DESIGN OF AN ECO FRIENDLY ROAD

FOOTPATH CLEANER MACHINE

A dissertation to be submitted by

MCE 412 Group 5

In fulfillment of the requirements of

Course MCE 412 Machine Design Project

Towards the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical)

Covenant University, Ogun State.

Submitted: March 31st 2021

EXECUTIVE/ABSTRACT SUMMARY
This dissertation documents an investigation into design procedures and
methods of fabricating a Semi-Automatic Mechanical Floor Cleaner. A
mechanism that makes use of chain drive to transmit power generated by the
pushing force of an operator to a precision brush that carries out sweeping
operation.
The most crucial aspects of the Road Footpath cleaner operation required to
improve performance were identified to determine a complete sweeping
operation and modifications were carried out in accordance with the relevant
fundamental engineering principles.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….3

ANALYSIS / DISCUSSION…………………………………………………….4-10
. Chain Drive Mechanism
. Shaft Mechanism

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………11

CONCLUSIONS / RECOMMENDATIONS.........................…...12

APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………….12
INTRODUCTION

Fig 1: Photo of an ECO Friendly Road Footpath Cleaner Machine.

The Design project features student of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University. In the
design, development and fabrication of the Footpath Road cleaner Machine, engineering operating
principles used in developing mechanical sweepers was implemented. Mechanical sweepers are
characterized by a rotating cylindrical broom, which flicks dirt and debris onto a conveyor moving
it into a hopper for collection.
The machine comprises of component parts and assemblies, which are The Framework, Broom
(Brush), Chain drive (consisting of two sprockets), Shaft and bearing coupling and Wheels. Every
single one of these parts needed to be selected for specific goal properties, and are integrated with
the other subsystems. Keeping in mind our goals of simplicity and affordability while increasing
performance all available options were researched to identify the best for the application. Once the
Footpath Road cleaner Machine is designed and fabricated, it is important for the machine to be
tested to verify the package meets design requirements that were previously established.
CHAIN DRIVE MECHANISM

Fig 2: Photo of 3D CAD Design of The Chain –Sprocket Assembly.

The operator exerts an input power (push), which is transmitted to the rotating cylindrical broom
that carries out the sweeping operation. Considering the different classifications of chains, Roller
chain was selected for the purpose of Power Transmission. Chains can be only used to transmit
power between parallel shafts, unlike belt drive, chain drives uses special toothed wheels called
Sprockets.
MATERIAL SELECTION: The sprocket is made of alloy steel and is tempered and case
hardened at the tooth area in order to enhance the wear resistance of the material, Alloy steel has
properties that include shock resistance, toughness and greater strength. The material used in
manufacture of the chains is Alloy steel concerning the following properties: hardness, strength,
toughness, and shock resistance as its main operation is to transmit torque.
The rotation of the cylindrical broom is a dependent factor of the operator walking speed.
Neglecting frictional losses the walking speed of the operator should equals the speed of the chain
drive translated to the wheels and finally to the rotating precision brush. The speeds will vary as
people vary in walking speeds so an average of a brisk walking speed of a person was chosen.
4mph=1.78816m/s approximately 2m/s (as it will be an energetic/active person sweeping) this
speed value was used to carry out the design considerations to our chain drive also taking note of
losses in the system.
 DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF TEETH DRIVER/ WHEEL SPROCKETS
Choosing the suitable number of teeth in accordance with the desired chain speeds for the sweeping
operation. On basis of design considerations 6m/s (to give an estimate for variations of speeds in
person and account for allowable speed and failure speed) was used as operator speeds that will
actuate the chain drives to give allowable speed variations in persons
Number of teeth =18 (From the Polygon effect, moderate speeds of up to 6m/s)
Suitable for maximum chain speeds drives provided no special requirements exist for a quiet and
vibration free running and under appropriate conditions smooth running can be achieved.
Apart from the number of teeth, the chain pitch also defines the sprocket diameter. The pitch is
determined in the first place.
Determination of chain speed on grounds of the sprocket is based on the formula
d×n
Chain speed v= 19,100

Where d- sprocket reference diameter

n- sprocket revolution (rpm)
v- chain velocity (m/s)
19,100=constant
The sprocket revolution can also be derived from chain drive and the reference diameter by
simply rearranging the formula above
v ×19,100
Sprocket revolution n= d

