ZESHAN NOTES

“Kingdom animalia”
Notes
By:

m. zeshan asif
Facebook: M Zeshan Asif (https://www.facebook.com/zeshan.asif.184)
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COMMON

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SIZE

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

OTHER
SYSTEM
NAME

►”Sponges” ►Total no: ►No ►Few mm ►NO ►Asexual: ►Includes: ►Get food by ►In the form of ► No definite ► No definite ►None ►Adult spon ►single cavity in►Body wall: ►sponge ►Sycon
►Latin word 5000 species symmetry wide to more system, >Budding >Blastula water currents needle-like excretory system system ges: body: >outer layer- skeleton for (marine)
“porus”=pore (All Aquatic) (Asymmetric- than 1m tall organ Buds-external >Larval brought about structures: ►Diffuse ►Neurosensor sessile spongocoel “pinacoderm” washing & ►Leucosel

►No respiratory od circulatory system

Ferra=to bear ►Freshwater: al) ►Macrosco- ►diffusion or internal stages by movement spicules through: y and neuron ►Larvae: ►in some >Inner layer: bathing enia
1. POREFERA

150 species ►No Pic >Internal buds of chanoflagell ►Spicules may >sponge cells present Motile sponges: “choanoderm” ►in surgical (erect tubes
►Marine: organization ►Largest: called ates” be: (body wall) spongocoel >In between: operation for having)
Remaining ►NO ”Scolymastra gemmules ►20% food: >calcareous >osculum divided into “Gelatinous absorbing ►Euplecte
germinal joubini” ►Sexual: Small animals >siliceous flagellated cellsmesenchyme” fluids&blood lla
layers >Barrel >Mostly (zooplankton) ►spicules prese and canals lined which contain: ►sound (made of
shaped glass hermaphrodite And plants(p nt: by flagellated >Amoeboid absorption in glassy
sponge & pratandrous hytoplankton) >among chaonocytes. cells buildings framework:Co
>in Antartica (male sexcells ►80% food: pinacocytes >Spicules(or mmonly called:
>More than develop first) detrital organ >Around sponging fibers “Venus”)
►Pores: ►Spongilla

►Diffusion
1m tall >sexes ic particles osculum and
separate ostia >Water enters: (Freshwater)
►Provide “Ostia”
support ►Water leaves:
“Osculum”
(main opening)
“
►”Coelentera ► Aquatic ►Radial ►Few mm to►”Gastrovasc►Asexual: ►Carnivorous ►Produce hard ►No CNS ►Most: ►Mouth surround► Alternation of Ge ►Form coral ►Hydra
-ta” >Mostly: symmertry 1m or more ular cavity or >By budding >Prey paralyze exoskeleton of ►In the form sessile ed by tentacles nerations reefs (freshwater,
►Called “Cni Marine ►Diploblastic ►Microscop Enteron”: eg. Hydra d by Nematocy Calcium carbona of neuron cells eg. bearing nematoc >Both generations ►At lowerside has only polp)
daria” bcz of >Some: Organization ic: >It is the sing ►Sexual: st te, sectreted by either: >Hydra ysts: are diploid or base of ►Obelia
presence of: Freshwater ►2 Germinal eg. Hydra le cavity whic->By gamete >Taken into di epidermal cells >scattered in >Obelia >These are organs►Polymorphism: corals are pres (marine)
“cnidocytes” Layers: ►Macrosco h serve as formation gestive cavity that take lime body-wall >Sea-anemone of defence and “occurrence of struc ent masses of ►Aurelia
►They give >Outer: pic:: both: eg. Obelia >Digested from sea water >From plexus >Corals offence turally&functionally dead stony str (jellyfish)
rise to: Ectoderm eg.“Branchio >digestive (both asexual >Distributed by >These are (net) in body ►Others: ►Living: more than 2 differe- uctures(rhodo- ►Actinia
ceranthus” is:>Body cavity & sexual)
2.COELENTERATA/CNIDARIA

Nematocysts >Inner: Diffusion called corals wall Motile >Solitary(eg.Hyd nt types of individual phyta or dead (sea-anemone
(Stinging Ectoderm >hydrozoan ►Sac-like di >Has kind of >Skeleton of eg. ra,sea-anemone, ls called zooids with polps), made of>polp only
cells) >In Between: polp gestive syst- zooid(blasto- coral form: >Jellyfish jellyfish etc) in same organism” calcium carbo- >Enteron divi
Mesoglea >reach 2m in em: style)which gi “coral reefs” or >Colonial(eg.Phy eg. nate called ded by large
(jelly-like) length >opens to out ves rise to: “coral islands” salia, Vellela etc) >Obelia has three coral reefs” partitions ;
(not a layer) side by only “medusa” ►Each member zooids: ►Found In: mesenteries
one opening: >Medusae fo- of colony:zooid: >gastrozooids >Australia ►Madrepora
“the mouth” rm reproduct- 1.Polps: >gonozooids >West Indies (corals)
ive organs. >cylindrical >medusa >East coast of
>They produ- >Asexual animals >Physalia(portugu- Africa
ce gametes >Nutitive in funct- se man of war) has >Coastal water
>Gamete form ion so called: five types of zooids s of Florida
zygote “gastrozoids” >Island of Cor-
>Zygote deve 2.Medusae: al Sea
lop into Obelia >Umbrella-like
►Diffusion

