1.

1 Introduction to the Digital Age The Shift to the 1st Industrial Revolution

What is the digital age?

 The digital age is also known as the information

age, computer age, or new media age is a historic
period beginning in the late 20th century and
characterized by the rapid shift from traditional
industry that the Industrial Revolution brought
through industrialization to an economy primarily
based upon information technology
 We live in the digital or information age, which is
a period in human history characterized by a shift
from industrial production to information and
computerization, changing significantly how “From planting to Manufacturing / Factories”
people interact with businesses and each other.

Date to Remember and History Before the Digital

Great Men of the Industrial Revolution
Age:

1) Industrial revolution - late 19th century.

2) The digital revolution – middle of the 20th
century.
3) Digital /Information Age – last part of the 20th
century. -time of scientific progress in computer
microchips.

History of the Digital Revolution- The Information

Age began around the 1970s and is still going on
today.

Before the Industrial Revolution

Isaac Newton, Physicist, Gravity

“Planting crops is the main source of the economy”

Galileo Galilee, Father of Modern Physics

The Shift to the 1st Industrial Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus, Astronomer

Steam Engine by Henry Ford

1st Industrial Revolution Inventions

 A steam engine is a heat engine that performs

mechanical work using steam as its working
fluid. 

 The steam engine paved the way for the

booming of manufacturing and textile
industry. 
 Water Frame for cotton production.

flying shuttle

Power Loom used for weaving.

The Beginning of the

“2nd Industrial Revolution”

2nd Industrial Revolution Inventions

Spinning Jenny for textile production.

Booming of steel oil and electricity.

A combustion engine is an engine which generates

mechanical power by combustion of a fuel.
 1st Radio by Guglielmo Marconi

The Introduction of the Digital Age or

3rd Industrial Revolution

in the middle of 1900

1st Light bulb by Thomas Edison.

The Digital Age Inventions

1st Telephone by Alexander Graham Bell

Semi-conductors
Microchip

Bob Kahn

”TCP/IP protocols”

Personal Computer

Leonard Kleinrock

“packet switching”

The Fathers of Internet

Vint Cerf

”TCP/IP protocols”

Tm Berners Lee

“www”
 Influences of the past on the Digital Age

Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol,
 The Renaissance influenced the Information Age
by creating the idea of inventions, while too
advanced for the time, the basic idea was used to
develop modern inventions.
 The Scientific Revolution changed the modern era
by introducing important scientists such
as Galileo, Copernicus, and Sir Isaac Newton.
Their discoveries paved the way for modern tools,
inventions, and innovations. 
 The Industrial Revolution brought about major
changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining,
transportation, and technology. This era had a
profound effect on the social, economic, and
cultural conditions of the world.

Inventions and Innovations of the Information Age

 There were many different inventions that came

about because of the Information Age, one of
which was the computer. 
Packet Switching Concept
 The Internet allowed people to access information
with the touch of a button.

People who gave an impact in the digital age

Tim Berners-Lee, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates are several

important people of the Information Age.

1) Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web.

2) Jobs created the first effective personal
computer called the Apple 1.
 The Apple 1 was a huge advancement in
computer sciences and it carved the path for the
Packet Switching Concept computers we have now. Apple has created
iPhone, iPod, iPad, iMac, and Apple TV.
3) Gates is also a huge force in the Information Age.
He founded Microsoft, which creates almost
everything that has to do with computers.
Microsoft develops programs like Microsoft
Office, Windows, and many other influential
products.
Changes in the Information Age
 The Information Age has changed people,
technology, science, economies, culture, and
even the way people think.
 The Internet is arguably the most prominent
innovation of the Information Age. The Internet
changed the way people do everything. It has
made people lazier, but it also makes a large
amount of the population smarter.
 The Information Age has made industrial
countries stronger. With online companies being
some of the most successful and economically
stimulating businesses out there,
economies receive more from them and keep
our world turning.
 People are becoming more mature and more
educated due to things like the computer and
the Internet. This time period has reshaped
governments, with new technology being
created every day. Governments can now have
more advanced and effective militaries because
of things like the Internet,
Three Ages of digital age:
I. Pre-digital age
 time where devices had just one function.
 It was where media was physical, and where
technologies lived alongside.
 Retail was either in-store or via home shopping.
 Media channels were labeled after the singular
device we consumed them on: TVs,
newspapers, magazines, radio.
 we moved from VHS to DVD; cassettes fell to
the compact disc;
 Products became digitized.
 Knowledge moved from encyclopedias to
Wikipedia.
 The phone book became an online directory. 
 Printed magazines became websites.
II. Mid-digital
 the age where digital is just becoming accepted
into the mainstream, and the age where digital
is fully immersed into our society.
 some buses only accept cards and some only
cash.
 Apple company rules the world.
 retail companies are being killed off by
companies like Amazon and a multitude of
smaller eBay-based retailers.
III. Post-digital-age
 The internet will be a background utility.
 We will no longer talk of TV versus online, or
mobile versus desktop.
 Retailers won’t consider online-versus-physical
as a divide of merit; they will just celebrate
sales.
 People will be born truly digitally native.
Parents won’t feel as anxious as they currently
do regarding their children using these
technologies.
 Manufacturing will be just-in-time. Products will
be made to order and shipped by autonomous
vehicles.
 Replenishment is either handled automatically
or by the press of a network-connected button.
“The Post-digital age or the 4th Industrial
Revolution”
“The era of 3D Printing and A.I”
  With the overabundance of social media
websites and automation services available to
us and accessible through a single pocket
device, the way we interact with each other has
completely changed.

Social interaction moved online

 Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat

— all these platforms share a common
characteristic: enabling communication and
sharing of experiences across borders and time
constraints. You can easily greet your friends
from different countries on their birthdays or any
other social occasion instantly, without worry
“The 3D Printing Technology”
about missing anything, since everything is
online.
 Furthermore, devices are getting more powerful,
as smartphones today are more powerful than
some laptops 5 years ago. Lastly, software
applications have been increasing in complexity
in terms of capabilities but also decreasing the
complexity of use.

Impacts of the Information Age

 The Information Age brought about many new

inventions and innovations.
 Many communication services like texting,
email, and social media developed and the
world has not been the same since.
 People learn new languages easier and many
books have been translated into different
languages, so people around the world can
become more educated.
 Jobs have also become easier, and some jobs
can even be done from the comfort of your own
home.
 The Information Age is also known as the Age
The Impact of the Digital Age of Entrepreneurship. Now entrepreneurs can
start and run a company easier than
 The technological advancements in in
ever before.
communication and information processes have
 It also impacts our work ethics by distracting us
greatly impacted our daily lives and have been
and causing us to lose interest in the task we
the driving force of social evolution for the last
are doing.
several decades.
 This time period has also created a shortage of
 Ever since the Internet entered our daily lives,
jobs and making many jobs obsolete because
we have seen a rise in what has been termed
machines are now being used to do the work
“social technologies” essentially, any
humans once did 
application of technology that facilitates
interaction.

