i,frQaomtpdwftydkif;udkom? jynfol
uREylf w f Ukd \Edik if o
H rdik ;f twGuf yk*aH cwf c&pfEpS f 1000 ausmaf vmuf vlxku zwf&IEkdifavmufatmif yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJh\/..... jrefrm
rSpí? cdik vf akH omtaxmuftxm;rsm; trsm;tpm;&So d nf/ ausmufpmrsm;? Edik if H tapmydik ;f orkid ;f ESiq fh ikd af om pmyd'k rf sm;ud?k w½kw&f mZ0ifusr;f
rifpmrsm;? tkwpf mrsm;? aemufyikd ;f wGif ayyk&ydu k rf sm; ponfwUkd &Sad eonf/ wdkYrS &SmazGpkaqmif;&ef? uRekfyfwdkY\BudK;pm;rIrSm e,fusOf;vSonf/
c&pfESpf 1000 rwdkifrDumvtwGufrl? ysLacwftwGuf ausmufpmtcsKdU? &efuek Nf rKd UwGif w½kw&f mZ0ifpmMunfw h u
dk f r&Sad omaMumihjf zpfonf/
t½dk;tdk;pmtenf;i,f? a&Taypmtenf;i,fESifh a&S;a[mif;ypönf;rsm;rS trSet f m;jzihq f akd omf tenf;i,frQaom>cif;csufwdkYrSwpfyg;? uREfkyf
wpfyg;? tjcm;cdkifvHkaom taxmuftxm;rsm; r&SdMuay/ a&;om;cJNh y;D wdkYonf w½kwfrif;quf &mZ0ifusrf;wdkYavmufESihfom auseyfcJh&
jzpfaom &mZ0ifusr;f wdUk wGi?f c&pfEpS f 1000 rwdik rf u D taMumif;&yfrsm; ayonf/}
yg&So
d nfrmS rSeaf omfvnf;? odyeHÜ nf;uspmG avhvmvdu k pf m;olwUkd tzdUk ? aus jrefrmEkid if oH rkid ;f jyKpak &;? txl;ojzihf yk*aH cwf taemf&xmrif;apm
eyfz,G f r[kwaf y/ odjYk zpfí? c&pfEpS f 1000 \txufjzpfaom ordik ;f um rwdkifrDumv\ EdkifiHorkdif;jyKpka&;wGif? w½kwfpmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;
vtwGif;? jrefrmEdkifiHom;wdkY\jzpf&yfrSm cdkifvHkaom taxmuftxm;rsm; ta&;BuD;vSyHkudk? &efukefwuúodkvf ta&SUwdkif;&mZ0ifXme\ tNidrf;pm;

182 183
ygarmu©jzpfaom a'gufwm *sDtdcsfvYkpfonf? 1924 ckuyif jrefrmEdkifiH &Sdrnfjzpfygonf/
orkdif;qdkif&mynm&SifwdkYudk? tBuHay;az:jycJhaomaqmif;yg; jzpfayonf/ þpmtkyrf sm;rS? ta&;Bu;D aom taxmuftxm;rsm;udk bmomjyef
þodYk tBuaH y;cJo h nft h wdik ;f ? ynm&Siw f Ukd &SmazGoak woejyKEidk f qdk&ef? jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;aumfr&Sifonf OD;&nfpdef (rpöwmcsef,Dpdef)tm;
&ef? vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 40 cefYuwnf;u &efukefwuúodkvfonf wuú wm0efay;cJ\ h / ,if;pmtkyrf sm;rS vkt d yfaom aumufEw k cf surf sm;udk jyefqkd
odkvf\pmMunhfwdkufwGif? w½kwfpmayusrf;*efrsm;? ordkif;usrf;rsm;udkpk cJhNyD;jzpfayonf/ ,if;w½kwfpmtkyfwdkY\ uwfwavmufpm&if;wpfckudk
aqmif;vmcJh&m? 1940 jynfhESpfavmufwGif? pmtkyfaygif; 20000 ausmf vnf; jyKvkyfcJhayonf/
pkaqmif;&Sdxm;Ny;D jzpfayonf/ ppfBu;D twGi;f u pkaqmif;vmcJah om w½kwf w½kwpf mayudt k ajcjyKí jrefrmEkid if o H rdik ;f udk okawoe jyKvo dk w
l Ykd
pmtkyftm;vHk; qHk;½HI;cJh&ayonf/ tzdkU? pmMunfhwdkuftoHk;twGufom &nf&G,fjyKvkyfxm;aom þuwf
w½kwpf mtkyrf sm;pkaqmif;jcif;ud?k xdpk Ofu &efuek w f uúov kd f jrefrm wavmufpm&if;rSm? tultnDrsm;pGm ay;Ekid rf nfr[kwaf y/ okawoDwUkd \
&mZ0ifEiS fh ta&SUydik ;f &mZ0ifXmeygarmu© rpöwm *sD tdy(f cs) vk(pf) u? tusK;d tvdUk iSmESifh jrefrmEkid if o H rkid ;f udk avhvmvdu k pf m;olrsm;tzdUk ? w½kwf
OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKcJh\/ Ak'¨bmom w½kwfbkef;awmfBuD; Aef0SD;u? tBuHay; pmaywGif jrefrmEkid if o H rkid ;f qdik &f m rnfonft h aMumif;tcsurf sm; &Sad eonf
ulnDcJhonf/ txufwef;usaomynm&yfrsm;udk urÇmhwuúodkvfrsm;ESihf udk vG,fvihfwulESifhod&SdEkdif&ef? þ ]w½kwfpmayESihf jrefrmEkdifiHordik ;f
&ifabmifwef;vdkufí okawoejyKjcif;? oifMum;ydkUcsjcif;jyKEkdif[al om taxmuftxm;rsm;}udk? jrefrmEdik if o H rkid ;f aumfr&Sif pmMunfw h u
dk &f dS w½kwf
0g't& &efuek w f uúov kd u f ? tjrifus,v f pS mG jzihf vdt k yfaom b@ma&; pmtkyfwdkUavmufudkomtajcjyKí? a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfayonf/
axmufyo hH ;kH pGrJ jI yK&mwGi?f þyk*Kd¾ vBf u;D wdUk \ BuKd ;pm;aqmif&u G rf w
I aYkd Mumih?f jrefrmEkid if oH rkid ;f jyKpak &;wGif w½kwpf mayESifh taxmuftxm;rsm;
xdpk Ofu &efuek w f uúov kd pf mMunfw h u kd rf mS Edik if oH rkid ;f qkid &f m w½kwpf may udk? tb,faMumihf þrQtav;ay;xm;&oenf;/ ,if;w½kwfusrf;wdkYwGif
wGif? tm&Swdkuf ta&SUawmifydkif;ü? taumif;qHk;ESihf pmtkyftpHkqHk; pm yg0ifonft h csut f vufwUkd onf? tb,frQreS u f efíjynfph o kH enf; [laom
Munfhwkduftjzpf? todtrSwfjyKjcif;udk cHcJh&ayonf/ tar;wdkYudk? ar;zG,f&m&Sdayonf/ þtar;wdkYudkajzqdkEkdif&ef EdkifiHorkdif;
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;aMumihf pmMunfhwkduftaqmufttHkyg rD;wif qdkif&m w½kwfpmaywdkYtaMumif;udk od&SdzdkYvdkayonf/
½IdUjcif;cHcJh&í? w½kwfpmtkyfrsm; tm;vHk;qHk;½HI;cJh&NyD;aemuf? vGwfvyfa&; w&kwf,Ofaus;rIwdkYonf BuD;us,fcrf;em;vSonf/ *kPftajrmuf
&vmaom þwpfacwfwGif? jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;udk acwfrD cdkifvHk jynfhpHkpGm qH;k [kq&dk rnfh w½kw, f Ofaus;rIwpf&yfrmS ? Edik if o H rdik ;f qkid &f m w½kwpf may
a&;om;&ef? EdkifiHtpdk;&u zGJUpnf;ay;cJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;aumfr&Sif jzpf\/ *E¬0if w½kwEf ikd if o H rkid ;f usr;f Bu;D wpfcjk zpfaom Shu Ching usrf;wGif?
