Using Truth Tables

p q r
T T T T F T
T T F T F F
T F T F T T
T F F F T T
F T T F T T
F T F F T T
F F T F T T
F F F F T T
ACTIVITY #4

p q r
T T T F F
T T F T T
T F T T T
T F F F F
F T T F F
F T F T F
F F T T F
F F F F F
ACTIVITY #5

p q r
p q r
T T T T T T
T T F T T T
T F T F T T
T F F F T F
F T T F T T
F T F F F T
F F T F T T
F F F F F F
p q r
T T T T T T T T
T T F T T T T T
T F T F T T T T
T F F F T F F F
F T T F T T T T
F T F F F T F F
F F T F T T T T
F F F F F F F F
ACTIVITY #6

p q
T T T F F F F
T F F T F T F
F T F T T F F
F F F T T T T

Therefore, ?
ACTIVITY (You have to do these…)

Determine which of the following is a tautology, contradiction, or

contingency.
6) 𝑝 → ¬(¬𝑝)
7) 𝑝∧¬𝑞
8) (𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑝)

9) 𝑝 𝑝 | 𝑞 𝑞 → (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞)
10) ( 𝑝 → 𝑞 ∧ 𝑞 → 𝑟 ) → (𝑝 → 𝑟)
Determine which of the following is a tautology, contradiction, or contingency.

8) (𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑝)

𝒑 𝒒 𝒑→𝒒 𝒒→𝒑 𝒑 → 𝒒 ˄ (𝒒 → 𝒑)
T T
T F
F T
F F
Determine which of the following is a tautology, contradiction, or contingency.

8) (𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑝)

𝒑 𝒒 𝒑→𝒒 𝒒→𝒑 𝒑 → 𝒒 ˄ (𝒒 → 𝒑)
T T
T F F
F T F
F F
Determine which of the following is a tautology, contradiction, or contingency.

8) (𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑝)

𝒑 𝒒 𝒑→𝒒 𝒒→𝒑 𝒑 → 𝒒 ˄ (𝒒 → 𝒑)
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Determine which of the following is a tautology, contradiction, or contingency.

8) (𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑝)

𝒑 𝒒 𝒑→𝒒 𝒒→𝒑 𝒑 → 𝒒 ˄ (𝒒 → 𝒑)
T T T T
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T
Determine which of the following is a tautology, contradiction, or contingency.

8) (𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑝)

𝒑 𝒒 𝒑→𝒒 𝒒→𝒑 𝒑 → 𝒒 ˄ (𝒒 → 𝒑)
T T T T T
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T T
Determine which of the following is a tautology, contradiction, or contingency.

8) (𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑝)

𝒑 𝒒 𝒑→𝒒 𝒒→𝒑 𝒑 → 𝒒 ˄ (𝒒 → 𝒑)
T T T T T
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T

Therefore, (𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑝) is ?
ACTIVITY (Answers!)
Let P(x): “x has passed MMW” , D = all students
HOW do you translate the following?
1. Let P(x): “x has passed MMW” , D = all students
a) ∀𝑥 𝑃(𝑥)
All students passed MMW.
b) ∃𝑥 𝑃 𝑥
Some students passed MMW.
c) ¬ ∀𝑥 𝑃 𝑥
Not all students passed MMW. (Some students failed MMW.)
d) ¬ ∃𝑥 𝑃 𝑥
Not one student passed MMW. (All students failed MMW.)
e) ∃𝑥 ¬ 𝑃 𝑥
Some students have not passed MMW.
f) All students have not passed MMW.
∀𝑥¬ 𝑃 𝑥
2. Universe of discourse is students.
P(x) means “x has a computer”
Translate the following:
a) ∀𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) b) ∃𝑥 𝑃 𝑥

c) ¬ ∀𝑥 𝑃 𝑥 d) ¬∃𝑥 𝑃 𝑥
e) ∀𝑥 ¬ 𝑃(𝑥) f) Some students don’t have computers.
3. a) Translate in symbols: “All natural numbers are prime.”

Answer: a) ∀𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) where 𝑃 𝑥 : "𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒" ; 𝑥 ∈ 𝑁

b) What is the truth value and why?

