TFN : MIDTERMS • Maintenance of patient’s personal hygiene

LEVINE'S FOUR CONSERVATION 3. CONSERVATION OF PERSONAL

PRINCIPLES: INTEGRITY

Myra Estrine Levine  Recognizes the individual as one who strives

for recognition, respect, self-awareness, selfhood
Major Concepts of Conservational model
and self determination
• to promote adaptation and maintain wholeness
EXAMPLE:
using the principles of conservation
• Recognize and protect patient’s space needs
• guides the nurse to focus on the influences and
responses at the organismic level 4. CONSERVATION OF SOCIAL INTEGRITY

• accomplishes the goal of model through the  An individual is recognized as someone who
conservation of energy, structure and personal and resides with in a family, a community, a religious
social integrity group, an ethnic group, a political system and a
nation
ADAPTATION
EXAMPLE:
 every individual has a unique range of adaptive
responses • Position patient in bed to foster social
interaction with other patients
WHOLENESS
• Promote patient’s use of newspaper, magazines,
 exist when the interaction or constant adaptations radio. TV
to the environment permits the assurance of integrity
• Provide support and assistance to family
CONSERVATION

 The product of adaptation

NURSING PARADIGM
 "Keeping together "of the life systems or the
ENVIRONMENT
wholeness of the individual

CONSERVATIONAL PRINCIPLE  Competes the wholeness of person

1. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

 Refers to balancing energy input and output to - Homeostasis

avoid excessive fatigue includes adequate rest, - Homeorrhesis
nutrition and exercise  External
-Preconceptual
EXAMPLE: - Operational
• Availability of adequate rest - Conceptual

• Maintenance of adequate nutrition EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

2. CONSERVATION OF STRUCTURAL • Preconceptual

INTEGRITY – Aspect of the world that individual is able to
 Refers to maintaining or restoring the structure intercept
of body preventing physical breakdown and
• Operational
promoting healing
– Elements that may physically affects individuals but
EXAMPLE:
not perceived by hem: radiation, micro-organism and
• Assist patient in ROM exercise pollution
• Conceptual
– Part of person's environment including cultural
patterns characterized by spiritual existence, ideas,
values, beliefs and tradition
PERSON
– A holistic being who constantly strives to preserve
wholeness and integrity
– A unique individual in unity and integrity, feeling,
believing, thinking and whole system of system
HEALTH
– It is not merely healing of an afflicted part, it is
return to daily activities, selfhood and the ability of
the individual to pursue once more his or her own
interest without constraints
– DISEASE: It is unregulated and undisciplined
change and must be stopped or death will ensue
– Health is a wholeness and successful adaptation
NURSING
"Nursing is a profession as well as an academic
discipline, always practiced and studied in concert
with all of the disciplines that together from the
health sciences"
– The human interaction relying on communication,
rooted in the organic dependency of the individual
human being in his relationships with other human
beings
– involves engaging in "human interactions"
JOHNSON'S BEHAVIOUR SYSTEM
MODEL
Dorothy E. Johnson
BEHAVIOR SYSTEM MODEL
• “concerned with man as an integrated whole and
this is the specific knowledge of order we require”.
DEFINITION OF NURSING
– “an external regulatory force which acts to
preserve the organization and integration of the
patients’ behaviors at an optimum level under those
conditions in which the behaviors constitute a threat
to the physical or social health, or in which illness is
found”
FOUR GOALS OF NURSING ARE TO ASSIST THE
PATIENT:
• Whose behavior commensurate with social
demands.
• Who is able to modify his behavior in ways that it
supports biological imperatives
• Who is able to benefit to the fullest extent during
illness from the physician’s knowledge and skill.
• Whose behavior does not give evidence of
unnecessary trauma as a consequence of illness
JOHNSON’S BEHAVIORAL SUBSYSTEM
• Attachment or affiliative subsystem:serves the need
for security through social inclusion or intimacy
• Dependency subsystem: behaviors designed to get
attention, recognition, and physical assistance
• Ingestive subsystem: fulfills the need to supply the
biologic requirements for food and fluids
• Eliminative subsystem: functions to excrete wastes
• Sexual subsystem:serves the biologic requirements
of procreation and reproduction
• Aggressive subsystem: functions in self and social
protection and preservation
• Achievement subsystem: functions to master and
control the self or the environment
NURSING PARADIGM
PERSON
– “Human being” as having two major systems, the
biological system and the behavioral system.
– It is role of the medicine to focus on biological
system where as Nursing's focus is the behavioral
system.
ENVIRONMENT
– “Society” relates to the environment on which the
individual exists.
– According to Johnson an individual’s behavior is
influenced by the events in the environment.
HEALTH
– “Health” is a purposeful adaptive response,
physically mentally, emotionally, and socially to
internal and external stimuli in order to maintain
stability and comfort.
NURSING
– “Nursing” has a primary goal that is to foster
equilibrium within the individual.
– Nursing is concerned with the organized and
integrated whole, but that the major focus is on
maintaining a balance in the Behavior system when
illness occurs in an individual.
21 NURSING PROBLEMS
Faye Glenn Abdellah
– Her problems are formulated in terms of nursing-
centered services, which are used to determine the
patient’s needs.
ABDELLAH’S TYPOLOGY OF 21
NURSING PROBLEMS
1. To maintain good hygiene and physical
comfort.
2. To promote optimal activity, exercise, rest
and sleep.
3. To promote safety through prevention of
accident, injury, or other trauma and through
prevention of the spread of infection.
4. To maintain good body mechanics and
prevent and correct deformity.
5. To facilitate the maintenance of supply of
oxygen to all body cells.
6. To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition to
all body cells.
7. To facilitate the maintenance of elimination
8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and
electrolyte balance.
9. To recognize the physiologic responses of the
body to disease conditions-pathologic,
physiologic and compensatory.
10. To facilitate the maintenance or regulatory
mechanism and functions.
11. To facilitate the maintenance of sensory
function.
12. To identify and accept positive and negative
expressions, feelings and reactions.
13. To identify and accept interrelatedness of
emotions and organic illness.
14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective
verbal and nonverbal communication .
15. To promote the development of productive
interpersonal relationship.
16. To facilitate the progress toward achievement
and personal spiritual goals.
17. To create or maintain a therapeutic
environment.
18. To facilitate the awareness of self as an
individual with varying physical, emotional
and developmental needs.
19. To accept the optimum possible goals in the
light of limitations, physical and emotional.
20. To use community resources as an aid in
resolving problems that arise from illness.
21. To understand the role of social problems as
influencing factors in the cause of illness.
NURSING ASSESSMENT
• Assessment
• Diagnosis
• Planning
• Implementation/Intervention
• Evaluation
DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATA IN
NURSING ASSESSMENT:
SUBJECTIVE
– are information from the client's point of view
(“symptoms”), including feelings, perceptions, and
concerns obtained through interviews.
OBJECTIVE
– are observable and measurable data (“signs”)
obtained through the nurse’s observation, physical
examination, and laboratory and diagnostic testing.
PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
o INSPECTION
death) that he would perform unaided if he
had the necessary strength, will or
knowledge and to do this in such a way as
to help him gain independence as rapidly as
possible”.
3 LEVELS OF NURSE-PATIENT
RELATIONSHIP

