Course Credit: 5 units ( 3 units lec, 2 units lab)
Course Description: This subject deals with the study of the
architecture and interrelation of the different anatomical parts
of the body. The body is studied by region(thorax, abdomen,
upper and lower extremities) involving the different tissues
such as bones, muscles, nerve, blood vessels and visceral
organs
Anatomy- Greek origin ana-“up” tome-“cutting”
SUBDIVISIONS
 Gross Anatomy- study of structure as seen by the
unaided eye
 Microscopic Anatomy- study of cells and tissues
as seen with the aid of microscope
 Cytology- deals only with the structure of cells
 Embryology- origin, growth, and development of
an organism from inception until birth
 Neuroanatomy- origin, development, gross structure,
and microscopic structure of the nervous system
 Comparative Anatomy- gross structure of selected
vertebrates
 Human Anatomy- includes embryology,
histology and gross anatomy of the human body
Terms of Location & Position
Anatomic position
-standing
-facing forward
-arms at the sides
-palms turned forward
 Superior (cranial)- nearest or towards the head
 Inferior ( caudal)- farther from the head or towards
the feet
 Anterior( ventral)- nearer the front or belly side of
the body
 Posterior(dorsal)- nearer the back
 Medial- nearer the midline of the body
 Lateral-farther from the midline
 Internal (deep)- deeper within the body
 External (superficial)- nearer the external surface
 Proximal- nearer the origin a part
 Distal- farther from the origin
 Central- refers to the principal part
 Peripheral- extension from the principal part
 Parietal- refers to the walls of a cavity
 Visceral- refers to the organs within the cavity
 Ipsilateral- refers to the same side of the body
 Contralateral-refers to opposite side of the body
 Pelvic cavity- lowermost portion of abdominal cavity;it
contains the urinary bladder the end of large intestine
FUNDAMENTAL PLANES (rectum) & parts of reproductive system
Midsagittal plane- passes through the body from top to
bottom passing through the sagittal suture dividing the
Terms related to movement
body into right & left portions

Sagittal plane-divides the body into right & left portions

but does not pass through the sagittal suture.
Coronal plane- vertical planes at right angle to the
sagittal plane
Horizontal or Transverse plane- are at right angles to
both the sagittal and coronal planes
BODY CAVITIES- Hole/butas but occupies the space
(Dorsal Cavity)-lies within the skull & the backbone
1. Cranial portion- occupied by brain
2. Vertebral portion- occupied by the spinal cord
(Ventral cavity)
1. Thoracic portion
a. 2 pleural cavities-lungs
b. Pericardial cavity- heart, lungs, trachea,
esophagus, thymus, large blood vessels, nodes &
nerves
2. Abdominal portion- stomach, small intestine, most
of large intestine, liver, gallbladde, pancreas, spleen,
kidneys, suprarenal glands, ureters
Flexion- takes place in a sagittal plane; usually an
anterior movement except in the knee (posterior)
Extension- means straightening the joint
Lateral flexion- movement of the trunk in the coronal
plane
Abduction-movement of the limb away from the midline
Adduction- movement towards the midline
Rotation- movement around its long axis
Medial rotation- movement that results in the anterior
surface of the part facing laterally
Pronation- medial rotation of the forearm
Supination- lateral rotation of the forearm
Circumduction- is the combination in sequence of the
movements of flexion, extension, abduction & adduction
Protaction- is to move forward
Retraction- is to move backward
Inversion- movement of the foot so the sole faces in a
medial direction
 Eversion- the sole faces in a lateral direction
BASIC STRUCTURES
-SKIN
Parts;
 Superficial part-epidermis (stratified epithelium )
 Deep part- dermis ( composed of dense connective
tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels &
nerves
- Superficial fascia/ subcutaneous tissue- connects the
dermis to the underlying deep fascia or bones
APPENDAGES OF SKIN
1. Nails- keratinized plates on the dorsal surfaces of the
tips of the fingerd & toes
Root- proximal edge of the plate
Nail folds – fold of skin the surround and overlap of the
nail, except on the distal edge of the plate
Nail bed- surface of skin covered by the nail
2. Hair- grow out of follicles, which are invaginations of
the epidermis into the dermis
Hair bulbs- expanded extremities of follicles
-Penetrate to the deeper part of the dermis
-is concave at its end
Hair papilla- vascular connective tissue that occupies
the concavity of the hair bulb
Arrector pili- band of smooth muscle that connects the
undersurface of the follicle to the superficial part of the
dermis
-Innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers
-its contraction:
1. Causes the hair to move in a more vertical position
2. Compresses the sebaceous gland & causes it to
extrude some of its secretion
3. The pull of the muscle causes dimpling of the skin
surface called gooseflesh
3. Sebaceous gland- pour their secretion, the sebum,
onto the shaft of the hairs asa they pass up through
the necks of the follicles
Sebum- oily material that helps preserve the flexibility
of the emerging hair
-it also oils the surface epidermis around the mouth of
the follicle
Fasciae-lie between the skin & underlying muscles &
bones
1. Superficial/subcutaneous tissue- is a mixture of
loose areolar & adipose tissue that unites the
dermis of the skin to the underlying deep fascia
2. Deep- is a membranous layer of connective tissue
that invests the muscles & other deep structures
Muscles
 1. Skeletal- produce the movement of the skeleton
and called voluntary muscles
Aponeurosis-thin strong sheet of fibrous tissue that
attaches flattened muscles
Raphe- interdigitation of the tendinous ends of fibers of
flat muscles
Internal structure of Skeletal muscle
Epimysium - a delicate areolar tissue that binds muscle
fibers together
Perimysium is a sheath of connective tissue that groups
muscle fibers into bundles (anywhere between 10 and 100
or more) or fascicles
Endomysium- the fine connective tissue sheath
surrounding a muscle fiber
Muscle fibers run parallel to the line of pull
-brings about greater degree of movement
Eg: sternocleidomastoid, rectus, abdominis & sartorius
Muscle whose fibers run obliquely to the line of pull are
referred to as pennate muscle
Unipennate- is one in which the tendon lies along one side
of the muscle & the muscle fiber pass obliquely to it
Eg;extensor digitorum longus
Bipennate- is one in which the tendon lies in the center of
the muscle & the muscle fiber pass to it from 2 sides
Eg:rectus femoris
Multipennate muscle- maybe arranged as a series of
bipennate muscles lying alongside one another
Eg: acromial fibers of the deltoid
Circumpennate muscle- may have the tendon lying within
its center & the muscle fibers passing to it from all sides,
converging as they go
Eg: orbicularis oris
SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTION
1. Prime mover- chief muscle responsible for a particular
movement
2. Antagonist- any muscle that opposes the action of the
prime mover
3. Fixator- contracts isometrically (contraction increases
the tone but does not itself produce movement) to
stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that it can
act efficiently
4. Synergist- group of muscles that contract to prevent
unwanted movements & stabilize the intermediate joint
Never supply
The nerve trunk to a muscle is mixed nerve
- 60% is motor
- 40% is sensory
The nerve enters the muscle at about the midpoint on its
deep surface, often nesr the margin; the place of the entrance
is known as the motor point
 -extend- extensor
-flex- flexor
-constrict- constrictor

2. Smooth muscle- consists of long, spindle-shaped