Answer: b) False. Because ∃𝑥 𝑃 𝑥 (read as there exists some

natural numbers 𝑥 such that 𝑃 𝑥 is false.)
Actually there are many natural nos. that are not prime,
e.g., 4, 9 and more )
Example 4. Symbolize by using quantifiers, propositional functions and logical
connectives:
a) “There exists an integer such that it is even and prime.”
Let E(x): “x is even”
Let P(x): “x is prime” where x belongs to the set of integers
In symbols: ∃ 𝑥 (𝐸(𝑥)  𝑃(𝑥))
b) “All prime numbers are odd.”
Another way to say the given is:
“For all x, if x is a prime, then x is odd.”
Let P(x): “x is prime”
Let O(x): “x is odd”
In symbols: ∀𝑥 (𝑃(𝑥) → 𝑄O(x)) (𝑥 ))
c) For any integer, there exists an integer such that their sum is 0.
Let x and y be the two integers.
Let P(x, y): “x + y = 0”
In symbols: ∀𝑥 ∃𝑦 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
17
ACTIVITY (Answers!)
5. Negate the following:
a) Everybody enjoyed their dinner.
Some did not enjoy their dinner.
b) Some students bought a new laptop.
All students did not buy a new laptop.
c) None of the students did the assignment
All of the students did not do the assignment.
d) Some actors are not rich.
All actors are rich.
e) ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝑹, 𝑥 < 5
∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑹, 𝑥 ≥ 5
f) ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑹, ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝑹, 𝑦 2 = 𝑥
∃𝑥 ∈ 𝑹, ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑹, 𝑦 2 ≠ 𝑥
ACTIVITY
6. Let 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 + 1.
Domain of discourse is the set of real numbers.

Determine the truth value of the following:

a) 𝑃(0, 2)

b) 𝑃(5, 1)

c) ∀𝑥 ∀𝑦, 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦

d) ∀𝑥 ∃𝑦, 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
ACTIVITY (Answers!)
6. Let 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 + 1.
Domain of discourse is the set of real numbers.
Determine the truth value of the following:

a) 𝑃(0, 2)
(To determine the truth value, substitute x by 0 and y by 2)
SO, is 2 ≥ 0 + 1 ? True

b) 𝑃(5, 1)

c) ∀𝑥 ∀𝑦, 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
False. There are some real numbers y and x that can make the statement F.
Ex. y = 0 and x = 0.
d) ∀𝑥 ∃𝑦, 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
True. Say, for x = 0, let y = 1 or greater than 1.
ACTIVITY (Answers!)

7. Let 𝐿 𝑥, 𝑦 : "𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑦“.

Domain of discourse is classmates and Math.
Translate in words:
a) 𝐿 𝑥, 𝐴𝑛𝑛
x loves Ann.
b) 𝐿 𝐴𝑛𝑛, 𝐴𝑛𝑛
Ann loves herself.
c) 𝐿 𝑀𝑎𝑡ℎ, 𝑚𝑒
Math loves me.
d) ¬ ∃𝑥 𝐿 𝑥, 𝑀𝑎𝑡ℎ
Nobody loves Math.
e) ∀𝑥 ¬ 𝐿(𝑥, 𝑀𝑎𝑡ℎ)
All do not love Math.
f) ¬ 𝐿( 𝐽𝑜𝑛, 𝐴𝑛𝑛)
Jon does not love Ann.
ACTIVITY (Answers!)

7. Let 𝐿 𝑥, 𝑦 : "𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑦“.

Domain of discourse is classmates and Math.
Translate in symbols:
g) Nobody loves me.
¬ ∃𝑥 𝐿 𝑥, 𝑚𝑒
h) Someone doesn’t love Math.
∃𝑥 ¬𝐿 𝑥, 𝑀𝑎𝑡ℎ
i) Math loves everyone.
∀𝑦 𝐿 𝑀𝑎𝑡ℎ, 𝑦
j) Everyone loves someone.
∀𝑥 ∃𝑦 𝐿 𝑥, 𝑦
k) Someone does not love everyone.
∃𝑥 ∀𝑦 ¬𝐿 𝑥, 𝑦
l) Someone loves everyone.
∃𝑥 ∀𝑦 𝐿 𝑥, 𝑦