►Diffusion
>Sexual reproduce

►Absent
tion
>Have gonods
>called blastosty-
le or Gonozoid
►Flatworms ►Few: ►Triploblasti ►Few mm ►sac-like di ►Asexual: ►Develop- ►Parasitic: ►Consist of: ►well-develop ►Degenera ►Move by ►cause diseas►Dugesia
3.PLATYHELMINTHES/FLATWORM

►Respiratory & circulatory system absent

>Bcz they are >Freshwater c to several m gestive sytem >Binary ment is: >Absorb nutrit >Branching tube ed tion of musc “cilia” es to host (Planaria)
“Dorsoventra eg.Dugesia ►Acoelomatee.g >poorely dev Fission >Direct ions from host s ending in bulb- ►In form of: ular system eg.Planaria >free-living
lly compress- ►Many: s >Planaria eloped in ►Sexual: >Larval st- ►Free-living: like cells called; >simple netwo (in case of ►In parasitic ►Fasciola
ed” >Parasites ►Bilateral (10mm) some species >They are: ages >feed on small “flame cells” rk of nerves parasitic mo form, move- (Liver fluke)
(endoparasites)symmetry >Tapeworm >Has hermaphrodite livind,dead & >Ganglia de) ment is limit- >endoparasite
eg. ►3 germinal (several m) branches (both male&fe decaying >sensory orga- ed in:
>Tapeworm layers; >Absent in Ta male reprodu animals ns at anterior >sheep
>Liver fluke >Outer; peworm ctive organs eg. Planaria end >snail
>lood fluke Ectoderm are present in >rarely human
>Inner: same individu ►Taenia
Endoderm al) (Tapeworm)
>In between: >endoparasite
►Diffusion

Mesoderm in:
►Unsegment >humans
ed body >cattle&pig
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COMMON

SYMMETRY

NERVOUS

MUSCULAR
SIZE

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

OTHER
SYSTEM
NAME

►Round ►Mostly: ►Bilateral ►from micr ►Digestive s ►sexes are ►larval ►Hydrostatic ►Consist of: ►Nerve ring ►Muscles ►Move by: ►fluid filled space ►Roundworm ►Ascaris lum
Worms parasites symmetry oscopic form ystem in the separate stage skeleton >2 longitudinal around pharynxare arrangedUndulations present b/w body in breaking do bricoides
►Nematoda ►triploblastic s to macrosc form of “alime >Female has: ►develop- excretory canals ►it gives rise toin four band (wave of cont wall&alimentary wn of organic (intestinal par

►Annelids are first group of invertebrates having closed circulatory sytem.circulatory fluid ►Gaseous exchange takes place through general body surface
means: ►pseudocoe opic forms ntary canal” >ovaries ment is >It unites at ante >dorsal >two dorso- ractions&rela canal matter asite of man)
“pointed lomates ►Upto 1m with two open >produce egg indirect rior end to form >ventral lateral xation of mus >provides tube wi ►Parasitic rou ►Genus
ends” ►Body cavity ings >Male has: ►Blastula single canal >lateral >two ventro- cles) thin tube structure ndworms Rhabditis
►have elong is pseudocoe >Anterior >gonads is early sta >Opens to exter Nerve cords ru lateral cause serious ►Enterobius
3.NEMATODA(ASCHELMINTHES)

ated worm-lik lom: end opening: >produce spe ge of emb ior through exter nning through ►circular diseases in vermicularis
e bodies with >derived from Mouth rms ryo develop ior pore on vent length of worm. muscles: man & plants (pinworm)
►sensory org- absent

►circulatory & Respiratory systems are absent

pointed ends hollow space >Posterior: >Zygote form ment ral surface >causes:
in blastula(bla Anus by fertilization ans are in form ►Bending: >anus itching
stocoel) of : Dorso-vent- >inflammation
>have “sensory ral Only of mucous
vacuolated papillae" membrane of
cells colon & appe
►Unsegment ndix
ed Body >insomnia
>appetite loss
►Ancyclosto
ma duodenale
>parasite of
human small
intestine in As
ia,North Africa
& Europe
>Anemia & re
tard physical&
mental growth
►Segmented ►Marine ►Bilateral ►In the form ►Common ►A free- ►Coelomic fluid ►By specialized ►A well-devel- ►Body wall ►By interact- ►Fertilization is ►Burrowing ►Earthworm
worms eg. Nereis Symmetry of alimentary method of swimming functions as structures: ped CNS contains musion of muscle external cavity of Earth (called natura

►Respiratory system;absent.Exchange os gases through skin having blood vessels.

