QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 1

QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 2

Design of A New Electrolarynx with the Integration of QFD and VE

Rosnani Ginting
Departement of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara,
Medan 20155, Indonesia
e-mail: rosnani@usu.ac.id
phone : +6281396747463

Aulia Ishak
Departement of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara,
Medan 20155, Indonesia
e-mail: alfinfm@gmail.com
phone : +62 81397961967

Alfin Fauzi Malik

Departement of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara,
Medan 20155, Indonesia
e-mail: aulia.ishak@usu.ac.id
phone : +62 81281332829
QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 3

Design of A New Electrolarynx with the Integration of QFD and VE

ABSTRACT
Health equipment is one of the support facilities to realize quality services from the
hospital and clinic services industry. Electrolarynx is one of the tools used by doctors to
help patients who have removed their vocal cords so they can still speak. This device
works so that the patient can still speak even though their vocal cords have been lifted.
The purpose of this research is the design of electrolytic devices with Quality Function
Deployment (QFD) and Value Engineering methods. QFD phase 1 results are technical
features in the form of ease of use, material standardization, and durability that are a
priority and an input for phase II QFD. Phase QFD I resulted in a rope repair installed
on the Electrolarynx device with the specification that the strap used was strong,
attached to the neck, comfortable to use, 0.5 cm thick, and 35 cm long. Meanwhile
phase two is the critical part quality of the main tube material, battery life and rope
durability. QFD phase II produces main tubes with specifications made of Polyethylene
(PE) plastic, requires no anti-rust and chemical resistance, light weight, high dimensions
x diameter = 10 x 5cm, and volume and battery battery specifications are AA
type, 4600mAh storage capacity, Diameter x Height = 1.45 x 5.05cm rechargeable
battery, and 2100 times rechargeable.

Keywords: Product Design, QFD, VE, Electrolarynx

QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 4

INTRODUCTION

Laryngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer. Estimated 12,620 adults (9,940
men and 2,680 women) in IN 2021. The incidence rate of this disease decreases 2% to
3% annually. An estimated 3,770 deaths (3,020 men and 750 women) occur every year
[https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/statistics].
Laryngeal is a cancer that grows in the larynx or vocal cord (supraglottis) that causes
complications and voice loss disorders (Riccardo et al.,2018). The larynx is the part of
the throat that is at the entrance to the airway (trachea) that contains the vocal cords,
which vibrate and make sounds when exposed to air. The voice echoes through the
pharynx of the mouth, and the nose to emit a sound (Isabel et al., 2019).

People have had this surgery this surgery is called laryngectomy (Ehab et al.,
2020). To restore, facilitate and help the larynx to communicate and speak after a
tracheostomy, most patients use a speech aid called the Electrolarynx (Rachel et
al.,2017). This type of device provides a communication device that produces voice by
people who have lost their voice box, due to laryngeal cancer or those who pass through
the stroke (Tyler and Byron, 2018). The electrolarynx can produce sound, simply by
attaching the device to the neck near the exophages and then moving the muscles
according to what we are going to say, then the movement of these muscles will vibrate
the electro laryngeal vibration component so that it can produce sound, although the
sound produced by the electrolarynx is similar to the voice of a robot (Rachel et al.,
2017).

The way to use it is to place it on the lower chin (Inbanila and KrishnaKumar
2019). The vibrations in the neck will be converted into sound (Inbamalar et al., 2018).
Resonant vibrations to the neck are meant to replace the function of the larynx, which is
operated by a battery pressed against the skin under the jaw that produces vibrations to
enable speech (Madhushankara et al.,2018). With this device, patients can communicate
directly with those around them after surgery. In general, the electrolarynx serves to
replace the function of the vocal cords that are no longer owned by people with
laryngeal disorders. (Tyler and Byron, 2018). Table 1 summarises some of the
important and relevant study pertaining to the electrolarynx re-design.
QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 5

