Malate Malate(2-) is a C4- dicarboxylate resulting from

deprotonation of both carboxyl groups of malic

acid. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite. It is
a C4- dicarboxylate and a malate.

Function in other processes:

Use of malate in life: Controlling stomata opening and closing.
The malate-aspartate shuttle The shape of stomata is determined by
system, also called the malate turgidity of guard cells. Movement of ions
shuttle, is an essential system used change the water potential: the transport of K+
by mitochondria, that allows across the plasma membrane and vacuolar
electrons to move across the membrane causes the turgor changes of guard In photosynthesis :
impermeable membrane between cells; the uptake of anions, such as malate C4 plants—including maize, sugarcane, and sorghum—
the cytosol and the mitochondrial and chloride ions, also contributes to guard cell avoid photorespiration by using another enzyme called
matrix. PEP during the rst step of carbon xation. This step
Four parts: takes place in the mesophyll cells that are located close to
1. Malate dehydrogenase the stomata where carbon dioxide and oxygen enter the
2. Aspartate amino transferase plant. PEP is more attracted to carbon dioxide molecules
(aspartate is an acidic amino acid-- and is, therefore, much less likely to react with oxygen
pI value less than 6) molecules. PEP xes carbon dioxide into a four-carbon
3. Malate-alpha-ketoglutarate molecule, called malate, that is transported to the deeper
antiporter bundle sheath cells that contain Rubisco. The malate is
4. Glutamate-aspartate antiporter then broken down into a compound that is recycled back
into PEP and carbon dioxide that Rubisco xes into
sugars—without having to deal with the oxygen
molecules that are abundant in the mesophyll cells.

Reference:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23384304?seq=1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC2924691/
https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/
media/L-Malic%20Acid%20TR.pdf
https://chembioagro.springeropen.com/articles/
10.1186/s40538-018-0123-2
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aag/
2014/147278/

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