►”Annelid”(la ►Freshwater ►Triploblast- canal reproduction: trochophor hydrostatic “Nephridia” ►Consists of: scles: s &hydrostat- worm air penet l plough, bcz
tin word) eg. Stylaria ic ►A.Canal ha Asexual e larva is skeleton These are: >simple brain >Circular: ic skeleton rates into soil they are the
means: ►Damp soil ►Coelomate s two openin- ►Most are produced >Ciliated organs >solid double, Arranged alo WAYS: and drainage most active
“little ring” eg.earthworms ►Metamerica gs: hermaphroditeduring the >presented in longitudinal, ng circumfe >contraction capacity of segmented

(blood)flows through blood vessel network, transports gases and nutrients.

►Parasites lly segmented >Anterior end:(eg. life cycle each segment in ventral nerve rence of bo- of circular mu soil is improvedworm in mixi-
eg. Hirudu >transversely Mouth Earthworm, the body wall cord dy scles produce ►Causes ng the soil
divided into s >Posterior : leech) >Nerves arise f >Longitudin pressure in co mixing of soil (Burrowing
egments Anus ►Sexes are rom nerve cord al: elomic fluid activity))
>segment are ►Mouth is separate Arranged al- >force body
separated by overhung by(eg. Nereis) ong length to elongate
septa a lobe of body >Contraction
►Have true called: ►Help in of longitudinal
coelom(cavity “prostomium” locomotion muscles produ
4.ANNELIDA (SEGMENTED WORMS)

b/w body wall ce pressure in

&alimentary coelomic fluid
canal &lined b >cause body
y mesoderm) to widen
►Mesoderm ►Organs of
splits into: locomotion:
>Outer parien >chitinous
tal layer: chaetae
covers body >setae
wall (embedded in
>Visceral sacs(earthwo
layer: rms) or parap
►Circulatory system

covers alimen odia present

tary canal in body wall
>In between: (e.g Nereis)
true coelom ►chaetae are
(filled with absent in
coelomic “Leech”
fluid)
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ORGANIZATION

CHARACTERS
SKELETON
DEVELOPMENT

NUTRITION
DIGESTION
HABITAT

EXCRETORY

EXAMPLES
COMMON

SYMMETRY

NERVOUS

MUSCULAR
SIZE

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

OTHER
SYSTEM
NAME

►Mostly: ►Sexes are ►During ►Organs of ►Have distinct ►Nereis

A. CLASS POLYCHAETA

Aquatic separate develop locomotion head region with: ►Chaetopte

(marine) (usually) ent, they are: >Eyes rus
give rise to: “parapodia” >Structures
“trochoph- known as palps
ore larva” >tentacles

►Terrestrial ►Internal & ►They are: ►No larva ► Organs of ►Head region ►Lumbricus
►Aquatic external Hermaphroditeformed locomotion not distinct or terrestris
segmentation (bisexual) during dev are: prominent ►Pheretima
“Setae”
B. CLASS OLIGOCHAETA

elopment posthuma
►Other earth
worms

►Aquatic ►Body has ►Mostly ►During ►No organs ►No distinct head
fixed no. of hermaphroditedevelopme for locomoti- is present
segments nt: on ►Leeches have
►Segments Trochopho ►Move by chitinous jaws for
CLASS HIRUDINEA

have addition re larva is contraction of making a puncture

al circular formed body with help in the skin of host
rings or mark of suckers eg.
ings called: Hirudu medicinal
“Annuli” is
(medical leech)
C.
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ORGANIZATION

CHARACTERS
SKELETON
DEVELOPMENT

NUTRITION
DIGESTION
HABITAT

EXCRETORY

EXAMPLES
COMMON

SYMMETRY

NERVOUS

MUSCULAR
SIZE

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

OTHER
SYSTEM
NAME

►Animals ►Terrestrial ►Triploblasti ►In the form ►Sexes are ►Metamor ►Nutrition is: ►Exoskeleton ►Well developed►Well ►Organs of ►Blood is colorl ►Body is divided ►Insects: ►Crab
phosis(Met >small plants

