Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Agenda
• Objectives
• Equipment Protection
• Protection Types
• Overcurrent Protection
• STAR Overview
• Features and Capabilities
• Protective Device Types
• TCC Curves
• STAR Short-circuit
• PD Sequence of Operation
• Normalized TCC curves
• TCC Print and Settings Report
• Examples and Assignments
• Objectives
• Human Safety
• Prevent injury and fatality
• Objectives
• Protection of Equipment
• Permit normal operation
• Isolate the equipment in case of abnormal conditions
• Objectives
• Protection of System (Stability Protection)
• Over / Under Voltage
• Over / Under Frequency
• Rate of Frequency Change
• Islanding of System
• Objectives
• Selectivity
• Minimal isolation of network with abnormal conditions
• Permit normal operation for rest of electrical network
• Objectives
• Reasonable Cost
• Maximum achievable reliability for protection and
coordination at minimal cost
• Science, Experience, and Art
• Sensitivity to faults and insensitivity to normal operation
• Fast fault clearance with proper selectivity
• Minimal isolation of faulty area
• Capability to operate correctly under all predictable
power system conditions
2
It I2t I2t
t
I22t
Motor
Xfmr Cable
Gen
• Overcurrent
• Inverse Time Over Current (TOC)
• Instantaneous Over Current (IOC)
• Directional
• Differential
• Impedance
• Distance
• Voltage
• Under/Over Voltage
• Frequency
• Under/Over Frequency
• Mechanical
• Pressure (Buchholz Relay)
• Selectivity
• Time Margin at higher fault
currents
• Star Mode
• Creation of TCC and Star View
• Addition of devices to existing TCC
• Graphical and Editor adjustments
• Star View Options (top)
• Combine Curve (ETAP 11 enahncement)
• Star Mode and Star View difference
Minimum Melting
Time Curve
Ip
Current (peak amps)
ta = tc – tm
Ip’
ta = Arcing Time
tm = Melting Time
tc = Clearing Time
tm ta Time (cycles) Ip = Peak Current
tc
Ip’ = Peak Let-thru Current
© 2011 ETAP. PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL
CLF Let-Through Chart
• Assumptions:
1. Short-circuit X/R ≤ Tested Short-circuit X/R, or
Short-circuit power factor ≥ tested power factor
• Assumptions
2. The fault is on the load terminal
• Assumptions
3. The sum of motor full load currents contribution between the
series rated devices should not exceeds 1 percent of
interrupting rating of lowest rated device.
230,000
Peak Let-Through Amperes
300 A
12,500 100 A
60 A
5,200 100,000
• Thermal Protection
• Fault Protection
O/L
tLR MCP
(51) 200 HP
ts
Starting Curve
MCP (50)
LRAs LRAasym
Overload: overload
relay elements
3 OL
Short circuit:
circuit breaker current 3 CB
trip elements
Fuses 3 FU
Undervoltage: inherent
with integral control
supply and three-wire
control circuit — —
FUSE SIZE
MAXIMUM CONDUCTOR LENGTH FOR ABOVE AND
CLASS J
FUSE
BELOW GROUND CONDUIT SYSTEMS. ABOVE GROUND CIRCUIT BREAKER
SYSTEMS HAVE DIRECT SOLAR EXPOSURE. 750 C
SIZE
CONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE, 450 C AMBIENT
460V NEC FLC
CONDUCTOR
GROUNDING
MOTOR HP
STARTER
MINIMUM
SIZE
SIZE
LARGER GROUND
LENGTH FOR 1%
LENGTH FOR 1%
LARGER WIRE
CONDUCTOR
DROP WITH
USE NEXT
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
LARGEST
MINIMUM
250% 200% 150%
DROP
NEXT
WIRE
WIRE
SIZE
SIZE
1 2.1 0 12 12 759 10 1251 15 15 15 5
1½ 3 0 12 12 531 10 875 15 15 15 6
2 3.4 0 12 12 468 10 772 15 15 15 7
3 4.8 0 12 12 332 10 547 20 20 15 10
5 7.6 0 12 12 209 10 345 20 20 15 15
7½ 11 1 12 10 144 8 360 30 25 20 20
10 14 1 10 8 283 6 439 35 30 25 30
15 21 2 10 8 189 6 292 50 40 30 45
20 27 2 10 6 227 4 347 70 50 40 60
25 34 2 8 4 276 2 407 80 70 50 70
