THE CELL

2
-GROUP 3-
 OUTLINE
+Q1: Cellular respiration: where and products

+Q2: The role of the electron transport chain

in cellular respiration
+Q3: Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria
and photophosphorylation in chloroplasts
+Q4: Cellular response
+Q5: Photorespiration
Q1: NAME THE THREE STAGES
OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION;
FOR EACH, STATE THE REGION
OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL
WHERE IT OCCURS AND THE
PRODUCTS THAT RESULT?
1. GLYCOLYSIS (LET’S SPLIT SOME
SUGAR!)
2. THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE (KREBS CYCLE
)
3. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
(ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND
CHEMIOSMOSIS )
 GLYCOLYSIS
GLYCOLYSIS IS THE PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN GLUCOSE.
GLYCOLYSIS TAKES PLACE IN THE CYTOPLASM.
 The citric acid cycle
(Krebs Cycle) 

• The Krebs Cycle

occurs in the matrix
of the mitochondria
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
(ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
AND CHEMIOSMOSIS)

• The ETC occurs in

the inner membrane
of the mitochondria,
within
the cristae (folds of
the mitochondrion)
 SUMMARY
Stages of cellular respiration!
STAGES 1.Glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. Electron transport chain
(Citric Acid Cycle)

LOCATION Cytoplasm Matrix of mitochondria Inner mitochondria membrane

MAJOR 2 Pyruvate High-energy electron ATP

PRODUCT carriers (NADH,
FADH2)
BY-PRODUCTS None CO2 H2O

# ATP 2ATP 2ATP 34 ATP

38ATP
 +Q2: THE ROLE OF THE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION
 Cre: ib.bioninja.com.au - Electron Transport Chain

- The hydrogen carriers (NADH, FADH2)

realease protons and electrons.
- Each time electrons pass, electrons lose a bit
of energy and electron carriers use it to pump
protons (H+ ions)
 Cre: ib.bioninja.com.au - Electron Transport Chain

The accumulation of protons create an electrochemical gradient which allows

protons to be pumped back through ATP synthase in order to create ATP.
 Cre: ib.bioninja.com.au - Electron Transport Chain

- The final electron acceptor is molecular oxygen.

It removes electrons and H+ ions to become water.
SUMMARY –
Q2 Electron transport chain
is the final stage of
cellular respiration
where most of the ATPs
or energy is produced
from glucose
Q3: DESCRIBE THE SIMILARITIES AND
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION IN
MITOCHONDRIA
AND PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION IN
CHLOROPLASTS
• MAKE ENERGY IN THE FORM OF ATP
• ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED
THROUGH A SERIES OF MEMBRANE
PROTEINS
• THE ELECTRONS PROVIDE ENERGY TO
PUMP PROTONS (H+) TO ONE SIDE OF
THE MEMBRANE
• THE PROTONS FLOW BACK THROUGH
A SPECIAL ENZYME (ATP-SYNTHASE)
WHICH MAKES ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation Photophosphorylation

Cellular respiration Photosynthesis

Mitochondria Thylakoids
(in Chloroplasts)
Glucose Sunlight

Molecular oxygen NADP+

SUMMARY Q3
Q4: Explain how original signal
molecule can produce a cellular
response when it may not even
enter the target cell.
•THE SIGNAL MOLECULE BINDS A
RECEPTOR ON THE SURFACE OF THE
CELL .
• THIS RECEPTOR IS EMBEDDED IN
THE CELL MEMBRANCE.
•UPON BINDING OF A SIGNAL
MOLECULE THE RECEPTOR WILL
BECOME ACTIVE AND WILL BE ABLE
TO ACTIVATE PROTEINS IN THE
CYTOPLASM.
•CHEMICAL SIGNALS MAY BE
COMMUNICATED BETWEEN CELLS
THROUGH DIRECT CYTOPLASMIC
CONNECTIONS (GAP JUNCTIONS OR
PLASMODESMA) OR THROUGH
CONTACT OF SURFACE MOLECULES
•(CELL-CELL REGCONITION IN ANIMAL
CELL).
Signal molecule binds to a receptor on
the surface of the cell, the receptor
will become active, activing proteins in
the cystoplasm which will affect other
proteins.
 QUESTION 5:
DESCRIBE TWO
IMPORTANT
PHOTOSYNTHETIC
ADAPTATIONS THAT
MINIMIZE
PHOTORESPIRATION
1. CO2 is fixed in the mesophyll cells to form a simple 4-
carbon organic acid (oxalacetate) by PEP carboxylase
(non-rubisco enzyme has no tendency to bind O2).
2. Oxaloacetate is then converted to malate that can be
transported into the bundle-sheath cells.
3. Inside the bundle-sheath cell, malate breaks down,
releasing a molecule of CO2
4. CO2 is then fixed by rubisco and made into sugars via
the Calvin cycle (like C3 photosynthesis)
 The Crassulaceae family of plants
=> Crassulacean acid metabolism
(CAM)

1. At night: CAM plants open their stomata,

allowing CO2 to diffuse into the leaves.
2. This CO2 is fixed into Oxaloacetate by PEP
carbonxylase (likely to C4) then converted to
malate or another type of organic acid (stored
inside vacuoles until next day)
3. In the daylight: the organic acids are
transported out of the vacuole and broken
down to release CO2 => enter Calvin cycle
 Cacti plants
Crabgrass Corn
C4 CAM Pineapple
Sugarcane
SUMMARY Q5
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING
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