►Has Open circulatory sytem.►Have extensive tracheal system formed

with jointed ►Freshwater c of alimentary separate ►In the form of ►Consist of: developed locomotion are:ess due to absen into three regions: >compete with ►lobster

exterior through openings called spiracles►Aquatic >(gills&book lungs)

of air tubes called trachea for exchange of gases ►Main tubes open to
legs ►Marine water ►Coelomate canal ►testes prod a=change,
morph=sha
>small animals outer covering “Malpighian ►Consist of: “paired appe- se of haemoglob >head man for food & ►Prawn
>Anthron= ►Many can fly ►Bilateral ►Has 2 uces sperms& pe) takes called cuticle Tubules” Paired ganglia ndages” or in >thorax space ►Woodlouse
joint symmetry openings: ovaries prod place in life ►Chitinous ►Nitrogenous (simple brain) “jointed Appen ►Has a primitive >Abdomen >attack man, ►Mosquito
>pods= ►Coelom is >Mouth uce eggs cycle of in exoskeleton wastes excreted connected to dages” heart ►Have jointed domestic anim ►dragonfly
als & crops
feet reduced and >Anus sects (Chitin is non-livi in form of solid ventral double ►wings(to fly) ►Main blood appendages. ►Moth
►It is abrupt (eg. Locusts)
►Have com- communicate ng, non-cellular uric acid nerve cord ►swim,crawl vessel situated >they are modified >Dangerous to ►scorpion
change of
mon origin with blood form or stru nitrogenous poly (C5H4N4O3) >On ventral or fly dorsally for specialized health ►spider
5. ARTHROPODA (largest PHYLUM)

with annelids vascular syst cture during saccharide comp nerve cord, fuctions: >Cause econo ►mites
Both have aff em.Such coe- life cycle ound, secreted ganglia is pres >locomotion mic loss to man ►ticks
inities in : lom is called: ►Complete by underlying ent in each seg >offence&defence >Some useful ►centipede
>segmented “Haemocoel” metamorph epidermis) ment. >reproduction (honeybee,silk ►milipede
osis has 3
body ►Body is forms:
►Muscles are >Nerves arise ►Body covered by worm)
(not metamer segmented attached to from ganglia waterproof chitinous >Some insects
>Egg develop
ically in artrop >Each into larva exoskeleton ►Sensory org cuticle secreted by are:
ods) segment is >Larva conv ►Provide: ans are pair of: epidermis. >predaceous
>appendages attatched to ert into motio >protection >Compound ►chitin: >scavengers
nless pupa (eat dead
>cuticle its neighbour >Locomotion eyes >in jaws is used for
>pupa devel animals
>similar plan by op into adult ►Process of >Antennae biting & crushing &vegetable)
of nervous thin&flexible ►Incomplete shedding of exo food >Insect larvae r
system (modified) Metamorpho skeleton is called >forms lens of comp source of food
portions of sis: “Moulting or Ecd ound eyes for fish
cuticle >Larva resem ysis” >forms copulatory ►Cause
bles adult & is
called:
organs diseases:
“Nymph or >forms organs of >Malaria
instar” defence&offence >African sleepi
>lives in sam ng sickness
e habitat as >Cholera
adult >Hepatitis
►Aquatic ►Coelom is ►Sexes are ►Modified app ►Exoskeleton ►Modified ►Appendages are ►Daphnia
reduced and separate endages for of chitin;present appendages modified for: ►Cyclops
CLASS CRUSTACEA

haemooel is ►Modified ap capturing food ►It becomes ha >capturing food ►Crabs

present pendages rder due to depo >walking ►lobsters
sition of salts >swimming ►prawn
►On dorsal side >respiration ►woodlouse
of cephalothorax, >reproduction
exoskeleton is in ►Head has two

►Have gills for respiration

form of: pairs of:

►Modified appendages
“carapace” “antennal
appendages”
A.

►Largest gro ►Found every ►Sexes are ►Metamor- ►Composed ►Thorax has 3 ►Body is divided ►Dragonfly
up of Animal where separate phosis take of: segments in whichinto three regions: ►Mosquito
B. CLASS INSECTA

ia kingdom: ►Many show ►They are: s place >Brain are present: >Head ►Butterflies
53.1% are social Oviparous (formed by fus- three pairs of >thorax ►Moths
insects behaviour (eyy-laying) ed ganglia) jointed legs >Abdomen ►wasps
►Has great >Double nerve ►one or two pairs►Head is vertical to ►Beetles
variety cord of wings the body
(ventral) ►Abdomen has ►Jaws;ventrally
varying no. of placed
segments ►head has pair of:
>compound eyes
>antennae
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E. IMPORTANCE
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PHYLUM/CLASS

ORGANIZATION

CHARACTERS
SKELETON
DEVELOPMENT

NUTRITION
DIGESTION
HABITAT

EXCRETORY

EXAMPLES
COMMON

SYMMETRY

NERVOUS

MUSCULAR
SIZE

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

OTHER
SYSTEM
NAME

►Anterior ►Sexes are ►No true ► It is by: ►No antennae ►Scorpions

segments fu- separate Metamorp- “Malpighian ►No true jaws ►Spiders
►They are tubules” ►Abdomen may be: ►Mites

►By: Gills, Lungs, or special structures called

se to form: hosis
“caphalothora Oviparous >segmented ►Ticks
CLASS ARACHNIDA

x” (egg-laying) >unsegmented
OR
>appendages
>without
appendages
►Cephalothorax
bears
>a pair of appenda
ges called
“chelicerae”with

Book lungs
claws
>2 pairs of pedipalps
>4 pair of legs
►Eyes are simple
c.