onf? jrefrmEdkifiHordkif; jyKpka&;twGuf r&SdvQifrjzpfaom w½kwfpmtkyf c&pfray:rD 1000 ckESpfrsm;\ tpydkif;tjzpftysufrsm; taMumif;rsm;
rsm;udk? topfwpfzef jyefvnfpkaqmif;&jyefonf/ þta&;BuD;aom ygonf/ Oa&myom;ynm&Siw f Ukd u uGezf &k yS (f p)[kac:aom ckiZf k (Kung-
Edik if o
H rdik ;f taxmuftxm;rsm;udk pkaqmif;onfv h yk if ef;wGi?f Edik if t H pd;k & tzu) ynm&SifBuD;vufxuf? (600-500 bDpD)wGif uHauR;csEdkifiHi,fwUkd ü?
onf &ufa&mpGm ulnaD xmufyt Hh m;ay;cJah yonf/ od&Yk mwGif ppfrjzpfru D rdrw d EYkd idk if q
H ikd &f m &mZ0ifusr;f toD;oD;&Scd \ hJ / ,if;&mZ0ifusr;f wdkUteuf
uJo h Ukd ? pmtkyrf sm;udk vG,u f pl mG &SmazG0,f,l &&SEd idk cf jhJ cif;r&Sad y/ ppfaMumihf ]aqmif;OD; aEGO;D usr;f } (Ch'um Ch'iu) ac:aom? vke,f (Lu) \ &mZ0ifusr;f
pmtkyftrsm; ysufpD;qHk;&HI;cJhí vGefpGm&Sm;yg;vmcJh\/ tcsKdUpmtkyfwdkUrSm rSm? uGefzk&Syf(pf)0g'\vufpGJusrf; jzpfcJh\/ þusrf;rsKd;wdkYrSm? jzpf&yfwdkYudk
vHk;0aysmufuG,fonfh tajcodkUyif a&mufaeayNyD/ jzpfEkdiforQ &EkdiforQ ½dk;½dk;ESifhwHk;wHk;wdwd? a&;xm;aomusrf;rsm;jzpf\/ wefqmqifí zGJUEGJUa&;
aomenf;wdUk jzihf pkaqmif;vmcJ&h m? ,cktcgwGif orkid ;f aumfr&Sipf mMunhf om;xm;aomusr;f rsK;d r[kwaf y/ þacwf\aemuf? zGUJ zGUJ EGUJ EGUJ a&;xm;aom
wkdufü? w½kwfpmtkyfawmfawmfrsm;rsm; pkaqmif;&&SdcJhayNyD/ odkYaomf? ppf &mZ0ifusr;f tcsKUd ? ay:aygufc\ hJ / ,if;wdt Yk euf Tso Chuan usr;f rSm? taumif;
rjzpfrD &efuek w f uúov kd pf mMunfw h u dk &f dS w½kwpf mtkyw f \ Ykd 5yHk 1yHck efrY Qom? qH;k aompHerlemjzpf\/ þusr;f rSm Ch'um Ch'iu usr;f Bu;D \tzGijfh zpfí? bDpD

184 185
200 cefYu a&;cJhaomusrf;[k ,lqonf/ odkU&mwGif? Chu-shu-chi- niun wdkUwGif tqihftwef;jrihfrm;csufu? þcsdKU,Gif;csufudk zmax;ay;Ekdifrnf
(]0g;&mZ0ifrw S w f rf;} at'D 284 wGif a0 rif;om;wpfyg;\ocsiØ ;f rS wl; jzpf\/ &mZ0ifa&;&mwGif rsufESmrvdkufrItpOftvmudk tm;ay;aom
azmf&&Sdonf/ 0g;rsm;ay:wGifa&;om;aom &mZ0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;jzpfí? þ tpOftvmwpfckrSm? rif;qufwpfcktaMumif;udk xdkrif;qufukefqHk;NyD;
trnfwGifjcif;jzpf\/ Huang Ti bk&ifrS bDpD 99 txdjzpfaom &mZ0if aemufqufccH ahJ om rif;vufxufwiG f a&;om;apaom tpOftvmjzpf\/
rSwfwrf;rsm; jzpf\/) uJhodkYaomusrf;wdkYwGif? tydktvdkr&SdbJ wdwd usus ukefqHk;cJhNyDjzpfaom rif;qufwpfckudk rsufESmvdkuf&efvdkawmhrnf r[kwf
cHhnm;pGma&;om;xm;onfh[efudk? qufvufawGU&jyef\/ ay/
&mZ0ifa&;om;rItwwfonf? 100 bDpaD vmufwiG f rsm;pGmwd;k wuf rkcsjzpfaom taMumif;tcsuw f Ukd ESifh oufqikd af ompmayud?k w½kwf
vmcJ\ h / pwifwx D iG cf ahJ om ynm&Sirf mS Ssu-ma Ts'ieu jzpfonf/ w½kwjf ynf wkuYd urÇmwGif a&S;OD;pGmay:xGe;f apcJ\ h / Oa&mywku d üf rl vGecf ahJ om 19
\ 24 rif;quf&mZ0ifusr;f rsm;\ a&S;OD;vufreS u f sr;f jzpfaom Shih chi &mpkEpS rf sm;twGi;f avmu"mwfynm xGe;f um;vmNy;D aemufr?S þpmayrsK;d
usr;f ac: ]&mZ0ifrw S w f rf;usr;f }rSm þorkid ;f ynm&SiBf u;D \ vuf&mjzpf\/ ay:aygufcJhonf/
þusr;f Bu;D udk jyiftopftrsK;d om; ynm&Sif &SAef;(Chavannes)onf jyifopf tjcm;wpfckrSm &mZ0ifynmqdk&mü bk&if{u&mZfwdkY\tw¬KyÜwåd?
bmomodkY jyefcJh\/ &SAef; ruG,v f eG rf D xuf0ufausmaf om bmomjyefNy;D eef;awmf(odrYk [kw)f Edik if aH &; (odrYk [kw)f wdu k yf w
JG \
Ykd rSww f rf;rsm;avmuf
csufudk? yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/ w½kwfwdkU\ &mZ0ifa&;om;rItwwfESihf om r[kwf? vlom;wdb Yk 0taxGaxG vIyf&Sm;rItrsKd;rsKd;wdkY taMumif;rsm;yg
pyfvsOf;í ,if;pmtkyf\ed'gef;wGif &SAef;u þodkYqdkxm;\/ yg0if&onf/ w½kwfjynftaMumif;udkomuGufí a&;om;jcif;rsKd;r[kwf/
]w½kwfwdkYtwGuf &mZ0ifrSm? ukefvGefcJhaomacwfrsm;ua&;om; w½kwfjynfywfvnf&Sd ]ta&SU? taemuf? awmif? ajrmuf vl½dkif;rsm;\
xm;csurf sm;ud?k a&mifpzkH ef? rSe(f odrYk [kw)f ausmuf rsuf&wemwku Yd kd taMumif;rsm;vnf; yg0if&onf} [laomtcsufwdkYudk &mZ0ifq&mwkdY
yHak y:atmifpyf[yfpu D yfxm;onfh rSepf D ausmufpD tEkynmvuf&m \zcifBuD; pkrmqd,Jef\&mZ0ifusrf;u xif&Sm;apcJhayonf/
ozG,?f ukev f eG cf ahJ omacwfrsm;udk a&;om;xm;csurf sm;udk pkaygif; pkrmqd,Jef\aemuf qufvufa&;cJhaom rif;quf 23 quf(rif;
pDpOfxm;tyfaomynm&yf jzpf\/ a&;om;aomynm&Sio f nf xdk quf&mZ0if 23 apmif)wd\ Yk &mZ0ifrsm;udak &;om;&mü? omrefrQjzpfaom
a&S;a&;om;csuw f rYkd ?S vdtk yfonfwu Ykd akd &G;cs,jf cif;ESifh a&G;cs,x
f m; ajymif;vJcsufESihf jyKjyifcsufwdkYjzihf? pkrmqd,Jef\ &mZ0ifa&;enf;xH;k udk
csuw f uYkd kd pkpnf;pDu;kH rIwiG t f oH;k jyKaom uRr;f usif rIwdkYavmufwGif vdkufemcJhMu\/ þodkYa&;vmcJhMuonf/ tdE´d,EdkifiH tm&Swdkuf ta&SU
om 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;jyK\/ wpfpHkwpfckudk jznfhpGufvQif awmifyikd ;f uRe;f qG,Ef iS w fh uG tm&Swu kd \ f acwfa[mif;&mZ0ifwrYkd mS twGJ
(odkYr[kwf) rl&if;xifjrif,lqcsufwpfckudk 0efcHvQif rlva&;om; aygif; 1500 cefY&Sdaom rif;quf 24 rif;quf &mZ0ifusrf;BuD;wGif yg
csufwGif tvTmwpfckudkom xyfavmif;jznhfpGufjcif; jzpfonf/ 0ifvmcJah yonf/ jrefrmEdik if t H aMumif; a&;om;xm;csurf sm;udk þ&mZ0if
,if;jznfhpGufcsufudk vG,fulpGmESihf cGJjcm;od&SdEdkif\/} usr;f Bu;D wGif &SmazGxw k Ef w k , f &l rnfjzpf\/ yk*H taemf&xmrif;apm rwdik f
