Key objectives in Lighting design

Visual performance
Physiological conditions
Visual quality
ƒ no strong "contrasts"
ƒ good "color rendering"
ƒ adequate "light levels"
ƒ no "disturbing reflections"
ƒ no direct "glare"
 Radio- and photometric quantities
Radiometry vs. Photometry
ƒ absolute (energy)
vs. 1.0

0.9

ƒ V(λ)-dependent (light) 0.8

Relative Efficiency [-]

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Wavelength [nm]

Image by MIT OCW.

 Radio- and photometric quantities
Radiometry vs. Photometry
ƒ absolute (energy)
vs. 1.0

ƒ V(λ)-dependent (light) 1.9

1.8

Relative efficiency [-]

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800

Wavelength (nm)

Image by MIT OCW.

 Radio- and photometric quantities
Four major quantities
ƒ flux
ƒ illuminance
ƒ intensity
ƒ luminance

Image by MIT OCW.

 Radio- and photometric quantities
Flux
ƒ energy / unit of time
ƒ φ in Watts [W] vs. lumen [lm]

Image by MIT OCW.

 Radio- and photometric quantities
Flux
ƒ energy / unit of time
ƒ φ in Watts [W] vs. lumen [lm]
ƒ 683 lumen/Watt at 555 nm : φlum [lm] = 683 • Σ V(λ) • φe [W]
Incandescence Discharge
75 watts 70 watts

very
different
efficacies !

Images by MIT OCW.

1055 lumens 5600 lumens
 Radio- and photometric quantities
Flux
Illuminance
ƒ flux received / unit of surface
ƒ E in [W/m2] vs. [lm/m2] or lux [lx]

∆φ

∆S

Images by MIT OCW.

 Radio- and photometric quantities
Flux
Illuminance
ƒ flux received / unit of surface
ƒ E in [W/m2] vs. [lm/m2] or lux [lx]

Full moon Overcast sky Sunlight

0.01 Lux 8'000 - 20'000 Lux 100'000 Lux

Image by MIT OCW.

 Radio- and photometric quantities
Flux
Illuminance
ƒ flux received / unit of apparent surface (cosine ("Lambert") law)
ƒ E in [W/m2] vs. [lm/m2] or lux [lx]

∆φ
E⊥ =
a ∆S

Eα = E⊥. cos α

Images by MIT OCW.

 Radio- and photometric quantities
Flux
Illuminance
ƒ flux received / unit of apparent surface (cosine ("Lambert") law)
ƒ E in [W/m2] vs. [lm/m2] or lux [lx]
ƒ measurement with lux-meter (illumance-meter)

Requirements Lux Examples

Low 20-70 Circulation, stairs
Moderate 120-185 Entrance, restaurant
Medium 250-375 General tasks
High 500-750 Reading, Writing
Very high > 1000 Precision tasks
 Radio- and photometric quantities
Flux
Illuminance
ƒ flux received / unit of apparent surface (cosine ("Lambert") law)
ƒ E in [W/m2] vs. [lm/m2] or lux [lx]
ƒ measurement with lux-meter (illumance-meter)
ƒ exitance M for emitted flux [lux]
 Radio- and photometric quantities
Flux
Illuminance
Intensity
ƒ flux emitted "in a certain direction"

∆φ

∆Ω

Images by MIT OCW.

 Radio- and photometric quantities
Flux
Illuminance
Intensity
ƒ flux emitted within a certain solid angle

∆A = ∆Ω.d2
∆A
d ∆Ω = 2
d

∆A

∆Ω

Images by MIT OCW.

 Radio- and photometric quantities
Flux
Illuminance
Intensity
ƒ flux emitted within a certain solid angle
ƒ I in [W/sr] vs. [lm/sr] or Candela [Cd]

1 Candela = intensity of one candle

 Radio- and photometric quantities
Flux
Illuminance
Intensity
ƒ flux emitted within a certain solid angle
ƒ I in [W/sr] vs. [lm/sr] or Candela [Cd]
ƒ inverse square law for point source

E = I cos(θ) / d2 d
q

Image by MIT OCW.

 Radio- and photometric quantities
Flux
Illuminance
Intensity
ƒ flux emitted within a certain solid angle
ƒ I in [W/sr] vs. [lm/sr] or Candela [Cd]
ƒ inverse square law for point source 240o 120o

ƒ intensity distribution 270o 90o

100

300o 60
o
200

300

400
o
30o
330

Image by MIT OCW.

 Radio- and photometric quantities
Flux
Illuminance
Intensity
ƒ flux emitted within a certain solid angle
ƒ I in [W/sr] vs. [lm/sr] or Candela [Cd]
ƒ inverse square law for point source 180o
165 o

ƒ intensity distribution
150 o

5
o

13
o
120 o
105
o
30°

90
40

60

75 o
80
100
h = 10 ft d

60 o
120
140
160
180 cd

o
45
180
o
200
30
o
0
o 15

Image by MIT OCW.

 Radio- and photometric quantities
Flux Source Ns

Illuminance ∆φ
θ ∆Ω

Intensity ∆I
∆Ss
Luminance
ƒ flux emitted by apparent
surface in a given direction
ƒ ≈ I/m2 (or M/sr)
ƒ L in [Cd/m2]

Images by MIT OCW.

 Radio- and photometric quantities
Flux
Illuminance
Intensity
Luminance
ƒ flux emitted by apparent
surface in a given direction
ƒ ≈ I/m2 (or M/sr)
ƒ L in [Cd/m2]

Sa S
L = I / Sa
L = I / (S . cos θ) θ
 Radio- and photometric quantities
Flux
Illuminance
Specular Spread Diffuse

Intensity
Luminance
ƒ flux emitted by apparent Diffuse/Specular Specular/Spread Diffuse/Spread

surface in a given direction Image by MIT OCW.

ƒ ≈ I/m2 (or M/sr) Intensity variation Luminance variation

ƒ L in [Cd/m2]

lambertian surface lambertian surface

 Radio- and photometric quantities
Primary sources Cd/m2
Flux • Sun 1 650 000 000
• Incandescent lamp (100 W, bright) 6 000 000
Illuminance • Incandescent lamp (100 W, frosted) 125 000
• Fluorescent tube (40 W, 38 mm) 5000 - 8000
Intensity • Candle 5000
• Computer screen 100-200
Luminance
ƒ flux emitted by apparent
surface in a given direction
ƒ ≈ I/m2 (or M/sr)
ƒ L in [Cd/m2]
 Radio- and photometric quantities
Secondary sources Cd/m2
Flux • Moon 2 500 - 3000
• White paper (ρ = 0.8, E = 400 lux) 100
Illuminance • Grey paper (ρ = 0.4, E = 400 lux) 50
• Black paper (ρ = 0.01, E = 400 lux) 5
Intensity
Minimal luminance perceived: 10-5
Luminance
ƒ flux emitted by apparent
surface in a given direction
ƒ ≈ I/m2 (or M/sr)
ƒ L in [Cd/m2]
 Radio- and photometric quantities
Luminance measurement
ƒ Eye = luminance-meter
 Photometry
Reading assignment from Textbook:
ƒ “Introduction to Architectural Science” by Szokolay: § 2.1

Additional readings relevant to lecture topics:

ƒ "IESNA Lighting Handbook" (9th Ed.): pp. 2-1 to 2-3 + pp. 3-1 to
3-5 + pp. 3-9 to 3-14 + pp. 4-1 to 4-6