>Spiders have 8
eyes

►Elongated ►Head has: ►Centipedes

D. CLASS MYRIAPODA

►Dorso-ven >A pair of Antenna ►Millipedes

trally flattene- >A pair of eyes
d
►Body is div
ided into large
no. of
segments
having a pair
of legs

pt for cephalopoda)►Blue respiratory pigment, Haemocyanin, is present

►Latin ►Widely ►Triploblasti ►In the form ►Sexes are ►Trochop ►Excretory ►It consist of: ►Organ for ►In mouth cavity ►Body is divided ►Harmful: ►Mussel

l, mantle cavity is converted into lung►Circulatory system is open(exce

Mollusca distributed c of Gut(Alimen separate hore larva” organs are: 3 pair of inter- locomotion is of (many) mollusc into: e.g Slugs ►Land snail
means: ►Aquatic ►Coelomate tary canal) develops Paired Nephridia connected gan “Muscular there is:”rasping >Head Shipworms ►Slug

►Gaseous exchange by gills(present b/w shell&mantle)►In snai

“soft” (Marine+freshw►Bilateral with 2 openi- glia present in: foot” toungue-like Rad- >A Ventral muscul- >Slugs are har ►Octopus
►Second lar ater) symmetry ngs: >head ►Others are: ula, rovided with ar foot mful in gardens►Water snail
gest phylum eg. ►Unsegment >The mouth >foot Sessile horny teeth >Dorsal visceral & Cultivations
of invertebra >Cephalopoda ed body >The Anus >body region ►Heart pumps mass (contains mos >Teredo(shipw
tes ►Terrestrial ►Coelom is blood t of internal organs) orm) damages
►More than eg.Land snail divided into: ►Body covered by wooden parts
50,000 “sinuses or glandular epithelial of ship
species blood spaces” envelope(over visc- ►Beneficial:
6. MOLLUSCA

► eral mass) called >Source of

“Mantle” which sec- food
retes”Calcareous >Shells of fres
shell” hwater mussel
>hinders locomotion used in button
industry
>shells of oys-
ter mixed with
tar to make
roads
>making
ornaments
>Oysters make
pearls eg. The
pearl oyster
 TRANSPORT

RESPIRATION
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E. IMPORTANCE
LOCOMOTION

SPECIALITIES
PHYLUM/CLASS

ORGANIZATION

CHARACTERS
SKELETON
DEVELOPMENT

NUTRITION
DIGESTION
HABITAT

EXCRETORY

EXAMPLES
COMMON

SYMMETRY

NERVOUS

MUSCULAR
SIZE

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

OTHER
SYSTEM
NAME

►Aquatic ►Asymmetric ► SHELL: ►Helix Aspe

►Aquatic species have Gills ►Mantle cav

ity is connected to lungs for gaseous exch
►Terrestrial al Body is covered with rsa
a coiled one piece (Garden snail)
A. CLASS GASTROPODA

shell ►Limax

ange ►Circulatory system is open

►Animals can (Slug)
withdraw itself into
the shell

►Aquatic ►Bilateral ►SHELL: ►Mytilus

B.CLASS BIVALVIA(PELECYPODA)

Symmetry Body is enclosed by (Marine muss

►Body is two pieces of shells el)

►Respiration is by Gills (plate-like)

laterally com >So they are Bivalv- ►Anodonta
pressed es (Freshwater

►Circulatory system is open

mussel)
►Ostrea
(Oyster)

►All Aquatic ►Bilateral ► Animals ►SHELL: ►Loligo

Symmetry are highly >Much reduced (squid)
►Dorso- developed >Internal ►Sepia
C. CLASS CEPHALOPODA

ventrally flatt & Active >Absent in most (cuttlefish)

ened body cases ►Octopus
(In invertebrate
es, largest
complex &
highly develop

►Circulatory system is closed

ped brain is
of octopus&
is enclosed in
shell-like case
of Cartilage)
►Giant squid
>largest inver
tebrate anima-
l
>length upto
15m(50 feet)
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COMMON