TABLE 1.
Selected Relevant Literature of the Electrolarynx Redesign.
Refferences
Madhushankara M, et al.,
(2018)
Isabel C.F, et al., (2019)
Inbamalr T.M, et al., (2018)
Kazuhiro K, et al., (2018)
Tyler and Byron (2018)
Obejctives
Design the electrolarynx by
increasing energy efficiency
with modifying the propulsion
source.
Design a low-power
electrolytes using altered
glottis sources and performing
objective and subjective
analyzes of vocal quality
The main goal of their study is
to contribute to the recovery
of the voice of the affected
person, recovery in a more
efficient way after speech loss.
They proposed an EL voice
enhancement technique based
on CLDNN consisting of a
convolution layer, a short -
term memory layer, and a
fully connected layer.
Convoluted layers are used to
extract information useful in
conversion from the EL
speech spectrum sequence.
They presented a design of a
mechanically artificial device
for laryngectomy patients as
an electrolarynx (EL)
alternative. Their design were
based on feedback from users.
Results
Compared to the existing
electrolarynx, their electrolarynx
proposed that the drive source turned
out to be 11.1% more energy efficient.
The sound quality is also better than
traditional driving sources by 31.6%.
Glottal modification waves can reduce
the need for electro laryngeal electrical
supply. Calmness, quality factors and
formant position were used as
measures of vocal quality produced by
their approach and were found to be
better than the existing electro
laryngeal
This study claimed that their
electrolarynx model were realized to
offer increased efficiency, less cost due
to the less number of components used
with improved performance
They have shown that the proposed
method can transform EL speech into
normal speech with higher perceptual
speech nature and clarity than the
existing methods.
They claimed that their artificial
speech devices have been developed
contain no electrical components by
means of head vibration dynamics, and
the level of sound pressure generated
(SPL) in the mouth being measured to
compare performance compared to the
electrolarynx.

However, the Electrolarynx has disadvantages such as; a monotonous buzzing

sound is emitted. high cost, special sound quality due to repeated transducer vibrations,
and due to improper acceleration delivery to the neck tissue (Madhushankara et
al.,2018), it weighs more due to the presence of magnets and makes it difficult for the
user to hold and hold it for a longer period of time (Inbamalar et al., 2018), the sound
produced is flat and has no intonation and sounds like a robot's voice (Tyler and Byron,
2018), the sound produced tends to be so vague that it is sometimes difficult for the
speaker to understand the meaning conveyed (Kazuhiro and Tomoki, 2017).
QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 6

Therefore, the purpose of this study is to overcome the limitations and

shortcomings of the Electrolarynx such as the monotonous hum released, the operating
requirements of the hands-free device, and the difficulty experienced by many
tracheotomy patients to adjust to using it. The most effective method of overcoming
Electrolarynx deficiency performed using (applying an integrated approach with quality
function deployment (QFD) and analytical hierarchical process (AHP) to) Quality
Function (QFD) and Engineering Value methods, i.e by adding or providing additional
functions in hands-free. In this research, QFD is used to identify the technical
characteristics of Electrolarynx device, critical parts and resolve doctor wishes.
Meanwhile VE is used to identify cost savings for alternative materials for
Electrolarynx, without reducing the cost of the product without compromising quality or
the performance.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Time of Research
The research was conducted at Ar Rahman Clinic in the city of Medan and the
period of time was carried out from February 2020 to August 2020.
Object of Research
The object is the Electrolarynx device at Ar Rahman Clinic used by ENT
specialists. The aim of this study is to get the improvements from Electrolarynx devices
Types of Research
The type of this research is a descriptive study in the form of a survey study.
Descriptive survey research is research that aims to obtain facts from existing symptoms
and seek information based on facts to obtain the truth. This study uses a questionnaire
filled by respondents from the study object determined by a particular method. The
basis of this research is to make improvements to the design of electrolarynx devices.
Research Variable
The variables of this study are independent variables (dimensional measurement,
Maximum and minimum of average material thickness, weight, material, color,
additional functions), and independents (technical characteristic, critical part, and
alternative design).
QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 7

Data Processing
The data processing method uses Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Value
Engineering. QFD is a way to improve the quality of goods or services by
understanding the customers’ needs and then linking them to the technical provisions to
produce goods or services (Lidija and Janez, 2021). The major planning of QFD is the
House of Quality (HoQ), which delivers a budget statement to the design press that
fulfills a particular target and adjusts it to the organization or company that will design
the design press (Nadiye and Omid, 2018; Ricardo and Vinicius, 2018).
The relationship between QFD and Value Engineering can be seen in Figure 1.