w½kwfwdkY\ &mZ0ifa&;om;onfhenf;wGif tenf;i,frQaom cRwf rDjzpfaom jrefrmEdik if o H rdik ;f twGuf þusr;f Bu;D rSm t"du taxmuft
,Gif;csufrSwpfyg; yk*¾dKvfpGJESihf twåaemrwdrygay/ rdrdukd,fwdkifawGYjrifcJh xm;jzpf\/
&onfhtjzpftysufrsm;ESihf taMumif;rsm;udka&;om;&müyif? jzpfEkdifygu twGJaygif; 1500 cefY&Sdaom usrf;BuD;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaMumif;udk
udk;um;a&;om;jcif;rsdK;udk jyKvkyfvdkonf/ rnfonfhae&mü Munfh&rnfenf;/ &SmazGwwf&ef þ&mZ0ifusrf;BuD;\
odkYjzpfívnf; tEkynmwpfcktaejzihf w½kwf&mZ0ifwdkUwGif csKdU tcef;rsm;ESihf tcef;wkdUpDpOfxm;yHkudk od&Sd&efvdkayonf/ tjynfhtpHkjzpf
,Gif;csuf&o dS nf/ w½kw&f mZ0ifa&;enf;rSm twGi;f rSay:aygufonfxuf aom rif;qufwpfck\&mZ0ifusrf;wGif tcef;BuD; 3 cef;ygonf/ ,if;
jyifyrSay;vmaomenf; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif tpGJr&SdrIESihf rsufESmrvdkufrI wdrYk mS chi, chih ESifh chuan wdjYk zpfonf/

186 187
 chi rSmt"dutydkif;jzpfonf/ pau chi [kvnf;ac:onf/ eef;wGif; ½H;k rsm;? t&m&Srd sm;? tkycf sKyrf qI ikd &f mtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;\ trnfrsm;ESifh
&mZ0ifrw S w f rf; jzpfonf/ eef;wGi;f &mZ0ifq&mu aeYpOf eef;wGi;f jzpfysuf tac:ta0:rsm;rSm acwftvdkuf? rif;quftvdkuf ajymif;vJcJhonf/
csurf sm;udk aeY&uftpDtpOftwdik ;f a&;om;xm;aom aeYpOfrw S w
f rf; jzpf þodkY ajymif;vJvmaomtrnfESihf tac:ta0:rsm;udk chih tydik ;f wGiyf g
onf/ a&;om;xm;aom þrSwfwrf;udk bk&if{u&mZftm; jy&ef rvdkay/ aom tkyfcsKyfrIpepftcef;ESihf wyfrawmftcef;wdkYwGif awGU&SdEkdifayrnf/
bDpD 841 ckrpS í aeYpOfrw S wf rf;rsm;udk aeYpOfvpOfrysurf uGuf tpDtpOf tjcm;usrf;udk;usrf;um;rsm;twGufrl chih tydkif;yg pmaytcef;udk avh
twdkif;a&;om;vmcJh\/ &ufpGJrsm;udk twdtusa&;rSwfxm;onf/ aeYpOf vm&ayrnf/
rSwfwrf;wdkYonf a0a0qmqmzGJYETJUa&;om;xm;jcif; r&S/d tydt k vdk rygbJ? odUk &mwGif þ&mZ0ifusr;f Bu;D wdUk wGif tñTe;f rmwdum xnfx h m;jcif;
wduk ½f ukd af &;om;xm;onf/ wpf&ufNyD;wpf&uf pDa&;xm;aomfvnf; rSwf r&So d jzihf &SmazGrrI mS rvG,u f v l aS y/ jrefrmEkid if H (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmEdik if EH Sihf
wrf;wpfckckESihf tquftoG,fr&Sday/ qufpyfaeaomtaMumif;&yfrsm;ESihf tñTef;rsm;udk&&SdEkdif&ef þusrf;BuD;
csd (chih) tydik ;f wGif oD;jcm;pmwrf;rsm;yg0ifonf/ a&;om;aom wdkY\ oufqdkif&mtcef;wdkYudk tptqHk;zwf½I&efvdkayrnf/
taMumif;&yfwrYkd mS rrsm;vSyg/ wl&, d m*Dw? yx0D0if (wdvd tili ) tkycf sKyf þusrf;BuD;wdkUrSm &Snfvsm;vSonf/ tusOf;csKyf&mZ0ifusrf;wpf
rIpepf? wyfrawmf? pmayponfh taMumif;&yfrsm;yg0ifonf/ þt usrf;jzpfaom &SDusd Shih-chi üyif tkyaf ygif; 130 (chuan)ygonf/
aMumif;&yfrsm;tm;vH;k (odrYk [kw)f tcsKUd wdw Yk iG f jrefrmEdik if EH iS pfh yfvsO;f onfh Tu-shu-chi-cheng ac:aompG,p f u
kH sr;f Bu;D wGif tkyaf ygif; 10000
taMumif;t&mrsm; yg0ifonf/ ausmfyg0ifí twGJaygif; 1628 wGJ&Sdonf/ bDpD 4 &mpkESpfrS at'D 10
Chuan tydkif;rSm t&SnfqHk;jzpfonf/ þtydkif;wGif xif&Sm;aom &mpkESpfxdjzpfaom rif;quf&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;udk tkyfcsKyfrIwGif uRrf;usif
yk*¾dKvfwdkY\ tw¬KyÜwådrsm;ygonf/ þtydkif;\ tqHk;ydkif;tcef;wdkYrSm ]EkdifiH em;vnfaomynm&Sd Sau ma hung onf tvGefoyf&yfwduspGm tusOf;
jcm;rsm;taMumif;rSwfwrf;}? ]awmifydkif;vl½dkif;rsm;}? ]taemufawmifydkif; csHK;ía&;om;cJh\/ xdktusOf;csKyf&mZ0ifusrf;rSm Tzu-chuh-t'ung-chien
vl&dkif;rsm;} ponfwdkYjzpf\/ þtcef;wdkYwGif jrefrmEdkifiHESihfwdkuf½dkufouf jzpfonf/ þtusOf;csKyfusrf;üyif tkyfa&aygif; 306 &Sdí twGJBuD;aygif;
qdkifaom tcef;i,frsm;ygpNrJjzpfonf/ þtcef;i,fwdkYwGif awGU&aom 60 &Sdavonf/
taMumif;tcsufwdkYudk &SmazGrSwfom;&ayrnf/ oHtzGJUrsm;? ppfyGJrsm; &mZ0ifusr;f rsm;uJo h ykYd if yx0D0ifusr;f rsm;udv k nf; w½kwfynm&Sd
ponfw h \Ykd ckEpS rf sm;udrk w
S of m;Ny;D vQif pau-chi wGiyf g0ifcsurf sm;ESifh wdu k f wkUd onf tvGeaf &S;usaomumv uwnf;u a&;om;cJMh uonf/ yx0D0if
qdik pf pfaq;Edik af yonf/ pau-chi wGif yg0ifcsufwdkYrSm wdkyifwkdaomfvnf; udk w½kwb f momü wdvd [kac:onf/ a&S;tusq;kH &mZ0ifusr;f Shu Ching
ydkíwdusrSefuefonf/ wpfzef jrefrmEkdifiHESihfoufqdkifaom xif&Sm;onhf \ (yu kung)tcef;wGif yx0D0ifynm\t&dyt f >rufukd awG&Y onf/ þum;
yk*¾dKvfrsm;? ppfolBuD;rsm;? bk&ifcHrsm;? oHwrefrsm;ESifh tjcm;yk*¾dKvfwdkY\ w½kwb f momESifh a&S;tusq;kH a&;om;xm;aom yx0D0iftaMumif;jzpfonf/
trnfrsm;udv k nf; rSwo f m;í? þ chuan tydik ;f ygtw¬Kyw Ü rdå sm;wGif &SmazG xdt k csed af vmufrpS í w½kwb f momESifh yx0D0ifusr;f rsm;udk &mZ0ifusr;f
avhvmEdkifonf/ þodkUjzihf ydkrdkjynfhpHkaomtaMumif;tcsufrsm;udk &&SdEdkif rsm;ESihf,SOfwGJí awGY&\/ us,fjyefYjcif;? pepfwus&SdpGm jynfhpHkjcif;wdkYü
ayonf/ w½kwfyx0D0ifusrf;rsm;udk rnfonfhyx0D0ifusrf;wdkYurS ,SOfNydKifEkdifrnf
wl&d,m*DwtaMumif;a&;om;xm;csufudkawGYvQif chih tydik ;f yg r[kwf[k w½kwfpmayyg&*l qmtmoma0hvDu qdkxm;ayonf/ ('Notes
wl&d,m*Dwtcef;wGif jyefí &SmazGvQiftusdK;&Sdrnfjzpf\/ NrdKU? &Gm? jrpf? on Chinese Literature', A .Wylie; Shanghai,1922, 43.)
