2642 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 61, NO.
10, OCTOBER 2012
Oil-Filled MV/LV Power-Transformer Behavior in
Narrow-Band Power-Line Communication Systems
Antonio Cataliotti, Member, IEEE, Valentina Cosentino, Dario Di Cara, and Giovanni Tinè
Abstract—The aim of this paper is to characterize oil-filled
power transformers in the narrow-band power-line communi-
cation (PLC) frequency range of 50–150 kHz. A new model is
proposed for such type of a transformer, in the aforementioned
frequency range of interest, in order to study its influence on the
signal transmission and to investigate the possibility that the PLC
signal can cross the power transformer itself. The new model is
simpler than those previously proposed in literature, and it can be
used in the whole frequency range available for NB PLC according
to the CENELEC EN 50065-1 A-band. In order to validate the
model, simulation and measurement results are compared for four
oil-filled power transformers with different rated power values.
A complete PLC system in the case of a medium-voltage (MV)
power network is also simulated, in order to perform a prelim-
inary evaluation of the influence of power transformers on the
communication system. The MV overhead power line, the oil-filled
power transformers, the MV signal coupling network, and two
ST7540 frequency shift keying (FSK) power-line transceivers are
included in the simulated system. The performances of the com-
plete PLC communication system are evaluated in the case of both
MV to low voltage (LV) and LV to MV transmissions. The analysis
is carried out by evaluating the signal attenuation, which is com-
puted as the ratio between the received and transmitted voltage
signals, in the case of different line lengths and carrier frequency
values.
Index Terms—Attenuation, communication equipment testing,
communication systems, narrow-band power-line communication
(NB-PLC), power system communication, power transformers.
I. I NTRODUCTION
T HE INTEREST on smart grids is ever increasing because
of several factors, such as the recent changes in the land-
scape of electric power generation resources from centralized
and deterministic to distributed and stochastic, the increased
environmental impact concerns, and the determination of fed-
eral energy future planning. A unifying theme in the various
definitions and schemas of smart grids is the increased in-
teraction of the power system with communication networks
and information technologies and the improvements in such
enabling technologies, which allow to supply the electrical
energy in a more reliable, efficient, secure, and environmentally
neutral manner [1]–[3].
Manuscript received November 13, 2011; revised May 8, 2012; accepted
May 17, 2012. Date of publication August 13, 2012; date of current version
September 14, 2012. The Associate Editor coordinating the review process for
this paper was Dr. Carlo Muscas.
A. Cataliotti, V. Cosentino, and D. Di Cara are with the Department of
Electrical, Electronic, and Telecommunication Engineering, Chemical Tech-
nologies, Automation, and Mathematical Models, University of Palermo,
90128 Palermo, Italy (e-mail: acataliotti@ieee.org; cosentino@dieet.unipa;
dicara@dieet.unipa.it).
G. Tinè is with the Institute of Intelligent Systems for Automation, Research
National Council, 90141 Palermo, Italy (e-mail: giovanni.tine@cnr.it).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIM.2012.2209911
0018-9456/$31.00 © 2012 IEEE
A wide range of communication technologies are involved
in the development of smart grid infrastructures, each one
having its advantages and drawbacks: wire lines and fiber-optic
cables, wireless communication (CDMA, GSM, GPRS, UMTS,
WiMAX, HiperLAN, etc.), radio communication, wireless lo-
cal area networks (WLAN, WiFi, ZigBee, etc.), and power-line
communications (PLCs) [4], [5]. Among these technologies,
the PLCs could play a fundamental role since the lines are
already present (i.e., the power lines), and they have no service
cost. PLCs have already exited the experimental phase, and they
are a mature technology for the deployment in low-voltage (LV)
networks in Europe. In fact narrow-band (NB) PLCs, operating
in the CENELEC bands (3–148.5 kHz) [6], have gained a cen-
tral role for supporting automatic meter reading and advanced
metering infrastructure in LV networks [4]. Nevertheless, the
application of the PLC technology in the medium-voltage (MV)
networks is still under study. In literature, different studies
have been presented on the behavior both of high-voltage (HV)
and MV overhead lines and on LV cables at high frequency
(HF) [6]–[11]. On the other hand, most of these studies do not