Disadvantages of Digital Age:
 However, the Information Age is not all good.
There are people in the world that believe they
can live their entire life through the Internet.
 Also, huge criminal organizations rely on
hacking into government systems and obtaining
confidential information to continue their way
of life.   
 The Internet has turned society into
homebodies, individuals who do everything
from the comfort of their homes instead of
venturing outdoors to complete tasks. People
can do everything online; shopping,
communicating, bill paying, working, education,
entertainment, even ordering food. This may be
good, but it has also made us a very lazy and
uneducated society.  in the digital age.
 Many have lost their jobs.
Basic skills needed in the digital age and provide
examples.
 In this new age the consumer, rather than the
brand, controls the interaction. In order to
survive and remain relevant, companies now
need to quickly adapt to a constantly changing
market.
 In this new era, being really good at learning
how to do new things results in a competitive
advantage.
 Beyond corporations, individuals must also
adapt their skills to remain relevant in the job
market.
 The digital era requires individuals to be
lifelong learners.
 It also stresses the importance of creative
problem solving and the ability to make
connections across domains in order to drive
innovation.
 In the digital age, individuals must not only be
able to find and navigate information, but they
also must be able to critically interpret that
information.
 They must also be able to express their ideas
effectively through digital media. In the digital
age individuals must be digitally fluent.
 Additionally, when thinking about digital age
learners, we must understand that they are
more overwhelmed, distracted, and impatient
than ever before.
 Today, digital age learners want to be
empowered and collaborative.
Additions:
 Communication (both written and spoken)
Literacy(Media Literacy, digital literacy, reading)
 Typing
 Critical Thinking and judgment
 Problem Solving
 Teamwork
 Personal resilience
 Reflection
Examples in the New paradigms of communication
 From audience to user
 From media to content
 From mono-media to multimedia
 From periodicity to real-time
 From scarcity to abundance
 From editor mediated to non-mediated
 From distribution to access
 From one way to interactivity
 From linear to hypertext
 From data to knowledge
1.2 Cultural Ecological Impact
The Cultural Impact of Computing
 Some sociologists believe that technological
innovation is the most important source of
social change. What are some of the changes
taking place due to the proliferation of
technology in our society? In this lesson, we will
survey some of the technological
breakthroughs being made today while
simultaneously exploring how these
advancements are impacting our culture, our
relationships, and our individual lives.
Since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution life
in industrial and postindustrial societies
have been characterized by a constant stream
of evolving products, innovative methods
 of production and dynamic means of
distribution. The world of information that we
now living have already altered many aspects of
our lives, either directly or indirectly.
As technology improves there are many questions that
are looming and unanswered. Questions worth
considering include:
 Are today's technologies improving the quality
of people’s lives?
 How will human interaction be affected by the
relentless progress of technology?
 How will technology change the job market?
Do individual cultures get displaced?
The impact of technology on our daily lives:
1.1 Computer technology has completely changed our
lives in the 21st century.
Technology is changing how people live their lives
today. People have an ever-increasing dependency
with:
 Mobile phones
 Social media
 Video games
 Online shopping
 Digital tv/ online streaming
 YouTube
1.2 Globalization
 As people around the world become more
exposed to technology these impacts on the
values and expectations of the people in each
country.
 The introduction of computers has changed
society, sometimes for the better, sometimes
for the worse. 'Cultural issues' is the term used
for computer matters that have an effect on the
nature and culture of society. Some of these
issues include:
1.2.1 The changing nature of employment
 Many companies now allow employees to work
from home and communicate with them via
technology.
 Cloud-based document storage enables workers
to share documents with their employer, and
communication can be via email or by video.
 Additionally, many technology-based jobs have
been moved abroad, where costs are cheaper.
 Many organizations have call centers in other
countries. The cost of communicating with
people in those countries is outweighed by the
savings made. The use of technology within the
workplace has changed the nature of
employment.
 Automation of processes using technology has
led to a fall in manual, low-skilled work, such as
warehouse packing. On the other hand, more
high-skilled work is now available, which
includes the maintenance of automated
systems.
II. Ecological Impact of Computing: Major concerns
about the ecological issue: the environment, health of
the people, and the energy we consume daily.
2.1 Environmental issues
 Environmental issues are those where the
manufacturing and use of computers have had
a negative impact on the environment.
 Resources are needed in order for computers to
be produced, distributed, and used.
 Metals and plastics are used to manufacture
components, while energy is expended in
distributing equipment and in using it.
 Many computers, such as web servers, domain
name servers, and data centers, need to
be left running continuously. This requires lots
of energy to maintain. Additionally, businesses,
organizations, schools, and homes all now have
greater access to technology.
 Many computer components are either hard to
recycle or contain toxic materials, such as: lead,
mercury, cadmium, etc..
III. The Negative Effects of Computer Use on the
 Some technological problems that may ruin
Environment :
our future:
- people have new smartphones every couple of  Computers are made of heavy metals and
years. dangerous chemicals. Metals including:
-many organizations replace computers after
three or four years. 3.1) Lead: Can be found in the Cathode Ray Tube, the
-many people replace older technology before it glass of the monitor, and the solder in the circuit board
fails simply because they perceive it to of the CPU. A CRT monitor can have up to 2.2kg of lead-
be old-fashioned or out of date. based on the glass used. Lead poisoning can happen
 All these mean that computers have a heavy through fumes, food contamination, skin absorption.
impact on the environment, which is Lead is particularly harmful to children because it
unlikely to decrease in the near future. interferes with development of the nervous system. It is
“However, many devices are now more power- a neurotoxin that can harm the kidneys and
efficient than their predecessors and reproductive systems. Even low levels of lead and be
some companies have come up with innovative harmful to a child’s mental development.
ways to save power.”

3.2) Mercury: Can be found in the circuit boards and

internal switches. Mercury poisoning can include
symptoms of itching/burning skin, skin discoloration,
shedding of the skin. It is linked to brain and kidney
damage and harmful to developing fetus. It can be
passed to an infant via breast milk.

3.3) Brominated Flame Retardants: may cause thyroid
damage and harm fetal development.
3.4) Beryllium: it is a carcinogen that can cause lung
disease
3.5) Cadmium: Can be found in a coating on monitor
glass, batteries, chip resistors and cables/wires.
Cadmium can damage kidneys and bones.
3.6) PCV: which emits highly toxic dioxin when
incinerated.
 These metals and chemicals contribute to global
warming because of these discarded computers
it causes water contamination and air pollution.
IV. How Do Computers Pollute the Environment?
 In the 21st century computers are a
fundamental part of daily life. At home, at
work and on the go, computers are quickly
evolving. The rate of change and
advancement will make this year’s
technology obsolete by this time next year.
Computers have many positive effects on
lives; however, they also place a large strain
on the environment.
4.1) Electrical Strain
At the time of publication, approximately 1.3 billion
people worldwide own personal computers. In the
United States, roughly 164 million people own
computers. Computers used for business and personal
use put an enormous strain on the electrical grid. The
average PC uses 746 kilowatts of power each year,
requiring more power than a refrigerator, which uses
only 500 kilowatts. Computers add to the strain on
power plants to produce enough energy to power the
world. The production of energy creates pollution and
emissions. The amount of electricity needed to power
computers contribute to the millions of tons of
greenhouse gases that are emitted into the atmosphere
each year.
4.2) Energy Waste

Computers also contribute to energy waste. Waste

creates needless pollution that could be saved each
year if businesses and households would shut down
their computers and power off their monitors when
they are not using them. U.S. businesses waste
approximately 1 billion dollars each year in electricity
used to power computers and monitors left on after
hours. Putting your computer on stand-by or letting
your monitor go into sleep mode also creates energy
waste, as these modes still require power. Even leaving
your computer plugged in while it is shut down will
draw a small amount of power from your electrical
outlet. This energy waste translates into greenhouse
excess gases that contribute to pollution and global
climate change.
4) Landfill Waste
Changing technology and computer breakdowns lead to
millions of tons of waste in discarded computers each
year. An estimated 50 million tons of electronic waste
are discarded each year. Most of these discarded
computers are sent to landfills overseas in Africa, China,
India, Vietnam, and the Philippines. There are entire
regions in these countries that are polluted due to
computer waste. Computers contain heavy metals like
lead and toxic chemicals that pollute the soil and
contaminate groundwater when they are dumped into
landfills. Runoff from these landfills can contaminate
water used for drinking and bathing, exposing people to
dangerous chemicals.

4.3) Production

The production of computers creates pollution. The

manufacturing of computers Requires a large number of
fossil fuels and chemicals. Despite the fact that
computers continue to decrease in size, computers still
require 10 times their weight in chemicals and
pollutants during manufacturing. The pollution created
V. Positive effects of technology on culture:
by computer production is harmful to the health of
those living in close proximity to manufacturing facilities  In the developing world, the rapid spread of
which expel harmful chemicals and pollutants into the technology fueled by the internet has led to
air. positive cultural changes in developing
countries. Easier, faster communications has
contributed to the rise of democracy as well as
working towards the alleviation of poverty.