acsmif;ponfh ae&ma'owdUk \ trnfrsm;udk wdvcd sD ti li chih wGif ,leef rif;quf&mZ0ifusrf;wdkif;üvdkyif &mZ0iftcef; Shih chi NyD;onf
e,f taemufyikd ;f tcef;wGif &SmazGawGU&SEd ikd o f nf/ aemufyikd ;f acwf &mZ0if aemuf Ti-li-chih ygpNrJ jzpfonf/
wdkYwGif þtcef;rSm ydkrdkíta&;BuD;ayonf/ w½kwEf idk if \
H jrpfrsm;taMumif;udk a&S;tusq;kH a&;om;cJah omusr;f

188 189
rSm a&*E¨0ifusr;f [k t"dymÜ ,faumufEikd af om Shui chung usr;f jzpfonf/
c&pfEpS af y:OD;avmufu Sang Chin qdo k al &;om;cJ\
h / (Wyle 53)
þusrf;\rl&if;tzGiu fh kd Li Tao yuan u at'D 6 &mpkEpS rf sm; tpavmuf
wGiaf &;cJ\ h / þusr;f wGif w½kwjf ynf&dS jrpfrsm;taMumif;udk jrpfzsm;rS jrpf0
txd a&;om;xm;onf/ tcsKdUjrpfwdkUrSm jrefrmEkdifiHe,fpyfESihfeD;ojzihf
xdak 'orsm;taMumif;udk ,if;pmtkyfwGifawGU&\/ (tcef; 33-37)
w½kwftifyg,mtaMumif;udk tao;pdwfazmfjy a&;om;xm;aom
T'ai-p'ung-huan-np-chi (ibid 44) usrf;rSm yx0D0ifusrf;BuD;wpfusrf;
jzpfonf/ at'D 980 avmufu Lo-shih qdkola&;om;cJhonf/ þusrf;
\tqH;k avmufwiG f awmifyikd ;f vl½ikd ;f rsm;taMumif; (tcef; 176-9)yg\/
þtaMumif;wGif tm&Swu kd t
f a&SUawmifyikd ;f twGuf ta&;Bu;D aom Edik if H
orkdif;taxmuftxm; tudk;tum;rsm; yg&Sdonf/
,Ge;f (Yuan) rGe*f v kd rf if;qufvufxufu a&;xm;cJah om Ta-yuan-
i-t'ung-chih ,GJefrif;qufyx0D0ifusrf;BuD;wGif tcef;aygif; 1000
ygonfq\ kd / þusr;f Bu;D rSm ,cktcgwGif tpaysmufíaeayNy/D odUk &mwGif
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udkrlwnfí a&;om;xm;aom þ Ta-ming-i-t'ung-chihusrf;BuD;udk
tkyfcsKyfrIt& ydkif;jcm;xm;aome,frsm;udk vdkufía&;om;xm;\/ tcef;
87 wGif ,leefe,f jrefrmEdkifiHe,fpyfteD; teD;a'orsm;ESihf jrefrmEkdifiH
ajrmufydkif;a'owdkU\yx0D0ifudk awGY&\/ ta&;BuD;vSaomazmfjycsuf
rsm; jzpfayonf/
þyx0D0ifusrf;wdkU\rludkvkdufí refcsL;rif;qufvufxufwGif
ydkrdkBuD;us,faom Ta-t'ing-i-t'ung-chih usrf;BuD; ay:aygufcJhonf/ e,f
BuD;rsm;omru shing, chou, hsunwdkYtxd tkyfcsKyfrIe,fti,fqHk; txd
tao;pdwfa&;om;xm;aom usrf;jzpfonf/ (ibid 43)
jrefrmEdik if t
H wGuf ta&;Bu;D aom tjcm;w½kwyf x0Dusr;f wpfcrk mS
1667 wGifxkwfa0aom Ku-tsu-yu a&; Tu-chih-fang-yu-chi-yao
jzpfonf/ (ibid 63) pm 9-tkyf&Sd\/ ajymif;vJvmaom w½kwfEkdifiH\
yx0D0ifudk tapmqHk;tcsdefrS 17 &mpk at'Dtxd a&;xm;aomusrf;
jzpfonf/ tcef; 119 rSm jrefrmEdkifiHESihfqufpyfaeayonf/
ta&;BuD;aom tjcm;usrf;BuD;rsm;rSm pG,fpHkusrf;BuD;rsm; jzpfMu
onf/ a&S;usaomusrf;wdkUrSm Chiu T'ung 9 usrf;jzpfonf/ yXr 3usrf;
rSm T'ing-tian , T'ing Chih ESihf T'ing K'ao wdkY jzpfonf/ xefrif;qufrS
190
qkefrif;quftxdjzpfaom taMumif;w&m;rsm; ygonf/
T'ing- tian ukd Tu Yu ua&;onf/ tkyfa& 200 yg0if\/ (ibid
68) þusrf;rSm Liu (Chih) Yih a&;aom Chang tian udk rS;D onfq\ kd /
trSD;usrf;rSm rjynfhpHkojzihf jynfhpHkatmif tcef;opfrsm;xnfhí a&;om;
jcif;jzpfonf/ þusr;f wGif yg0ifaomtcef;wdUk rSm Edik if aH &;qdik &f m pD;yGm;a&;?
pmay wdk;wufa&;? tpdk;&½Hk;ESifh&mxl;rsm;? tcrf;tem;rsm;? wl&d,m*Dw?
ppf pnf;urf;? yx0D0ifEiS fh trsKd ;om;umuG,af &;wdjYk zpfonf/ þusrf;yg
tcsuw f rYkd mS w½kwEf dkifiHordkif;tapmqHk;rS 8 &mpk at'Dtv,favmufxd
a&muf\/
þusr;f rSm taMumif;t&mjynfph í kH cdik v
f pkH mG a&;om;xm;aomusr;f
jzpf\/ þusr;f tpDtpOftwdik ;f ordik ;f pOfrysuaf tmif qufvufa&;om;
&ef vdktyfojzihf refcsL;rif;qufvufxuf 1767 ckwGif bk&if {u&mZf
trdejYf zihf qufvufa&;om;rIukd jyKvyk af pcJo h nf/ þodUk qufvufí jznfh
pGuaf &;om;aomusr;f udk Chin-ting-hai-t'ing-tinac:\/ aemuf qufa&;
aom hsu usr;f rsm;[k ac:Ekid o f nf/ þa&;om;csuw f rYkd mS Meng rif;quf
ukefonftxd a&mufonf/ tkyfa& 144 &Sd\/ tpDtpOfrSm xyfwl
jzpfaomfvnf; aemufqHk;tcef;jzpfaom trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;tcef;udk
ppfa&;ESihf w&m;"r®owfa&;[k 2 cef; cGJjcm;vdkufonf/
refcsL;acwftxd qufvufa&;apjyef&m Chiu- t'ing- huang-
chao- t'ing-tian pG,fpHkusrf; ay:aygufcJhonf/ þusrf;wGif tkyfa& 100
&Sdonf/ refcsL;rif;quf tao;pdwftaMumif;t&mrsm; ygí 1736 at'D
txd a&mufonf/
þusrf;tm;vHk;wdkYavmufwGif ]awmifbufe,fedrdwf} (odkYr[kwf)
awmifydkif;vl½dkif;rsm;taMumif;yg0ifí jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;twGufta&;BuD;
vSayonf/ þ tung usrf;wpfusrf;jzpfaom Ma Tnan-liu (1282)
a&; Tuang Kao usrf;yg awmifydkif;vl&dkif;wdkUtaMumif;udk Hervey de
Saint Denysu jyifopfbmomjyefqdkNyD; jzpfonf/ þusrf;udkvnf;
refcsL;rif;qufwiG f tpOftqufrjywf&atmif qufvufí a&;om;apcJh
ayonf/
rif rif;quf0if Yung lo {u&mZfonf 1407 at'D wGif Yung
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yg&So
d nf/ rmwdumyif usr;f pmtkyt f jzpf&o dS nf/ a&S;a[mif;pmayESifh ynm
191
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aumif;\/
rif rif;quf\ 'kw, d {u&mZf Ching tsie onf vdkavao;r&Sd
atmif jynfhpHkaom pG,fpHkusrf;BuD;wpfckudk jyKpkap&ef 1403 at'DwGif
Chinch kai Tsin qkdolynm&Sdudk wm0efay;cJhonf/ Kai Tsin onf pmay
ynm&Sif 147 OD;wdkY\tultnDjzihf usrf;BuD;wpfusrf;udkjyKpkcJh&m 1ESpfcJG
cefYtcsdeftwGif;NyD;cJh\/
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eu©wfaA'? yx0D0if? vlYOmPfrrDavmufatmif eufeJaomynm&yfrsm;?