consider a complete model of the PLC system, or they do not
carry out experimental tests.
Currently, two open issues are considered concerning the
PLC technology applications in MV networks: the coupling
system for the injection of the signal in the MV lines and the
power-transformer behavior. The latter is considered as an ele-
ment that makes a strong attenuation in signal transmission, and
it is often bypassed by external equipment. On the contrary, the
possibility that the PLC signal can cross the power transformer
is one of the key aspects for an extensive applicability of this
communication method in the MV–LV smart grids.
Different models of the power transformer were presented in
literature. Morched et al. [12] studied the power transformer
as a black box seen from its terminals. In this model, the
admittance matrix elements are described by rational func-
tions approximating the admittance measurements between the
power-transformer terminals. Then, each element of this matrix
is approximated with an equivalent circuit. The limit of this
model is the difficulty of measuring the HF admittance matrix.
In [13]–[15], different HF equivalent circuits were proposed for
the power transformer. They are constituted by the basic model
of an ideal transformer, to which opportune resistive–inductive,
resistive–capacitive, or resonant blocks are added; each block
represents a given phenomenon, which occurs in HF. Proper
measurements are carried out in order to estimate the
parameters of the aforementioned blocks. Nevertheless, the
complete transformer models show a complex structure. Fol-
lowing the same approach proposed in [13]–[15], in [16],
CATALIOTTI et al.: OIL-FILLED MV/LV POWER-TRANSFORMER BEHAVIOR IN NB PLC SYSTEMS
Fig. 1. Transformer model in the range of 0–100 kHz [16].
different models of the power transformer were presented for
low, medium, and high frequencies.
In addition, the authors carried out some studies in the field
of the PLC technology applications in MV networks. First, in
[17] and [18], an MV cable model in the PLC frequency range
was presented and experimentally validated. Second, a com-
plete PLC system model was experimentally validated both in
laboratory [20] and on field [21] tests; the model was developed
in the case of MV cables, including also the transformer model
proposed in [16]. Finally, in [22], the PLC system was studied
in the case of MV overhead lines. In all the mentioned papers,
a frequency range of 30–100 kHz and the power-transformer
model proposed in [16] were considered, and the possibility
that the PLC signal can cross the power transformer was not
investigated.
The aim of this paper is to characterize oil-filled power trans-
formers in the NB PLC frequency range (i.e., 50–150 kHz) and
to propose a new transformer model, in order to study the influ-
ence of the power transformer on signal transmission and to in-
vestigate the possibility that the PLC signal can cross the power
transformer itself. The chosen frequency range is the ST7540
FSK power-line transceiver operative frequency range, and it
includes the A-band reserved by the CENELEC EN 50065-1 [6]
for energy utilities. The proposed transformer model is simpler
2643
than the models previously presented in literature, such as
the one proposed in [16], and it can be used in the whole
frequency range available for the NB PLC. On the contrary,
in [16], two different models are used to cover the frequency
range of interest. In this paper, the reliability of the proposed
model is verified by means of experimental measurements on
four oil-filled power transformers, which have different rated
power values. Furthermore, a complete model of a MV/LV
power system for PLC communications is presented, which
was developed in order to perform a preliminary simulation
study concerning the influence of the power transformer on
signal transmission. The model includes an MV overhead
power line, two power transformers, an MV signal coupling
network (CN), and two ST7540 FSK power line. The signal
is injected between one phase and the earth [22]. The simu-
lation results are presented and discussed; they are expressed
in terms of attenuation for different line lengths and center
frequency values both in LV–MV and in MV–LV communi-
cation. The advantage of the proposed model is that it can be
easily implemented in the Simulink environment, thus allowing
to perform a planning of an MV PLC transmission system.
Moreover, since the model includes the power transformers,
both the MV–LV and the LV–MV communication can be
simulated.
2644 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 61, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2012