Fig 1. The Relationship of QFD and Value Engineering

The critical parts of QFD phase II analyzed using value engineering methods and
the development of improvements to the critical parts with the highest level of
difficulty, level of importance, and cost estimates will be performed. The flowchart of
phase II of house of technical characteristics can be seen in Figure 4. The difficulty
level factors serve as the basis for cost estimates because the more difficult a technical
characteristic made, the more costly the allocation will be.

QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT.

Quality Function Deployment (QFD) was developed in 1972 by Mitsubishi
Shipyard in Kobe, Japan. Since then, the process has been developed by Toyota and
its suppliers who have used it in car design.
QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 8

QFD is a way to improve the quality of goods or services by understanding the needs
of consumers and then linking them with technical provisions to produce goods or
services at every stage of manufacturing goods or services produced. (Nurul, 2018). The
main focus of QFD is to engage customers in the product development process as early
as possible, where their needs and wants are used as the starting point of the QFD
process. Therefore, QFD is referred to as the customer’s voice. (Ananias et al, 2020;
Euis et al, 2019).
QFD is a way to improve the quality of goods or services by understanding the
needs of consumers and then linking them with technical provisions to produce
goods or services at every stage of manufacturing goods or services produced [Olga
et al, 2021; Alexandre & Dominique, 2017; Tzu et al, 2018).
The main benefits of QFD are as follows (Chaoxiang et al, 2019; Mohammadali
& Alireza, 2016):
1. Focus on the design of new products and services on customer needs.
2. Prioritize design activities.
3. Analyze the performance of the company's key products to meet the needs of key
customers.
4. Recent estimates show savings of between one-third and one-half compared to
pre-QFD.
5. Reduce the number of design changes after release by ensuring efforts are
focused on the planning stage.
6. Encourage the implementation of work teams and break down barriers between
divisions by involving marketing, engineering, and manufacturing since the
beginning of the project.
7. Provide a way to document the process and provide a solid basis for design
decisions.
The QFD methodology is designed to encourage product development from
conception to production (Mingli and Jie, 2021). QFD is defined as a design
development method aimed at customer satisfaction and translating customer desires
into design targets and important points in quality assurance for use in the production
phase (André S, et al, 2017). QFD can be seen as a process in which the voice of the
user is weighed for use during the production process (Przemysław & Magdalena,
QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 9

2017). The application of QFD methodology in the product design process begins with
the formation of a product planning matrix or what is called a quality home
(Dinmukhamed, et al, 2016).

Fig 1. House of Quality (adapted from Hauser and Clausing, 1988)

QFD Phase 1
Stage of product planning (product design), which translates customer needs into
technical requirements (technical requirements). This phase is done by creating a
model that can identify the extent to which customers expect the quality of bicycle
products that can satisfy consumers. In this case, this is done by linking Customer
Needs (CR) / Customer Voice (VoC) with Design Requirements (DR) (Radoslaw,
2018).
1. Development of a Product Planning Model
The product planning development model was implemented by model design. The
goal is nothing but full CR satisfaction.
2. Customer Requirements
a) Record data on the level of importance and level of satisfaction and the average
value of both for each customer’s needs.
b) Record the level of data satisfaction and the level of dissatisfaction
c) Customer Voice data uses questionnaires (questionnaires that have been
confirmed by experts in this field).
d) Attribute classification data (DR)
QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 10

e) Get data on the relationship between customer needs and technical

attributes/responses (relationship between CR and DR).
f) Get correlation data between attributes (correlation between DR and DR).
g) Get the Important Weight Phase Design Target Value
h) The target value in phase one is expected to be able to obtain CRs satisfaction
degree and fulfillment level from each DRs [11].

