Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SEE PROFILE
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354009333
CITATIONS READS
0 50
3 authors:
Hongcai Chen
Southeast University (China)
SEE PROFILE
Ya Ping Du
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
177 PUBLICATIONS 1,148 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related
projects:
a Department of Building Services Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
b School of Automations, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
Abstract—With the rapid growth of solar energy generation, lightning hazards to photovoltaic (PV) plants have received attention
increasingly. Many PV plants are built in the transmission corridor, leading to an increased occurrence of lightning damages. These
damages are caused by lightning strikes to the transmission line nearby, which have not been well addressed in the literature. This
paper investigates the transient behaviors of a practical PV plant when a nearby transmission line is struck by lightning. Three types of
lightning damages are investigated, namely failure of PV inverters, breakdown of bypass diodes, and arcing between metallic parts.
Both bypass diode breakdown and arcing-related incidents in the PV systems have not been analyzed systemically in the literature. In
this paper, the numerical results of lightning transients are presented. The simulated induced voltage is consistent with the observed
result in the practical plant. Several protection measures against lightning to the PV systems are proposed to achieve better protection
performance.
Index Terms— photovoltaic system design, lightning protection, indirect lightning strike, transient analysis, transmission line.
1. INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is one type of the most promising renewable energy for substituting conventional energy [1, 2]. Thanks to the
recent technological advancement, demand-driven, and policy encouragement, photovoltaic (PV) systems [3, 4] have expanded
extensively. With the rapid expansion of solar energy generation, incidents caused by lightning are increasingly reported. It has
been reported in [5] that lightning-related incidents account for 26% of all the reported incidents in the systems.
Lightning strikes to power systems [6-10] have been widely studied in the past few years. For renewable systems, most of the
work investigates the lightning threats to wind turbines [11, 12], while, the work related to the lighting protection of PV systems
is still limited. Both direct and indirect lightning strikes can bring severe damages to the PV panels or other devices in PV plants.
Direct strikes generate substantial transients on the PV panels or conductor frames, and damage PV cells or electronic devices
connected. A large number of studies have been then carried out to address PV protection under direct strikes [13-18]. However,
according to the study [19], most of the lightning-related damages were caused by indirect strikes, due to their frequent
occurrence and fast-front waveforms. There are two scenarios of indirect strikes in a PV plant. One is the lightning strike to the
ground. The induced overvoltage and potential rise at the site may lead to a failure of the system. The other is the lightning strike
to an object in the vicinity, such as a tall building [20, 21] or a transmission line [22]. The lightning current discharged through
the object may damage neighboring low-voltage networks. Recently, the incidents caused by lightning strikes to nearby objects
are frequently reported. PV plants, due to the low-height and location, are seldom struck directly by lightning, but are damaged
frequently by the strike to nearby objects.
PV plants can be often found near HV transmission lines. Fig. 1 shows a practical PV plant located in the transmission
corridor. The plant was constructed on hills with an area of 247 acres and a total installed capacity of 50 MW. Recently, failures
of PV equipment or devices in such a PV plant have been reported increasingly. Most of these failures were caused by lightning
strikes to the transmission line in the vicinity. Similar problems were also found in roof-mounted PV systems [23, 24] and PV
power suppliers for monitoring equipment or telecommunication equipment installed in the transmission corridor. Consequently,
1
the lightning strike to nearby objects becomes a great threat to the PV systems.
Any failure of PV systems caused by lightning could reduce the return of investment, interrupt the power supply of the monitor
system and base stations, or even cause electrical fires. However, the failure mechanisms have not been addressed well in the
literature. In addition, very little work on the solution or guidelines has been presented in the literature for enhancing the
lightning protection of the PV systems.
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of PV system failures caused by lightning strikes to an HV transmission line. A
practical PV plant built in a transmission corridor is selected for discussion. Three types of lightning damages including the
failure of PV inverters, breakdown of bypass diodes, and arcing between metallic parts are investigated in detail. Apart from the
analysis of lightning-induced overvoltages, the design solutions for preventing the damages are proposed according to the results
from the simulation and experiment.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces a preliminary analysis of damages in the PV plants caused
by indirect lightning strikes. Section 3 presents the modeling methodology and simulation tool for numerical investigation.