Fig. 2. Transformer connection schemas for parameter evaluation.

II. MV/LV P OWER -T RANSFORMER M ODEL

A. Development of a New MV/LV Power-Transformer Model
in the Frequency Range of 50–150 kHz
One of the aim of this paper is to analyze the behavior of
different size of MV/LV, three-phase, two-winding, core-type,
and ∆/Y connection power transformers in the frequency range
of the PLC signal (50–150 kHz). The starting point of this
analysis was the model proposed in [16], for the frequency
range 0–100 kHz. This model is shown in Fig. 1, where the
nodes ABC and abcn correspond to the MV and LV terminals,
respectively. The parameters considered in the model are [16]:
– winding leakage impedance of each phase (ZL );
– winding magnetizing impedance of each phase (Zm );
– winding capacitance including: capacitance between
winding and earth (C1 , C2 ); capacitance between the
inner side of MV and the outer side of LV windings
together with their parasitic components (Z12 , C12 ). Fig. 3. Transformer parameter measurement setup.
To evaluate the model parameters, five measurement schemas
were used, which are shown in Fig. 2. The short-circuit and with a phase uncertainty smaller than 1◦ , short-circuit standard
open-circuit tests allow one to measure the winding leakage and with a phase uncertainty smaller than 1◦ , and match circuit
the winding magnetizing impedance, whereas the capacitance standard with a return loss higher than 45 dB. All these pa-
tests allow one to measure the winding capacitance between rameters are defined in the frequency range of 0 to 4 GHz. The
each other and the earth. The short-circuit and open-circuit tests accuracy of the reflection measurements is 0.4 dB and 3◦ , after
are well-known standard tests for power-transformer characteri- system error correction. The measurements were performed in
zation at the rated frequency; on the other hand, the capacitance the frequency range from 50 to 150 kHz, with a resolution
tests have to be performed because the capacitive effects cannot bandwidth of 100 Hz, a source amplitude of −10 dBm, and
be neglected in the PLC frequency range [15], [16]. A ZVRE a number of points of 1600. One hundred frequency sweeps
Rohde&Schwarz vector network analyzer was used to perform were executed for each impedance measurement; the average
the impedance measurements (see Fig. 3). The characterization value and the standard deviation were calculated for each fre-
was performed in the frequency range of 50–150 kHz as it is quency. The standard deviation was always smaller than 0.1%.
the operative frequency range of the PLC transceiver, which In the following, the average values, obtained in each impe-
was used in the simulations [22]. The reflection measurement dance measurement test, are reported.
method was used to measure the power-transformer impedance The frequency characterization was first conduced on a
parameters. A full-one port manual calibration technique was 100-kVA oil-filled power transformer. The short-circuit and
performed before each series of measurements, using a ZV-Z21 open-circuit measurement results are shown in Fig. 4. In the
TOMS calibration kit. The features of the standard connectors, frequency range of interest, the short-circuit and open-circuit
in the calibration kit, are the following: open-circuit standard measurements have the same trend, and they are very close, i.e.,
CATALIOTTI et al.: OIL-FILLED MV/LV POWER-TRANSFORMER BEHAVIOR IN NB PLC SYSTEMS 2645

Fig. 6. Capacitance test measurement results for a 100-kVA power

transformer.

Fig. 4. Short-circuit and open-circuit test measurement results for a 100-kVA

power transformer.

Fig. 7. Equivalent circuits for the three measurement schemes Capacitance 1,

2, and 3.

Fig. 5. Difference between short-circuit and open-circuit test measurement TABLE I

results for a 100-kVA power transformer. 100-kVA T RANSFORMER PARAMETERS

the magnitude difference is smaller than 1%, and the phase dif-
ference is smaller than 0.6◦ , as shown in Fig. 5. Thus, the mag-
netizing inductance and the ideal transformer can be neglected
and replaced by a short circuit. By observing the frequency tance RL can be evaluated as the mean value of the real part of
trend in Fig. 4, ZL can be replaced with series impedance the short-circuit impedance, i.e.,
ZL = RL + jωLL (whereas in [16], it was modeled as a paral-
lel RL circuit). The inductance LL can be calculated as RL = meanvalue (Re [ZL (f )]) . (2)


Im [ZL (f )]
LL = meanvalue (1) The impedance measurements are shown in Fig. 6; they were
2πf
carried out according to the measurement schemas Capacitance
where Im[ZL ] is the imaginary part of the short-circuit 1, 2, and 3 of Fig. 2. As shown in the figure, the impedance
impedance, and f is the frequency. In the same way, the resis- behaviors are almost capacitive: The phase angles are between
2646 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 61, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2012

Fig. 8. Transformer medium-frequency model.

