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Journal of Chromatographic Science, Vol. 47, August 2009
Although in general, forensic toxicology laboratories were the 2006 United Chemical Technologies (Bristol, PA) applica-
quick to use SPE technology for targeted drug analysis, few tion manual. This method was chosen because of the pur-
utilized the columns for a general unknown. The reasons ported ability by the manufacturer to extract multiple drugs.
included well validated and tested LLE methods, and the Briefly, to 2 mL blood, 0.05 mL of internal standard
lack of time and resources to develop alternative procedures. (methapyrilene 10,000 ng/mL and hexobarbital 40,000
In addition, LLE techniques for alkaline extractable drugs ng/mL), 4 mL deionized water, and 2 mL 0.1 M potassium
could detect > 100 compounds. Laboratories were unsure phosphate buffer (pH 6) were added. The test tubes were
the SPE technology could fulfill this mandate. The purpose capped, vortexed vigorously, and centrifuged for 10 min at
of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of switching 3000 rpm. Samples were then ready for solid-phase extraction.
an extraction method from LLE to SPE without loss of The UCT CleanScreen columns were conditioned with 3 mL
the ability to detect a similar range of drugs at comparable methanol, 3 mL deionized water, and 1 mL 0.1 M potassium
concentrations. phosphate buffer (pH 6) and care was taken not to allow the
sorbent beds to dry. The specimens were added to the columns
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Journal of Chromatographic Science, Vol. 47, August 2009
appropriate separation on the GC column. The extracts were LLE (A) and SPE (B). Note the absence of 6 “junk” peaks from
injected in increasing concentration to minimize the possi- the SPE chromatogram compared to the LLE. Most notably,
bility of carryover. Each GC–MS chromatogram was examined the peak at 14.46 on the LLE is cholesterol, which is not
for acceptability by determining the presence and appropriate present by SPE. The response for the internal standard is lower
responses of the internal standards. If an extract did not have by SPE due to differences in reconstitution volume (50 µL LLE
the presence of the internal standard or its response was too vs 100 µL SPE).
low or high as compared to the controls, the extraction was
repeated. Each chromatogram was then integrated using the Limit of detection of analytes
previously mentioned parameters. Table II is a listing of the LOD for drugs that were detected
For acceptability, only integrated peaks were examined and by both methods. Forty one drugs were tested, including ben-
the relative retention time on the GC (previously determined zodiazepines, antidepressants/antipsychotics, antihistamines,
with purchased drug standards) had to be within ± 0.02 min. and drugs of abuse. LLE resulted in lower LOD’s for eight
The mass spectra were examined for the presence of diagnos- drugs, representing a variety of drug classes including anti-
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Journal of Chromatographic Science, Vol. 47, August 2009
differences in the LODs between techniques were significant tional 65 drugs was determined solely by SPE to insure that
for several drugs, such as haloperidol with a variation of five they were detected and at concentrations normally seen in
times. The result is that the SPE would be unable to detect casework (Table III).
non-toxic concentrations in blood. Similarly, there was a The detection of hydroxyzine was difficult by LLE, and an
tenfold difference in the LOD for oxycodone between sample LOD by SPE was unable to be established. Our laboratory has
preparation procedures. detected it in routine casework since switching to SPE; how-
Sixteen drugs had limits of detection that were lower by SPE ever, the LOD must be greater than 5000 ng/mL. The LLE was
and these included the drug classes mentioned earlier. Notable designed for alkaline drugs; however, the following weakly
findings were observed with benzodiazepines such as acidic and neutral drugs were detected following LLE (with
diazepam, which had almost a tenfold lower LOD by SPE. The determined LOD in parentheses, if available): carbamazepine
LOD’s were similar for 17 drugs, including cocaine, cycloben- (2500 ng/mL), carisoprodol (5000 ng/mL), meprobamate (not
zaprine, fentanyl, and zolpidem. determined), caffeine (not determined), and oxcarbazepine
To further validate the SPE method, the LOD for an addi- breakdown product (not determined). These drugs were not
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Journal of Chromatographic Science, Vol. 47, August 2009
bile, and tissue homogenates) and have detected the following strate SPE is capable of general unknown screening for both
drugs that had previously not been observed by LLE: ben- therapeutic and toxic concentrations and does not have to re-
zoylecgonine, 6-acetylmorphine, morphine, cotinine, nalox- main as a selective drug extraction method in the forensic tox-
one, 7-aminoclonazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, ticlopidine, icology field.
and clopidogrel. In LLE extractions, the nortramadol (N- In another study (8), automated SPE was performed using
desmethyltramadol) metabolite was most often seen when tra- an Oasis MCX mixed-mode column on a variety of drugs
madol was present in casework. In SPE extractions, the (acidic/neutral/alkaline). The authors determined extraction
nortramadol peak is either absent or very small and instead, efficiency for many drugs, but did not examine LODs. They
O-desmethyltramadol is seen. A peak identified as nicoti- did note that their procedure was unable to extract
namide appears early on the SPE chromatograms and was not brompheniramine, paroxetine, haloperidol, and ephedrine,
seen by LLE. We are continuing to monitor extractions for new all of which were detected in our laboratory with LOD’s below
mass spectra that match either the AAFS or NIST spectral li- 250 ng/mL.
braries. Due to the difficulty with tissue homogenates passing The SPE method allows our analysts to extract double the
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