Section 4 analyzes the simulation results of transients in the PV system when the transmission line is struck by lightning. In
Section 5, the performance of the PV system with and without SPDs being installed are investigated. The measures for improving
lightning protection performance are discussed. Guidelines are provided finally for effective and efficient design of lightning
protection for the PV plants in Section 6.
2
2.3 Arcing on the panel surface
When lightning strikes a PV system or a structure nearby, the ground potential will rise to a high level. The potential of the
PV frame will also rise to a considerable high level because it is connected to the grounding grid. The potential difference
between the PV frame and the wire in the module might cause a flashover. The resultant arc will also lead to degradation of the
PV module, broken-in glasses, or even destruction of the module [26, 27]. Fig. 3 shows the damage caused by the arcing during
an indirect lightning strike.
Conductor 1 Conductor 2
Figure 4. Diagram example of an equivalent circuit for two conductors.
Lightning transients in a typical PV plant under a 110 kV transmission line shown in Fig. 5(a) are investigated. Two scenarios
are considered in the simulations, as shown in Fig. 5(b) and (c). In the first scenario, the PV array is located in the middle of the
span, and the grounding system of the PV plant is not connected to that of the transmission line tower due to the large separation
distance. In scenario 2, the PV array is located next to a tower and the grounding grids of the PV plant and transmission line tower
are connected. Each conductor in the PV system is divided into small segments and is represented using the equivalent circuit
shown in Fig. 4. Key modeling issues of other system components and devices for lightning transient simulations are described in
the following subsections.
3
(a)
155m
PV array
(b)
155m
PV
array
(c)
Figure 5. Configuration of a PV array under a transmission line. (a) Overview of the system. (b) Sideview of scenario 1. (b) Sideview of scenario 2.
4
experiments as in [38]. Fig. 6(c) shows the configuration of the grounding grid and a PV string installed above it and the
equivalent circuit for a section of the grounding grid.
310 cm
220 cm
70 cm
inductive coupling
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 6. The system configuration of a PV string and its accessories. (a) the mounting structure. (b) the PV module. (c) the PV string with the grounding
grid (top view).
Cp
V=f(i) Current(kA)
4. NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION
With the models developed using the procedure presented in Section III, the transient behavior of a PV system under a
lightning strike is investigated. In this section lightning transients without any specific protection measure are simulated first
to reveal potential problems caused by lightning. Three types of lightning-generated incidents, namely, breakdown of bypass
diodes, arching between conductors and damage of the inverters are analyzed. These incidents have been reported in the
literature and have attracted lots of attention [5].
The PV array of concern includes 6 PV strings, each of which consists of 144 PV modules, as shown in Fig. 5(a). It has a
size of 30 m X 15 m. The third PV string is just under the transmission line, the overhead ground conductor of which runs at
the height of 27 m above the ground. Two situations are investigated in this work. In the first case, lightning strikes the
ground conductor in the middle of the span, and the PV array is located under the striking point as shown in Fig. 5(b). The
grounding grids of the PV array and transmission line tower are disconnected. In the second case, one of the towers is struck
by lightning, and the PV array is just located next to the tower struck by lightning, as shown in Fig. 5(c). The distance
between the two adjacent towers is 320 m. The grounding grids of the PV array and transmission line tower are connected. In
the simulation, the soil resistivity is taken to be 100 Q-m, and the relative permittivity of soil is assumed to be 10. Note that
the electrical parameters of soil are frequency-dependent in the frequency range of lightning currents and may influence the
grounding
impulse performance [42]. In this paper we assume constant soil
parameters to simplify the discussion. The line terminations were left
open to find the maximum voltage as the worst-case consideration.