Finally, the required sprocket diameter can be delivered from the shaft revolution and chain
velocity.
 DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF TEETH FOR PINION/DRIVEN SPROCKETS
Based on the desired gear ratio, the table allows for the determining of the driven sprocket.
Z2
Gear ratio i = Z 1

Drive revolution n1= n2 * i

n1
Output revolution n2 = i

Where n1- driver sprocket revolution

n2- driven sprocket revolution
z1- driver’s sprocket number of teeth
z2- driven’s sprocket number of teeth
A satisfactory running performance and low running noise to be achieved, the number of teeth
is determined in accordance with the selection criteria for number of teeth at z1=18, With Gear
ratio 1:2.
Number of Teeth for the Pinion (Small Sprocket) = 9
Number of Teeth for the Wheel (Large Sprocket) =18
 SELECTION OF STANDARD PITCH AND SPROCKET REFERENCE
DIAMETER
The chain drive has a transmitted output estimate of 0.96kW as approximately 20% of the
operator’s output power is lost to friction in the system. From the performance Diagram for
Roller Chains (American version), the most suitable pitch for the transmittable output range for
the chain was selected. Pitch= 31.75mm. Small sprocket Rev 800rpm (Normal Revolution
Range).
From the design table, Transmittable output’s (kW) Rex-High-Capacity-Roller Chain 20 B-1,
(chain selected due to availability and performance rating) 31.75mm Pitch European version
gives an equivalent sprocket diameter of 182.8mm

 FACTOR OF SAFETY OF THE CHAIN DRIVE

Wb
Factor of Safety = W

The empirical relation may obtain the breaking strength of the chain:
Wb= 106 p2 (in Newtons) for roller chains
W- Total load on the driving side of the chain
Wb- breaking strength of the chain

 LUBRICATION
According to the lubrication performance table, Drip lubrication was applied. With chain speeds
up to 4m/s, the chain may itself dip into the oil. Rexnord oil was used.
SHAFT MECHANISM

Fig 3: Photo of 3D CAD Design of the Shaft.

Power transmitted by the chain drive assembly gives the shaft a rotational speed, and since it is
a rotating shaft, it is supported by bearings. For simplicity of manufacture, just two sets of
bearings were used to support the two parallel shafts. The shafts rotates on rolling contact
bearings.

MATERIAL SELECTION: The material used for the shafts is mild steel, Due to its excellent
properties, It has unparalleled weldability and machinability, which has led to an exponential
increase in its usage. Properties like corrosion resistance, wear resistance and tensile strength.

The shaft will have fluctuating rotational speeds as walking speeds in persons varies. The equation
gives an expression of the rotational motion:

Power P = Torque (N.m) × Angular Velocity (rads/s)

T × ω
2π
T × 60
N
Where N -r.p.m

Since the shafts are straight or constant diameter shafts with solid circular sections the following
expressions where used to make design considerations
T d
T 16 T
τ= J
r =( π d 4 ) 2 = π d3
32

M d
M 32 M
σ= J
r =( π d 4 ) 2 = π d3
64

Where M- Magnitude of the Bending moment

J- Moment of inertia

d- Diameter of the shaft

A hollow shaft was not used since the weight is critical, as it is only the cylindrical broom that will
be mounted on the shaft (front wheel shaft). In addition, shaft was kept as short as it will reduce the
shaft deflection.

Using the Maximum Shear Stress Theory (MSST) since Mild Steel is a ductile material, the
diameter for the shaft was analyzed and a factor of safety was quoted 1.5 in other to achieve
affordability and reduce cost.

From average walking speeds of a person of 6m /s, the shaft was deduced to have a rotational
angular speed of 83.775rads/s (using front sprocket normal revolution).

Power transmitted to the front shaft if 20% of input power of 1.2kW (Average input power of
person). Design procedures were same for the rear shaft in reference with components attached to it.

Power P = 0.96kW (the shaft will have a Torque =11.46N.m)

The length of the shaft that was suitable for the broom =55cm (As it will be mounted on the shaft)

The material used to manufacture the shaft is mild steel and from design table (Ugural 2004) for
mild steel

S ys =350MPa G= 80GPa

Using the specification of yield strength

Sy
τx = n
16 T
π d3
= Snys

Diameter d of the shaft= 6.3006×10−3 m or 6.3006mm

Using Distortion specification of the angle of twist if the shaft has a twisting through more than4 0.
Using the expression:

TL π d4
Ɵ (L) = GL J= 32

Diameter d of the shaft = 0.01035m or 10.3546mm

τf
n= τ
all

τf = 350MPa
τ all = 526.422MPa
From the result of our analysis design, a new factor of safety of 6.65 may be quoted.

