DON BOSCO SCHOOL , BANDEL

CLASS 10
CHEMISTRY
TOPIC- WRITING OF EXPERIMENTS (IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS)
Date: _____ Experiment No:______
Aim- To identify the cation present in the salt using NaOH and NH4OH solution.
Colour-Light green
Solubility-Soluble in water
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
1. A little amount of given A light green coloured solution
salt is taken in a test tube obtained
and dissolved in distilled
water.
Few drops of NaOH A dirty green precipitate is Fe(OH)2 obtained as precipitate.
solution added to the obtained
above solution.
Excess of NaOH is added The precipitate remains Fe2+ ions are present in the
to the above solution insoluble in excess of NaOH given salt.
2. A little amount of given A light green coloured solution
salt is taken in a test tube obtained
and dissolved in distilled
water.
Few drops of NH4OH A dirty green precipitate is Fe(OH)2 obtained as precipitate.
solution added to the obtained
above solution.
Excess of NH4OH is added The precipitate remains Fe2+ ions are present in the
to the above solution insoluble in excess of NH4OH given salt.

Result-Given substance contains ferrous ions.

Reactions:
FeSO4 + 2NaOH Fe (OH) 2 + Na2SO4

FeSO4 +2 NH4OH Fe (OH) 2 + (NH4)2SO4

Diagram:
Date:_____ Experiment No:______
Aim- To identify the cation present in the salt using NaOH and NH4OH solution.
Colour—brown
Solubility—Soluble in water
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
1. A little amount of given A yellow coloured solution obtained
salt is taken in a test tube
and dissolved in distilled
water.
Few drops of NaOH A reddish brown coloured precipitate is Fe (OH)3
solution added to the obtained obtained as
above solution. precipitate.
Excess of NaOH is added The precipitate remains insoluble in excess of Fe3+ ions are
to the above solution NaOH present in the
given salt.
2. A little amount of given A yellow coloured solution obtained
salt is taken in a test tube
and dissolved in distilled
water.
Few drops of NH4OH A reddish brown coloured precipitate is Fe (OH)3
solution added to the obtained obtained as
above solution. precipitate.
Excess of NH4OH is added The precipitate remains insoluble in excess of Fe3+ ions are
to the above solution NH4OH present in the
given salt.
Result- Given substance contains ferric ions.
Reactions:
FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe (OH)3+ 3NaCl

FeCl3 + 3NH4OH Fe (OH)3 + 3NH4Cl

Diagram:
Date:_____ Experiment No:______
Aim- To identify the cation present in the salt using NaOH and NH4OH solution.
Colour—Blue
Solubility—Soluble in water
SNo. Experiment Observation Inference
1. A little amount of given A blue coloured solution
salt is taken in a test tube obtained
and dissolved in distilled
water.
Few drops of NaOH A pale blue precipitate is Cu(OH)2 is the pale blue
solution added to the obtained precipitate
above solution.
Excess of NaOH is added The precipitate remains Cu2+ ions are present in the
to the above solution insoluble in excess of NaOH . given salt.
2. A little amount of given A blue coloured solution
salt is taken in a test tube obtained
and dissolved in distilled
water.
Few drops of NH4OH A pale blue precipitate is Cu (OH)2 is the pale blue
solution added to the obtained. precipitate.
above solution.
Excess of NH4OH is added The precipitate dissolves in Tetraamminecopper(II)sulphate
to the above solution excess of NH4OH to give a deep is formed. Cu2+ ions are present
blue solution in the given salt.
Result- Given substance contains copper ions.
Reactions:
CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu (OH) 2 + Na2SO4
CuSO4 +2 NH4OH Cu (OH) 2 + (NH4)2SO4
Cu (OH)2 + Na2SO4 + 2NH4OHexcess [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 + 4H2O

Diagram:
Date:_____ Experiment No:______
Aim- To identify the cation present in the salt using NaOH and NH4OH solution.
Colour—white
Solubility—Soluble in water
SNo. Experiment Observation Inference
1. A little amount of given A colourless solution obtained
salt is taken in a test tube
and dissolved in distilled
water.
Few drops of NaOH A chalky white precipitate is Pb(OH)2 obtained as precipitate.
solution added to the obtained
above solution.
Excess of NaOH is added The precipitate is soluble in Pb2+ ions are present in the
to the above solution excess of NaOH given salt.
2. A little amount of given A colourless solution obtained
salt is taken in a test tube
and dissolved in distilled
water.
Few drops of NH4OH A chalky white precipitate is Pb(OH)2 is obtained as ppt.
solution added to the obtained
above solution.
Excess of NH4OH is added The precipitate remains Pb2+ ions are present in the
to the above solution insoluble in excess of NH4OH given salt.
Result- Given salt contains lead ions.
Reactions:
Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaOH Pb (OH)2 + 2NaNO3
Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOHexcess Na2PbO2 + 2H2O