4.1 Scenario 1: A lightning strike to the overhead ground conductor
Fig. 9(a) shows the induced transient voltage between +DC/-DC cables at the inverter when the overhead ground
conductor is struck by lightning. It is found that the magnitude of the induced voltage reaches up to 16.6 kV, and exceeds the
withstanding voltage of an inverter (4 kV) as indicated in [43]. The oscillation in these waveforms is primarily caused by the
reflections of the lightning surge between two adjacent towers. As indicated in [44], during the high-frequency oscillations,
the voltage is non-linearly distributed. Since the return stroke current decays slowly at its tail, the reflection phenomenon is
not strong. Accordingly, the induced voltage in the DC circuit decreases quickly.
Fig. 9(b) shows the field measurement result recorded in a PV system in Florida [45]. The measured PV system had a
similar configuration, which consisted of a series string of PV panels. The voltage in the figure was induced by a negative
stroke approximately 7.7 km from the array. It can be seen that our calculation result and their measurement result are similar
as these two waveforms are similar in shape and frequency. This indicates that the calculation result and model are reasonable
to a certain extent. We should also admit that the coincidence of two results can be used for qualitative analysis, while, cannot
be used as an accurate verification.
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (us) Time (us)
(a) (b)
Figure 9. Indcued transient voltages between +DC/-DC cables. (a) calculated result. (b) measured result [45].
Figure 11. Induced voltages between the PV metal frame and the PV wire.
Time (us)
The induced voltages on the bypass diodes at panels A, B, C are shown in Fig. 13. It can be seen that the patterns of the
voltages on the bypass diodes are different from those in scenario 1. It is mainly due to the location of the tower. The closer
the PV panel to the tower, the higher the voltage induced in the diode is. For the panel installed at point C, the induced
voltage reaches 17.62 kV.
Figure 13. Induced voltages on the bypass diodes.
The overvoltages between the metal frame and the wire on PV modules are shown in Fig. 14. Because of the presence of
the transmission tower, the pattern of the induced voltages in Scenario 2 is different from that in Scenario 1. In Scenario 2, the
overvoltage increases when moving from panel A to panel C. At panel A, the peak voltage is 71.49kV. However, at panel C
the peak voltage increases to 138.4kV which is almost twice as much as that at panel A. It is also noted that the voltages do
not drop to zero immediately after a number of oscillations.
Figure 14. Induced voltages between the PV metal frame and the PV wire.
Figure 18. Induced voltages between +DC/-DC cables. Figure 19. Induced voltages on the bypass diodes.
30
TABLE II. PEAK VOLTAGE AT THE INVERTER FOR SCENARIO 1 AND 2. (UNIT: KV)
Soil Resistivity 100 Q-m 1000 Q-m 2000 Q-m
Scenario 1 16.6 16.6 16.6
Scenario 2 72.98 72.85 72.78
Figure 21. Induced voltages between the PV metal frame and the PV wire.
TABLE III. THE MAGNITUDE OF INDUCED VOLTAGE BETWEEN THE METAL FRAME AND THE WIRE FOR SCENARIO 1 AND 2. (UNIT: KV)
100 Q-m 63.61 \ 65.6 \ 75.3 \
Scenario 1000 Q- 63.61 \ 65.6 \ 75.3 \
1 m 2000 Q- 63.61 \ 65.63 \ 75.31 \
m 3 1
21 21 138. 2
100 Q-m 71.49 97.8
.5 .8 4 2
Scenario 1000 Q- \ 21 \ 21 \ 2
2 m 3 3 1
2000 Q- \ 30 \ 30 \ 3
Panel A Panel B Panel c
Soil Resistivity
Front tail Front Tail Front Tail
TABLE IV. INDUCED VOLTAGE ON BYPASS DIODES IN SCENARIO 1 AND 2. (UNIT: KV)
Soil Resistivity Panel A Panel B Panel C
100 Q-m 10.4 12.3 12.4
1000 Q-m 10.4 12.3 12.4
Scenario 1 2000 Q-m 10.4 12.3 12.4
17.6
100 Q-m 8.7 11.6
2
Scenario 2 1000 Q-m 8.54 11.42 17.5
2000 Q-m 8.6 11.4 17.6
(c)
Figure 22. The investigated tower grounding systems.