5.1 Positive Impact of Computer:

o It facilitates business processes and other

activities.
 o It makes the work simple and less time-
consuming.
o Easy Information Access
 We can store so much information on the
computer which makes it easy to handle the
information for business applications.
o Fast, Accurate Data Processing
o We can perform multitasking an
multiprocessing capabilities of data.
2.1 Digital Divide
What is the digital divide?
 The digital divide refers to the inequalities that
exist between groups of people in relation to
access, use and knowledge of information and
communication technologies (ICTs).
The digital divide is a multidimensional phenomenon
that encompasses the following three distinct facets;
1) Global divide –the divergence of Internet access
between industrialized and developing societies.
2) Social divide – the gap between the information-rich
and information-poor in each country.
3) Democratic divide – the differences between those
who do, and do not use digital resources to engage,
mobilize and participate in life.
 The term digital divide was coined and publicized
by Larry Irving when he was head of the National
Telecommunications and Information
Administration (NTIA), describes a gap in terms of
access to and usage of information and
communication technology.
 The idea of the "digital divide" refers to the
growing gap between the underprivileged
members of society, especially the poor, rural,
elderly, and handicapped portion of the population
who do not have access to computers or the
internet.
Who is affected by the digital divide?
 The digital divide typically exists between those in
cities and those in rural areas;
between the educated and the uneducated;
between socioeconomic groups; and,
globally, between the more and less industrially
developed nations.
 Even among populations with some access to
technology, the digital divide can be
evident in the form of lower-performance
computers, lower-speed wireless connections,
lower-priced connections such as dial-up, and
limited access to subscription-based
content.
There are three key stages that influence digital
inequality worldwide.
1. between socioeconomic groups;
2. between less economically developed countries
and more economically developed countries;
3. the educated and uneducated population. 
Causes of the Digital Divide:
 Even though access to computers and the
internet continues to grow, the digital divide
dramatically also continues to persist at an
alarming rate due to the following:
1) Education
 Education is a significant investment in healing
the digital divide. Low literacy levels
are widening the digital inequality gap. College
degree holders are perceived to be
10X more likely to tap into the full potential of
the internet and computers in their day to
day lives compared to individuals with high
school education or lower.
2) Income Levels
 The income gap plays a considerable role in
magnifying the digital divide. High-income
earners are 20X more likely to access the
internet than low-income earners.
Wealthy families are 10X more likely to own
computers and at home high-speed internet
connection than low-income families. For low-
income populations money is scarce. Their
earnings are channeled towards basic needs.
They view technology as a luxury.
3) Geographical Restrictions
 More economically developed countries have
access to a wide variety of technology
and high-speed broadband connection because
of the richness of their economies.
Less economically developed countries lack the
necessary technology and
infrastructure to set up a high-speed internet
connection.
 In-country geographical restrictions also widen
the digital divide. Urban regions are
more likely to have access to 4G or fiber optic
internet than rural or mountainous
zones.
4) Motivation and General Interest
 There is a portion of the global population that
has the necessary income; education
and computer literacy but has zero interest to
learn about computers and the potential
of the internet. Some view it as a luxury.
Another group finds it too complicated to
comprehend.
5) Digital Literacy
 Developed nations have more comprehensive
access to computers among other
devices and high-speed internet connection.
Students who attend schools with sufficient
computers and learn the necessary digital skills
have an upper advantage over students
who are not exposed to these technologies at
an early age.
 The lack of physical access to technology
especially in developing countries
widens the gap between the information-rich
and information poor.
Impact of the Digital Divide:
 Digital inequality has created significant
distinctions among societies worldwide.
Some of the most vivid outcomes generated by
the digital divide include:
1) Impact on the Economy
 Telecommunication services boost economic
growth. Broad use of the internet
enables an economically productive nation.
People can engage in online
shopping eliminating the hustle of commuter
traffic.
Paperless transactions are a convenient
approach to creating economic empowerment.
The economic gap widens especially with
developing countries which lack adequate
ICT integration.
2) Impact of on Education
 The massive digital divide gap in education
means that it is a great hindrance to the
development of the underdeveloped areas. The
people living in underdeveloped areas
are not capable of inventing new technologies
and conducting researches aimed at
promoting the living standards of the
populations. The digital split not only impacts
the future of young minds but also reduces the
chance of having a great career. As a result,
students from different backgrounds,
geographies, communities, lose their chance to
develop innovative solutions, and be
responsible citizens.
3) Impact on Social Domains
 Internet access drives communication. Social
media platforms such as Facebook
create engagement, build relationships, and
connect us to family and friends. We
can access information faster than relying on
traditional newspapers.
4) Impact on Society
 The digital divide has contributed to the
segregation of individuals in society
including ethnicity, age, race, and gender.
Technology creates new alignments
among individuals with access to the internet
and those without access. Those with
limited access continue to lag hindering their
growth and development.
Why it is important to bridge the gap of the digital
divide??
  Currently, we live in a world where digital
technologies have invaded every aspect of our
lives and changed the nature of learning - how,
where and when learning takes place -
by making new kinds of knowledge available.
 Within our contemporary world, if individuals
have limited or no access to or knowledge of
digital technologies and the Internet, then their
capacity to fully contribute to, and benefit from
society and the economy is reduced. Essentially
these individuals are placed at a disadvantage
to other members of society.
 It is important to understand what the digital
divide represents, in order to help bridge the
gap by implementing national and global
strategies that distribute information and
knowledge among the information-rich and
information-poor more evenly.
 In effect by bridging the gap of the digital
divide, we are increasing the employment
opportunities of the information poor by
helping them overcome social and cultural
inequalities.
How’s the Digital divide in the Philippines?
 Study shows that the lack of ability to manipulate
computers and navigate the internet as well as
having no access to internet technologies caused
difficulty among students in their learning, making
them feel inadequate compared to those who had
internet access.”
 The study also found that for teachers instead of
adding and enriching learning, the use of digital
computer technology became a source of anxiety
among learners.”
 The lack of funding of the school for computer units
and computer laboratory also added to the struggle
of the educators and students.”
 In order to deal with the Digital Divide that is
evident in their school, the teachers would utilize
their own money to buy portable Internet devices,
buy credits for these devices and even lend their
own personal laptops to students in order for them
to
have “hands-on” experience with computers and
the Internet.
 Students shared that they would have to travel long
distances in order to be able to use
the Internet when these facilities should have been
available in their school so that they could learn
how to use them for course work and in their future
professions. The students added that they feel they
are inferior as compared to students in private
schools who are well provided with computer and
Internet facilities.
 The study’s findings bear significant implications to
education and learning as well as policy formation
for educational institutions in the public sector in
order to address the presence of the Digital Divide. 
How can we bridge the digital divide?
 Various initiatives we need to engage to narrow
the digital gap under the various mentioned
capacities include:
1. Increase digital literacy
 Computer literacy is the ability to use a
computing device, together with its associated
hardware and software components, and the
internet. Currently, there is no universally
accepted definition of digital literacy. However,
most entities agree that includes but not
limited to computers, information, social media,
and network literacy.
 In order to bridge the digital divide, we must
improve our digital literacy capacities based
on the above-listed parameters. Societies should
come up with programmers to address
the existing deficiencies across various age
groups.
2. Develop relevant and local content in addition to
telecommunications infrastructure.
 As individuals and communities, it is easier to
learn and put in place concepts that we
relate with. And how does this make it possible
to bridge the digital divide? The target
audience should directly relate to the benefits
they will enjoy from digital literacy.
3. Establishment of workable partnerships between all
information and communication technology
stakeholders.
  More information and communication technology this book, He laid down a comprehensive
stakeholders should join hands in foundation that remains today a powerful basis
abating the digital divide. These institutions for "Computer Ethics" research and analysis.
should frequently and jointly drive various
campaigns towards promoting digital literacy.
Furthermore, the campaigns need to
include all factors increasing the digital divide.
Especially, access and positive use of
information and communication technology.

4. Promote innovations geared towards overcoming

the digital divide

 We need to replace ad hoc ways of doing things if

we want to fast narrow the digital cleave. For
example, in some developing countries, you will 2) Donn Parker, 1960 "began to examine unethical
find every fiber company digging up separate and illegal uses of computers by computer
tunnels to lay their cables. In other similar professionals
countries, internet companies keep digging up the
same tunnel every other time to lay their cables.

2.2 Information Privacy and Ethics

What is Ethics?

 Ethics is a structure of standards and practices

that influence how people lead their lives.  Ethics
is unlike laws that legally mandate what is right or
wrong. 

 Ethics is a standard of right and wrong behavior. A

gauge of personal integrity.

 What is Computer Ethics?

 Computer ethics is a new branch of ethics that 3) In the late 1960s, Joseph Weizenbaum, created
is growing and changing rapidly as computer a computer program called ELIZA.
technology also grows and develops. 

 Computer ethics is a set of moral standards

that govern the use of computers. 

 Privacy concerns, intellectual property rights,

and effects on society are some of the common
issues of computer ethics.

 Computer ethics is a morally acceptable use of

computers.

The creations and writings of some computer scientists

and professionals contributed to the philosophical
foundation of computer ethics. Some of them were:

1) Norbert Wiener published the book entitled

"The Human Use of Human Beings" in 1950. In

 In his computer program, some practicing
psychiatrists saw it as evidence that computers
would soon be performing automated
psychotherapy.
 In 1976, Joseph Weizenbaum wrote a book
entitled, Computer Power and Human Reason.
In his book plus the courses he offered at MIT
and the many speeches he gave around the
country inspired many thinkers and projects in
computer ethics.
4) Walter Maner, in the mid of1970 began to use
the term "computer Ethics" to refer to that
field of inquiry dealing with ethical problems
aggravated, transformed, or created by
computer technology.
Because of the work of Parker, Weizenbaum,
Maner, and others, the foundation had been
laid for computer ethics as an academic
discipline.
5) James Moor, In the mid-80s, he published his
article "What Is Computer Ethics?".
6) Deborah Johnson published Computer Ethics
7) Sherry Turkle of MIT wrote The Second Self, a
book on the impact of computing on the human
psyche; and Judith Perrolle produced Computers
and Social Change: Information, Property and
Power, a sociological approach to computing and
human values.
8) In  the 1990s, there were Computer Professional
organizations like :
 Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)
 Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
 Australian Institute of Computer Ethics (AICE)
The mid of the 1990s has heralded the beginning of
the second generation of Computer Ethics.
Computer Ethics Primary Issues :
1) Privacy – responsibility to protect data about
individuals.
2) Accuracy - the responsibility of data collectors to
authenticate information and ensure its accuracy.
3) Property - who owns information and software
and how they can be sold and exchanged.
4) Cyber Crime - is a crime that involves a computer
and a network.
5) Access - the responsibility of data collectors to
control access and determine what information a
person has the  right to obtain about others and
how the information can be used.
I. Terminologies and Issues on Privacy:
1.1 Malware – means malicious software. It was
created to impair a computer system. Common
malware are viruses, spyware, worms, and trojan
horses.  A virus can delete files from a hard drive
while spyware can collect           data from a
computer.
1.1.1 Spyware - software that tracks your online
movements, mines the information stored on your
computer or uses your computer for some task you
know nothing about.
1.2 Data Protection– also known as information
privacy or data privacy, is the process of
safeguarding data that intends to influence a
balance between individual privacy rights while still
authorizing data to be used for business purposes.
1.3 Anonymity– is a way of keeping the user's
identity masked through various applications. 
II. Terminologies and Issues on Intellectual
Property Rights:
2.1 Copyright– is a form of intellectual property
that gives proprietary publication, distribution, and
usage rights for the author. It means that whatever
idea the author created cannot be employed or
disseminated by anyone else without the
permission of the author.
 It protects intellectual property from copying by
others for 28 years.
2.2 Intellectual Property - creations protected by
law.
2.3 Plagiarism– is an act of copying and publishing
another person's work without proper citation. It's
like stealing someone else's work and releasing it as
your own work.
2.4 Software License– allows the use of digital
material by following the license agreement.
Ownership remains with the original copyright
owner, and users are just granted licenses to use
the material based on the agreement.
2.5 Infringement - copying of copyrighted pictures
or text from web pages
2.6 Piracy –Illegal software copying.
2.7 Trade Secret - work or products belonging to a
business, not in public domain
 2.6 Patent - legal document granting owner
exclusive monopoly on an invention for 17 years.
Copyright Laws Includes:
 Software developers (or the companies they
work for) own their programs.
 Software buyers only own the right to use the
software according to the license agreement.
 No copying, reselling, lending, renting, leasing,
or distributing is legal without the software
owner's permission. 
Four types of software licenses:
1) Public Domain
 Public domain software has no owner and is not
protected by copyright law. It was either created
with public funds, or the ownership was forfeited
by the creator. It can be copied, sold, and/or
modified. Often is of poor quality/unreliable.
2) Freeware
 Freeware is copyrighted software that is licensed
to be copied and distributed without charge.
 Freeware is free, but it's still under the owner's
control.
3) Shareware
 A shareware software license allows you to use
the software for a trial period, but you must pay a
registration fee to the owner for permanent use.
• Some shareware trials expire on a certain date •
Payment depends on the honor system •
Purchasing (the right to use) the software may
also get you a version with more powerful
features and published documentation.
 4) All Rights Reserved
 may be used by the purchaser according to the
exact details spelled out in the license
agreement.
 You can't legally use it--or even possess it--
without the owner's permission.
III. Terminologies and Issues on Cyber Crime:
What is Cybercrime?
 Cybercrime is defined as a crime where a
computer is the object of the crime or is used as
a tool to commit an offense.
 One of the earliest and most common types of
cybercrime activity is hacking. It roughly started
in the 1960s. It involves stealing identities and
essential information, violating the privacy, and
committing fraud, among others.
Two Categories of Cybercrimes:
1. Crimes that target networks or devices  –
viruses, malware, dos attacks.
2. Crimes using devices to participate in criminal
activities  – phishing emails, cyberstalking, and
identity theft.  When the system is offline, they compromise
Most Common Types of Cybercrime Acts:
1) Fraud is a general term used to describe a
cybercrime that intends to deceive a person to gain
essential data or information. Fraud can be done by
altering, destroying, stealing, or suppressing any
information to secure an unlawful or unfair gain.
2) Hacking involves the partial or complete
acquisition of specific functions within a system,
network, or website. It also aims to access to
essential data and information, breaching privacy—
most “hackers” attack corporate and government
accounts.
3) Identify theft is a specific form of fraud in which
cybercriminals steal personal data, including
passwords, data about the bank account, credit
cards, debit cards, social security, and other
sensitive information. Through identity theft,
criminals can steal money. 
4) Scamming/scam can be done by offering
computer repair, network troubleshooting, and IT
support services, forcing users to shell out hundreds
of money for cyber problems that do not even
exist. Any illegal plans to make money fall to
scams.
5) Computer Viruses
 Most criminals take advantage of viruses to gain
unauthorized access to systems and steal
important data. Mostly, highly-skilled programs
send viruses, malware, and Trojan, among
others, to infect and destroy computers,
networks, and systems. Viruses can spread
through removable devices and the internet.
6) Ransomware is one of the most destructive
malware-based attacks. It enters your computer
network and encrypts files and information through
public-key encryption. In 2016, over 638 million
computer networks are affected by ransomware. In
2017, over $5 billion is lost due to global
ransomware.
7) DDos Attack or the Distributed Denial of Service
Attack is one of the most popular methods of
hacking. It temporarily or completely interrupts
servers and networks that are successfully running.
certain functions to make the website unavailable
for users. The main goal is for users to pay attention
to the DDoS attack, giving hackers the chance to
hack the system. 
8) Botnets are controlled by remote attackers called
“bot herders” in order to attack computers by
sending spams or malware.
9) Spamming uses electronic messaging systems,
most commonly emails in sending messages that
host malware, fake links of websites, and other
malicious programs.
 Email spamming is very popular. Unsolicited bulk
messages from unfamiliar organizations,
companies, and groups are sent to large numbers of
users. It offers deals, promos, and other attractive
components to deceive users.
10) Phishing
 Phishers act like a legitimate company or
organization. They use “email spoofing” to
extract confidential information such as credit
card numbers, social security numbers,
passwords, etc. They send out thousands of
phishing emails carrying links to fake websites.
Users will believe these are legitimate, thus
entering their personal information.
11) Cyberstalking involves following a person online
anonymously. The stalker will virtually follow the
victim, including his or her activities. Most of the
victims of cyberstalking are women and children
being followed by men and pedophiles.
12) Software Piracy
 The internet is filled with torrents and other
programs that illegally duplicate original
content, including songs, books, movies,
albums, and software. This is a crime as it
translates to copyright infringement. Due to
software piracy, companies and developers
encounter huge cut down in their income
because their products are illegally reproduced.
13. Child Pornography
 Porn content is very accessible now because of
the internet. Most countries have laws that
penalize child pornography. Basically, this
cybercrime involves the exploitation of children
in the porn industry. Child pornography is a $3-
billion-a-year industry. Unfortunately, over
10,000 internet locations provide access to child
porn.
14. Cyberbullying
 Cyberbullying is one of the most rampant
crimes committed in the virtual world. It is a
form of bullying carried over to the internet. On
the other hand, global leaders are aware of this
crime and pass laws and acts that prohibit the
proliferation of cyberbullying.
3.1 Technological Change
Technological change examines the way that
technologies impact social life and relations and,
conversely, the way social and cultural forces shape
technological development.
What is technology?
 Technology is the set of knowledge, skills,
experience, and techniques through which
humans change, transform and use our
environment in order to create tools, machines,
products, and services that meet our needs and
desires.
What is Technological Change?
Technological change is an increase in the efficiency
of a product or process that results in an increase in
output without an increase in input. In other words,
someone invents or improves a product or process,
which is then used to get a bigger reward for the
same amount of work. The telephone is an example
of a product that has undergone a technological
change. It has undergone many different changes
over the years that have made it more efficient.
Three Stages of Technological Change:
I. Technology and Industrialization:
1) invention - the creation of a new product or
process
2) Innovation - the application of the invention for
the first time
3) Diffusion - how fast others begin to adopt the
innovation
Major Impacts of Technological Change:
1) Creates new products and processes
 When telephones were first invented, the
object was to be able to communicate with
someone verbally. Due to technological
changes, we have multiple ways to
communicate using our phones, such as text,
email, or talk.
2) Increases efficiency, lower costs
 Technology makes it possible to perform
everyday tasks faster and with less energy on
our part. For instance, some people have a
vacuum cleaning robot. Instead of spending
30 minutes vacuuming, they push a button and
do something else—that is efficiency.
3) Helps economies evolve
 When one technological change occurs, it
changes how we live. With the integration of
technology, societies evolved from traditional
hunting and gathering to industrialization.
So that fewer people are growing crops and
more are moving into other industries
Impact of Technological Change on Society:
 Social Change- The term social change is used
to indicate the changes that take place in
human interactions and interrelations. Social
change means a change in the system of
 social relationships- Science and technology
are essential ingredients of modern life. They
transcend local boundaries and touches the
lives of everyone. The evolution of humanity
can be seen in terms of technological
development as well. The invention of fire
and the wheel changed the face of
humankind.
 Technology has contributed to the growth of
industries or to the process of industrialization.
 Industrialization is a term covering in general
terms the growth in a society mainly agrarian of
 modern industry with all its circumstances and IV. Development of the means of transport and
problems, economic and social. communication:
 It describes in general terms the growth of a
 The development of transport and
society in which a significant role is played
communication has led to national and
by the manufacturing industry.
international trade on a large scale.
 The Industrial Revolution of the 18th century
 Road transport, the train service, the ships, and
led to the unprecedented growth of industries.
airplanes have eased the movement
Industrialization is associated with the factory
of men and material goods. Post and telegraph,
system of production. The family has lost its
radio and television, newspapers and magazines,
economic importance. The process of
telephone and wireless and the like have
industrialization has affected nature, character,
developed a great deal.
and the growth of the economy. It has
 The space research and the launching of the
contributed to the growth of cities or the
satellites for communication purposes have
process of urbanization.
further added to these developments. They have
II. Technology and Urbanization: helped the people belonging to different corners
of the nation or the world to have regular
 In many countries, the growth of industries has
contacts.
contributed to the growth of cities.
Urbanization denotes a diffusion of the V. Transformation in the economy and the evolution
influence of urban centers on a rural hinterland. of the new social classes:
 Urbanization can be described as a process of
 The introduction of the factory system of
becoming urban moving to cities changing from
production has turned the agricultural economy
agriculture to other pursuits typical to cities and
into an industrial economy.
the corresponding change of behavior patterns.
The industrial or the capitalist economy has
 As a result of industrialization, people have
divided the social organization into two
started moving towards the industrial areas in
predominant classes- the capitalist class and the
search of employment. Due to this, the
working class. These two classes
industrial sectors developed into towns and
are always at conflict due to mutually opposite
cities.
interests.
III. Technology and Modernization:
VI. Technology and Unemployment:
 Modernization is a process that indicates the
 The problem of unemployment has become the
adoption of modern ways of life and values.
effect of rapid technological
 It refers to an attempt on the part of the
advancement.
people, particularly those who are custom-
Machines not only provide employment
bound to adapt themselves to the present time,
opportunities for men, but they also take away
conditions, needs, styles, and ways in general.
the jobs of men through labor-saving devices.
 It indicates a change in people's food habits,
These results in technological
dress habits, speaking styles, tastes, choices,
unemployment.
preferences, ideas, values, recreational
activities, and so on. VII. Technology and war:
 People in the process of getting modernized
 The dangerous effect of technology is evident
give more importance to science and