Fig. 9. Short-circuit test of a100-kVA power transformer: comparison be-

tween measured and simulated results. Maximum errors of 4% and 1.5◦
between measurement and simulation results were found in the frequency range
analyzed.

−87◦ and −90◦ . From the measurement results in Fig. 6, the

capacitance values Cap1, Cap2, and Cap3 were calculated as
follows:
Fig. 10. Capacitance tests of a 100-kVA power transformer: comparison
1 between measured and simulated results. Maximum errors of 4% and 2.5◦
Cap i = i = 1, 2, 3 (3) between measurement and simulation results were found in the frequency range
meanvalue (2πf Im [Zi (f )]) analyzed.

where Im[Zi ] is the imaginary part of the impedance measured due to each phase is one third of that of the neutral terminal.
in each of the three capacitance tests. Therefore, the capacitance values C1 , C2 , and C12 can be
The impedance Z12 , can be substituted by a capacitance evaluated from the Cap1, Cap2, and Cap3 according to the
value that is equal to C12 (whereas in [16], it was assumed as a equivalent circuits in Fig. 7 and the following:
series resonant circuit). Moreover, the capacitance between the 
inner side of the LV windings and the earth has to be considered  3C1 + 6C12 = Cap1
for each of the three phases and not only for the neutral 6C2 + 6C12 = Cap2 (4)