TABLE PEAK VOLTAGE AT THE INVERTER FOR SCENARIO 1 AND 2. (UNIT: KV)
V.
Grounding system Type1 Type2 Type3
Scenario 1 16.6 16.6 16.6
Scenario 2 72.98 72.8 72.7
TABLE VI. THE MAGNITUDE OF INDUCED VOLTAGE BETWEEN THE METAL FRAME AND THE WIRE FOR SCENARIO 1 AND 2. (UNIT: KV)
Grounding Panel A Panel B Panel C
system Fro Ta Front Tail Fro Tai
Type1 nt
63.6 il \ 65. \ nt
75.3 \l
Scenario Type2 1
63.6 63
\ 65. \ 75.31 \
1 Type3 1
63.6 63
\ 65. \ 75.31 \
1
71.4 21. 63
97. 21 138.1
Type1 22
9 5 8 .8 4
Scenario Type2 71.5 16. 97. 17 139. 17.
Type3 71.5 13. 97. 14 139. 14.
1 8 9 .1 3 3
TABLE VII. PEAK VOLTAGE ON BYPASS DIODES IN SCENARIO 1 & 2. (UNIT: KV)
TABLE VIII. PEAK VOLTAGE AT THE INVERTER FOR SCENARIO 1 AND 2. (UNIT: KV)
Tower 20m 25m 30m
height
Scenario 1 20.4 16.6 8.29
Scenario 2 77.08 72.98 65.38
TABLE IX. THE MAGNITUDE OF INDUCED VOLTAGE BETWEEN THE METAL FRAME AND THE WIRE FOR SCENARIO 1 AND 2. (UNIT: KV)
TABLE XII. PEAK VOLTAGE BETWEEN THE METAL FRAME AND THE WIRE FOR SCENARIO 1 AND 2. (UNIT: KV)
Panel A Panel B Panel C
Without SPDs 63.61 65.63 75.31
Scenario With SPDs 27.94 34.71 28.29
1 Reduction 56% 47 62
% %
Without SPDs 71.49 97.8 138.4
Scenario With SPDs 38.53 88.21 130.9
Reduction 46% 9.8% 5.4%
TABLE XIII. PEAK VOLTAGE ON BYPASS DIODES IN SCENARIO 1 AND 2. (UNIT: KV)
Panel A Panel B Panel C
Without SPDs 10.4 12.3 12.4
Scenario proposed 4.99 6.05 5.46
1 Reduction 52% 50.8% 56%
The results look quite different in Scenario 2. The induced voltage at panel A is reduced significantly when the SPDs are
installed. However, the induced voltage increases apparently with increasing distance from the installation position of the
SPDs. At panel A, the voltage difference is 38.53 kV. The voltage at panel B is more than twice that at panel A, reaching a
value of 88.21 kV. At panel C, the voltage difference increases to 130.9 kV. These large voltage differences indicate that
there is a high possibility of a partial breakdown or even permanent failure of the module. The calculation results are in
agreement with the field observation and also agree with the experiment results indicated in [27].
Table XIII shows the induced voltages on the bypass diodes at panels A, B, C. It can be seen that the voltages on the
bypass diodes are much lower compared with the results without SPDs being provided. However, these voltages still exceed
the withstanding voltage of the bypass diodes. It is also noted that the diodes in Scenario 2 suffer from a much higher voltage
than that in Scenario 1. Thus, installing SPDs at the PV inverter cannot effectively protect the bypass diodes from breakdown
during a lightning strike. This is the reason why the damage of bypass diodes is continuously observed, although SPDs are
provided somewhere in the plant.
It can be stated that installing SPDs at the inverter can effectively prevent the failure of PV inverters. However, it can
neither eliminate the arcing in the PV modules nor protect the bypass diodes under an indirect lightning strike.
