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2020 Ryudai-IAP Introduction to Tropical Agriculture Seminar

Tropical Agroecosystems Based on Traditional Knowledge

and Local Wisdom: Agroforestry Landscape Analysis [AFLA]

Hadi Susilo Arifin, Ph.D.

Professor in Landscape Ecology & Environmental Management
Chief of Magister Program of Natural Resources & Environmental Management Science;
Head of Landscape Management Laboratory, Department of Landscape Architecture,
Faculty of Agriculture – IPB UNIVERSITY
5 December 2020
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North latitude
0o
South latitude

Tropical Country of
Republic of Indonesia
and the Boundary
400
400

300
300

200
200

100
100

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Tipe Lokal

400

300

200

100

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Distribution of
Tipe 400

Equatorial 300

Precipitation in
200

100

Indonesia
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Tipe
Monsoon
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AGROECOLOGY & AGROECOSYSTEM

• LAND = ENVIRONMENT HARVEST

Interactions
• AGROECOLOGY
• AGROECOSYSTEM: CROP LIVESTOCK
Flows

1. Crop agroecosystem INPUT •

•
Cities
Landscape
(Cropping systems) • Streams
• Ground-water
2. Livestock agroecosystem SOIL

(Livestock systems)
Management System
General Structure of Agroecosystem & the
Relationships with External System
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Market
Credit Non-
Extension Farming
Transport System agricultural
Processing Systems

FARMING SYSTEM

Farm Household Crop Agroeco- Livestock Agroeco-

System system (s) system (s)
Crop Agro-ecosystem Livestock Agro-ecosystem

Environment Crop System (Crop Environment System Animal

System (Climate, Types, Cropping (Climate, Landform, System
Landform, Soil, Pattern/ Rotation) Soil, Flora, fauna)
Flora, Fauna)

AGRICULTURE HIERARCHY IN THE SYSTEM

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AGROECOSYSTEM SERVICES
LANDSCAPE ~ ECOSYSTEM ~ ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES

IPB 10C | newlms.ipb.ac.id
Landscape context of
ecosystem assets and services.
Ecosystem:
• accounting describes
interactions of living
organisms and components
of the environment within
specific geographical areas.
• assets and the services
they provide to support
human well-being are
located spatially across the
landscape
(Keith et al 2017)
Source: Innovative Agriculture Course, 2020
18/12/2020 5
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TYPES OF AGROECOSYSTEM SERVICES

CLASSIFICATION OF
AGROECOSYSTEM SERVICES:
1. PROVISIONING
2. REGULATING
3. SUPPORTING
4. CULTURAL

Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), 2005 Source: Innovative Agriculture Course, 2020
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AFLA - INTRODUCTION
• A great problem of poverty and several disasters.
• Land use planning  towards segregated or
integrated management of landscape.
• Some landscapes of Indonesia should be
evaluated.

• Agroforestry Landscape Analysis

Material Source: AFLA Modul (Arifin HS, Wulandari C, • Could be a model to be used for maintenance
Pramukanto and Kaswanto RL, 2008); Arifin HS, the balanced ecosystem.
Wulandari C, Pramukanto and Kaswanto RL, 2010. Analisis
Lanskap Agroforestri. IPB Press. Bogor. 199p
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LANDSCAPE AGROFORESTRY
• Deals with basis concepts and
principles that are central to
understanding landscape agroforestry.
• Concepts central to defining and
understanding of system and
landscape.
• Relationships with concepts developed
in related fields of study: farming
system, agroforestry system,
agroecosystem, watershed
management, landscape architecture,
landscape ecology
• The roles of scale and system Profile of Agroforestry Landscape in Cianjur-
boundaries. Cisokan Watershed, West Java, Indonesia
(Arifin, 2002)
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AGROFORESTRY LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS

• Scale:
Microbe ≤ root ≤ tree ≤ patch ≤
plot ≤ farm ≤ landscape ≤
governance
• Interactions:
tree  site & climate, tree 
tree, tree  soil  crop, tree 
market, treewater-flows/ C-
stocks/ Biodiversity, tree  forest
classification & access rules
• Replicable patterns:
knowledge/action links
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‘deforestation’
natural forest

integrated,
Tree plan- multifunctional
tations landscape: crops, trees,
meadows and forest
patches
intensive ‘loss of forest
agriculture functions’

Segregate Integrate
Current reality functions
Current legal, institutional & educational paradigm
 Open field agriculture 11

Less trees
Farm fo- Less More
restry, patchy: TreeFields,fallow,
cover: patchy: Fields,
agrofo-rests Inte- Deforestation,
forest mosaic
Reforestation
Segre- Forests &
grateIntegrate Segregate gate Parks
More trees

100% forest
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AGROFORESTRY

A combination of agriculture and forestry sciences in rural development in order to

create the balancing of agriculture intensification and forest sustainability.