terminal, as done in [16]. However, the capacitive contribution 3C1 + 6C2 = Cap3
CATALIOTTI et al.: OIL-FILLED MV/LV POWER-TRANSFORMER BEHAVIOR IN NB PLC SYSTEMS
TABLE II
T RANSFORMER PARAMETERS
Fig. 11. Short-circuit and capacitance tests of a 250-kVA power transformer:
comparison between measured and simulated results. Maximum error of 5%
and 3◦ between measurement and simulation results were found in the fre-
quency range analyzed.
The parameters evaluated for the 100-kVA transformer are
reported in Table I, whereas the new proposed model is shown
in Fig. 8.
2647
Fig. 12. Short-circuit and capacitance tests of a 400-kVA power transformer:
comparison between measured and simulated results. Maximum errors of
5% and 3◦ between measurement and simulation results were found in the
frequency range analyzed.
B. Experimental Validation of the Proposed New MV/LV
Power-Transformer Model in the Frequency Range of
50–150 kHz
The proposed transformer model was implemented in the
Simulink environment, and the measurement tests in Fig. 2
were simulated. A validation of the proposed model was
obtained, by comparing the experimental and the simulated
measurements. The measured and simulated results of the short
circuit and the capacitance tests are compared in Figs. 9 and
2648 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 61, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2012
Fig. 13. Short-circuit and capacitance tests of a 630-kVA power transformer:
comparison between measured and simulated results. Maximum errors of
7% and 4◦ between measurement and simulation results were found in the
frequency range analyzed.
10, respectively, for the 100-kVA power transformer. The open-
circuit test results are not reported because they are very similar
to those of the short-circuit test. As shown in the figures,
the trends of the simulations are always in agreement with
the measurement results. The maximum differences between
simulations and measurement results are reported in each figure
caption.
To confirm the quality of the proposed model, the other three
oil-filled power transformers (with different rated power values)
were also experimentally tested and simulated. The parameters
Fig. 14. Frequency response test setup.
Fig. 15. Frequency response of a 100-kVA power transformer: comparison
between measurement and simulation. A maximum error of 0.3 dB between
measurement and simulation results was found in the frequency range analyzed.
evaluated for these transformers are reported in Table II. The
measured and simulated test results for these transformers are
reported in Figs. 11–13. In addition, in these cases, the open-
circuit test results are not reported because they are always very
close to the short-circuit test results. In fact, for all the tested
transformers, the difference of magnitude between open-circuit
and short-circuit measurements was smaller than 2%, and the
phase difference was smaller than 1◦ . The phase angles mea-
sured in the capacitance tests are not reported because they are
always between −87◦ and −90◦ . As shown in Figs. 9–13, the
trends of the simulations are always in agreement with the mea-
surement results. The maximum differences between simula-
tions and measurement results are reported in each figure
caption.
Finally, to evaluate the power-transformer behavior in the fre-
quency range of interest, the frequency response was evaluated.
An ESI26 Rohde&Schwarz EMI test receiver was connected to
the power transformer, as shown in Fig. 14. The attenuation
between the output and input signals (Vout and Vin , respec-
tively) was evaluated, which is defined as
Vout
attenuation = 20 log10 . (5)
Vin
The experimental and simulation results for each transformer
are reported in Figs. 15–18. As shown in this figures, the trends
of the simulations are always in agreement with the measure-
ment results. The maximum differences between simulations
and measurement results are reported in each figure caption.
CATALIOTTI et al.: OIL-FILLED MV/LV POWER-TRANSFORMER BEHAVIOR IN NB PLC SYSTEMS
Fig. 16. Frequency response of a 250-kVA power transformer: comparison
between measurement and simulation. A maximum error of 0.7 dB between
measurement and simulation results was found in the frequency range analyzed.
Fig. 17. Frequency response of a 400-kVA power transformer: comparison
between measurement and simulation. A maximum error of 0.6 dB between
measurement and simulation results was found in the frequency range analyzed.
III. PLC S YSTEM M ODEL : S IMULATION IN THE
P RESENCE OF P OWER T RANSFORMERS
In order to perform a preliminary evaluation of the trans-
former performance in a complete PLC system, a simple MV
power network was simulated, which connects two transformer
substations. The simplified schematic representation of this
power network is shown in Fig. 19. The model of an MV
overhead power line was developed, as shown in [22]; the
line is composed of three copper conductors of 16 mm2 cross
sections. Two MV/LV power transformers of 100 kVA were
considered by means of the model proposed in Section II and
with the parameter of Table I. Two ST7540 FSK power-line
transceivers (TX/RX) were modeled as shown in [22]. The
transceiver can work with different carrier frequencies, from
60 to 132 kHz. The transmission system was based on line-
to-earth configuration, i.e., the signal was injected between one
of the three conductors and the earth [22]. Finally, the model
was developed of a commercial MV CN, which is produced by
ADD Production S.R.L. The simulation of the MV system for
PLC was implemented in the Simulink environment.
2649
Fig. 18. Frequency response of a 630-kVA power transformer: comparison
between measurement and simulation. A maximum error of 1.4 dB between
measurement and simulation results was found in the frequency range analyzed.
The aim of this paper is to study the influence of the oil-
filled power transformer on signal transmission. Thus, two
cases were studied. In the first case, the signal was injected
through the coupling device in the MV network at one end
of the line and was directly received from the LV terminal of
the power transformer connected at the opposite end of the line
(see Fig. 19). In the second case, the signal was transmitted
from the LV network and received from the MV network. The
attenuation between the transmitted and received signal was
evaluated according to (5), for different carrier frequencies and
for three line lengths, i.e., 0.25, 1, and 2.5 km. The simulation
results are shown in Figs. 20–25. It can be observed that when
the signal is transmitted from the MV network and received
from the LV network, the attenuation assumes values between
−15 and 0 dB. Larger attenuations, between −5 and −35 dB,
are obtained when the signal is transmitted from the LV network
and received from the MV network. In each case, the attenua-
tion always depends from both the line length and the frequency
of the signal. This is mainly due to the resonant behavior of the