TABLE XIV. PEAK VOLTAGE BETWEEN THE METAL FRAME AND THE WIRE IN SCENARIOS 1 AND 2. (UNIT: KV)
Panel A Panel B Panel C
Without SPDs 63.61 65.63 75.31
Scenario Proposed 27.8 33.6 13.1
1 Reduction 56.3% 48.8% 82.6
%
Without SPDs 71.49 97.8 138.4
Scenario Proposed 27.2 69.2 29.3
2 Reduction 61.95% 29.2% 78.8%
TABLE XV. PEAK VOLTAGE ON BYPASS DIODES IN SCENARIOS 1 AND 2. (UNIT: KV)
Panel A Panel B Panel C
Without 10.4 12.3 12.4
scenario Proposed 4.16 5.15 5.8
1 Reduction 60% 58.13% 53.2%
Without
8.7 11.6 17.62
SPDs
scenario Proposed 6.03 7.21 8.66
2 Reduction 30.6% 37.84% 50.85%
Table XIV shows the induced voltages between the PV metal frame and PV wire after the installation of SPDs at the
remote end of three PV panels. In scenario 1, the magnitude of induced voltages at panel A and panel B is not significantly
changed. However, the voltage at panel C is reduced to 13 kV after SPDs are installed at the remote side. In scenario 2, the
magnitude of induced voltages is 27 kV at panel A, 69 kV at panel B and 29 kV at panel C. Compared with the cases in
which the SPDs are only installed at the inverter, these voltages are largely constrained after adopting the protection scheme
even if the transmission tower is very close to the PV modules. Thus, the lightning discharge on the surface of the PV module
can be constrained.
For comparison, the induced voltages on bypass diodes at panels A, B, C are also listed in Table XV. It can be observed
that the voltages do not significantly change, compared with the case in which SPDs are only installed at the inverter. This is
because the induced voltages on the bypass diodes are mainly contributed by the wiring structure in the PV panels. Thus, it is
difficult to limit the induced voltage in each module by installing SPDs at two ends of the DC circuit.
5.3 Protection of the bypass diodes
To avoid lightning damages to the bypass diodes, one particular measure proposed is to raise the withstand voltage of the
diode box. This measure can be realized by connecting several bypass diodes in series using a diode box as shown in Fig.
25(a).
This measure has been validated experimentally in the laboratory as shown in Fig. 25(b). In the experiment, an impulse
from a combination wave generator is firstly injected into a single bypass diode in reverse polarity. Both the current through
the diode and the voltage on the diode are recorded by a digital oscilloscope. The test is repeated several times. It is found that
the diode does not conduct current if the voltage is below 1.9 kV. The diode current, however, appears with a high-frequency
oscillation when the voltage reaches 1.9 kV. The bypass diode could recovery itself if the subsequent impulse voltage is less
than 1.9 kV. Fig. 26 shows both the voltage and current in the diode when the magnitude of the diode voltage reaches 1.9kV.
When the applied voltage exceeds 2 kV, the bypass diode suffers from an irreversible breakdown. This indicates that a single
bypass diode can withstand an impulse with a magnitude of less than 1.9 kV.
Figure 25. (a) Series connection of the bypass diodes in a diode box. (b) The diagram of the experiment on the bypass diode.
Figure 26. Critical breakdown state of a bypass diode (Channel 1: current probe with the ratio of 100:1, Channel 2: voltage probe with the ratio of 100:1).
TABLE XVI. BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE OF THE BYPASS DIODES.
1 10 1.98
2 5 4.0
3 5 5.85
In the second step, several bypass diodes are connected in series. The impulse test is repeated to examine the reverse
breakdown voltage of the circuit. The test results are shown in Table x^. The diode box suffers from irreversible breakdown
when the voltage increases to 4 kV for 2 series-connected bypass diodes. The breakdown voltage increases to about 6 kV for
3 series-connected bypass diodes. Therefore, it can be concluded that by connecting a few bypass diodes in series, the total
withstands voltage of the circuit can be improved. The withstand voltage is generally linearly proportional to the number of
bypass diodes connected in series.