SYMMETRY

NERVOUS

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SIZE

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

OTHER
SYSTEM
NAME

►The spiny ►Exclusively ►Triploblasti ►SHAPES: ►Organs ►Organs ►Larvae ►Mouth is on ►Mesodermal ►No special ►Nervous sys ►With the he ►There is a cen- ►Regeneration of ►Starfish
skinned anim Marine c >flattened li present present such as: lower surface cells develop a organ for tem is poorly lp of: tral disc from wh body parts is present ►brittle star
als ►Most are ►Coelomate ke biscuit ►Sexes are >bipinnaria (Oral) firm calcareous excretion developed “tube feet” ich Arms radiate (eg. In starfish,sea ►Sea urchin
►5000 free-living & att ►Larvae: (cake urchin) separate >brachiola ►Anus is on exoskeleton wh >No brain (soft sac-like ►Water vascular cucmber, sea lily, ►sea cucum
species atched to subs Bilateral >star-shaped ►Fertilization ria upper surface ich may bear spi >Nerve ring is structure pres system present in brittle star, sea-urch ber
tratum Symmetry with short is external are (aboral) nes present around ent along edg their coelom in)
►Adults: arms produced ►Because of its “Pharyngeal es of grooves (It is a complex
7. ECHINODERMATA

Radial (starfish) >show bila orgin from region” present in sytem of tubes &
Symmetry >star-shaped teral symm mesoderm, it arms) spaces surroundi
with long arms etry may be called ng the mouth and

►Circulatory system consist of: ►Respiratory system is ►Circulatory system:poorely developed

(brittle star) >resemble endoskeleton passing into the
>globular those of arms and tube

►No special organ for respiration

(sea urchin) chordates feet)
>elongated >Water enter the-
(sea-cucumb se canals through
er) “sieve-like plate”
called:
“Madreporite”
present on aboral
(upper) body
surface

►Have both ►Worm-like ►Digestive ►Excretory ►Nervous syst ►Balanoglos

invertebrate ►Have soft tract is straig system: em has sub-ep sus

composed of gill-slits
(echinoderm) body ht(tube-type) >has single glom idermal plexus ►Saccoglos
& chordate ►Body is div >may show erulous connecteof: sus
characters ided into variations d with blood ves >Cells
►Because of anterior sels >fibers
8. HEMICHORDATA

their close rel coelomic

ationship to pouches:
chordates, >Proboscis
they are call- >Collar
ed: >Trunk
“prechordates ►Coelomic
►Hemichord

>Median ventral vessel

cavities are

>Median dorsal ventral

ates(along Ec present in
hinoderms & each of them
Chordates)
are :
deuterosome

►Named so ►Live in all ►Endoskeleton ►Have CNS ►In higher chord ►Notochord is a ►Frogs
►Main factor in ►CNS is: ►Amphioxus
nic stage►In some these are non

due to few kinds of habitat ates: rod-like semi rigid

►Have paired gill-slits in embryo

common char development & >dorsal in pos >Notochord repla body of vacuolated ►Fishes
functional&functional in some

acteristic of th specialization of ition ced by Vertebral cells which are filled ►Man
is group: higher animals >Is hollow column with proteinaceous
>Notochord >Bony brain case material which may
9. CHORDATA

formed extend the length of

>So,They are the bodyb/w enteric
called Craniates canal&dorsal hollow
►In lower CNS
Chordates: >Supports&stiffens
>No bony brain the body, therefore,
case act as skeletal axis
>no replacement
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SKELETON
DEVELOPMENT

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DIGESTION
HABITAT

EXCRETORY

EXAMPLES
COMMON

SYMMETRY

NERVOUS

MUSCULAR
SIZE

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

OTHER
SYSTEM
NAME

►Notochord & ►Adults are ►Molgula

CEPHALOCHORDATA “UROCHORDATA”
A.CLASS PROTOCHORDATA

Nerve cord only sessile & are

in free-swimmi enclosed in c
ng larvae overing called
(LOWER CHORDATES / ACRANIA)

“tunic”So call
SUBPHYLUM

ed:”Tunicates”

►Nerve cord ►Amphioxus

”

and Notochord
present through
out life

►Craniata ►Have ►Vertebrates are

Cranium in divided into:
which brain is 1. ANAMNIOTES:
enclosed >Without foetal me-
“VERTEBRATA”

►Vertebral mbranes
SUB-PHYLUM

Column also (cyclostome

present ata,chondrichtyes,
osteichthyes, amph
ibian)
2. AMNIOTA:
>With foetal memb
ranes
B. CLASS CHORDATA

(reptilian,aves,mam
mals)
(HIGHER CHORDATES / CRANIA)

►Aquatic ►Body is ►Swim bladder ►Kidneys of fish ►Fins ►Heart has two ►Include 3 classes:
(Called: steam-lined is a hydrostatic Two types: chambers, with: >Cyclostomata

Network of blood
►Mostly by gills
Fishes) organ: >Paired fins: >afferent >Chondrichthyes
PISCES