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vkeD;rS a&;om;jyKpkrIvkyfief; NyD;pD;cJh\/
tcef;rsm;udk Hung-wu-ching-yin tbd"mefwiG f yg0ifonfh pmvH;k
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um;az:jyonfhenf;rSm wpforwfwnf; r&Sday/ wpfcgwpf&H acgif;pOfyg
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ckvHk;udk xnfhíudk;um;onf/ wpfcgwpf&H taMumif;ESihfqkdifonfh pmtkyf
wpftkyfvHk;udk xnfhay;onf/
pmrlrsm;NyD;pD;í bk&if{u&mZfxH wifjyaomtcgwGif yHkESdyfEdkif&ef
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192
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Wan Yiian hao wGix f m;í wpfapmifukd bk&if{uú&mZf\pmMunfch ef;wGif
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Munhfcef;&SdpmrlwdkU ysufpD;qHk;½HI;cJh\/ Wan Yiian hao wGif xm;aompmrlrS
pmwGJaygif; 2422 aysmufqHk;onf/
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tzdk;wefa&S;usrf; 385 apmifrSm þusrf;twGif; yg0ifwnf&Sdvsuf r
aysmufrysuf usef&Sdaeayonf/
,aeYwikd f urÇmwGit f Bu;D qH;k [k ,lq&aom pG,pf u kH sr;f Bu;D rSmvnf;
w½kwfbmomESihf jzpf\/ þusrf;rSm 1726 at?'DwGif Chin Meng Lei
u a&;om;xkwfa0cJhap\/ T'u-shu-chi-ching usrf;BuD;jzpfonf/ twGJ
aygif; 1628 wGJyg\/ þusrf;wGifygaom taMumif;t&mrsm;ESihftrnf
G f rsm;udk vG,u f pl mG &SmazGawG&Y EdS idk &f ef NAw
d o
d Qjywdu
k u
f tñTe;f ? rmwdumrsm;
udk jyKvkyfcJhayonf/
þusrf;BuD;rsm;uJhodkY BuD;us,fjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; þusrf;wdkUxuf
ydkrdka&S;usí jrefrmEkdifiHordkif;twGuf ta&;ygvSaom pG,fpHkusrf;i,fwdkU
rSm Hui-yao usr;f pOfrsm;jzpfonf/ Hui-yao (Wylu, 69)rSm rif;qufwpfc\ k
tpOftvmESihfxHk;enf;Oya'[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ wdkif;a&;jynf&mESihf
oufqdkif aom taMumif;&yfwdkUudk trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;um rif;quftvdkuf
a&;om;xm;aomusrf;rsm; jzpfonf/
þusrf;pOfwGif a&S;tusqHk;usrf;udk Su Misn [kac:aom ynm
&Sifu jyKpkonf/ 618 rS 804 at'Dtxdjzpfaom umvtxd jzpfaom
taMumif;&yfrsm;yg0ifonf/ 853 at'DwGif Yang Chao-fu ESihf tjcm;
yk*Kd¾ vw
f oYkd nf 804 rS 853 at'Dtxdjzpfaom tjzpftysuEf iS fh taMumif;
t&mrsm;udk rif;rdefYt& jznfhpGufa&;om;onf/
Sung rif;quf (960-1280) tpavmufwGif Wuang Piu ac:
ynm&Sio f nf a&;cJNh y;D aomusr;f rsm;udpk ak ygif;í vdt k yfaeaom taMumif;
193
t&mrsm;udk jznfhpGufa&;om;\/ xdkYjyif T'ang rif;qufukefqHk;onfh 907
at'Dtxd qufvufa&;om;cJhonf/ þodkU pkaygif;jznhfpGufa&;om;jcif;
onf 961 at'DwGif NyD;qHk;cJh\/ þusrf;rSm T'ang-Hui-Yao (ibid 69)[k
wGifonf/ taMumif;tcsufwdkUudk pDpOfxm;yHkrSm oihfjrwfjcif;r&Sd ½IyfaxG;
onf/ odkY&mwGif wl&d,m*Dwtcef;jzpfaom tcef; 33 ESihf aemufqHk;
tcef; (tcef; 100) wdkUwGif ysLvlrsdK;ESihf jrefrmEkdifiH\ a&S;acwfa[mif;
EdkifiHrsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;onfh tzdk;wefvSaom taMumif;tcsufwdkYudk awGYEkdif
ayonf/
T'si-fu-yuan-kui (ibid 183) ac: usr;f \ aemufq;kH tydi k ;f jzpfonfh
Edik if yH aus;awmfrsKd; uRefawmfrsKd;rsm;taMumif;ac: Wai Ch'an wpfyikd ;f ?
(tcef; 956 rS 1000xd)wGif a&S;cwfjrefrmEdkifiHESihfpyfvsOf;onhf
aemufxyf taMumif;tcsuf tawmfrsm;rsm;udk tESUH tjym;awG&Y ayonf/
þusrf;rSm 1005 at'DwGif wwd,ajrmuf Sung {uú&mZf Chiu Tsung
cefYtyfaom aumfr&Sifua&;om;aomusrf; jzpf\/ tapmqHk;tcsdefrSpí
jynfa&;jynf&mESiq fh idk af om taMumif;tcsuw f Ukd udk ouú&mZftpOftvdu k f
pG,fpHkusrf;qefqef a&;om;xm;aomusrf; jzpf\/ taMumif;t&mrsm;udk
jynfph pkH mG tao;pdwí f az:jyxm;onf/ 1013 at'DwiG f a&;om;Ny;D pD;onf/
tcef;aygif; 1000 yg0if\/ jynfhpHkaomfvnf; taMumif;t&maz:jycsuf
wdkUrSm pdwfcszG,f&mr&Sd[k ynm&SifwdkU,lqMu\/
þusr;f xuf ydrk ckd ikd v
f o
kH nf[, k q
l &aomusr;f rSm T'ai-Ping-yu-lan
usrf;jzpf\/ (Wylu, 183) 'kwd,ajrmuf Sung {uú&mZf T'ai Tsung \
trdet Yf & ynm&Sd Li Fang ESifh tjcm;yk*Kd¾ vw f Ukd jyKpok nfh pG,pf u
kH sr;f jzpf\/
983 at'DwGif a&;om;íNyD;onf/ þusrf;udk a&S;OD;ay;aomtrnfrSm
T'ai-p'ing-pin-lei jzpfonf/ rif;{u&mZfudk,fwdkif pmrludkppfaq;onf/
wpfaeYvQif 3 tkyu f sNy;D í wpfEpS Mf umrS pmrlppfaq;jcif;Ny;D onf[k qd\ k /
þodUk ppfaq;&onfukd taMumif;jyKí usr;f trnfukd ,ckac:a0:aeaom
T'ai-ping-yu-lan odkYajymif;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/
þusrf;rSm ay:cJhNyD;aompG,fpHkusrf;wdkYxuf ydkrdkíjynfhpHkonf/ t
cef;aygif; 1000 ygonf/ usr;f \tpwGif ud;k um;aomusr;f aygif; 1690
wdkU\pm&if;udk ay;xm;\/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk a&;om;az:jy&mü ,if;
usrf;wdkUrS aumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk,lí rSefuefpGmudk;um;az:jyonf/ þ
udk;um;csufrsm;udk &Sdaeao;onfhusrf;rsm;ESihf wdkufqdkifppfaq;aomtcg
194
rSeuf efonfu rsm;onfuakd wG&Y \/ odUk &mwGif az:jyxm;aomtud;k tum;
usrf;rsm;rSm r&Sdawmhyg/ ,if;wdkUrS aumufEkwfcsufrsm;avmufom þ
pG,fpHkusrf;wGif awGY&awmhonf/
usrf;\tpDtpOfrSm aumif;rGefonf/ awmifydkif;vl½dkif;rsm;tydkif;