6 CONCLUSION
This paper investigated the transient behaviors of a PV plant during a lightning strike to the transmission line nearby.
With the pEEC method, lightning-induced voltages in the pV system were simulated. significant overvoltages were observed
and could cause damages to the PV systems, if protection measures were not provided appropriately. simulation results were
generally consistent with the field observation reported in the literature in some cases.
The sensitivity analysis is conducted to investigate the influences of the lightning current waveform, soil resistivity, tower
grounding system, and the tower height on induced overvoltages in PV systems. The results from the sensitivity analysis
show that the lightning current waveform greatly affects the amplitude and the waveshape of the overvoltages. When the rise
time of the lightning current increases, the amplitude of the overvoltages will decrease greatly and the overvoltage will not
oscillate under the first positive stroke. The soil resistivity and the configuration of the tower grounding system do not affect
overvoltages at the inverter and the bypass diode. Also, they do not affect the voltage between the metal frame and the wire in
the PV module in scenario 1. However, they can influence the voltage between the metal frame and the wire in scenario 2.
The influence of the tower height on these overvoltages for both scenario s shows a similar trend: as the tower height
decreases, the overvoltages will increase.
simulations were also performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed measures against lightning. The
recommendations on the design of effective lightning protection for the PV systems are summarized as follows:
1) The PV plant could suffer from serious lightning damages when a nearby transmission line is struck by lightning. The
induced voltages generated in the DC circuit may cause the failure of PV inverters and electrical breakdown of bypass
diodes. The damage becomes much severe when the PV system is close to the tower. Meanwhile, significantly induced
voltages between the PV frame and wire could cause a flashover on the PV panels which might lead to permanent damage
to the PV modules.
2) sPDs installed at a PV inverter can effectively restrict the voltage on the inverter. The damage to the inverters is then
seldom reported in practical systems as the sPDs are usually provided at the inverter. These sPDs cannot, however, reduce
the induced voltages in the DC wire of each panel, which would lead to the breakdown of bypass diodes. The induced
voltage between the PV metal frame and the wire increases significantly if it is located far away from the SPDs installed
in the DC circuit.
3) To reduce the induced voltages between the metal frame and the wire, installing SPDs at the remote end of the DC circuit
is recommended. It is found that the induced voltage between the PV metal frame and the wire is largely restricted after
the sPDs are installed on the remote side.
4) To protect the bypass diodes from breakdown, connecting installing series-connected bypass diodes is recommended.
This arrangement will increase the withstanding voltage of the total circuit.
The analysis of lightning transients in the PV system is performed mainly via computer simulation. In the future, more
experiments will be considered, including triggered lightning experiments, to further investigate the lightning transients in the
PV systems with various complex configurations and to provide effective lightning protection approaches for the PV systems.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported in part by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation under Grant
2019A1515110008, in part by the Research Grants Council of the HKSAR under Grant 15210018 and Grant 152080119, and
in part by the Research Committee of HK PolyU.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Zahedi, "Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy: latest developments in the building integrated and hybrid PV systems," Renewable Energy, vol. 31, no. 5,
pp. 711-718, 2006.
[2] B. Kumar Sahu, "A study on global solar PV energy developments and policies with special focus on the top ten solar PV power producing countries,"
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 43, pp. 621-634, 2015.
[3] G. D. Kamalapur and R. Y. Udaykumar, "Rural electrification in India and feasibility of Photovoltaic Solar Home Systems," International Journal of
Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 594-599, 2011.
[4] G. Liu, "Sustainable feasibility of solar photovoltaic powered street lighting systems," International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,
vol. 56, pp. 168-174, 2014.
[5] N. Ahmad et al., "Lightning protection on photovoltaic systems: A review on current and recommended practices," Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, vol. 82, pp. 1611-1619, 2018.
[6] M. R. Bank Tavakoli and B. Vahidi, "Statistical analysis of the lightning performance of high voltage OHLs using dynamic simulation of lightning
leaders movements," International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1024-1030, 2010.