30 40 3 6 2 346 2/0 610 100 70 60 90
40 52 3 6 2 266 2/0 469 150 110 90 110
50 65 3 2 2/0 375 4/0 530 175 150 100 125
60 77 4 2 2/0 317 4/0 447 200 175 125 150
75 96 4 2 4/0 358 250 393 250 200 150 200
100 124 4 1 250 304 350 375 350 250 200 250
125 156 5 2/0 350 298 500 355 400 300 250 350
150 180 5 4/0 500 307 750 356 450 350 300 400
Class El (without
Ratings Class E2 (with fuses)
fuses)
Short Circuit:
Fuses, Class E2 3 FU
IOC relay, Class E1 3 OC
Ground Fault
2 t
A
T2 234
0.0297log
T1 234
Where:
A= Conductor area in circular-mils
I = Short circuit current in amps
t = Time of short circuit in seconds
T1= Initial operation temperature (750C)
T2=Maximum short circuit temperature
(1500C)
© 2011 ETAP. PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL
Cable Short-Circuit Heating Limits
Recommended
temperature rise:
B) CU 75-200C
• (c) Temperature limitations. The temperature rating associated with the ampacity
of a conductor shall be so selected and coordinated as to not exceed the lowest
temperature rating of any connected termination, conductor, or device. Conductors
with temperature ratings higher than specified for terminations shall be permitted
to be used for ampacity adjustment, correction, or both.
• (1) Termination provisions of equipment for circuits rated 100 amperes or less, or
marked for Nos. 14 through 1 conductors, shall be used only for conductors rated
60C (140F).
• Exception No. 1: Conductors with higher temperature ratings shall be permitted to
be used, provided the ampacity of such conductors is determined based on the
6OC (140F) ampacity of the conductor size used.
• Exception No. 2: Equipment termination provisions shall be permitted to be used
with higher rated conductors at the ampacity of the higher rated conductors,
provided the equipment is listed and identified for use with the higher rated
conductors.
• (2) Termination provisions of equipment for circuits rated over 100 amperes, or
marked for conductors larger than No. 1, shall be used only with conductors rated
75C (167F).
200 Thermal
t I2t = 1250
(D-D LL) 0.87
(sec)
Infrequent Fault
(D-R LG) 0.58
Frequent Fault
2
Mechanical
K=(1/Z)2t
Inrush
Differential - √ - √
√ -
√
Gas detection
Over excitation -
√ √ √
Overheating -
√ -
√
© 2011 ETAP. PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL
Question
Feeders
* Should be selected by reference to the frequent-fault-incidence protection curve or for transformers
serving industrial, commercial and institutional power systems with secondary-side conductors
enclosed in conduit, bus duct, etc., the feeder protective device may be selected by reference to the
infrequent-fault-incidence protection curve.
(Frequent Fault = More than 10 through faults (lifetime) for category II and 5 faults for category III)
© 2011 ETAP. PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL
Selective Coordination
• General Concept
• Measurement of Residual (IR)
or Zero Sequence current (3I0)
• IR = 3I0 = Ia + Ib + Ic
(Vector Summation)
• Balanced Fault: Ia = Ib = Ic and
IR = 3I0 = 0
• Unbalanced system Ia ≠ Ib ≠ Ic
and IR = 3I0 > 0
• Residual
• Grounded-phase current is detected as the
unbalance in the current produced by the phase
current transformers
• GF Selective Coordination
• Device ground fault overcurrent coordination with:
• Other devices with ground detection
• Other devices with phase overcurrent detection
• Combination of phase and ground fault detection
• Minimum and Maximum Fault
• Phase and single-line to ground fault coordination
• Electromechanical
• Simple, cheap, slower, limited functionality