PbNO3)2 +2NH4OH Pb(OH)2 + 2NH4NO3

Diagram:
Date:_____ Experiment No:______
Aim- To identify the cation present in the salt using NaOH and NH4OH solution.
Colour—White
Solubility—Soluble in water
SNo. Experiment Observation Inference
1. A little amount of given A colourless solution obtained
salt is taken in a test tube
and dissolved in distilled
water.
Few drops of NaOH A gelatinous white precipitate is Zn(OH)2 is obtained as ppt.
solution added to the obtained
above solution.
Excess of NaOH is added The precipitate is soluble in Zn2+ ions are present in the
to the above solution excess of NaOH given salt.
2. A little amount of given A colourless solution obtained
salt is taken in a test tube
and dissolved in distilled
water.
Few drops of NH4OH A gelatinous white precipitate is Zn(OH)2 obtained as ppt.
solution added to the obtained
above solution.
Excess of NH4OH is added The precipitate is soluble in Zn2+ ions are present in the
to the above solution excess of NH4OH given salt.

Reactions:
ZnSO4 + 2NaOH Zn (OH)2 + Na2SO4
Zn(OH)2 +2NaOHexcess Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O

ZnSO4 +2 NH4OH Zn(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4

Zn(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 + 2NH4OHexcess [Zn(NH3)4]SO4

Diagram:

Result – Given salt contains zinc ions.

Date:_____ Experiment No:______
Aim- To identify the cation present in the salt using NaOH and NH4OH solution.
Colour—White
Solubility—Soluble in water
SNo. Experiment Observation Inference
1. A little amount of given A colourless solution obtained
salt is taken in a test tube
and dissolved in distilled
water.
Few drops of NaOH A white precipitate is obtained Ca(OH)2 is obtained as ppt.
solution added to the
above solution.
Excess of NaOH is added The precipitate is sparingly Ca2+ ions are present in the
to the above solution soluble in excess of NaOH given salt.
2. A little amount of given A colourless solution obtained
salt is taken in a test tube
and dissolved in distilled
water.
Few drops of NH4OH No precipitate formed.
solution added to the
above solution.
Excess of NH4OH is added No precipitate formed even with Ca2+ ions are present in the
to the above solution excess of NH4OH. given salt.

Reactions:
Ca(NO3)2 + 2NaOH Ca(OH)2 + 2NaNO3
Aim- To identify the cation present in the salt using NaOH and NH4OH solution.
Colour—White
Solubility—Soluble in water
SNo. Experiment Observation Inference
1. A little amount of given A colourless pungent smelling
salt is taken in a test tube gas evolves.
add sodium hydroxide and
heat.
2. Bring a glass rod dipped in Dense white fumes obtained.
dilute HCl near the mouth
of the test tube
3. Bring a moist red litmus The moist red litmus paper turns The gas evolved is basic.
paper near the mouth of blue.
the test tube
4. Bubble the gas evolved Brown precipitate formed. NH4+ ions present in the given
through Nessler’s reagent. salt.

NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + H2O + NH3

DON BOSCO SCHOO , BANDEL
CLASS 10
CHEMISTRY
TOPIC- WRITING OF EXPERIMENT ( ACTION OF HEAT ON SUBSTANCES)
Date: _____ Experiment No:______
Aim- To observe the action of heat on given substance.

Colour-Light green

Experiment Observation Inference

SNo.

1. A little amount of given salt is Colour changes from green to Black residue is CuO
taken in a dry test tube and black, a colourless odourless gas
heated. evolve which extinguishes a
burning wooden splinter.

2. Bubble the gas through lime Lime water turns milky. In excess
water the milkiness disappears.

3. Bubble the gas through acidified No change observed.

potassium dichromate solution

4. Bubble the gas through acidified No change observed. The gas evolved is
potassium permanganate carbon dioxide
solution.

Result –Light green powder is Copper carbonate.

Reaction- CuCO3 Heat CuO +CO2

Diagram:
Date:_____ Experiment No:_____
Aim- To observe the action of heat on given substances.
Colour-white

SNo. Experiment Observation Inference

1. A little amount of given salt is Amorphous white solid turns pale White residue is ZnO
taken in a dry test tube and yellow and becomes white again
heated. on cooling. , a colourless
odourless gas evolves which
extinguishes a burning wooden
splinter.