[7] P. Gómez and J. C. Escamilla, "Frequency domain modeling of nonuniform multiconductor lines excited by indirect lightning," International Journal
of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 420-426, 2013.
[8] P. S. Georgilakis and A. G. Kagiannas, "A novel validated solution for lightning and surge protection of distribution transformers," International
Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 63, pp. 373-381, 2014.
[9] X. Wu, H. Zhang, and G. G. Karady, "Transient analysis of inductive induced voltage between power line and nearby pipeline," International Journal
of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 84, pp. 47-54, 2017.
[10] J. Snodgrass and L. Xie, "Overvoltage analysis and protection of lightning arresters in distribution systems with distributed generation," International
Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 123, 2020.
[11] X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, and X. Xiao, "An improved approach for modeling lightning transients of wind turbines," International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, vol. 101, pp. 429-438, 2018.
[12] H. C. Chen, Y. Zhang, Y. P. Du, and Q. S. Cheng, "Comprehensive transient analysis for low-voltage system in a wind turbine under direct lightning,"
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 121, Oct 2020.
[13] J. C. Hernandez, P. G. Vidal, and F. Jurado, "Lightning and Surge Protection in Photovoltaic Installations," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1961-1971, 2008.
[14] Y. Tu, C. Zhang, J. Hu, S. Wang, W. Sun, and H. Li, "Research on lightning overvoltages of solar arrays in a rooftop photovoltaic power system,"
Electric power systems research, vol. 94, pp. 10-15, 2013.
[15] K. Yonezawa, S. Mochizuki, Y. Takahashi, T. Idogawa, and N. Morii, "Evaluation of SPDs for a PV system using the FDTD method taking concrete
foundations into consideration," in 2014 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), 2014, pp. 1091-1094: IEEE.
[16] N. H. Zaini et al., "Lightning surge analysis on a large scale grid-connected solar photovoltaic system," Energies, vol. 10, no. 12, p. 2149, 2017.
[17] K. Yamamoto, J. Takami, and N. Okabe, "Overvoltages on DC side of power conditioning system caused by lightning stroke to structure anchoring
photovoltaic panels," Electrical Engineering in Japan, vol. 187, no. 4, pp. 29-41, 2014.
[18] C. A. Charalambous, N. D. Kokkinos, and N. Christofides, "External lightning protection and grounding in large-scale photovoltaic applications,"
IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 427-434, 2013.
[19] V. A. Rakov and F. Rachidi, "Overview of Recent Progress in Lightning Research and Lightning Protection," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic
Compatibility, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 428-442, Aug 2009.
[20] Y. Baba and V. A. Rakov, "Voltages induced on an overhead wire by lightning strikes to a nearby tall grounded object," IEEE Transactions on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 212-224, Feb 2006.
[21] S. Chen, Y. Zhang, C. Chen, X. Yan, W. Lu, and Y. Zhang, "Influence of the Ground Potential Rise on the Residual Voltage of Low-Voltage Surge
Protective Devices due to Nearby Lightning Flashes," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 596-604, 2016.
[22] J. M. Chen and M. X. Zhu, "Calculation of Lightning Flashover Rates of Overhead Distribution Lines Considering Direct and Indirect Strokes," (in
English), IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 668-674, Jun 2014.
[23] K. Sakai and K. Yamamoto, "Lightning protection of photovoltaic power generation system: Influence of grounding systems on overvoltages
appearing on DC wirings," in Lightning Protection (XIISIPDA), 2013 International Symposium on, 2013, pp. 335-339: IEEE.
[24] H. Sueta, A. Mocelin, R. Zilles, P. Obase, and E. Boemeisel, "Protection of photovoltaic systems against lightning experimental verifications and
techno-economic analysis of protection," in Lightning Protection XIISIPDA), 2013 International Symposium on, 2013, pp. 354-359: IEEE.
[25] H. Haeberlin and M. Kaempfer, "Measurement of damages at bypass diodes by induced voltages and currents in PV modules caused by nearby
lightning currents with standard waveform," in 23rdEuropean Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 2008.