(tcef; 785 rS 791xd)ESifh tjcm;oufqidk &f mae&mrsm;wdUk wGif jrefrmEkid if H
ESihfpyfqkdifaom taMumif;tcsufrsm;udk awGU&onf/
þusrf;\ tzdk;wefyHkudk w&kyfpmayynm&Sd vD,dke,f*sdKif; (Lionel
Gilis) u ]vuf&Sdvlom;wdkU\todynmwpfckvHk;udk NcHKrdatmif tav;
teuf BudK;pm;jyKpkxm;aomusrf;jzpfojzihf pG,fpHkusrf;[laomtrnfudk
trSefwu,f cH,lxdkufaomusrf; jzpfonf/ odvdkaom taMumif;t&yf
wpfckck\taMumif;udk 1690 xufrenf;aomusrf;wdkYrS xkwfEkwf,lxm;
aompmydk'frsm;tm;jzihf az:jyxm;ao;onf}} [k csD;usL;a&;om;cJhzl;\/
qdkcJhNyD;aompG,fpHkusrf;wdkUrSm usrf;BuD;rsm;jzpf\/ þusrf;wdkUtjyif
a'oEÅ&qdkif&m pG,fpHkusrf;rsdK;vnf;&Sdao;onf/ ,if;usrf;wdkUudk T'ung-
chih [kac:onf/ e,ftpdk;&toD;oD;wdkYu xkwfaom usrf;rsm;jzpfonf/
jrefrmEdik if EH iS fh teD;qH;k jzpfaom ,leefe,f\ T'ung-chih wdUk teuf a&S;t
usqHk;rSm Yüan rif;qufvufxufu xkwfcJhaomusrf;jzpf\/ xdkusr;f
aemuf Li Yuan Yang \ usr;f ay:aygufco hJ nf/ 1572 at'D Mung rif;
quftwGif; a&;om;cJhaomusrf;wnf;/ xdkUaemuf refcsL;eef;quf t
apmydkif; 1691 ck a&;om;aomYinn-nau Tung-chit usr;f vnf; &So d nf/
17 wGJyg\/ 1736 at'DwGif Orkttai ESihf Chung Tao-mo wdUk \usr;f
ay:aygufcJhonf/ taMumif;tcsufpHkí vGefpGmtoHk;0ifaom ykPÖm;wdkif
usrf;rSm Wang Sung, Li Ching polwUkd 1826 cku a&;xkwcf ahJ omusr;f
jzpfonf/ þusr;f udk Ch'ang T'ing-chun qdkolu 1826 ckESpf aemuf
jzpfysufcJhaom taMumif;&yfwdkUudk jznfhpGufí ydkrdkus,fjyefYpGmwnf;jzwf
NyD;vQif 1895 ck wGix f w
k af 0cJ\
h / usr;f \ta&;Bu;D aom aemufxyfjznfh
pGucf sujf zpfonf/ Hsu-yün-nan-t'ung-chih-kao udk Lo Yüan-fu qdo k u
l
jyKpkonf/ þaemufxyfjznfhpGufcsufusrf;rSm bk&if{uú&mZf\twnfjyK
csuf r&ojzihf pmrltjzpfESihfom &SdaecJhonf/ þpmrltwdkif;yif 1900
jynhfESpfüyHkESdyfxkwfa0cJh\/ þaemufydkif; T'ung chih usrf;wdkUwGif
,leefe,fwiG fyg0ifaom c½dik w f ikd ;f wdUk \ajryHrk sm;udk xnfo
h iG ;f xm;\/ tm;
vHk;udkNcHKMunfhvQif þusrf;wdkYrSm tñTef;usrf;rsKd;omjzpfonf/ tajccH
taejzihf arhaysmuf&efusrf;rsdK; r[kwfay/ tzdk;wefaomusrf;rsm;yif
195
jzpfvifhupm; Oya'tpdk;&qefvGef;vSaom ta&;tom;rsKd; jzpfaeonf/
ydkrdkí pmayobm0ususa&;om;onhfusrf;rSm Tusn hsi usrf;
jzpf\/ 1807 ckwGif Shih Fan qdkolua&;om;cJh\/ twGJ 40 yg0ifonf/
tcef;cGJjcm;yHktpDtpOfrSm tpdk;&pG,fpHkusrf;rsm;avmuf aumif;rGefjcif;r&Sd
ay/ usr;f jyKol Shih Fan rSm tpd;k &t&m&Sjd zpfonf/ tajccHtm;jzihf ynm
&Siw f pfO;D jzpf\/ ynm&Siq f &kd mü w½kwyf nm&Siwf Ukd wGif &Spd NrjJ zpfaom xl;
jcm;onfhpdwfoabmxm;&Sdol jzpfonf/ oabmxm;BuD;onf? yifyifyef;
yef;BuKd ;pm;onf? ESrd cfh sonf/ tjcm;usr;f rsm;wGif rawGUEkid o f nfh t aMumif;
t&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk Tuan chih usr;f wGiaf wG&Y \/ Shih Fan \
aus;Zl;yifjzpfonf/ oufqdkif&mtaMumif;t&yf\wefzdk;udk jzwfay;aom
a0zefcsufrSwfpkwpfckvnf; ygao;onf/
tjcm;usrf;pkrSm c½dkifrSwfwrf;rsm; jzpfonf/ ,cktcgwGif &&Sd&ef
cufcJvSaomusrf;rsm;jzpf\/ wuúodkvfpmMunfhwkdufwGif a&S;u þusrf;
rsKd ; 2 usr;f om&Scd zhJ ;l \/ wpfusr;f rSm T'eng-yüih-chun-chih jzpf\/ at'D
1795 u T'u Shu-Lin qdkol jyKpkcJh\/ tjcm;usrf;rsm; 1887 at'DwGif
Chao Tuan-Li qdkolu jyKpkaom T'eng-yüih-t'ing-chih usr;f jzpfonf/
Wang Seng \ Yün-nan-t'ung-chih usrf;tcef; 191 ESihf 192 wdkUwGif
tapmqH;k acwfrS pí&Sv d mcJah om Yü-nan e,ftaMumif; usrf;rsm;pm&if;
udk awGEY ikd o f nf/ ,ckoad eaom Yü-nan e,f taMumif;yg usr;f pm&if;ESifh
EIdif;,SOfMunfhvQif Yü-nan e,ftaMumif; a&;xm;aomusrf; tajrmuf
tjrm;uG,faysmufcJh&NyD;udk odEdkifonf/ ,if;usrf;wdkUwGif jrefrmEdkifiH
taMumif;rsm; tawmfrsm;rsm;yg&SdcJhrnf jzpfonf/ tcsdKUusrf;wdUk rSm jrefrm
Edik if tH aMumif;oyfoyfukd a&;xm;aomusr;f rsm; jzpfayonf/ þusr;f rsK;d rSm
T'ai-pao awmifay:ae xif;acG&aoha&;aom Mu-tiu-shih-wo ]jrefrm
EkdifiH\tpESihftqHk;} ac: usrf;jzpf\/
Wang Buug yifa&;om;aom Yü-nan-pei-chaung-chit usrf;rSm
jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;okawoejyK&eftwGuf tvG,fwuloHk;pGJEdkifaomusrf;
jzpf\/ tcef; 21 cef;ygonf/ 1831 ckESpfujzpf\/ Téu-hai usr;f xuf
omonfhtcsufrSm? tMurf;tm;jzihf ckESpftvdkuf pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
Mug rif;quftqHk;xd ygonf/ toHk;usaomusrf; jzpfonf/
AdkvfrSL;b&Sif
196
Ba Shin; Chinese Sources on Myanma History
Translated by Than Tun
Every new Chinese emperor wanted to know the
extent of the Chinese empire and the history and
culture of the people living in it. The Chinese took it
for granted that Myanma had had a subordinate
alliance with them. Reports on Myanma were made
out the beginning of each emperor’s reign and any-
one interested in Myanma’s relation with her east-
ern neighbour has to use these reports. Colonel
Ba Shin (1914-7 January 1970) specialized in
Myanma Relations with Her Eastern Neighbours
and his Note on Chinese Sources on Myanma is
found very useful to all people working on Sino-
Myanma relations.
