Term 2 -EXPERIMENT No.

1
AIM- To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radical.

EXPERIMENT OBSERAVATION INFERENCE

1.PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF
THE SALT

Mn2+,Ni2+,Co2+ Fe2+ etc are

a) COLOUR White absent.

b)ODOUR Ammoniacal smell NH4+ may be present

c) DRY HEATING TEST NH4+ may be present
Small quantity of given salt is Colurless Gas with
heated in a dry testtube. ammoniacal smell which
gives white fumes with glass
rod dipped in HCl .White
sublimate is formed
ANALYSIS OF ACIDIC RADICAL
2. DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID
TEST
To a small quantity of given
salt taken in a dry testube
dilute sulphuric acid is added. Colourless, odourless gas
with brisk effervescence and
turns lime water milky CO32-may be present
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR Bisk effervescence andLime is present and confirmed.
CARBONATE water turns milky
LIME WATER TEST
To a small quantity of given
salt taken in a dry testtube
added dilute sulphuric acid
and the gas evolved was
passed through lime water.

ANALYSIS OF BASIC RADICAL

PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: Given salt is dissolved in cold, distilled water to

obtain clear and transparent solution.

Detection of group for

basic radical
1.Group Zero: Added NaOH to Ammoniacal smell, white NH4+ is present and
original solution and boiled. fumes are obtained with a confirmed.
glassrod dipped in dilute HCl.
 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR
NH4+
NESSLER'S TEST
To the original solution added
NaOH, boiled and passed the
gas through Nessler's reagent
taken in test tube.

Brown ppt. is formed NH4+ may be present

RESULT- The given salt contains acidic radical/ anion CO32- and basic radical/cation NH4+

TERM 2 – EXPERIMENT No.2

AIM- To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radical.
EXPERIMENT OBSERAVATION INFERENCE
1.PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
OF THE SALT

Mn2+,Ni2+,Co2+ Fe2+
a) COLOUR White etc are absent.
NH4+ ,CH3COO-
etc. May be
b)ODOUR No odour absent
c) DRY HEATING TEST NH4+ may be
Small quantity of given salt is Colurless Gas with present
heated in a dry testtube. ammoniacal smell which
gives white fumes with glass
rod dipped in HCl .White
sublimate is formed
ANALYSIS OF ACIDIC RADICAL
2. DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID No characteristic reaction Group I anions are
TEST absent
To a small quantity of given
salt taken in a dry testube
dilute sulphuric acid is added.

3.CONCENTRATED No characteristic reaction Group II anions are

SULPHURIC ACID TEST absent
To a small qunatity of salt
taken in a dry test tube
added conc H2SO4 and
heated.
 4. TEST FOR SULPHATE White ppt. is obtained which SO42- is present
a) Barium Chloride test is insoluble in conc. H2SO4 and confirmed.
Small quantity of the given
salt is dissolved in water and
added Barium chloride
solution.

b)Lead Acetate test White ppt. is formed which SO42- is present

Small quantity of the given soluble in excess of hot and confirmed.
salt is dissolved in water and ammonium acetate solution.
added Lead Acetate solution.

ANALYSIS OF BASIC RADICAL

PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: Given salt is dissolved in cold, distilled
water to obtain clear and transparent solution.

Detection of group for

basic radical
1.Group Zero: Added NaOH Ammoniacal smell, white NH4+ is present
to original solution and fumes are obtained with a and confirmed.
boiled. glassrod dipped in dilute HCl.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Brown ppt. is formed NH4+ may be

NH4+ present
NESSLER'S TEST
To the original solution
added NaOH, boiled and
passed the gas through
Nessler's reagent taken in
test tube.

RESULT- The given salt contains acidic radical/ anion SO42- and basic radical/cation
NH4+

TERM 2 -EXPERIMENT No.3

AIM- To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radical.
EXPERIMENT OBSERAVATION INFERENCE
1.PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
OF THE SALT

Mn2+,Ni2+,Co2+ Fe2+
a) COLOUR White etc are absent.
NH4+ ,CH3COO-
etc. May be
absent
b)ODOUR No odour
 c) DRY HEATING TEST Reddish brown gas ,turns NO3- may be
Small quantity of given salt is FeSO4 solution black. present.
heated in a dry testtube. Brown residue which turns Pb2+ may be
yellow on cooling present.