>can change the these are pec >efferent >Osteichthyes

gravity of fish toral&pelvic branchial system

capillaries
>fill itself with >Unpaired: ►swim bladder
SUPER CLASSES

gas (O2, CO2, These are do may or maynot be

N2) so fish can rsal,caudal(ta connected to
float&sink inH2O il)&anal fins pharynx
►Terrestrial ►Include 3 classes:
(Called: >Amphibia
TETRAPODS

Four Footed) >Reptilia

Tetra=four >Aves
pods=limbs >Mammalia
“4 limbs” OR
“2 pair of limbs”

►Most primit ►Body is ►No stomach►Fertilization ►long ►Cartilaginous ►Heart is with ►Lampreys
ive living vert long& eel-like in digestive is external larval perio Skelton one auricle ►Hagfish
A. CYCLOSTOMATA

►Six to fourteen pairs of gills

ibrates ►Scales are system ►Sexes are d in lampr-

►Are without absent separate eys
Jaws ►No paired (in lampreys)
Appendages ►Hag fishes
are
hermaphrodite
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COMMON

SYMMETRY

NERVOUS

MUSCULAR
SIZE

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

OTHER
SYSTEM
NAME

►Also called: ►Body ►Digestive ►Sexes are ►Cartilaginous ►Mouth ventral SHARKS: ►Sharks

►Circulatory system has many pairs of aortic

“Cartilaginous fusiform system with separate skeleton olfactory sacs not >destroy fish (largest living

arches ►Respiration by means of 5-7pair of

B. CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES

Fishes” ►Placoid J-shaped ►Oviparous ►No swim connected to mo- lobster&crabs vertebrates)

gills without the covering i.e. Operculum

scales on stomach or viviparous bladder uth cavity >Used as food >reach30-50
body by man feet in length
>Shark liver oil ►Skates and
is source of Vit Rays:
amin A & D Can be:
>Shark skin lea>Sting rays:
ther is used for have large
making articles whip-like
tail&sharp spi
nes
>Electric rays:
Dorsal muscle
modified into
electric organ
>give severe
electric shock
►Bony fishes ►placoid sca ►Sexes are ►More or less ►Brain with 10 ►by fins, ►Mouth is termin-►Swim bladder ►Trout fish
les; absent separate bony skeleton pair of cranial both: al present &with or with ►Plaice

►Respiratioon by means of gills coverd with

►Have ►Gonads ►Replaced by nerves >median ►Jaws are with &out connection to ►Perch
Dermal paired cartilaginous (single) without teeth pharynx
►Fertilization ►Two chambered►Notochord may
C. CLASS OSTEICHTHYES

scales.These skeleton >paired

are: usually heart with: remain in parts
>ganoid external >one atrium
>cycloid >one ventricle
>ctenoid
scales.

Operculum
►Their name ►Amphibious ►Fertilization ►Change ►Skeleton is ►Have limbs ►Hibernate in ►Amphibians are ►Group amphi►Frogs &
means doub- ie.Live both on: is external into adults mostly bony in place of winter Cold-Blooded bians are first Toads
le life >land by: fins ►Heart is 3 (poikilothermic) land vertebrate (tailless)
►Called: >water “Metamorp ►Limbs are chambered & has: s ►Newts and
“Invaders of ►Amphibian hosis” usually >two atria Salamander
land” are borderline >Amphibia four(tetrapod) >one ventricle (tailed)
A. CLASS AMPHIBIANS

►Least in b/w terrestrial ns are: ►Some are >>sinus venosus&

Number & &Aquatic ani Anamniotes legless truncus arteriosus
least adapted mals ►Larval eg.Caecilians are present
►Structurally stages are ►Webbed fe >Double circulate-
►Respiration by lung and skin in adult
►Respiration by Gills in larval stages

they are b/w present et often prese on

fish&reptiles nt
►Because of
their depende
ncy on water,
they are not a
successful gr
oup of
vertebrates
►Devonian
period fossil
suggest their
evolution fro
m dipnoi(lobe
finned fish)
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COMMON

SYMMETRY

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MUSCULAR
SIZE

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

OTHER
SYSTEM
NAME

►Called: ►terrestrial ►Dry scaly ►Have copu ►Have pro ►Well-devel- ►Ventricle of ►Hibernate in ►Lizards
“the skin latory organs tective emb oped limbs heart is incomple winter ►Snakes
creepers” for internal ryonic mem for locomotion telly partitioned ►Tuatra

►These are warm-blooded(homeothermic) ►Circulatory system ►Reptiles are Cold-blooded(poikilothermic)

