TERM 1

IDENTIFICATION OF CAT IONS:

(A) COPPER ION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(i) Take a pinch of salt.

Dissolve it in 5ml of
(ii)
water.

Divide the solution into 2

(iii)
parts.
To the first part add 2- Pale Blue ppt. is formed
3ml of NH4OH in a small which dissolves in excess of
(iv) Copper ion is confirmed.
amount and then in NH4OH to give an inky blue
excess. solution.
To the second part add
Pale blue ppt is formed which
(v) 2-3 ml of NaOH and Copper ion is confirmed
is insoluble in excess.
then add excess.

Cu SO4 +2 NaOH Cu(OH) 2+Na2SO4

Cu SO4 + 2NH4OH Cu(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4

Cu(OH)2+ 2NH4OH + (NH4) 2 SO4 [ Cu(NH3)4] SO4 + 4H2O

(B) ZINC ION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(i)
Take a pinch of salt.

Dissolve it in 5ml of
(ii)
water.

Divide the solution into 2

(iii)
parts.
To the first part add 2-
Gelatinous white precipitate
3ml of NH4OH in a small
(iv) is formed which dissolves in Zinc ion is confirmed.
amount and then in
excess of NH4OH.
excess.
 To the second part add Gelatinous white precipitate
(v) 2-3 ml of NaOH and is formed which dissolves in Zinc ion is confirmed.
then add excess. excess of NaOH
Zn Cl2 + 2NH4OH Zn(OH)2+2NH4Cl

Zn Cl2 + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2 + 2Nacl

(C) FERROUS ION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(i)
Take a pinch of salt.

(ii) Dissolve it in 5ml of

water.

(iii) Divide the solution into 2

parts.
To the first part add a Dirty green precipitate is form
(iv) little amount (2-3ml) of which is insoluble in excess Ferrous ion is
NH4OH and then in of NH4OH confirmed.
excess.
To the second part add
Dirty green precipitate is
(v) a little amount (2-3 ml) of Ferrous ion is
formed which insoluble in
NaOH and then in confirmed.
excess of NaOH
excess.
FeSO4 + 2NH4OH Fe(OH)2+(NH4 )2SO4

FeSO4+ 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4

(D) FERRIC ION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(i)
Take a pinch of salt.

Dissolve it in 5ml of
(ii)
water.

Divide the solution into 2

(iii)
parts.

To the first part add a

Reddish brown precipitate is
little amount (2-3ml) of
(iv) formed which is insoluble in Ferric ion is confirmed.
NH4OH and then in
excess of NH4OH
excess.
 To the second part add
Reddish brown precipitate is
a little amount (2-3 ml) of
(v) formed which insoluble in Ferric ion is confirmed.
NaOH and then in
excess of NaOH
excess.
FeCl3 + 3NH4OH Fe(OH)3+ 3NH4Cl

Fe Cl3+ 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl

(E) LEAD ION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(i)
Take a pinch of salt.

(ii) Dissolve it in 5ml of water.

Divide the solution into two

(iii)
parts.
To the first part add a little
(iv) amount (2-3ml) of NH4OH
and then in excess.
To the second part add a
(v) little amount (2-3 ml) of
NaOH and then in excess.
Curdy white precipitate is
form which is insoluble in
Lead ion is confirmed.
NH4OH excess.
Curdy white precipitate is
formed which is soluble Lead ion is confirmed.
in excess of NaOH

Pb(NO3)2 + 2NH4OH 2NH4NO3 + Pb(OH)2

Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaOH Pb(OH)2 + 2NaNO3
Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2PbO2 + 2H2O

Calcium

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(i) Take a pinch of salt.

Dissolve it in 5ml of
(ii)
water.

Divide the solution into 2

(iii)
parts.
 To the first part add 2-
3ml of NH4OH in a small
(iv) No reaction
amount and then in
excess.
To the second part add The ppt is of Ca(OH)2
Chalky white ppt is formed
(v) 2-3 ml of NaOH and and the cation is calcium
which is insoluble in excess.
then add excess. Ca2+

Ca(NO3)2 + 2NaOH Ca(OH) 2+2NaNO3

Ca(NO3)2 + NH4OH No reaction

Ammonium

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(i) Take a pinch of salt.

Dissolve it in 5ml of
(ii)
water.

Divide the solution into 2

(iii)
parts.
To the first part add 2-
3ml of NH4OH in a small
(iv) No reaction
amount and then in
excess.
To the second part add A pungent smelling gas is
The gas evolved may be
(v) 2-3 ml of NaOH and evolved which turns moist
ammonia.
then add excess. red litmus blue.
The fumes are of
Bring a glass rod dipped
Dense white fumes are ammonium chloride and
(vi) in conc. HCl near the
formed. given salt is ammonium
mouth of the test tube.
salt.
NH4NO3 + NH4OH No reaction

NH4NO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + H 2O+NH3

2. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS:
 (A) CARBONATE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Take a pinch of salt and

Brisk effervescence occurs May be carbonate. The
add dilute sulphuric
(i) and a colourless, evolved gas may be
acid.
odourless gas is evolved. CO2

Pass the evolved gas

through: • The evolved gas is
• Lime water turns milky. carbon dioxide and
• Lime water.
(ii) • No change in colour. the anion is
• Acidified potassium
Carbonate.
dichromate solution.

