BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

JOSE C. FELICIANO COLLEGE FOUNDATION

INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL
BIOLOGY

1.

2.
•
WHAT IS THE MOST
IMPORTANT FOR
SCIENCE?
1.

MEASUREMENT
2.

MEASURING

MEASURED
 CHAPTER 1
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

A VIEW OF
LIFE
Jayron Mark A. Bernardo, RN, MSNc
STEM-SHS
JOSE C. FELICIANO COLLEGE FOUNDATION
THREE BASIC THEMES
OF BIOLOGY

1.
2.
3.
EVOLUTION

• THE PROCESS OF EVOLUTION IS

THE FRAMEWORK FOR THE
SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY
INFORMATION
TRANSFER
•

• THE SURVIVAL AND FUNCTION OF

EVERY CELL DEPENDS ON THE
ORDERLY TRANSMISSION OF
INFORMATION.
• EVOLUTION DEPENDS ON THE
TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC
INFORMATION
ENERGY TRANSFER
•

•
CHARACTERISTIC OF LIFE
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
•

TWO TYPES OF LIVING ORGANISMS

1. UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
2. MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
•
•

DNA
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

•
ORGANELLES
TWO TYPES OF CELL:
1. PROKARYOTIC CELLS
2. EUKARYOTIC CELLS
 PROKARYOTIC CELLS DO NOT CONTAIN A NUCLEUS EUKARYOTIC CELLS
OR ANY OTHER MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLE.
PROKARYOTES INCLUDE TWO GROUPS: BACTERIA AND
ANOTHER GROUP CALLED ARCHAEA.
•
• GROWTH INVOLVES AN INCREASE
IN THE SIZE AND NUMBER OF
INDIVIDUAL CELLS OF AN
ORGANISM.

• DEVELOPMENT INCLUDES ALL THE

CHANGES THAT TAKE PLACE
DURING AN ORGANISM’S LIFE.
• STIMULI IS PHYSICAL OR
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THEIR
INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT.
• COLOR
• INTENSITY
• DIRECTION OF THE SUN
• TEMPERATURE
• PRESSURE
• SOUND
• CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SURROUNDING SOIL, AIR OR WATER.
• RESPONDING TO STIMULI INVOLVES
MOVEMENT, THROUGH NOT ALWAYS
LOCOMOTION.

HOW OTHER ORGANISMS ACHIEVE

LOCOMOTION?
1. AMOEBOID MOVEMENT
2. STRUCTURAL USE OF SPECIAL PARTS LIKE THE
CILIA AND FLAGELLA

• SESSILE ORGANISMS.
 STRUCTURAL USE OF
AMOEBOID MOVEMENT SPECIAL PARTS LIKE THE SESSILE ORGANISMS
CILIA AND FLAGELLA
• REPRODUCTION

REPRODUCTION

REPRODUCTION

TWO TYPES OF REPRODUCTION

1. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
2. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• ADAPTATIONS ARE INHERITED
CHARACTERISTICS THAT ENHANCE AN
ORGANISM’S ABILITY TO SURVIVE IN A
PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENT.

• EVERY BIOLOGICALLY SUCCESSFUL

ORGANISM IS A COMPLEX COLLECTION
OF COORDINATED ADAPTATIONS
PRODUCED THROUGH EVOLUTIONARY
PROCESSES.
NATURAL SELECTION

4 BASIC PREMISE OF NATURAL SELECTION

1.
2.
3.
4.
3 TYPES OF ADAPTATION
1. STRUCTURAL
2. PHYSIOLOGICAL
3. BEHAVIORAL
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• HIERARCHY OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATIONS.
• EVERY LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION,
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ARE
COORDINATED.
• REDUCTIONISM
• EMERGENT PROPERTIES
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• HIERARCHY OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATIONS.
• EVERY LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION,
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ARE
COORDINATED.
• REDUCTIONISM
• EMERGENT PROPERTIES
THE HIERARCHY OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
1. ATOM
2. MOLECULE
3. MACROMOLECULES
4. ORGANELLES
5. CELL
6. TISSUE
7. ORGAN
8. ORGAN SYSTEM

9. ORGANISM
THE HIERARCHY OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION

1. ORGANISM
2. POPULATION
3. COMMUNITY
4. ECOSYSTEM
5. BIOSPHERE
INFORMATION TRANSFER

• JAMES WATSON AND

FRANCIS CRICK
• GENES – UNITS OF
HEREDITARY MATERIAL
INFORMATION TRANSFER
• DNA MOLECULES CONSISTS
OF TWO CHAINS OF ATOMS
TWISTED TO FORM HELIX.

• EACH CHAIN IS COMPOSED

OF NUCLEOTIDES.

• THERE ARE 5 TYPES OF

NUCLEOTIDES.
• AND EACH SEQUENCE OF 3
NUCLEOTIDES IS PART OF THE
GENETIC CODE.
INFORMATION TRANSFER
5 TYPES OF NUCLEOTIDES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
• RIBOSE
•
•
THE ENERGY OF LIFE

• LIFE DEPENDS ON THE CONTINUOUS

INPUT OF ENERGY COMING FROM
THE SUN.

• METABOLISM IS THE ENERGY

TRANSFORMATIONS AND
CHEMICAL PROCESSES THAT
OCCUR WITHIN AN ORGANISM.
THE ENERGY OF LIFE – THE CYCLE
Primary
Producers
Consumers

Tertiary Secondary
Consumers Consumers