[26] I. Naxakis, C. Christodoulou, V. Perraki, and E. Pyrgioti, "Degradation effects on single crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules subjected to high
impulse-voltages," IETScience, Measurement & Technology, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 563-570, 2017.
[27] I. Naxakis, E. Pyrgioti, V. Perraki, and E. Tselepis, "Studying the effect of the impulse voltage application on sc-Si PV modules," Solar Energy, vol.
144, pp. 721-728, 2017.
[28] G. Antonini, S. Cristina, and A. Orlandi, "PEEC modeling of lightning protection systems and coupling to coaxial cables," IEEE Transactions on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 481-491, Nov 1998.
[29] H. Chen and Y. Du, "Model of ferromagnetic steels for lightning transient analysis," IETScience, Measurement & Technology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 301-
307, 2018.
[30] H. Chen, Y. Du, and M. Chen, "Lightning Transient Analysis of Radio Base Stations," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 2187-
2197, 2018.
[31] H. Chen, Y. Zhang, Y. Du, and Q. S. Cheng, "Lightning Transient Analysis of Telecommunication System with a Tubular Tower," IEEE Access, vol.
6, no. 1, pp. 60088-60099, 2018.
[32] Y. Zhang, H. C. Chen, and Y. P. Du, "Lightning protection design of solar photovoltaic systems: Methodology and guidelines," Electric Power
Systems Research, vol. 174, Sep 2019.
[33] H. Chen, Z. Qin, Y. Du, Q. Wang, and Y. Ding, "TAES: A PEEC-based tool for transient simulation," presented at the 7th Asia-Pacific International
Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (APEMC), Shenzhen, China, 2016.
[34] Y. Zhang, H. C. Chen, and Y. P. Du, "Considerations of Photovoltaic System Structure Design for Effective Lightning Protection," IEEE Transactions
on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 1333-1341, Aug 2020.
[35] Protection of Structures Against Lightning: Part I General principles, vol. IEC 62305-1, 2010.
[36] F. Heidler, J. M. Cvetic, and B. V. Stanic, "Calculation of lightning current parameters," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 14, no. 2, pp.
399404, 1999.
[37] M. Popov, L. Grcev, H. K. Hoidalen, B. Gustavsen, and V. Terzija, "Investigation of the Overvoltage and Fast Transient Phenomena on Transformer
Terminals by Taking Into Account the Grounding Effects," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 5218-5227, 2015.
[38] H. Chen and Y. Du, "Lightning Grounding Grid Model Considering Both the Frequency-Dependent Behavior and Ionization Phenomenon," IEEE
Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 157-165, 2019.
[39] P. Pinceti and M. Giannettoni, "A simplified model for zinc oxide surge arresters.," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 393-398,
Apr 1999.
[40] J. G. Zola, "Simple model of metal oxide varistor for Pspice simulation," IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and
Systems, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 1491-1494, Oct 2004.
[41] H. Chen and Y. Du, "A comprehensive study on the nonlinear behavior of metal oxide varistors," presented at the 33rd International Conference on
Lightning Protection (ICLP), Estoril, Portugal, 2016.
[42] R. Alipio and S. Visacro, "Frequency Dependence of Soil Parameters: Effect on the Lightning Response of Grounding Electrodes," IEEE Transactions
on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 132-139, 2013.
[43] IEC 62109-1: Safety ofpower converters for use in photovoltaic power systems — Part 1: General requirements, 2010.
[44] M. Popov, "General approach for accurate resonance analysis in transformer windings," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 161, pp. 45-51, 2018.
[45] P. Vangala, M. Ropp, K. Haggerty, K. Lynn, and W. Wilson, "Field measurements of lightning-induced voltage transients in PV arrays," in
Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2008. PVSC'08. 33rdIEEE, 2008, pp. 1-4: IEEE.
[46] National Fire Protection Association, "NFPA 780: Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems," 2020.
/lew
publication