Than Tun
Chinese Imperial Annals have various accounts on China’s
neighbouring countries and its political as well as economic re-
lations with Myanma are of immense value source material to
write the early history of Myanma. One would hardly believe
such a statement, but it is true. Documentation is of prior im-
portance. The material should be (a) original, (b) contempo-
rary and (c) trustworthy in the sense that there are no imagina-
tions nor exagerations in it .
From about the tenth century AD native material is ample
and usuable. Beyond this, they are either too little and too diffi-
cult to understand. That certainly was ' The Dark Age '. The
Chinese information, however, could throw some light in that
darkness. In another words the Chinese sources could
supplement much to what scanty knowledge that we have on
the history of ' Early Myanma '.
Professor G.H. Luce, Editor of the Journal of the Burma
Research Society, for the year 1924, said:
The present number (JBRS XIV, ii, August 1924) is but a
197
 shot at a venture. It aims at recalling the attention of
(Myanma) scholors to the wide field of research await-
ing them in Chinese histories and literature relating to
(Myanma). In the early days after the annexation of
Upper Myanma a first harvest from this field was reaped
by Messrs Warry and Parker. Of their translations only
a fraction has been published in a form accessible to the
public; and Professor Parker's best known work on the
subject - Burma with Special Referance to Her Rela-
tions with China, Yangon Gazette Press, 1893, is now
well-nigh unprocurable. For subsequent work in this field
we are chiefly indebted to French orientalists, notably to
Professor Pelliot, M. Coedis, M. Gabriel Ferrand and
the late M. Edvard Hunter. As early as 1904, M.Pelliot
published, in Tome IV of the Bulletin de L' Ecole
Fran,caise d' Extreme-Oriant, his masterly 'article' (of
nearly 300 pages), Deux Itineraires, a great contribu-
tion to the history, not merely of Myanma, but the whole
of Indo-China. It is the solid rock on which much subse-
quent research has been founded. Being in French, how-
ever, this work is unfamiliar to some of our readers; that
is why-not without shame at the 20 years delay-we of-
fer, in this latter part of this number, a translation of the
first fifty pages, containing most of the passages directly
relating to Myanma. Our efforts to collect passage in the
Chinese Histories dealing with the early history of
Myanma, have been greatly limited by the absence of
any Chinese Historical Library in Yangon. In fact with
but for exception, we were confined to this Dynastic His-
tories.
(Using the Gupta script of early Christian era, Pyu people
left tomb stones with inscription. With what like vocabulary
known, we think we know who died when. Chronologies have
no scruples. They mention dozens of kings and the cities they
built. In addition to this, they mention the migration of people.
Tibeto-Myanma would have moved south from Yunnan, T'ai-
Chinese from Sisom Panna and Mon-Khmer from Kampucha.
But the Chroniclers said they were Indo-Aryans and their kings
were the direct descendants of Mahathamada, the very first
198
monarch on earth). That certainly was the Dark Age. The
Chinese records, however, could fill in the blank and shed some
glimmer of light in the said darkness.
Subsequently, the collecting of Chinese Works were
started. At about the beginning of the Second War (1940)about
20,000 works were collected. (Unfortunately all of them were
lost during to the Second World War.
Museum? Start collecting. Have a building first. Making
the wearer to fit the clothes or cutting the cloth to fit the wearer?
Take over the Phayre Museum and enlarge it. Take the Myanma
exhibits at the Wembley Park Exhibition. A warehouse would
be good enough at the beginning. (JBRS, XIV,i, April, 1924, 17)
" Museum is an urgent national need".
Professor G.H. Luce started seriously to collect Chinese
sources on Myanma History and Rev.S. Wan Hui (Aef0SD;) was
of great help to him in this dark. As a result, they two suc-
ceeded in making this library of the history of Southeast Asia
became this best in the whole of Southeast Asia.
During the World War II, the library building was burnt
and the whole of Southeast Asian references were lost. The
Myanma Historical Commission, formed in 1955, started to build
a similar collection of Chinese Sources on (Early) Myanma
History. Unfortunately, several of the important works are not
available.The Library of MHC (Myanma Historical Commis-
sion), however, has so far collected... works (which is about1^5
of the Prewar Collection).
The translation of relevant parts on Myanma history
from.... books was made by U Yi Sein (Chen Yi Sein, unfortu-
nately Chen left Myanma to live with his son in Taiwan. He
never returned and he died there on 23 March 2005.) The List
of Translated Works is available. It is not complete, though the
work done so far, is quite helpful.
One might ask why so much importance is attached to
Chinise sources in the research of (Early) Myanma History.
The next thing one would ask is how much information would
be useful and how would we check their authenticity.
Chinese culture is great. Their dynastic histories are
numerious. They contain much information that we could use
with much a
199
 Chinese Text Description
Shu Ching About India in 1;000 BC
Ch'un Ch'in (Spring/Au- Manual of Confunism, short and simple
tumn)
Tso chuan Ch'un Ch'in explained written before 200 BC
Chu-Shu-chi-nien Accounts on the reign of Huang Ti
(299BC); from a grave of a We prince, un-
earthed in AD 284
Shih-chi A history of 24 Chinese Dynasties; partly
transleted into French by Chineses; trans-
lator took great care to keep close to the
original
The chinese were past masters in collecting information
on the history and culture of neighbouring courtries. On an-
tiques they know the difference between.
(1) Conservation (stop the decay)
(2) Preservation (keep it stands exactly as it was before)
and
(3) Restoration (maintain its old appearance)
On the other hand, they have had a great thirst for knowl-
edge. A new emperor must be told about
(1) the extent of his territories
(2) the history of the people living in these territories and
(3) the likes and dislikes of these people
When a Chinese writes these imformations he takes care not to
add his own observations. His reports are true and precise. Per-
haps it was because the old people were dead and gone and
they did not fear any reprisals for being too honest. They felt
free to be honest. In Europe there were religion wars right up
to the 19th century.
The Chinese historians always try to get contemporary
or 'eye- witness' accounts. That too has a weakness in it. Some
witnesses are not keen in observation. It is not difficult to check
any account on a battle but it is not so easy to check an ac-
count of any expedition. For instance the Chinese considered
themselves the only civilized people on earth. To them, Myanma
200
were "Southern Barbarians," Japanese were "Island Barbar-
ians" and European were "Red Headed Barbarians". So they
were incapable of doing anything good. There is, however, one
saving device on it. A new emperor always wanted to know
about the success or failure of the last dynesty and he got un-
biased or true stories. Nothing like this was fond in Europe until
the 19th century A.D.
Almost all historical accounts were on palaces and pal-
ace people (King, Queens and Concubines). Sumeria took the
leadership in writing historical anothers. Causes lead to events
and results and this process was faithfully observed. Thus the
volumes of 23 dynasties and 24 dynasties followed. The story
of Myanma would appear in these volumes running into 1,500.
It would a long time to do it. It is arduous but possible. Inevitally
we shall have to do it.
Where shall we go from here? Look at the contents un-
der the headings of
Chi
Chih
Chuan
Chi is a major part of work which is also called Pai-Chi.
It recored Everyday Events of the Palace. The king would
not say 'Delete it' nor 'Omit It'. So it contains all sorts of infor-
mation. We were amazed to find that these records date back
to 841BC. The records are short, simple and straight forward.
they are on largely on -
Administration
Army
Geography
Literature
music and
Musical instruments
They all contain several references to Myanma condi-
tions. Chuan is long and close information on some people of
importance. It also included foreign relations. In this part, the
chapter or Southern Barbarians and South Westerians barbar-
ians are interesting. In all these accounts there are some de-
scriptions on people in Myanma. We shall have to take note on
such references on Myanma and compare them with similar
201
references found in Pai-Chi. Pai-Chi descriptions are usually
short but more accurate. They are mostly on biographies of
notable persons and these are just clues to various important
events.
On music, Chih is more useful. In giving what kind of
musical instruments were used by which people of what places,
one would also learn the geography.
There are several volumes of these records. The Shih-
Chi has 130 Chuan (? Volumes)
The Encyclopaedia of T'u - Shu - Chi - Ch'eng has
10,000 parts in 1,625 volumes for the period from the 4th cen-
tury BC to the 10th countary AD. It was compiled by the learned
man called Ssu-man Kuang. He was precise and accurate in
his writings. His book is known as Tza - Chuh - t'rang -chien
Though it is called A brief History, it has 306 volumes under 60
parts.