through the new mode of warfare. The
technology.
weaponry has brought fears and anxieties to
 The scientific and technological inventions have
humankind. They can quickly destroy the entire
modernized societies in various countries.
human race to reveal how technology could be
misused. Thus more significant the
 technological advancement, the more risk for
humanity.
VIII. Changes in social institutions:
 Technology has profoundly altered our modes of
life. Technology has not spared the
social institutions of its effects. The institutions
of family, religion, morality, marriage, state,
property have been altered.
 Modern technology is taking away industry from
the household has radically changed
the family organization. Many functions of the
family have been taken away by other
agencies. Marriage is losing its sanctity. It is
treated as a civil contract than a sacred
bond. Marriages are becoming more and more
unstable. Instances of divorce, desertion, and
separation is increasing.
 The modern inventions have also strengthened
nationalism. The modern governments that rule
through the bureaucracy have further
impersonalized human relations. The most
striking change in recent times is the change in
economic organization. The industry has been
taken away from the household, and new types
of commercial organizations have been set up,
such as factories, stores, banks, corporations,
etc.
Negative Effects of Technology on Society:
1. Relationships can be harmed by too much tech
use.
2. Young people are losing the ability to interact
face-to-face.
3. Technology is addictive.
4. Technology is leading us to sedentary lifestyles.
5. The vast use of tech solutions is likely to result
in poor social skills.
6. Plagiarism and cheating have increased while
analysis and critical thinking have declined.
7. Among the most dangerous effects of
technology is obesity. Being absorbed by a
laptop or a tablet, people tend to snack a lot,
keep late hours, and exercise less.
8. One of the most dramatic impacts of
technology is the decline in the quality and
quantity of sleep.
Positive Effects of Technology on Society:
1. Predicting air quality in cities within minutes
 The RapidAir software wants to solve these
issues by collecting detailed data and
predicting the air quality in small areas, like
congested streets, where pollution holds up
especially bad.
2. Technology and the sea
 Crewless robotic boats that explore deep
waters and gather data on temperature, waves,
pollution, etc. This data would be of significant
value not only to weather forecasters and
seafood companies but also to the oil and gas
industry.
3. Open data for smart cities
 The open data approach, governments can
release useful chunks of data to companies
from various sectors like public transport,
healthcare, environment, services, travel etc.
This results in more accurate and transparent
data in mobile apps, public information,
online platforms for everyone.
4. Smart cars and machine learning
 Most self-driving cars rely heavily on sensors
and maps. Cambridge University Engineering
Department— is developing a different kind of
smart car, one that relies on machine learning
and is truly ’smart’. By combining reinforcement
learning and computer vision, Wayve car can
learn how to drive itself and continuously
improve its functions.
5. Travels with A.I.
 We already use the benefits of AI while
planning our travels—with booking hotels,
searching for flights, and cool destinations. But
AI keeps developing: it will soon enhance the
personal automation factor with personal travel
assistants like Alexa or self-driving car.
 In this lesson, we learned that some of the adverse
effects of technology on society are: young people
are losing the ability to interact face-to-face;
technology became addictive, and plagiarism and
cheating have increased. On the other hand, the
positive effects of technology on society are: the
air quality in cities can easily be predicted using
software; deep-sea can be explored through
robotic boats; governments can quickly release
useful and accurate data to companies from
various sectors like public transport, healthcare,
environment, services, travel, etc.
3.2 Online Communities
What is the online community?
 An online community also called an internet
community or web community is a virtual
community whose members interact with each
other primarily via the Internet.
 An online community can act as an information
system where members can post, comment on
discussions, give advice or collaborate.
Commonly, people communicate through social
networking sites, chat rooms, forums, email lists,
and discussion boards.
 The online community is a group of people with
a shared interest or purpose who use the
Internet to communicate with each other.
Organizations often create online communities
as a professional, sometimes private, network to
bring people together around a shared business-
based experience or purpose for expansive
online collaboration and growth.
Basic Terminologies related to online community:
1) A virtual community is a social network of
individuals who connect through specific social
media, potentially crossing geographical and political
boundaries to pursue mutual interests or goals.
2) Social networking service also social networking
site or social media is an an online platform which
people use to build social networks or social
relationships with other people who share similar
personal or career interests, activities, backgrounds
or real-life connections.
3) The chatroom is primarily used to describe any
form of synchronous conferencing, occasionally even
asynchronous conferencing.
4) An Internet forum, or message board, is an online
discussion site where people can hold conversations
in the form of posted messages.
5) A blog or "weblog" is a discussion or informational
website published on the World Wide Web
consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text
entries or posts.
6) The virtual world is a computer-simulated
environment that may be populated by many users
who can create a personal avatar and simultaneously
and independently explore the virtual world,
participate in its activities, and communicate with
others.
Categories of Online Community :
1. Public social networks – free, large scale, i.e.
Facebook, instragram, or LinkedIn.
2. Private online communities – small scale. i.e.,
branded online customer communities, partner
communities, or member communities.
 Some benefits of online community:
1. Instead of traveling to a coffee shop or hotel, you
meet at a web site
2. Instead of having a face-to-face discussion, you
post messages to one another
3. Instead of picking a time and place to meet, the
community is always-on.
4. Instead of depending on a physical location or
resource to keep track of community events and
activities, a web site can do it for you.
Who are the members of the online community?
 Online communities often consist of a few
common types of members and managers,
and several other factors can create additional
types depending on the community's
goals.
1. The Community Architect - a community
architect, is the person or group of people who want
to form an online community. They are the ones who
set goals associated with the community, decide
what the purpose will be, and what tools should
initially be used. Community managers vary from
architects, but they can also be the same person.
Example:
If a company has a product that requires a lot of
technical know-how, it may create a designated
location for users to communicate with each other,
which would have then company acting as the
community architect. However, if users do not like
how the designated community is set up (perhaps
due to paying a fee, tools being utilized, etc.), they
may create their community, and the members
would likely act as the architects. In the latter
situation, the company would be wise to monitor
and have some presence in the community drive
community, but not attempt to impose any rules of
their own.
2. Online Community Manager - the person or group
of people who manage their specific online
community.
 This role can do anything from enforcing rules,
encouraging social norms, assisting new
members, spreading the word about the
community, and quite a few other attributes.
Because each community is different, the role
each community manager plays will
differ.
 Example:
You may have a professional network and want
to ensure users keep discussions related to your
topic. Ideally, a community manager would
keep things in order and act as a role model for
other members.
3. Paid Member - these members are paid to
contribute comments to the community so that
there appears to be activity throughout it. Often
this is based upon the idea that if outside members
see an active community, they may be more
motivated to participate. In some cases, paid
members can also come from external communities
and spread links or content from their own to draw
new members back to their network.
Example: If a well-known community member
(based upon their name or handle) speaks
highly of a product and receives money or
something in return, this would label them as a
paid user. Occasionally community terms of
service (TOS) and policies forbid this type of
activity, especially without being transparent
about the situation.
4. Contributor - contributors fall between free and
paid members as content varies between
communities.
 Most communities that accept exclusive
content that relates to their audiences will offer
some financial backing. However, a community
that allows users to post their content in
an aggregator format will often not pay them as
the content can be published in several
different locations (usually to reach many
audiences instead of one).
5. Power User - power users are a community
manager's best friend. These are the people who
push for new discussions, shout on rooftops about
how much they enjoy the community, provide
feedback to community managers and often act as
mini community managers themselves.
6. Free Member - free members appear to do a
majority of the grunt work for online communities,
but that is only partially correct now that social
media is being used throughout the world.
7. Active Lurker - of the members in your
community, active lurkers will make up a vast
portion of them.
 Active lurkers consume community content and
also share the content with their
networks and external communities. Active
lurkers can be detrimental to your
community, and it's essential to pay attention
to their needs through external monitoring
and studying onsite traffic.
8. Passive Lurker - these are members who return to
a community to consume the content, discussions,
and advice but do not contribute or share any of it.
Classification of Social media according to purpose
and function:
 A. Social Networking
-using websites and applications to communicate
informally with others, find people, and share similar
interests
- allows users to connect through groups, networks, and
locations directly.
Examples: Facebook and LinkedIn
B. Micro-blogging
-posting of concise entries or updates on a social
networking site
-allows users to subscribe to other users' content,
send direct messages, and reply publicly.
- allows users to create and share hashtags to share
content about related subjects.
Examples: Twitter and Tumblr
C. Blogging
-recording opinions, stories, articles, and links to
other websites on a personal website.
Examples: Wordpress and Blogger
D. Photo Sharing
-publishing a user's digital photos, enabling the user
to share pictures with others either publicly or
privately.
Examples: Instagram, Flickr, Snapchat and Pinterest
E. Video Sharing
-publishing a user's digital photos, enabling the user
to share pictures with others either publicly or
privately.
-allows users to embed media in a blog or Facebook
post, or link media to a tweet
Examples: YouTube, Vimeo, and Periscope
F. Crowdsourcing
- obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by
soliciting contributions from a large group of people,
particularly those from the online community
Examples: Ushahidi, Inc.
G. Tools for Managing Multiple Social Media
Platforms
-an aggregator is a tool that can be used to
"aggregate social media site feeds in one spot,
allowing users to search by keywords."
Examples: Hootsuite
 HootSuite supports social network integrations
for Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, Google+,
WordPress, and more. It has a browser-based
interface that allows social media profiles to be
viewed in tabs, rather than all in one window. It
can filter messages, schedule posts, and
manage messages through multiple platforms,
as well as provide custom analytics.
In this lesson, we learned that the online
community has some benefits like the following:
instead of having a face-to-face discussion, you
post messages to one another; instead of picking a
time and a place to meet, the community is
always-on; instead of depending on a physical
location or resource to keep track of community
events and activities, a web site can do it for you.
Lastly, we learned that social media has a
classification according to purpose and function,
namely: social networking, micro-blogging,
blogging, photo sharing, video sharing, and
crowdsourcing.
4.1 Mobile Phones and Autonomy
What is Autonomous technology?
 It means that technology ultimately depends
only on itself.
 Mobile technology is indispensable in the
modern workplace. Due to its versatility, it
offers a range of benefits, but also comes with
considerable risks to the business. It is essential
to consider both advantages and disadvantages
of using mobile technology in business.
What is a Mobile Technology?
 Mobile Technology is exactly what the name
implies - portable technology. 
Examples of Mobile Devices: 
 laptop, tablets, and netbook computers
  smartphones
 global positioning system (GPS) devices
 wireless debit/credit card payment terminals
What are Mobile Services?
1. Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM)- the first global standard for mobile
communication that allows mobile devices to
exchange digitized and compressed data.
2. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)- an 'always-
on' data service similar to broadband but at slower
transfer rates, sometimes known as 2G.
3. 'Third Generation' (3G) and 'Fourth Generation'
(4G) cellular data services, also offering always-on
connection at rates comparable to broadband.
4. 'Fifth Generation' (5G)– currently under
development, it denotes the next major phase of
telecommunications standards.
A Quick Tour of the History of Mobile Technology:
 1982: First Generation (1G-analog voice
only) systems with large, bulky phones and poor
network quality were introduced.
 1992: Second Generation (2G) was deployed with
improvements in signaling and hardware that were
primarily aimed toward the voice market but, unlike
the first-generation systems, used digital modulation
to enhance call quality and enable new applications
such as Short Messaging Services (SMS) and other
low-data-rate (9.6 to 237 kbps) wireless applications.
 2001: Third Generation (3G) was introduced,
providing a significant leap over 2G, with much
higher data rates (typically ranging from 400 Kbps to
16 Mbps), significant increases in network voice
capacity, along with better channel quality and —
most important — support for advanced services and
applications, including multimedia.
 2012: Fourth Generation (4G) was deployed (some
call it 4G-LTE). This was an all IP-network with
increased speeds ranging from 21 Mbps to 1-gigabit
speeds with wireless network latencies of 5
milliseconds. The wireless service providers were
able to reduce network-per-megabyte costs with this
new technology while responding to increasing
bandwidth demands from subscribers. One of the
goals of LTE was to make the mobile Internet
experience as good as or better than that offered by
the wired broadband access systems deployed
today.
2020: 5G is on schedule to be deployed in this
timeframe.
 