From the preliminary analysis of force 0 equilibrium, the figure below is the Free Body Diagram of
the shaft in question
  BRUSH

Fig 4: Photo of 3D CAD Design of The Sweeper Broom.

The mechanical sweeper makes use of the rotation of the cylindrical precision broom to carry out
the sweeping operation. The brush is made up of steel wire bristle filament that help aid abrasion
and frictional power of the broom. Steel wire is typically used in tandem with our polypropylene
bristles, which adds to the lifetime of the poly bristles and adds to the brooms cleaning ability by
sweeping and scrubbing heavier pieces of debris with its steel wire.
  FRAMEWORK

Fig 5: Photo of 3D CAD Design of The Framework with the components mounted

A steel frame was selected for the framework where all the components parts of the mechanical
sweeper are mounted on because a steel frame can withstand stress below its fatigue limit an infinite
number of times without the frame failing. A steel frame can be scratched deeply, dented and even
bent without losing its structural integrity. In addition, steel can handle a hard sudden impact
without cracking. It is very safe in the sense that steel frame generally gives you a bit of warning
before falling catastrophically.
REFERENCES
 Ausglegung Kettentrieb – Chain drive systems
 Gears Educational Systems –IOS Webster St Hanover Massachusetts
 Design & Fabrication of Shaft drive for bicycle –IJEERT Volume 2 PA3 43-49
 G.M. Parlett, Roller Chain Drives in theory and practice –Product Engineering 2(4):253-
255, 1931
 ME1110-15-H- Engineering Practice 1
 Machine Design 1 Lecture Note – Professor Oluseyi Ajayi

CONCLUSION
As a matter of priority, the future of
the mineral and metals industry in
Nigeria will lie in
providing local raw materials needed
by local industries and to add value
for export.
There is therefore need to acquire
reliable information on the proven
reserves and the
geological data acquired should be
made available to investors.
In respect of Funding Mineral
Exploration: Government must
encourage and fund serious
exploration work and to encourage
exploration and research to go hand
in h
CONCLUSION
As a matter of priority, the future of
the mineral and metals industry in
Nigeria will lie in
providing local raw materials needed
by local industries and to add value
for export.
There is therefore need to acquire
reliable information on the proven
reserves and the
geological data acquired should be
made available to investors.
In respect of Funding Mineral
Exploration: Government must
encourage and fund serious
exploration work and to encourage
exploration and research to go hand
in h
CONCLUSION
As a matter of priority, the future of
the mineral and metals industry in
Nigeria will lie in
providing local raw materials needed
by local industries and to add value
for export.
There is therefore need to acquire
reliable information on the proven
reserves and the
geological data acquired should be
made available to investors.
In respect of Funding Mineral
Exploration: Government must
encourage and fund serious
exploration work and to encourage
exploration and research to go hand
in h

CONCLUSION
All design considerations were carried out to achieve the goals of simplicity and affordability
while increasing performance all available options were researched to identify the best for the
application.
In reference to the design of the Footpath Road cleaner Machine, its implementation and operations
is highly optimized for Ecology Safety and emerges as the safest mechanical sweeper as it is Eco
friendly and releases no toxic/harmful waste to the immediate environment.

Nigeria is endowed with about 34

solid minerals identified in 450
locations in the country.
Some of these minerals include gold,
iron ore, cassiterite, columbite,
wolframite, pyrochlore,
monazite, marble, coal, limestone,
clays, barites, lead-zinc, etc. and
occur in the different
metallogenic provinces of Nigeria.
Out of which Government has
classified seven of these minerals as
strategic minerals, which
include bitumen, gold, coal, iron ore,
limestone, lead/zinc ores, limestone
and barites.
Other minerals with good
economic prospects are: tin,
tantalite, niobium, gypsum,
gemstones, kaolin etc.

APPENDIX
 “Design data” Data book of Engineering
 Machine Data – Design data book
 Strength of Materials by R.S Kurmi