QFD Phase 2
Level of component planning (part deployment), which translates technical
requirements into component features. In this phase, a data analysis model is made of
material or component requirements that can meet the target value design criteria in the
first phase (Nilda, et al., 2018).

VALUE ENGINEERING.
Basically, Value Engineering is an analytical method to optimize cost efficiency
(Cost Efficiency) which initially has the potential to cause cost increase due to
unnecessary costs, and once the value engineering process is conducted, it produces cost
efficiency value provided it eliminate no performance aspects, durability, reliability,
quality, function, benefits, aesthetics considered important (Mohamed et al, 2021;
Kaveh & Aminoroaya, 2016).
Meanwhile, David (2003) argued that Value Engineering is a method to reduce the
cost of producing or using goods and services, without compromising the quality or
performance required. Furthermore, Zulay (2020) claimed that Value Engineering is a
management technique that attempts to use a systematic approach to find the best
functional balance between cost, performance, and appearance of a product.
Value engineering means provide something that is optimal for the amount of money
spent, using systematic techniques to analyze and control the total cost of a product
(David, 2003). Value engineering will help differentiate and separate between what is
needed and what is not, which can develop alternatives that meet needs (and remove the
unnecessary) at the lowest cost (Racha, 2016).
QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 11

Value engineering is a systematic, creative and organized business approach directed

at analyzing system functions with the aim of achieving the required functions at the
lowest cost, but still in accordance with applicable functional and technical limitations
so that the results still ensure the product reliability(Suryanarayana & Emmanuel,
2016).
The underlying rationale for the need for value engineering is that in every product
design and development activity there are always unnecessary costs, these costs are not
seen or realized by the owner, designer, or executor of these activities (Churcher, 2017).
Fundamentally, the purpose of value engineering is to obtain a product or building
that is balanced between the functions it possesses and the costs incurred by eliminating
unnecessary costs, without compromising the quality, reliability, performance of the
product (Jalil et al, 2010).
The stages that are generally used in value engineering analysis include: information
gathering, functional analysis, creativity and innovation, development, decision
analysis, recommendation, decision making, and implementation level (Churcher,
2017).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This study uses several questionnaires, namely a preliminary questionnaire, an open
questionnaire, a closed questionnaire, a technical characteristics (the relationship
between technical characteristics and voice of customer and a questionnaire on the
relationship between technical characteristics), and a part critical questionnaire (a
questionnaire on the relationship between technical characteristics and critical parts and
questionnaires. relationship between critical parts)..

4.1. Defining QFD Phase I Technical Characteristics

Technical charactgeristic is a design requirements or product manufacturing
techniques that influence product attributes. Determining the technical characteristics of
the product is done by interviewing an ENT expert, Klinik Ar Rahman. The technical
features required to meet the needs of the user are
1. Convenience of Use
Ease of Use is the convenience of using the Electrolarynx tool for its users,
QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 12

2. Maintanable Product
Maintanable products describe the ease of maintenance and maintenance of
Electrolarynx equipment.
3. Standardization of Materials
Material Standardization shows the specifications of a material used in the
Electrolarynx device.
3. Cost of component
Component costs describe the costs required for each component used in the
Electrolarynx appliance.
4. Durability
Durability describes the resistance of each component used in the Electrolarynx
appliance.

The House of Quality for QFD phase I can be seen in Figure 2.

Relationship Level
Relationship level is strong positive, Weight: 4
Relationship level is medium positive, Weight: 3
Relationship level is medium negative, Weight: 2
Relationship level is strong negative, Weight: 1 V
No relationship, Weight: 0 X x
x X
X
Standard of Material
Convenience of Use

Maintanable of Use
Importance
Customer

Component Cost
Technical Responses

Durability

Importance Relative
Customer Requirement Net Sale Weight Weight

The shape of the electrolarynx is tubular 5 0,4105 0,0685 0,1539 0,1058 0,2614 1,0 7,01 9,47
The dimensions of the tube are 5 0,0497 0,0956 0,1590 0,2309 0,4648 1,2 8,57 11,58
10cmx5cm
Battery type is rechargeable 5 0,0536 0,2852 0,4426 0,0939 0,1247 1,5 11,98 16,19