►first fertilization branes: n ►But in crocodiles (sphenodon)
successful ►Eggs are: >Amnion it is completely pa (In New
B. CLASS REPTILIA

land vertebra >large >allantois rtitioned into 2 Zealand)

tes >Amniotic >chorion ►Crocodiles
►Reptiles we >with yolk (modern birds
re dominant ►Shell is derived from
in: leathery it)
Mesosoic ►tortoise
period(225- ►Turtle
65 million
years)
►Only their
4/12 alive
today
►Evolved fro
m Amphibian

►Both birds& ►Body is: ►Sexes are ►Birds donot ►Epidermal exo ►No bladder ►Highly ►The 4 limbs ►Organ of voice is ►Ostrich

has 4 chambered heart ►Right Aorta curves to right side & th-
en bends backwards ►Lungs have extentions called air-sacs
mammals ev >steam-lined separate have teeth skelton of feathe ►Urine is semi- Developed are modified called Syrinx (running)
olved from >spindle shap ►Fertilization >They have rs solid into wings for >present at lower ►Kiwi
reptiles ed is internal developed ►Endoskeleton flying end of brochi near (running)
►Earliest kn ►Body has 4 ►Only one a thick is light due to air ►Hind limbs orin of the 2 brochi ►goose
own bird foss divisions: ovary&oviduct muscular spaces in bones for: ►sparrow
il is >head is functional structure >perching ►Kestrel
Archeopteryx >neck (except for ea- called: >running ►Kingfisher
>About the size >trunk gle:both func- Gizzard for cru ►Modern bir ►Mallard
C. CLASS AVES - BIRDS

of a crow >tail tion) shing food ds have pow ►Robin

>skull similar to t er of flight ►Eagle
hat of present da ►Others:
y birds have vestigial
>Elongated jaws wings(unflya
in the form of ble)
“beak” ►In Penguin:
>Bony teeth pre Flippers for
ent in jaw socket swimming
>Long tail on bo
th sides having
feathers
>Each wing had
three claws
>resemble
dinosaurs
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COMMON

SYMMETRY

NERVOUS

MUSCULAR
SIZE

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

OTHER
SYSTEM
NAME

►Term given ►Most have ►Most are ►Lower jaw is ►Have deciduous►By mammary glan

►Have muscular diaphragm(separates thoracic and

by Linnaeus hair on body Viviparous composed of 1 and permanent d, females nuse the
►Most adva (give birth to large bone&arti teeth ir young

Abdominal cavities)►RBCs are non-nucleated

nce group young) culates with the ►EAR: ►Heart is 4 chamb
►Most imp. skull >External ear or ered
advancement pinna is present >There is left aortic
is the >Middle-ear is arch(in birds there is
evolution tube-like right)

►Warm-blooded(Homeothermic)
D. CLASS MAMMALIA

n&developme >Chain of 3 bones►Have larynx and

nt of brain ov in internal ear: epiglottis as the
er all other Malleus,Incus & voice apparatus
vertebrates Stapes
►Evolved fro
m reptilian an
castor:
“Cotylosaurs”
►Mammals
became domi
nant in:
“Cenozoic
Period”
►Egg-laying ►Terrestrial ►Thick fur ►No ►Animals have ►Mammary glands ►Duck bill
mammals ►Some on the body separate cloca and cloacal present without Platypus
A.SUB-CLASS PROTOTHERIA

►Have both Aquatic opening for opening nipples ►Echidna

reptile&mam e.g digestive and ►Heart has left (Both found
mal character >Duck bill urinogenital Aortic arch in Australia)
► platypus systems
>Echidna
(Spiny ant-
eater)

►Has diaphragm
►Most ►Have ►During ►Nipples of mil or ►Opossum
primitive abdominal development, mammary glands ►Kangaroo
next to pouch: they feed on are present in mars ►Tasmanian
B. SUB-CLASS METATHERIA

prototheria “marsupium” milk produced upium. Wolf

► ►Here they by milk glands >Therefore, they are (These are fo
bring up of mother called: und in:
their young “Marsupials or >Australia
(develop to Pouched mammals” >America)
maximum)
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DEVELOPMENT

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COMMON

SYMMETRY

NERVOUS

MUSCULAR
SIZE

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

OTHER
SYSTEM
NAME

►Placental ►Live in all ►In some: ►Viviparous ►During ►Placenta pro ►Placenta has ►Man
Mammals kinds of hair are (give birth to developme vides max. endocrine function ►Elephant
habitat: modified into: young) nt, placentanourishment to (ie produces hormo ►Whale
land,freshwater >scales is formed developing nes).For this reason, ►Horse
r,sea etc (pangolin) through wh embryo they are called ►Rat
>Spines ich the fetu placental mammals ►Mice
(porcupine) s is nourish ►Bat
ed ►Dolphin
C. SUB-CLASS EUTHERIA

►Complete
developme
nt takes pla
ce in uterus
of mother