2. Bubble the gas through lime Lime water turns milky.

water

3. Bubble the gas through acidified No change observed.

potassium dichromate solution

4. Bubble the gas through acidified No change observed. The gas evolved is
potassium permanganate carbon dioxide
solution.
Result- Given salt is Zinc carbonate.
Reaction; ZnCO3 Heat ZnO + CO2

Diagram:
Date:_____ Experiment No:______
Aim- To observe the action of heat on given substances.
Colour- White

SNo. Experiment Observation Inference

1. A little amount of given salt is The solid melts to form white

taken in a dry test tube and sticky mass and gives steamy
heated. vapours

2. The salt is strongly heated. It gives pale yellow residue which The residue is ZnO
gives white residue on cooling. It
also gives off reddish brown
vapours. Vapours turn blue litmus
paper red.

3. A glowing wooden splint is held in It brusts into flame The gas contains
the brown gas oxygen

4. Bubble the gas through acidified The green solution turns brown The brown gas is NO2
ferrous sulphate solution.
Result- The given salt is Zinc Nitrate hexahydrate
2Zn(NO3)2 Heat 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2
Diagram
Date:_____ Experiment No:______
Aim- To observe the action of heat on given substances.
Colour- Bluish green

SNo. Experiment Observation Inference

1. A little amount of given salt is The blue crystalline solid melts to

taken in a dry test tube and form bluish green mass and gives
heated. off steamy vapours.

2. The salt is strongly heated. The bluish green mass changes to Black residue is copper
black residue. . It also gives off oxide.
reddish brown vapours. Vapours
turn blue litmus paper red.

3. A glowing wooden splint is held in It brusts into flame The gas contains
the brown gas oxygen

4. Bubble the gas through acidified The green solution turns brown The brown gas is NO2
ferrous sulphate solution.
Result- The given subs is copper nitrate hexahydrate.
Heat
2Cu (NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
Diagram
Date: _____ Experiment No:______
Aim- To observe the action of heat on given substances.
Colour-White

SNo. Experiment Observation Inference

1. A little amount of given salt is The white crystalline solid

taken in a dry test tube and crumbles with a crackling sound.
heated.

2. The salt is strongly heated. A residue is obtained which is Residue is lead (II)oxide.
reddish brown when hot , on
cooling turns yellow and partly
fuses with the glass . It also gives
off reddish brown vapours.
Vapours turn blue litmus paper
red

3. A glowing wooden splint is held in It brusts into flame. The gas contains
the brown gas oxygen

4. Bubble the gas through acidified

ferrous sulphate solution.

The green solution turns brown. The brown gas is NO2

Result- The given substance is lead nitrate.
2Pb (NO3)2 Heat 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
Diagram
Date-______ Experiment No-______

Aim – To differentiate between solution(A and B) of a dilute acid and dilute base.

S Experiment Observation Inference

No.

1. Take solution A in a test tube and add Blue litmus turns red.
blue litmus solution or methyl orange
or phenolphthalein. Methyl orange turns pink.

Phenolphthalein remains
colourless.

2. Add sodium carbonate solution to Brisk effervescence, the gas The given solution A is a
given solution A. turns lime water milky. dilute acid.

3. Add ammonium carbonate to solution No pungent smelling gas

A and heat. evolves

4. Take solution B in a test tube and add red litmus turns blue.
red litmus solution or methyl orange or
phenolphthalein. Methyl orange turns yellow.

Phenolphthalein from
colourless turns pink.

5. Add sodium carbonate solution to No brisk effervescence

given solution. observed.

6. Add ammonium carbonate to solution Pungent smelling gas The given solution B is a
B and heat. evolves which gives brown dilute alkali.
ppt. with Nessler’s reagent.

Result – Given solution A is a dilute acid and solution B is a dilute alkali.

Date- ______ Experiment No.- _____

Aim – To differentiate between black powder A and B as Copper oxide and manganese dioxide using
Concentrated HCl.

SNo. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Add Conc. HCl to black powder A and heat. Greenish yellow chlorine gas
evolved

2. Filter the above solution. Filtrate is brownish in colour.

3. Add ammonium hydroxide to the above No precipitate is formed Black powder A is

filtrate manganese
dioxide.

4. Add Conc. HCl to black powder B and heat. Greenish yellow chlorine gas
is not evolved.

5. Filter the above solution. Filtrate is bluish in colour.

6. Add ammonium hydroxide to the above The pale blue precipitate is Black powder B is
filtrate formed which is soluble in Copper oxide.
excess of ammonium
hydroxide giving an azure
blue colour to the solution.

Result- Given Black powder A is manganese dioxide and Black powder B is Copper oxide.