The Chinese scholars have great interest not only in his-
tory but also in geography and they had produced great (or
several) volumes on it from the very early periods. Geography
is Ti Li. In the Shu Ching - the earliest work on history, there is
a referance to geography. And that is the most early account
on Geography in Chinese. Most of the historical works have
references to geography and no other geographies could rival
the Chinese geographers in detail and description. So says A. Wylie
on his Nots on Chinese Literature, Shanghai, 1922, .43. All
Shih- chi (history) would have a few referance to Tili (geogra-
phy).
The earliest notice on rivers is found in Shui Chung. (Wylie,
53) He wrote it at about the beginning of the Christian era. By
6th century AD, an explanatory work on Ch'in's book appeared.
The Chinese rivers are traced from its source to its mouth is
enduring the ocean. Some rivers come close to Myanma bor-
der and a few notes on people living at these borders are also
given.(see PP. 33-37)
A fairly complete descripton of the Chinese empire in
given on a noted work on geography called The T'ai-p'ing-
huan-yu-chi compiled by Lo-shih in about AD 980. At about
the close of this work (in Chapters 176-9) the description of
Southern Barbarians is given. Political conditions are also given
202
in these chapters. These are, infact, useful information on the
politics of these land and people.
The Ta-yuan-l-t'ung-chih, written during the Yuan Dynasty
has 1,000 chapters. It is lost. But the Geography of the Mings
is available. It is written after the style of Yuan history. In this
work called Ta-mung-i-t'ung-chih. The empire is divided into
several administrative units and each unit is described in detail.
Chapter 87 of this work deals with Yunnan and the areas
bodering on Myanma are described. There are several impor-
tant details in this. In the wake of these treatises, a very compre-
hensive work in geography was produced. It is called i Ta-t'ing-
i-t'ung-dih. Not only provinces but also districts are given in
detal.(Wyle 43)
Another important treatise on Geography of Myanma
published in 1667 is Ku Tsu- yu. (Wyle 63)
Tu-chih-fang-yu-chis-yuo, from the earliest time to the
17th century AD in 9 volumes Chapter 119 is on Myanma. Most
important works are Encyclopaedias Chin T'ung. The first three
volumes are
T'ung-tien
T'ung Chih and
T'ung K'ao
They are on dynasties of T'ung to Sung. Tu Yu wrote
T'ung tien in 200 (?books).(Wyle 68). It is based on Leu (Chib)
Yih?,
Chingtien. The original is not so comprehensive so it was
enlarged. Now it has special sections on
Administrative Offices and Officers
Ceremonics secular and temporal
Economic developments
Geographigal positions
Literary pursuits
Military Programs
Music and musical instruments
National defence problems
Political changes
All these account started from the earliest possible times
to middle of 8th century AD. It goes without saying that they
should be up dated. In 1767 the Emperor passed an order to
203
supplement it. The supplementary volume is called Ch'in- tung-
hsi-t'ung-tien. These supplementary works are sometimes called
as hsu.They brought down the trcatise to the end of Ming
dynasty.There are 144 volumes. There is, however, one improve-
ment. The last part (on national defence) is divided into two
sections, viz. Mititary and Law. When it was again supple-
mented to bring the story right down to the time of Manchu (or
last dynasty in China), it is called the Encyclopaedia of Ch'in-
tung-huan-ch'ao-t'ung-tien and the story is brought down to
AD1736. Almost all these works mention the southern boundry
(of China) where southern barbarians lived. And this is to rea-
son why these accounts are considered very useful source
material on the history of Myanma.The account on the south-
ern Barbarians in one of these volumes written by Traing K'ao
in (AD 1282), was translated into French by Hervay de Saint
Denys is also taken as one of the supplementary volumes to
the above mentioned compilation. All these works are written
about the Manchu rulers of China but they updated the story of
China from time to time. In 1407 Emperor Yung-Lo ordered
the compilation of a very large encyclopaedia of 22,877 chap-
ters. The contents alone takes sixty pages. It is indeed a great
marvel that all human activities were reduced to writing to the
minutest detail so that the later generation could have an easy
access to them.
The second Ming Emperor Ching tsu asked a wise wan
called Chih Kai Tsin in AD 1403. He and his 147 associate
learned friends finished within a year. This work did not come
up to the expectation of the emperor. He got more learned men
to get together to write the most complete book on astrology,
Buddhism, geography, medicine, occultism, Taoism, etc. The
coordinator do have had it compiled was Chuh Tsi. Yao Kuang-
hsiao and Liu Chi- Eh'ih were to help. Chuh Tsi in this grand
scheme. This commission had five directors, 20 assistant di-
rectors and 2,169, learned men. They finished their work be-
fore the end of 1407. Personal names and subjerts are arranged
as they are found in the Dictionary called Hung-wa-ching-yun.
The list of references is not made properly. And quotations are
often too long. The emperor, sanctioned its publication. A fair
copy of it was made first. It was finished in 1409. But it was
204
not printed. The palace was burnt in 1557 and it seems that the
MS was also burnt with the palace. In 1562, one hundred scribes
were employed to make two copies of it. The copies were
finished in 1567. One copy was kept at Nan Yuan Ko and an-
other in the library of the emperor. When the Ming dynasty fell,
the original copy kept at Nan King of and at the library of the
emperor were lost. The editors expected that it might be use-
ful. Its usefulness goes much beyond expectation. If it were
not in corporated in this collection, 385 classics might be lost
for ever.
The world's biggest encyclodopadia, called T'u-shu-chi-
ch'ang was compiled in 1726 by Ch'an Mang-Lei has 1,628.
For easy reference, the British Museum. No other encyclopaedias
are as good as this work. For the history of Myanma that the
Myanma Historical Comission is supposed to produce, the fol-
lowing works might be of great help.
1.The Hui-yao-Theory and practice of Dynasties, was
compiled by Su Mien. It is about China from AD 618-
804. By Royal Order of AD 853, Yang - Chao- fu and
several of his associated work in this series from AD
804-853.
2.At about the beginning of the Sung dynasty (960-1280),
Wang P1u, The Learned Man joined the programmar
and continued the work down to AD 907. He finished
it in AD 961 and he named it T'ang-hui-yuo.(Wyle,69)
The writing was not clear and the arrangement were
was haphazard. Chapter 33 is on music and 100 is on Pyu.
These chapters are quite useful. They are on Myanma and its
neighbours.
T'si-fu-yiian-kui (Wylie,183) is the last section of the
work. It has several accounts on the people living at the out-
skirts of the fronties Sections 956-1000 have references, though
much scattered, on Early Myanma. This work was written in
AD 1005 by the order of Chin Tsung, the Third Emperor. This
is another but much better encyclopaedia. The compilation was
finished in AD1013. There are 1000 chepters in it. It was not
done properly so that some people were reluctant to use it. A
far more better work is T'ai-ping-yu-lan (Wyle, 183) Li-fang
and his associates compiled it by order of T'ai- Tsung (Sung
205
Emperor II). It was finished in AD 983. First it was called T'ai-
ping-pien-lei.The emperor himself edited it. He finished editing
three sections in each day. And the editing lasted one whole
year. Thus its name had been changed to T'ai-p'ing-yu-lan. There
are 1000 chapters and the bibliography contains 1,690 works.
References are accurate. Several of these works are now lost.
Except these quotations, there are no trace of them now. Lioriel
Gile's, the famous specialist on China said, No other
encyclopaedias are as good as this one. For instance, one point
is verified by using 1,690 references.
One kind of encyclopaedia deals with only one snigle
subject. It is called T'ung-chih. On Yunnan, which is very close
to Myanma, the encyclopaedia called Li-Yuan-yaung is the best.
It was compiled in AD 1572. There is another work compiled
in 1691 is called Yunnan T'ung-Chih. It has seventeen volumes.
In 1736, there is also another work called O-erh-t'ai-mo. The
works of Brananas Sung and Li Ch'ring appeard in 1826 and
anything that happand later works of 1895. Lo-yuan-fu com-
piled this in 1895. Some similar works which did not have the
Emperors approval could not be used. But in 1900 they too
were published. But they are pedantics so that they were not
popular. Later T'ung chih have the maps of Yunnan. They were
not written with care so that they did not become known much.
In addition to this, one could not find this easily. The Library at
the University of Yangon once possessed two of these rare
works. The work of 1790 called T'ong-yuch-t'eng-chih has a
list of works on Yunnan though much of them are lost. The
Mien-tien-shih-mo is in Myanma. Wang Sung's Yunnan-pei-
cheng-chih ites some more notes on Myanmar and it is not
difficult to get it. It has 21 chapters and it was compiled in
1831. It comes down to the end of the Ming dynasty.

Than Tun
27 May 2005

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