THE HISTORY OF MOBILE PHONES
1908: The history of mobile phones goes back
to 1908 when a US Patent was issued in
Kentucky for a wireless telephone.
1940: Mobile phones were invented as early as
the 1940s when engineers working at
AT&T developed cells for mobile phone base
stations.
 The very first mobile phones were not mobile
phones at all. They were two-way radios that
allowed people like taxi drivers and emergency
services to communicate.
1973: Motorola, on 3 April 1973, was the first
company to mass-produce the first handheld mobile
phone.
 These old mobile phones are often referred to
as 0G mobile phones, or Zero
Generation mobile phones. 
1983 – 1990 (The First Ever Portable Mobile Phone)
In 1983 the world got the first-ever portable mobile
phone in the shape of the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X.
It cost an eye-watering $4000 USD and was a huge
status symbol at the time. Two years later, the first
mobile phone call on UK soil was made, the then
Vodafone Chairman Sir Ernest Harrison, the lucky
recipient. In 1989 Motorola followed up the
DynaTAC with the 9800X or MicroTAC. It came with a
fold-down keyboard cover and set the standard for
the flip phone form factor seen throughout the '90s.
1991 – 1994 (Dawn of Consumer Handsets)
GSM first launched in Europe 1991 with the Orbitel
TPU 900 first to market, but it wasn't until 1992 that
mobiles were no longer restricted to business use.
Mass production paved the way for cost-effective
consumer handsets with digital displays. Nokia was
one of the first to take advantage of this transition,
with the Nokia 1011 arriving that year.
1995 – 1998 (A Splash of Colour)
Although it only offered four colors, the Siemens S10
brought mobile phone displays to life for the first
time in 1997. The same year Hagenuk launched the
GlobalHandy, the first device without an external
aerial. Customization also kicked off in a big way,
with Ericcson offering swappable colored front
keyboard panels. The following year Nokia launched
a range of 'Xpress-on' interchangeable covers on the
5100 series, making it the first fashion orientated
phone.
1999 – 2002 (Growth of the Feature Phone)
1999 saw Nokia unveil the 7110, which was the first
device to take advantage of WAP (a means of
accessing information over a mobile wireless
network).
A year later, Sharp launched the world's very first
camera phone, the J-SH04. It was only available in
Japan but signaled the start of the public's obsession
with phone photography. However, it wasn't until
2002 and the release of the Sony Ericsson T68i and
its clip-on camera that western markets started to
take an interest in the camera phone.
2003 – 2006 (Mobile Data Revolution)
The implementation of 3G took download speeds up
to 2MBS in March 2003 with "3" the first to offer the
service in the UK. RIM brought mobile email to the
masses with its range of popular BlackBerry devices
like the 8100 Pearl. The advent of front-facing
cameras in 2003 on devices such as the Sony Ericsson
Z1010 meant video calling became possible, but not
accessible.
2007 – 2010 (Getting Smarter)
 Swiping and scrolling replaced the traditional
button method of input. The LG Prada is the
first touchscreen to market ahead of the Apple
iPhone in May 2007. However, Apple proved to
have both a more reliable brand and superior
knowledge of the capacitive touchscreen's
potential.
2011 – 2014 (Life Companion)
 Smartphones became increasingly central to
modern life, offering much more than just
communication features. The UK's first 4G
service launched in 11 cities by EE in 2012
taking download speeds up to 12mbps. Voice
recognition became commonplace first with
Google Voice before Apple began Siri into the
market. Samsung added a built-in heart rate
monitor to its flagship Galaxy S5 to capitalize on
growth in mobile health & fitness.
2015 – 2018 (Size Matters)
 The global adoption of 4G vastly improves video
streaming and video calling capabilities. Screen
sizes continue to grow to maximize the
experience of these features, with the iPhone 7
Plus display now 57% larger than the original
iPhone from 2007. Mobile payments also
emerge with Apple Pay and Android Pay,
offering users the possibility of buying things
with their smartphone.
Present Day (The Superfast World)
 EE launches the UK's first 5G service in 6 cities
throughout May 2019. The fifth-generation
network promises vastly superior data speeds
and reliability, boosting ultra-high-resolution
video streaming and mobile gaming. Handset
design trends continue to push for an all-screen
experience, with OnePlus introducing the pop-
up selfie camera to its flagship 7 Pro device to
do away with the notch altogether.
KEY MILESTONE OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
1973- The first-ever mobile phone call was made by
Dr. Martin Cooper, a Motorola employee, in New
York using a prototype Dyna TAC phone. Cooper
called his friend, who worked at rival AT&T. The
phone weighed over a kilogram and took 10 hours to
charge!
1979- Japan has always been at the forefront of
technology, and in 1979 they launched the first-ever
commercially available automated cellular network;
it was, however, only available in cars. We now call
this "1G".
1981- 1G reaches western shores, first in Scandinavia
and then the UK and North America.
1983- The first mobile phone goes on sale in the
shape of the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. It cost an
eye-watering $4000 USD.
1985- Michael Harrison made the first-ever mobile
phone call in the UK. He called his father, the then
Chairman of Vodafone, Sir Ernest Harrison.
1989- The first-ever genuinely portable mobile
phone hits the shelves – the Motorola 9800X, which
features a flip-down to cover the keypad.
1991
 GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications) phone launched, and 2G
digital cellular networks replaced the 1G analog
system.
 2G made Text messages, picture messages, and
multimedia messages (MMS) possible, creating
a whole new way for people to communicate.
1992- Neil Papworth sent the first-ever text message
to Vodafone director Richard Jarvis's Orbitel TPU 901
phone. It read "happy Christmas!".
1994
 IBM brought out Simon, who had a touchscreen
and a very early form of what we all know today
as 'Apps'. It cost $899 and only worked in 15
states in the US.
 Nokia also launched 2110 in Europe; it was one
of the smallest GSM phones available and a
choice of ringtones that brought us the iconic
Grande Valse, now known as the Nokia tune.
1996
 The first-ever phone with the 'slider' form factor
came in the shape of the Nokia 8110. It had the
nickname the banana phone due to its shape
and even made an appearance on the big
screen in the Matrix. It was also the first device
to feature a monochrome LCD screen.
 Another first came from the Motorola StarTAC
as the first-ever flip phone or clamshell device.
It sold over 60 million units worldwide. 
1997
 The iconic game Snake is launched on the Nokia
6110, which marks the start of mobile gaming.
Hagenuk began the GlobalHandy with no
external aerial; Ericcson brought out colored
keyboard panels, and Siemens brought us the
first colored screen phone – the S10.
 In the UK, Mercury One2One started the first-
ever pay as you go services called 'Up 2 You'. It
allowed customers to top up their call credit
and later became T-Mobile and then EE.
1998- Nokia launched the 5110, which was hugely
popular with the consumer market, and it
incorporated replaceable faceplates (which Nokia
branded 'Xpress-on covers'), making it the first
genuinely customizable phone.
1999- WAP launches on the Nokia 7110, making it
the first phone capable of browsing the web, albeit a
trimmed down version that didn't provide the full
HTML experience we know today.
2000- The Sharp J-SH04 becomes the first camera
phone on the market but only available in Japan.
BlackBerry launches it's 857, which supports email
and web browsing signifying the start of BlackBerry's
reign as the business phone kings. Nokia also
launched perhaps the most iconic phone of all time –
the Nokia 3310. It sold 126 million units.
2001
 Full-color displays start to hit the market first
with the Mitsubishi Trium Eclipse but the
Ericcson T68i.
  Qwerty keyboards also made an appearance in
the shape of the Nokia 5510. Still, It was the
8310 that proved the popular phone due to its
slick design and cutting edge features, including
Infrared, a fully functional calendar, and an FM
radio.
2002
  Europe's first camera phone, the Nokia 7650,
was released. T-Mobile also announced the UK's
first picture messaging service available on the
Sony Ericsson T68i.
 The 7560's 0.3-megapixel sensor gave you
640×480 pixels of color imaging. 
2003
 The Finnish giant's best-selling phone of all
time, the Nokia 1100, hit the shelves and has
since sold over 200 million units.
 3G networks begin to be rolled out across the
globe, providing data transmission speeds three
to ten times faster than 2G. This enabled users
to watch video clips, participate in video
conferencing, and utilize location-based
services for the first time.
2004- Motorola launches the Razr V3 – one of the
most popular 'fashion' orientated phones between
2004 and 2006. It sold over 130 million units and is
the best-selling clamshell device of all time and
arguably set the standard for future sleek designs to
come. 
2005
 Android, the mobile operating system, was
acquired by Google, which sent the message
the Mountain View giant was serious about
mobile technology.
 The Casio G'zOne became the first waterproof
handset sparking a movement towards phones
gaining IP certifications. 
2006- The Nokia N95 launched, providing the first
real smartphone experience. It ran on Symbian, had
160mb of RAM, the world's first 5-megapixel phone
camera, Bluetooth and Wi-FI.
2007- June 2007 saw the launch of the 1st
generation iPhone. Unveiled by Steve Jobs, it
featured an auto-rotate sensor, a capacitative screen
that allowed multiple inputs while ignoring minor
touches. It was an instant success.
2008- The first Android phone is released called the
G1. It has a limited touchscreen and a slide-out
keyboard. Elsewhere Microsoft decides to bin
Windows Mobile, citing that it cannot compete with
iOS or Android. It begins work on a brand new OS –
Windows Phone. Apple also launches the App store
with 552 apps available to download. 
2009
 WhatsApp launches, its co-founder, Jan Koum
Koum, came up with the idea for the messaging
app during a movie night at a friend's place.
 In Sweden & Norway, TeliaSonera becomes the
first operator to offer customers 4G services. In
practical terms, 4G boasts data transfer speeds
five times what can be achieved over 3G
networks.
2010- Apple launched the iPhone 4, but antenna
problems plagued it. Google finally released a
branded smartphone - the Nexus One.
 