FIVE DIFFERENT AGROFORESTRY IS

AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES: DISCUSSED THROUGH:
1. forest farming 1. ecology
2. alley cropping 2. agronomy
3. shelter-belts 3. forestry
4. riparian buffer 4. botany
5. Agrosilvopastural 5. geography
6. Agrosilvofishery 6. landscape
7. economy
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MODELS OF AGROFORESTRY
• Modern: • Traditional:
Promoted from outside Farmer developed

• Simple: • Complex:
Association of a small - Association of many
number of component: species (tree, treelet,
 Less than 5 tree liana and herb)
species - Functions and
 A species of annual structure close to
crop or semi- natural forest
perennials crop ecosystem
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SIMPLE AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM
• Modern: Promoted from outside
• Simple: Association of a small number of component:
 Less than 5 tree species
 A species of annual crop or semi-perennials crop
• Trees with economic role: coconut, rubber, clove, teak.
• Trees with ecological role: Erythrina and G. leocephalla
• Cash-crops: rice, corn, vegetables, herbs, grasses
• Other economic plants: banana, coffee, cacao, etc.

• Tumpangsari  taungya – Indonesia version.

• Simple Agroforestry in commercial sector: coffee-erythrina;

coconut-cacao; rubber-rattan; Ceiba petandra-rice field; citrus-
clove.
Harun MK, Arifin HS, Putri EIK, Anwar S, 2017
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COMPLEX AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM
• Traditional: Farmer developed
• Complex: Association of many species (tree, treelet, shrub, bush, liana, herb, and grass);
Functions and structure close to natural forest ecosystem
• Physically, performance and the dynamic is similar with primary forest or secondary forest.
• The benefit of this system is good soil and water resources protection and biodiversity
conservation.

A natural forest? SOURCE: Forest Ecology. 2004 Envirothon Training- November 6, 2004. Blackbird State Forest
 Tri Hita Karana Concept from the Local to the Global 16

HSArifin 2012

HSArifin 2012

HSArifin 2012 Tri Angga Concept: Part of plant on a pekarangan

TEBA (Source: Arifin HS, Arifin NHS, Suryadarma IGP 2003)

Kosala-kosali Rules:
HSArifin 2012 LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ~ LOCAL WISDOM micro zone-macro zone
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Proposal:
Perma-culture Zoning
Talun
Pattern for Eco-village Hutan

Tegalan/Sawah V
IV
III
II
I
0

Pekarangan
Rumah
Kebun Campuran

Nurlaelih, Arifin & Arifin 2007

 PEKARANGAN ~ Indonesian Traditional Home Gardens
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with Agroforestry Practices
A piece of land
surrounding the  ex-situ
agro-biodiversity
conservation through
agro-forestry, agro-silvo-
fishery and agro-silvo-
pastura.
Fulfill ecological function
 the multi-layered
vegetation structure,
resemble natural forests
and offer habitat and
niche for a diverse
community of wild plants
and animals.
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PEKARANGAN SIZE CATEGORY
1
1. Small Pekarangan < 120 m2
2. Medium Pekarangan 120 – 400 m
3. Large Pekarangan 400 – 1000 m2
4. Extra Large Pekarangan >1000 m2
HSArifin 2012

3 HSArifin 2012

HSArifin 2012
Source: Arifin 1998 4 HSArifin 2012
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PEKARANGAN ZONING
ROAD/STREET/DIRT ROAD
ENTRANCE GATE

FRONT YARD (BURUAN)

HSArifin 2020
HOUSE BUILDING HSArifin 2002
LEFT RIGHT
SIDE SIDE
YARD YARD
(PIPIR) (PIPIR)

HSArifin 2012 BACK YARD (KEBON)

HSArifin2012
HSArifin 2012

Source: Arifin, 1998

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VERTICAL DIVERSITY
> 10 m: high trees

5-10 m: small tress/ big

shrubs

2-5 m: small shrubs/

bushes

1-2 m:bushes,
herbaceous

<1m:herbaceous, HSArifin 2012

grasses Source: Arifin 1998
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HORIZONTAL DIVERSITY
• Ornamental Plants Diversity of Animal species Diversity of Fish species in
• Fruit Plants in Pekarangan Pekarangan
• Vegetable Crops
• Spices Plants
• Medicinal Plants
• Starchy Crops
• Industrial Plants
• Others: feeds, fuel wood, raw
material for handy craft, etc.

Food Supply and Security for Family

Source: Arifin, 1998
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HSArifin 2012

HSArifin 2012

Source: Pusat
HSArifin 2012 Penganekaragaman
Dan Konsumsi Pangan
Badan Ketahanan
Pangan Kementerian
Pertanian (2012)

“Makanan Beragam, Bergizi, Berimbang dan Aman” from Pekarangan

HSArifin 2012
Products
2
Gardening in Pekarangan 24
During WFH
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NFT HYDROPONIC IN A CORNER OF PEKARANGAN

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PRODUCTIVE PEKARANGAN FROM MICRO LANDSCAPE SCALE

Daun Mint

Markisa

Bawang Dayak

#Marimulaidaripekarangansendiri #Hanyasatulangkahdariberanda
 TERIMAKASIH 29
Mobile/WA +62-811117720
YouTube Hadi Susilo Arifin
Instagram @hadisusiloarifin
Twitter @dedhsa
E-mail hsarifin@apps.ipb.ac.id
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Blog http://www.hsarifin.staff.ipb.ac.id
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FB/YM dedhsa@yahoo.com

Moringa

Healthy Food from PEKARANGAN