ANALYSIS OF ACIDIC RADICAL

2. DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID No characteristic reaction Group I anions are
TEST absent
To a small quantity of given
salt taken in a dry testube
dilute sulphuric acid is added.
3.CONCENTRATED Reddish browngas with NO3- may be
SULPHURIC ACID TEST pungent smell turns FeSO4 present.
To a small qunatity of salt solution black
taken in a dry test tube
added conc H2SO4 and
heated.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Dark brown fumes were NO3- is present
NITRATE evolved. and confirmed.
1.COPPER CHIPS TEST
Heated a small quantity of
Salt with Conc. H2SO4 and
few copper chips are added.

2.BROWN RING TEST Brown ring is formed at the NO3- is present

Added a small quantity of junction of two layers. and confirmed.
freshly prepared aq. Solution
of ferrous sulphate to a part
of aq solutopn of salt and
added conc sulphuric acid
along the sides of test tube.

ANALYSIS OF BASIC RADICAL

PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: Given salt is dissolved in cold, distilled

water to obtain clear and transparent solution.
Detection of group for
basic radical
1.Group Zero: Added NaOH No characteristic reaction NH4+ is absent.
to original solution and
boiled.
2. Group I: To a part of O.S White ppt Group I cations are
added Dil HCl present.
 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR yellow ppt. is obtained Pb2+ is present and
Pb2+ confirmed.
1.POTASSIUM IODIDE TEST
TO a small quantity of Salt
solution added Potassium
iodide solution.

2. Potassium chromate test yellow ppt. is obtained Pb2+ is present and

TO a small quantity of Salt confirmed.
solution added Potassium
chromate solution.

RESULT- The given salt contains acidic radical/ anion- NO3- and basic radical/cation
Pb2+

TERM 2- EXPERIMENT No.4

Purification of Impure Samples by Crystallization

AIM- To prepare the crystals of Copper Sulphate form its impure sample through crystallization.

REQUIREMENTS-Beakers, Watch glass, China Dish, Bunsen Burner, Glass rod, Dilute Sulphuric acid,
funnel ,filter paper, Impure Copper Sulphate

THEORY- The principle behind the crystallization is that the amount of solute that can be dissolved
by a solvent increases with temperature. In crystallization, the impure substance is dissolved in a
suitable solvent to reach its nearly saturated solution at a temperature higher than the room
temperature. At this high temperature, the solute has very high solubility in that solvent, so a much
smaller quantity of hot solvent is needed for dissolving the solute than the solvent at room
temperature. When the solution is cooled, the pure substance is crystallised. The solution left
behind is called mother liquor. All the impurities are left behind in the mother liquor. The
purification method depends on the differences in solubility between the compound and the
impurity.

PROCEDURE-

1]Preparation of the solution

Take about 25-30 ml of distilled water in a beaker and add powdered crude copper sulphate while
stirring the solution so that the powder dissolves. Keep adding the powdered sample till a little of it
remains undissolved, even if it is stirred thoroughly. Now add 2-3 ml of dil. H2SO4 to make the
solution clear. This prevents the hydrolysis of copper sulphate.

2]Filtration of the solution

Take a funnel and fix a filter paper in it and clamp it to a stand.
Place a china dish under the funnel. The stem of the funnel should touch the wall of the china dish to
avoid the solution splashing out.
Pour the solution into the funnel over a glass rod and collect the filtrate in a china dish. The insoluble
impurities are left in the filter paper as residue.
3]Concentration of the filtrate to crystallisation point

Heat the china dish on a sand bath till the solution is reduced to about one-third of its original
volume.
To avoid crust formation on the sides of the dish, stir the solution continuously with a glass rod. If
crust is formed, it can be dissolved in the solution by removing it with the glass rod. Don’t allow the
solution in the dish to boil.
To know if the solution has reached its crystallisation point, use the end of the glass rod to remove a
drop of the solution and cool it by blowing on it. The appearance of a crust or tiny crystals on the
glass rod shows that the crystallisation point has been reached.
Turn off the burner and stop heating.
Transfer the hot saturated solution into a crystallising dish.
4]Cooling the hot saturated solution
Place the crystallisation dish containing the hot saturated solution in a trough containing water filled
to the brim and allow it to cool slowly for sometime.
Deep blue crystals of copper sulphate will be formed. The crystallisation will complete after half an
hour.
5]Separation of crystals and drying
Decant the mother liquor carefully into a beaker.
Wash the crystals with a little ethyl alcohol containing a small
amount of cold water. Place the crystals on a filter paper which will
soak up the solution. Transfer the crystals to another filter paper and
dry them by pressing gently between the folds of the filter paper or by
spreading on a porous plate. Transfer the crystals into a dry test tube
and cork it.

RESULT- The crystals of pure Copper Sulphate are blue, transparent and triclinic.