WRITING TOOLS AND

METHODS
Tools of Writing

▪ 1: Topic Sentence
▪ 2: Unity
▪ 3: Coherence
▪ 4: Adequate Development / Emphasis
1: Topic Sentence
▪ The sentence which expresses main idea of the
paragraph. Also known as Key or Theme
sentence.
It may appear :
▪ A: At the beginning
▪ B: In the middle
▪ C: At the end
 2: Coherence: (hang together)
properly connected sentences move easily from one
thought to another

▪ a. Use of pronouns
▪ b. Repetition of key words or phrases.
▪ C. Use of transitional tags
▪ d. Use of parallel grammatical structure.
3 Unity- stick together
To maintain Unity either of the following methods
should be used:
▪ Inductive
▪ Deductive
▪ Chronological
▪ Linear
▪ Nonlinear/Interrupted
▪ Spatial
Eg.: Paragraph without unity
▪ Fast food is an important part of city life.
▪ With busy work schedules, people often eat
out rather than cook at home.
▪ These food-items are cheaply priced, and
available from roadside shops near offices.
▪ Thus, in metro cities, where most people are
office-goers, fast food makes for a brisk
business.
▪ Fast food items are good to eat but low in
nutritional content.
The paragraph-topic is Fast food and city life.
It is not about the nutrition-quality of Fast food.
The last line breaks unity. It needs to be deleted.
4 Adequate development

▪ Formulation of controlling idea

▪ Explanation of idea
▪ Expansion of the Idea
▪ Example
▪ Explanation of Example
 TECHNIQUES OF ADEQUATE DEVELOPMENT
We can choose a mix of the following techniques to
develop our paragraph:
1. Through illustration:
a. give examples;
b. Give more description about the product/person
2. Through comparison and contrast
3. Through cause and effect
4. Through classification: we give a list here. For
example, there are two types of ragging: Mental and
physical.
5. Through problem and solution
5:Inference

Completion of paragraph and transition into next

paragraph
Techniques & Methods of
Writing
▪ Inductive Order
▪ Deductive Order
▪ Chronological Order
▪ Question to Answer Order
▪ Time Order
▪ Comparison & Contrast
▪ Space Order
INDUCTIVE ORDER

Specific General

In Inductive order the author moves from

particular statements to the general statements.
The paragraph, that begins with certain
information concludes with a topic sentence.
Example: Rohan dies, Mohan dies, they are
human beings. Hence we can say that man is
mortal
 Inductive order

It is time to face facts. Few children these days

escape exposure to drug abuse and not all children
have good role models in their home. They need
education about drug abuse, and that education is
probably best offered by qualified professionals.
With proper education about drugs, children can
make better choices and become more productive
adults. For all these reasons, the time has come to
offer drug education in the schools.
DEDUCTIVE ORDER
General Specific

Deductive order is the most popular order used

by the writers. The topic sentence is the first
sentence in a paragraph. It moves from general
statements to particulars details.
Example: Man is mortal. Since Rohan and
Mohan are men, they are mortal.
 Deductive Order

Drug Education in schools is a good idea. Not every

child has good role models at home. Besides, drug
education is probably best offered by qualified
professionals. This education is essential because
in our society, few children will completely escape
exposure to drug abuse. With drug education in the
schools, children can make better choices and
become more productive adults.
QUESTION TO ANSWER ORDER

In it writer begins with a question. Later, he gives

answer to that question. At the very outset the
author announces his purpose.

Example: Will our children ever see the

same environment?
CHRONOLOGICAL / TIME ORDER

Both of them are commonly used to tell

a story, to relate an incident, to recount
a historical event, or to describe the
steps in a process.

Example: How did you spend last Sunday?

 chronological order
Drug abuse has been an especially challenging social issue
since it first entered the mainstream of American life
during the 1960's, with few children completely escaping
exposure to drug abuse. In addition, throughout the 1970's,
drug abuse, along with other social problems, frequently
meant that children have fewer good role models in their
home. Fortunately, in the 1980's, one response to this
problem was the emergence of aggressive drug education
programs offered by qualified professionals. The next
logical step for the 1990's would be to ensure that children
can make better choices and become more productive
adults.
COMPARISION AND CONTRAST
Comparison emphasizes the
similarities, contrast the
differences.

A paragraph may use both comparison and

contrast.

Example: How brain and computer works!

COMPARISON

 Similarly,
 Likewise,
 ...the same...
 ...the same as...
 ...also...
 ..., too.
 both
CONTRAST
• Unlike A, B...
• A is not as ... as B...
• In contrast, B...
• A has...; however, B
has…
• Although A..., B...
• A is ..., but B is ...
• A is ... whereas B is ...
 SPATIAL METHOD

Most often used in descriptive

writing. Spatial order helps a
writer organize descriptive details
and to present them so that the
reader can visualize the scene.

Example: Telescope Making

 LINEAR METHOD

In a paragraph one sentence

leads to the next one and thus
the sentences proceed towards
their goal. A logical sequence is
followed by the sentences of a
paragraph.
 INTERRUPTED METHOD

Whenever the writer gives a break

to the line of thought and gives a
turn to the ideas to produce the
desired effect

Example: Any example given or

any story told in the middle to
explain clearly.
TOPICS FOR YOU

▪ Drug Abuse
▪ Fast Food and Traditional Food
▪ Stress on Teens
▪ Money is a good servant but a bad master.
▪ Time and Tide waits for none.
▪ Failures are the stepping stones to success.
▪ As you sow so shall you reap.
h a n k y o u…