- visual examination of the patient Nurse acts as:

 Substitute for the patient

o PALPATION
 A helper to the patient
– is done when the person doing the assessment  A partner with the patient
places their fingers on the body to determine
things like swelling, masses, and areas of pain

o PERCUSSION 14 BASIC NEEDS

– tapping the patient's bodily surfaces and 0 – PHYSIOLGICAL

hearing the resulting sounds to determine the 0 – PHYSCOLOGICAL
presence of things like air and solid masses
affecting internal organs. 0 – SOCIOLOGICAL

o AUSCULTATION 0 – SPIRITUAL & MORAL

– the use of stethoscope to hear lung sounds, 1. Breathe normally

heart sounds, etc. 2. Eat and drink adequately
3. Eliminate body waste
LEVELS OF INTERVENTION 4. Move and maintain desirable posture
5. Sleep and rest
 INDEPENDENT
6. Select suitable clothes – dress and undress
– Without physician’s order 7. Maintain body temperature within normal
range by adjusting clothing and modifying
 DEPENDENT
environment.
– With physician’s order 8. Keep the body clean and well-groomed and
protect the integument.
 COLLABORATIVE
9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid
– Collaboration with different units in the injuring other.
hospital 10. Communicate with others in expressing
emotions, needs, fears or opinion.
11. Worship according to one’s faith.
NEEDS THEORY 12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of
accomplishment.
Virginia Henderson 13. Play or participate in various form of
recreation
14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that
DEFINITION OF NURSING
leads to normal development and health and
– “The unique function of the nurse is to use the available health facilities.
assist the individual, sick or well in the
performance of those activities contributing
to health or its recovery (or to peaceful

Care, Core and Cure
Lydia Hall
THE THEORY CONTAINS OF THREE
INDEPENDENT BUT INTERCONNECTED
CIRCLES:
1. THE CARE
– unconditional care to patients
– refers to the assessment
– patient’s body
2. THE CORE
– inner feelings of human
– refers to the goal
3. THE CURE
– curing
– refer to intervention and evaluation
THE CARE
• The care circle explains the role of nurses, and
focused on performing that noble task of
nurturing the patients, meaning the component of
this model is the “motherly” care provided by
nurses, which may include limited to provision of
comfort measures, provision of patient teaching
activities and helping the patient meet their needs
where help is needed.
• Assessment and Problem
• When providing this care, the nurse’s goal is the
comfort of the patient.
THE CORE
• The core is the person or patient to whom
nursing care is directed and needed.
• The core has goals set by himself and not by
any other person.
• The core behaved according to his feelings, and
value system.

• Goals or plan of care of the patient

• This area emphasizes the patient’s social,

emotional, spiritual, and intellectual needs
concerning family, institution, community, and
the world.

THE CURE

• The cure, on the other hand is the attention

given to patients by the medical professionals.

• The model explains that the cure circle is shared

by the nurse with other health professionals.

• These are the interventions or actions geared on

treating or “curing” the patientfromwhatever
illness or disease he may be suffering from.

• Intervention and Evaluation

 EXAMPLE:

In the care phase, the nurse gives hands-on bodily

care to the patient about daily living activities
such as toileting and bathing.

In the curing phase, the nurse applies medical

knowledge to the treatment of the person.

In the core phase, the nurse addresses the

patient’s social and emotional needs for effective
communication and a comfortable environment.