2011- Samsung cements its place as the most
significant global smartphone vendor thanks to the
Galaxy S II, which packs an 8MP camera and an
AMOLED display.
2012- Five years after the first iPhone hit the shelves,
the fifth-generation model lands in September. The
iPhone 5 sells 5 million units in its opening weekend.
2013- Fingerprint scanning went mainstream when it
launched on the iPhone 5S via the touch button.
2014- 3G coverage is now available to 99% of the UK
population. Elsewhere Facebook acquires WhatsApp
for $19 billion.
2015
 Chinese firms Huawei and Xiaomi make strides
in Western Markets. Still, both Samsung and
Apple continue to dominate with the Galaxy S5
and iPhone 6S, respectively, holding 38% of the
global market share between them.
 4G data traffic surpassed 3G for the first time.
Although 4G represents only 14% of mobile
connections in 2015, it already accounts for
47% of mobile data traffic.
2016- Google ditch their Nexus branding and replace
it with the Pixel, releasing two new high-end
smartphones; the Pixel and Pixel XL. Both are hoped
to compete directly with Apple's iPhone 7 and 7 Plus.
2017
 Microsoft ends support for the Windows Phone
OS, just seven years after its response to
Android and iOS. Screen design dominance
continues to rise, with Samsung Galaxy S8 and
iPhone X adopting over 82% screen-to-body
ratios.
 The focus on-screen real estate sees the rise of
the 'notch' trend. The Sharp Aquos S2 and
Essential Phone first to sport the feature before
the iPhone X gave it real prominence.
  SMS messaging celebrates its 25th anniversary.
After struggling to gain widespread adoption
due to inadequate coverage, the service now
transmits 22 billion messages daily.
2018- Chinese manufacturer Ulefone launches the
Power 5 incorporating a 13,000 mAh battery, the
largest ever seen in a mobile phone over four times
greater than Apple's flagship, and the iPhone XS Max
released in the same year.  efficiency and productivity of staff; the quality and
2019- The UK & US begin to deploy 5G network,
initial indications point to real-world data transfer
speeds ten times faster than 4G.
ADVANTAGES OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
Benefits of using mobile technology for business can
manifest in:
 Higher efficiency and productivity of staff.
 The quality and flexibility of the service you
offer your customers.
 The ability to accept payments wirelessly.
 Increased ability to communicate in and out of
the workplace.
 Greater access to modern apps and services.
 It improved networking capabilities.
DISADVANTAGES OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
Main difficulties that come with the use of mobile
technology in business include:
 Costs- new technologies and devices are often
costly to purchase and require ongoing
maintenance and upkeep.
 Workplace distractions- as the range of
technologies and devices increases, so does the
potential for them to disrupt productivity and
workflow in the business.
 Additional training needs- staff may need
instructions and training on how to use new
technology.
 Increased IT security needs- portable devices
are vulnerable to security risks, especially if
they contain sensitive or critical business data.
In 2001, the third generation (3G) was introduced,
providing a significant leap over 2G. In 2012, the
fourth generation (4G) was deployed (some call it
4G-LTE), and lastly, in 2020, the 5G is on schedule to
be deployed in this timeframe. The main difficulties
that come with the use of mobile technology in
business include: costs, workplace distractions,
additional training needs, increased it security
needs. Some of the benefits of using mobile
technology for business can manifest in higher
flexibility of the service you offer your customers;
the ability to accept payments wirelessly; increased
ability to communicate in and out of the workplace;
greater access to modern apps and services; and it
improved networking capabilities. Lastly, we
learned that mobile technology, in the form of
phones, tablets, and notebooks, is making our lives
better than ever before.
4.2 Global Digital Development
What is Global Digital Development?
 Digital development describes the use and
application of technology and digital tools in
international development to close the global
digital divide and make certain countries take
full advantage of the on-going digital
development revolution.
The Global Digital Divide
 The global digital divide describes global
disparities, primarily between developed and
 developing countries, in regards to access to
computing and information resources such as
the Internet and the opportunities derived from
such access. As with a smaller unit of analysis,
this gap describes an inequality that exists,
referencing a global scale. The Internet is
expanding very quickly, and not all countries—
especially developing countries—can keep up
with the constant changes. The term “digital
divide” doesn’t necessarily mean that someone
doesn’t have technology; it could mean that
there is simply a difference in technology. These
differences can refer to, for example, high
quality computers, fast Internet, technical
assistance, or telephone services. The
difference between all of these is also
considered a gap.
 