cells closely arranged in bundles or sheets
-In the tubes of the body, it provides the motive
power for propelling the content through the lumen
NAMING OF SKELETAL MUSCLES -In the digestive system it causes the the ingested
food to be thoroughly mixed with the digestive
1. According to shape juices ; also for peristalsis.
-triangular- deltoid
-round- teres -In storage organs the fibers are irregulary
-straight- rectus arranged & interlaced with each other their
2. According to size contraction is slow & sustained & brings about
-large- major expulsion of the contents of the organs
-broadest- latissimus
-longest- longissimus -In the walls of blood vessels the fibers are
3. According to the #of head or bellies arranged circulalry & serve to modify the caliber of
-2 heads – biceps the lumen
-4 heads- quadriceps
-2 bellies- digastric 3. Cardiac muscles- consists of striated muscle fibers
4. According to position that branch & unite with each other
-of the chest- pectoralis -forms the myocardium of the heart
- above spine of scapula- supraspinatus -its fibers are arranged in whorls & spirals
-of the arm- brachii - have the property of spontaneous & rhythmic
5. According to depth contraction
-deep- profundus -specialized cardiac muscles fibers form the
-superficial- superficialis conducting system of the heart
-external- externus
6. According to attachment Joints
-from sternum & clavicle to mastoid process- -site where 2 or more bones come together
sternocleidomastoid whether or not movement occurs between them
-from coracoid process to arm- coracobrachialis
7. According to action Classification
1. Fibrous joint- articulating surfaces of the bones
are joined by fibrous tissue
-very little movement is possible
-i.e. sutures of the skull, inferior tibiofibular
joint
2. Cartilaginous joint
a. Primary- the bones are united by a plate or
a bar hyaline cartilage
-no movement is possible
-ie; 1st rib & manubrium
b. Secondary the bones are united by a plate
of fibrocartilage & the articular surfaces of
the bone are covered by a thin layer of
hyaline cartilage
-small amount of movement is possible
-i.e. joint between vertebral bodies &
symphysis pubis
3. Synovial joint- the articular surfaces of bonesw
are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage
separated by a joint cavity
-permits greater degree of movement
-the cavity of the joint is lined by synovial
membrane (protected on the outside by a
tough fibrous membrane referred to as the
capsule of the joint)
-the articular surfaces are lubricated by a
viscous fluid called synovial fluid
-in certain synovial joints, disc or wedges of
fibrocartilage are interposed between the
articular surfaces of the bones referred to as
articular discs (knee joint)
-fatty pads are found in some synovial joints
lying between the synovial membrane & the
fibrous capsule or bone
The degree of movement is limited by:
1. The shape of the bones participating in
the joint
2. The coming together of adjacent
anatomic structures
3. Presence of fibrous ligaments uniting
the bones
Synovial joints can be classified according to
the arrangement of the articular surfaces &
type of nmovement that are possible
1. Plane joints- the apposed articular
surfaces are flat * this permits the
bones to slide to one another
-ie; sternoclavicular & acromioclavicular
joints
2. Hinge joint- flexion & extension
movements are possible
–ie; elbow, knee, & ankle joints
3. Pivot joints- a central bony pivot is
sorrounded by a bony-ligaments ring &
rotation is the only movement possible
 -ie; atlantoaxial & superior radioulnar
joints
4. Condyloid joint- have 2 convex surfaces
that articulate with 2 concave surfaces
-flexion, extension, adduction &
abduction are possible with a small
amount of rotation
-ie; metacarpophalangeal joints, knuckle
joints
5. Ellipsoid joint-an elliptical convex
articular surface fits into an elliptical
concave articular surface
-flexion, extension, adduction &
abduction are possible but rotation is
impossible
-ie; wrist joint
6. Saddle joint- the articular surfacesare
reciprocally concavoconvex & resemble
a saddle on a horse’s back
-if permits flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction & rotation
-ie: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
7. Ball-and-socklet joints- a ball-shaped
head of one bone fits into a socketlike
concavity of another
-this arrangement permits free
movements
-ie: shoulder & hip joints
Stability of joint depends on 3 main
factors:
1. Shape, size & arrangement of the
articular surfaces- the ball-and-
socket arrangement of the hip joint
is a good example of how bone
plays an important role in joint
stability
2. Ligaments
a. Fibrous ligament- prevent
excessive movement in a joint
but if the stress is continued for
an excessively long period, then
a fibrous ligaments stretch
-ie; ligaments of the joints
between the bones forming the
arches of the feet
b. Elastic ligaments- return to
their original length after
stretching
-ie; auditory ossicles
3. Muscle tone- in most joints, muscle
tone is the major factor controlling
stability
Ligaments -is a cord or band of
connective tissue uniting 2 structures
Types:
a. Composed of dense bundle of
collagen fibers-unstretchable under
normal conditions
b. Composed of elastic tissues-regain
its original length after stretching
Nerve supply of joints
-The capsule & ligaments receive an
abundant sensory nerve supply
-A sensory nerve supplying a joint
also supplies the muscles moving
the joint & skin overlying the
insertion of these muscles, a fact
that has been codified as Hilton’s
law