The main tube material is plastic 5 0,0399 0,1530 0,2050 0,0910 0,5111 1,2 9,59 12,95

Main tube color is black 3 0,4851 0,1237 0,2457 0,0959 0,0495 1,0 3,16 4,27

Electrolarynx strap material is rayon 5 0,4496 0,1541 0,0545 0,3014 0,0405 1,5 10,14 13,71

Electrolarynx cord color is black 4 0,0843 0,2614 0,4562 0,0384 0,1597 1,0 4,81 6,49

Electrolarynx cord thickness is 0.5cm 5 0,3771 0,1165 0,0592 0,1507 0,2965 1,2 8,57 11,58
The additional function of the 5 0,0550 0,3146 0,0381 0,5223 0,0700 1,5 10,14 13,71
electrolarynx is waterproof
Level of Difficulty 4 3 4 3 4

Degree of Importance (%) 22 17 20 18 22

Cost Estimation (%)
Level of difficulty
1 = Not difficult
2 = Moderate
3 = Difficult
4 = Very Difficult
5 = Absolute Very Difficult
22 17 22 17 22
Cost estimation Level of Importance
0-10 = Inexpensive 1 - 10 = Not too important
11-20 = Moderate 11 - 20 = Important
21-30 = Expensive – Very important

Fig 2. House of Quality Fase I

QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 13

Phase I QFD shows that the attributes of Ease of Use, Material Standards, and
Durability have higher value levels of difficulty, level of importance, and estimates than
the attributes of Operable Products and Component Costs. Phase I QFD produces a rope
repair that will be glued to the electrolytic device as shown in Figure 3.

Fig 3. Tali

Specifications on the strap used are strong, attached to the neck, comfortable to use,
0.5 cm thick and 35 cm long.

4.2. Define the Phase II Critical QFD Part

The critical part is the most special part or component of the Electrolarynx device.
The critical part is derived from the literature on Electrolarynx tools and interviews with
ENT specialists. The critical parts of the Electrolarynx device can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1.
Critical parts of the Electrolarynx device
No Critical parts
1 Main Tube Material Quality
2 Battery Life
3 Rope Durability
4 Accuracy of Strap Installation
5 Quality Waterproof Material
QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 14

The House of Quality for QFD phase II can be seen in Figure 4.

Relationship Level
= Strong positive relationship =4
= Medium positive relationship =3
= Medium negative relationship =2
= Strong negative relationship =1
= No relationship =0

Waterproof Material
Quality of Main Tube

Strap installation
Rope Durability
Critical Parts

Battery Life

Quality of
accuracy
Material
Technical Responses

Convenience of Use 5 3 9 3 9 3

Maintanable Product 5 3 3 3 1 1

Standard of Material 5 9 9 9 0 9

Component Cost 5 9 9 9 0 9

Durability 3 9 3 9 9 9

Level of Difficulty 5 4 4 3 3

Degree of Importance (%) 22 22 22 13 21

Cost Estimation (%)
Level of Difficulty
1 = Not difficult
2 = Moderate
3 = Difficult
4 = Very Difficult
5 = Absolute very difficult
26 21 21 16 16
Cost Estimation Degree of Importance
0-10 = Inexpensive 1 - 10 = Not too important
11-20 = Moderate 11 - 20 = Important
21-30 = Expensive – Very important

Fig 4. House of Quality QFD Fase II

Figure 4 shows that the most important parts for immediate improvement are the
quality of the main tube material, battery life, and rope durability which has difficulty
levels with values 5.4 and 4, importance levels with values 22 and cost estimates with
grade 26, 21, and 21.
The quality of the main tube material is important to improve immediately as it
affects the protection of the contents of the Electrolarynx device, the durability of the
Electrolarynx device, and the weight of the tool. For repair is to use a strong and light
plastic tube.
Battery life is important for immediate repair as it affects the durability of the
Electrolarynx appliance. For improvement is to use a rechargeable battery that has a
power of 4600 mAh.
QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 15

The durability of the strap is important to improve immediately as it affects the

comfort of using the Electrolarynx device. For repair is to use a strong rope and
comfortable to use.