Obstacles to Overcome the Global Digital Divide:
1. Physical Access
 Individuals need to obtain access to computers,
landlines, and networks to access the Internet.
2. Financial Access
 The cost of ICT devices, traffic, applications,
technician and educator training, software,
maintenance, and infrastructures require
ongoing financial means.
3. Socio-demographic Access
 Empirical tests have identified that several
socio-demographic characteristics foster or limit
ICT access and usage. Among different
countries, educational levels and income are
the most important explanatory variables, with
age being the third one. Others, like gender,
don’t seem to have much of an independent
effect.
4. Cognitive Access
 In order to use computer technology, a certain
level of information literacy is needed.
5. Design Access
 Computers need to be accessible to individuals
with different learning and physical abilities.
6. Institutional Access
 In illustrating institutional access, “the numbers
of users are greatly affected by whether
access is offered only through individual homes
or whether it is offered through schools,
community centers, religious institutions,
cybercafés, or post offices, especially in poor
countries where computer access at work or
home is highly limited”.
7. Political Access
 Democratic political regimes enable faster
growth of the Internet than authoritarian or
totalitarian regimes. Recently situations in Iran
and China have denied people the ability to
access certain websites and disseminate
information. Iran has also prohibited the use of
high-speed Internet in the country. It has
removed many satellite dishes to prevent the
influence of western cultures, such as music and
television.
8. Cultural Access
 Many experts claim that bridging the digital
divide is not sufficient and that the images
and language needed to be conveyed in a
language and images that can be read across
different cultural lines.
 With digital technology, countries around the
world are accelerating socio-economic
development, connecting citizens to services
and opportunities, and building a better future.
 Digital innovation is in the process of
transforming almost every sector of the
economy by introducing new business models,
new products, new services—and, ultimately,
new ways of creating value and jobs.
 Technology is also having a profound impact on
the way governments operate and interact with
their citizens, opening the door to increased
transparency and more efficient service
delivery.
 This on-going wave of innovation has the
potential to remove many of the barriers that
 stand between people and opportunity,
especially for the poorest and most vulnerable.
 The benefits of digital innovation reach far and
wide. In both developed and developing
countries, disruptive technologies are quickly
unlocking innovative solutions to complex
challenges across a broad range of sectors, from
health and education to transport, disaster risk
management, or agriculture.
 Yet not everyone has benefited equally: even
though the digital revolution is a global the
phenomenon, there are still huge disparities
between and within countries when it comes to
the penetration, affordability, and performance
of digital services.
 One contributing factor is that access to the
Internet through mobile or fixed broadband
remains prohibitively expensive in many
developing countries, where lack of digital
infrastructure and regulatory bottlenecks
hamper broadband development.
 In a world that is increasingly driven by
information and communication technologies,
this persisting digital divide could exacerbate
inequalities and create a new class of “digital
poor.” To avoid this scenario, countries are
looking to scale up efforts toward universal
broadband access, and give people the skills
and resources they need to participate fully in
the digital economy.
Five Key Strategies For Digital Development:
1. Digital infrastructure (fixed and mobile broadband,
fiber-optic cables, etc.) is the backbone of the digital
economy. Access to digital connectivity should be
universal and affordable.
2. Digital financial services and digital identification
allow individuals, businesses, and governments to
interact and conduct transactions.
3. Digital innovation and entrepreneurship need a
supportive ecosystem of government regulations
and access to financing.
4. Digital platforms, including e-commerce and e-
government, drive usage and foster economic
activity.
5. Digital literacy and skills create a digitally savvy
workforce and boost competitiveness.
What are the Principles for Digital Development?
 The Principles for Digital Development are nine
living guidelines that are designed to help
integrate best practices into technology-
enabled programs and are intended to be
updated and refined over time.
 They include guidance for every phase of the
project life cycle, and they are part of an
on-going effort among development
practitioners to share knowledge and support
continuous learning. The Digital Principles were
created in a community-driven initiative,
the result of many lessons learned through the
use of information and communication
technologies (ICTs) in development projects. All
are encouraged to use them.
The Nine (9) Principles of Digital Development:
1. Design With the User
 User-centered design starts with getting to
know the people you are designing for through
conversation, observation, and co-creation.
2. Understand the Existing Ecosystem
 Well-designed initiatives and digital tools
consider the particular structures and needs
that exist in each country, region, and
community.
3. Design for Scale
 Achieving scale requires adoption beyond an
initiatives pilot population and often
necessitates securing funding or partners that
take the initiative to new communities or
regions.
4. Build for Sustainability
 Building sustainable programs, platforms, and
digital tools are essential to maintain user
and stakeholder support, as well as to maximize
long-term impact.
5. Be Data-Driven
  When an initiative is data-driven, quality
information is available to the right people
when they need it, and they are using those
data to take action.
6. Use Open Standards, Open Data, Open Source,
and Open Innovation
 An open approach to digital development can
help to increase collaboration in the digital
development community and avoid duplicating
work that has already been done.
7. Reuse and Improve
 Reusing and improving is about taking the work
of the global development community further
than any organization or program can do alone.
8. Address Privacy & Security
 Addressing privacy and security in digital
development involves careful consideration of
which data are collected and how data are
acquired, used, stored, and shared.
9. Be Collaborative
 Being collaborative means sharing information,
insights, strategies, and resources across
projects, organizations, and sectors, leading to
increased efficiency and impact.
  The digital innovation and entrepreneurship which
is the need a supportive ecosystem of government
regulations and access to financing; the digital
platforms which include e-commerce and e-
government, drive usage, and foster economic
activity and digital literacy and skills. Lastly, the
nine principles for digital development are as
follows: design with the user, understand the
existing ecosystem, design for scale, build for
sustainability, be data-driven, use open standards,
open data, open-source, and open innovation,
reuse and improve, address privacy & security and
being collaborative.
4.3 Social Evolution
Introduction:
 Social evolution is a broad set of theories that
attempt to explain how and why modern
cultures are different from those in the past.
 Why do societies change?
 How do they change?
What is Social Evolution?
 Evolution is change through time.
Scholars determine…
Three Types of Evolutionary Pattern :
1) Parallel evolution- the process in which related,
but distinct, species independently evolve similar
structures.
Example of Parallel Evolution:
 North American Cactus and the African
Euphorbia that developed similar adaptation,
which is their thick stems and sharp quills to
survive the hot, arid climates.
 These two plant species are of different plant
families but live in the same type of
environment.
2) Divergent evolution- refers to the process by
which interbreeding species diverged into two or
more evolutionary groups.
 It means that these groups of species used to be
similar and related. However, they became
more and more dissimilar through time.
Examples of divergent evolution were observed by
Charles Darwin and documented in his book on the
Origin of Species.
3. Convergent evolution –the process whereby
species that are not closely related, independently
evolve functionally or visually similar structures.
Example: sharks and dolphins look relatively similar
despite being entirely unrelated.
 Sharks are egg-laying fish with the deadly ability
to sniff out blood in the water, while
dolphins are curious mammals that navigate by
making clicking sounds and listening for
their echoes.
What is Social Evolution?
  Social evolution is the gradual development of
society and social forms, institutions, etc.,
usually through a series of peaceful stages.
Where the Concept of Social Evolutions comes
from?
1) Mid-19th century, social evolution came under
the influence of Charles Darwin's physical evolution
theories expressed in the Origin of Species and The
Descent of Man. Still, social evolution is not derived
from there.
2) The 19th-century anthropologist Lewis Henry
Morgan is often named as the person who first
applied evolutionary principles to social phenomena.
3) Bock (1955) listed several antecedents to the
19th-century social evolutionists to scholars in the
17th and 18th centuries (Auguste, Comte,
Condorcet, Cornelius de Pauw, Adam Ferguson, and
lots of others).
 Then he suggested that all of those scholars
were responding to "voyage literature", stories
of the 15th and 16th century western explorers
who brought back reports of newly discovered
plants, animals, and societies.
 This literature, says Bock, sparked scholars first
to marvel that "God created so many different
societies", than to attempt to explain the
various cultures as not as enlightened as
themselves.
The influence of Greeks and Romans in Social Evolution:
4) Ancient scholars such as Polybius and Thucydides
built histories of their societies, by describing the
early Roman and Greek cultures as barbaric versions
of their present.
5) Aristotle's idea of social evolution was that
society developed from a family-based organization,
into village-based, and finally into the Greek state.
 There is also, among our Greek and Roman
forebears, the tinge of teleology (the study of
the evidence of design or purpose in nature.),
that "our present" is the right end and the only
possible end of the social evolution process.
Types of Social Evolution:
1. Biological Evolution
 Biological (or genetic) evolution occurs through
genetic variation and reproduction and
involves the transfer of genes from one
generation to the next.
 An example of biological evolution in human
populations is the differences in shapes and
features of indigenous people living in
contrasting climates and environmental
conditions.
2. Cultural evolution is an evolutionary theory of
social change. It follows from the definition of
culture as "information capable of affecting
individuals' behavior that they acquire from other
members of their species through teaching, imitation
and
other forms of social transmission".
 Cultural evolution is the change of this
information over time. Cultural evolution,
historically also known as sociocultural
evolution, was initially developed in the 19th
century by anthropologists stemming from
Charles Darwin's research on evolution.
 Cultural evolution occurs through the
development of customs and languages, and
involves the transfer of information either
within a generation or across many generations.
 Examples of cultural evolution include the
change in the lifestyle of modern humans from
nomadic hunter-gatherers to permanent
settlers who domesticated animals and adopted
agricultural practices.
 Evidence of human culture, such as musical
instruments, cave paintings, and burial practices
can be seen as early as the Lower Paleolithic
period.
Also, from the influence of Greek and Roman
philosophers like Polybius, Thucydides, and
Aristotle. The different types of social evolution
are biological evolution or genetic evolution,
which occurs through genetic variation and
reproduction and involves the transfer of genes
from one generation to the next. Cultural
evolution is an evolutionary theory of social
change. Cultural evolution occurs through the
development of customs and languages and
involves the transfer of information either within a
generation or across many generations. Lastly, the
technological evolution which refers to the
changes over time in technology that give humans
increased control over their environment.