line for some frequencies.
IV. C ONCLUSION
This paper has presented the development of a new and
simple model for oil-filled power transformer in the NB PLC
frequency range of 50–150 kHz. The short-circuit, open-circuit,
and capacitance tests, already proposed in literature, were
used to evaluate the transformer model parameters. Four oil-
filled power transformers, having different rated power values,
were tested, and the model parameters of each transformer
were evaluated. The frequency response was also measured for
each transformer. The proposed power transformer model and
the mentioned measurement tests were simulated in Simulink
environment. The comparisons between the experimental mea-
surements and simulations results showed that the model can
simulate the transformer behavior in the PLC frequency range
of interest, i.e., 50–150 kHz. With respect to the models pro-
posed in literature, the new model is simpler and can be used in
the whole frequency range available for NB PLCs.
2650 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 61, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2012
Fig. 19. Schematization of the system under study.
Fig. 20. Simulation results of the attenuation versus signal frequency for a
0.25-km MV line. The signal was injected in the MV network and received
from the LV network.
Fig. 21. Simulation results of the attenuation versus signal frequency for a
0.25-km MV line. The signal was injected in the LV network and received from
the MV network.
Furthermore, a complete PLC system in an MV power net-
work was simulated, in order to carry out a preliminary study
of the influence of power transformer on signal transmission.
The simulated PLC system is composed of an MV overhead
power line, two power transformers, an MV coupling network,
and two FSK power-line transceivers. The transmission system
was based on line-to-earth configuration, i.e., the signal was
injected between one of the three conductors and the earth.
Thus, the influence of the earth was also taken into account in
the model. Various simulations were carried out, in the case
of both LV–MV and MV–LV transmissions. The simulation
results showed larger attenuation in the case of LV–MV trans-
Fig. 22. Simulation results of the attenuation versus signal frequency for a
1-km MV line. The signal was injected in the MV network and received from
the LV network.
Fig. 23. Simulation results of the attenuation versus signal frequency for a
1-km MV line. The signal was injected in the LV network and received from
the MV network.
mission. In each simulated case, the attenuation always depends
from both the line length and the frequency of the signal. This
is mainly due to the resonant behavior of the line for some
frequencies. Due to the experimentally validated models of the
different PLC system components and the power-transformer
frequency-response experimental results, the preliminary simu-
lation results show the possibility that the PLC signal can cross
the power transformer and the feasibility of the employment of
the PLC technology in MV networks. This is one of the key
aspects for an extensive applicability of this communication
method in the MV–LV smart grids.
CATALIOTTI et al.: OIL-FILLED MV/LV POWER-TRANSFORMER BEHAVIOR IN NB PLC SYSTEMS
Fig. 24. Simulation results of the attenuation versus signal frequency for a
2.5-km MV line. The signal was injected in the MV network and received from
the LV network.
Fig. 25. Simulation results of the attenuation versus signal frequency for a
2.5-km MV line. The signal was injected in the LV network and received from
the MV network.
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[21] A. Cataliotti, D. Di Cara, R. Fiorelli, and G. Tinè, “Power-line com-
munication in medium-voltage system: Simulation model and onfield
experimental tests,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 62–69,
Jan. 2012.
[22] A. Cataliotti, V. Cosentino, D. Di Cara, and G. Tinè, “Simulation of a
power line communication system in medium and low voltage distribution
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Aachen, Germany, Sep. 28–30, 2011, pp. 107–111.
Antonio Cataliotti (M’01) received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the
University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, in 1992 and 1998, respectively, all in
electrical engineering.
In 2000, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor, and since 2005, he has
been an Associate Professor of electrical and electronic measurements with
Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Telecommunication Engineering,
Chemical Technologies, Automation, and Mathematical Models, University of
Palermo. His research interests include electrical drive control and diagnostics,
digital signal processing, testing of electrical machines and drives, power
quality measurements, and the detection of sources of disturbances in power
systems.
Valentina Cosentino received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical en-
gineering from the University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, in 2001 and 2005,
respectively.
From 2005 to 2010, she was a Temporary Research Fellow with Department
of Electrical, Electronic, and Telecommunication Engineering, Chemical Tech-
nologies, Automation, and Mathematical Models, (DIEETCAM), University of
Palermo. She is currently an Assistant Professor of electrical and electronic
measurements with DIEETCAM. Her research interests include power, energy
and power quality measurements, detection of sources of disturbances in power
systems, digital signal processing, and virtual instrumentation.
2652 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 61, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2012
Dario Di Cara received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
from the University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, in 2005 and 2009, respectively.
From June 2009 to July 2010, he was a Postdoctoral Student with the
National Research Council–Institute of Intelligent System for Automation
(CNR-ISSIA), Palermo. He is currently a Postdoctoral Student with the Depart-
ment of Electrical, Electronic, and Telecommunication Engineering, University
of Palermo. His current research interests include power quality measurements,
characterization of current transducers in nonsinusoidal condition, harmonic
power measurements, power-line communications.
Giovanni Tinè was born in Palermo, Italy, in 1961. He received the Ph.D.
degree in electronics, computer science, and telecommunications engineering
from the University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, in 1994.
He is currently a Researcher with the National Research Council—Institute
of Intelligent System for Automation (CNR-ISSIA), Palermo. His research
interests are electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of power electrical drive
systems, EMC of dual-voltage electric devices, and power-line communication
in medium-voltage systems.