Fig 5. Tabung Utama

The main tube specifications used in the repair of electrolysis equipment are:
Polyethylene (PE) plastic material, no need for anti-rust and chemical resistance, light
weight, high dimensions x diameter = 10 x 5cm, and Volume .

Fig 6. Baterai

The battery specifications used for repair of electrolarynx devices are AA type
battery, 4600mAh storage capacity, Diameter x Height = 1.45 x 5.05cm rechargeable
battery, and 2100 times rechargeable.

4.2. Increase Product Value Using Value Engineering Methods

The main types of tube materials used in electrolytic devices are Aluminum Barrel,
Westinghouse AA rechargeable battery type and strap type is polyester. Improvements
with the value technique method, namely by replacing the use of the main tube material
QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 16

into Polyethylene (PE) plastic tubing, Sony AA rechargeable battery, and nylon strap. A
comparison of the total cost of materials in the initial plan and the proposed electrolysis
device can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2.
Comparison of the Total Material Costs on Initial Plan and Proposed Electrolarynx Equipment
Biaya Awal Biaya Usulan
Types of
Savings (Rp)
Type of Material Cost (Rp) Alternative Cost (Rp)
Materials
Aluminium Barrel 151.347 Polyethylene (PE) 79.529 71.818
Baterai Baterai
rechargeable AA 79.000 rechargeable AA 60.000 15.000
Westinghouse Sony
Tali Polyester 37.836 Tali Nylon 22.800 15.036
Total 268.183 162.329 105.854

Calculation of the total cost savings of the Electrolarynx appliance is:

= 40 %
The total cost savings to produce electrolysis equipment is Rp 105,854 or 40%. The
final design of the Electrolarynx product and its specifications can be seen in Figure 7.

Fig 7.. Electerolarynx device

Product specifications of electrolarynx after repair using phase 1 and phase 2 QFD
methods and value techniques:
QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 17

1. Strap: Strong nylon material, attached to the neck, comfortable to use, thick of 0.5
cm, and long of 35 cm.
2. Battery: 4600mAh battery, Sony brand AA type, Diameter x Height = 1.45 x
5.05cm, Rechargeable battery and 2100 times rechargeable.
3. Tube: Polyethylene Plastic (PE) Material, Lightweight, High dimensions x diameter
= 10 x 5cm, Volume , and weighs of 113 grams.

CONCLUSION
Conclusions based on the results of data processing and analysis are as follows:
1. Quality Function Deployment phase I is applying to design products and identify
customer requirements for quality design electrolarynx device to satisfy users by
linking to the customer voice (VoC) with design requirements (DR), and Quality
Function Deployment phase II to design data analysis model of component/part
requirements that can meet the target value design criteria in the first phase. This
is done by translate the design requirements (DR) into characteristics of critical
part.
2. The technical characteristics of Electrolarynx device with the highest value
based on House of Quality in QFD method phase I are technical features of ease
of use, standardization of material, and durability with strong straps, affixed to
the neck, thickness of 0.5cm, and length of 35cm.
3. The critical part of Electrolarynx tool in Quality Function Deployment phase II
is the quality of the main tube material for battery life and rope durability with
the main tube result is made of polyethylene plastic (PE), light weight, high
dimensions x diameter = 10 x 5 cm, tube volume , and AA type battery,
4600mAh capacity, 1.45cm diameter and 5.05cm high, and rechargeable battery
with 2100 times rechargeable.
4. Cost savings for Electrolarynx devices using the Value Engineering method for
the main types of aluminum tubes barrel material is replaced with Polyethylene
(PE) plastic tubes with a diameter of 5cm, height of 10cm, AA Westinghouse
rechargeable battery replaced with Sony rechargeable AA batteries, and the type
of polyester strap replaced with nylon straps is 40%.
QFD INTEGRATED VE FOR A NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 18

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