Na2CO3 +H2SO4 Na2SO4 + CO2 + H 2O

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H 2O

(B) SULPHITE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Effervescence occurs and

Take a pinch of salt and a colourless, pungent May be the evolved gas
(i) add dilute sulphuric smelling gas is evolved. is SO2
acid.Heat On heating brisk
effervescence occurs.

.
Pass the evolved gas
• Orange coloured
through: Acidified • The evolved gas is
(ii) solution turns clear
potassium dichromate sulphur dioxide and
green.
solution. the anion is Sulphite.

K2SO3 +H2SO4 K2SO4 + H2O + SO2

Ca(OH)2 + SO2 CaSO3 + H 2O

K2Cr2O7 +H2SO4 +3SO2 K2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4)3 + H2O

Chromium sulphate

(C) SULPHIDE:
 EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Take a pinch of salt and May be hydrogen

A gas with a smell of rotten
(i) add dilute sulphuric sulphide.
eggs is evolved.
acid.

Bring a moist lead The evolved gas is

Lead acetate paper turns
(ii) acetate paper in the hydrogen sulphide and
silvery black.
way of the gas. the anion is sulphide.

Na2S +H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2S

(CH3COO)2 Pb + H2S 2CH3COOH + PbS

Lead sulphide

(D) CHLORIDE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Take a pinch of salt and

(i) add dilute sulphuric No reaction
acid.
Take a pinch of salt and
Pungent smelling gas is
(ii) add concentrated
evolved.
sulphuric acid.
Pass the evolved gas A curdy white precipitate is
The precipitate is of
through silver nitrate formed which is soluble in
(iii) silver chloride (AgCl)
solution. ammonium hydroxide.
Bring a glass rod
The dense white fumes
dipped in ammonium Dense white fumes are
are of NH4Cl.. The
hydroxide (NH4OH) in seen.
(iv) anion is chloride
the way of the gas .

NaCl + conc.H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl

AgNO3 +HCl AgCl + HNO3

NH3 +HCl-----------→NH4Cl
 (E) NITRATE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Take a pinch of salt and

(i) add dilute sulphuric No reaction
acid.
Take a pinch of salt and
The gas evolved may
(ii) add concentrated Reddish brown fumes are
be nitrogen dioxide
sulphuric acid and evolved.
(NO2)
copper filings and heat.
Pass the evolved gas
(iii) The potassium iodide The anion may be
over moist potassium
paper turns brown. nitrate (NO3)
iodide paper.

Take 2-3ml of salt

A brown ring appears at
(iv) solution, and 2-3ml of
the junction of the two
freshly prepared FeSO4
liquid layers. The brown The anion is nitrate.
solution. Then add 2-3
ring disappears on shaking
ml of conc. H2SO4 by
the test tube.
the side of the test tube.

Cu + 4NaNO3 + 4H2SO 4NaHSO4 + Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2

6FeSO4 +3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO

FeSO4 + NO FeSO4.NO

(F) SULPHATE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Take a pinch of salt and

(i) add 2-5ml of dilute No reaction
sulphuric acid.
Take a pinch of salt and
(ii) add concentrated No reaction May be sulphate
H2SO4 and heat.
Add 2-3ml of barium
chloride solution to A dense white precipitate
The anion is sulphate.
(iii) about 2-3ml of salt is formed.
solution.
 K2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2KCl

3. IDENTIFICATION OF ACIDIC AND ALKALINE SOLUTION:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Take 5ml of each

(i) sample and divide them
into 3 parts each.
A B
To the first part add 2-3
Blue litmus
drop of : Red litmus Sample A is an acidic
turns red.
(ii) (a) Litmus solution. turns blue solution.
Turns pink
(b) Methyl orange Turns yellow Sample B is alkaline.
No change
(c) Phenolphthalein Turns pink
Brisk
Add a pinch of NaCO3
effervescen
to about 2-3ml of each No change
(iii) ce
sample.

Na2CO3 + H2 SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2

4. IDENTIFICATION OF COPPER OXIDE & MANGANESE DIOXIDE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

To both the samples

Sample A shows no effect
add about 5ml of
(i) Sample B evolves pungent Gas may be chlorine
concentrated HCl and
smelling gas.
heat.

Filter the solutions. Sample A forms a pale Sample A is copper

Cool the filtrate. Add 2- blue ppt. oxide.
(ii)
3 ml of NH4OH to each Sample B shows no Sample B is
filtrate. reaction. manganese dioxide.

CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O

MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2

CuCl2 + 2NH4OH Cu (OH)2 + 2NH4Cl