Lecture VII

Stress
Reading 1. Introduction to stress;
Reading 2. History of stress research ;
Reading 3. Stress and illness ;
Grammar:Modal verbs and related structures;

1. How To Lower Your Stress Level? - Dr Jordan Peterson

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDGREz47R8g
2. How To Beat Fear And Anxiety | Jordan Peterson | Powerful Life Advice
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bb9g9mtDHZo

Reading 1
We all have stress sometimes. For somepeople, it happens before having to speak inpublic.
For other people, it might be beforea first date. What causes stress for you maynot be
stressful for someone else. Sometimesstress is helpful — it can encourage you tomeet a
deadline or get things done. Butlong-term stress can increase the risk of diseaseslike
depression, heart disease and a varietyof other problems. A stress-related illness called post-
traumaticstress disorder (PTSD) develops after an event like war,physical or sexual assault, or
a natural disaster. If you havechronic stress, the best way to deal with it is to take care of
theunderlying problem.

Skim the text to find the answer to the question: Is there anyrelation between stress and
illness? Can you find the proof inthe text?

DETAIL QUESTIONS
Read the text. Аnswer the following questions.
1) What is stress caused by?-- Chronic illness or injury. Emotional problems (depression,
anxiety, anger, grief, guilt, low self-esteem) Taking care of an elderly or sick family member.
2) How can you cope with stress?
3) What are stressors? Find a definition in the text--- Many sorts of events can be stressors,
including disasterssuch as hurricanes or tornadoes, major life events such asdivorce or the
loss of a job, and daily hassles such as having towait in line at the supermarket when you
need to be somewhereelse in ten minutes.

.
4) How is the name of Sigmund Freud connected with stress?-- Freud’s experienceswith
these patients led him to the conclusion that persons whotended to deal with threatening
psychological material by
repressing emotional reactions or denying the presence of emotionaldisturbance were at risk
for the development of physicalsymptoms

5) What life events can be considered stressful?

Introduction to stress
The belief that stress increases the risk of illness has becomea part of the commonsense
knowledge of today’s culture.Although there is some basis for this assumption, a little
reflectionreveals that there are many ambiguities and inconsistenciesin the relationship
between stress and illness. All of usknow some friends or family members who became ill
afterexperiencing some psychologically distressing event, yet wealso know others who seem
to tolerate high levels of stress withoutbecoming ill. Why is it that some persons seem
resistant toillness in the face of stress, whereas others become ill with relativelylow levels of
stress? Indeed, the more thought we give toquestions about stress and illness, the less clear
the relationshipbetween the two is likely to be. Do all persons experience similarlevels of
stress when faced with the same events, or are theredifferences in how various persons react
to presumably stressfulevents?
Although stress is typically thought of as a reaction to negativeevents, pleasant or positive
events may also lead to stress.A promotion and raise in pay at work may be quite desirable.
However, the adjustments to the new job and changes inlifestyle the increased salary allows
may be stressful. Is stress anenvironmental event, such as marriage or job pressures, or may
stress be better defined by how an individual reacts to events?
Some psychological reactions to life events, such as anxiety anddepression, often include
physical symptoms such as tensionheadache and sleep disorders. If a person is anxious about
thesecurity of his or her job and develops tension headaches, shouldthis be considered as
evidence for an association between stressand illness or is it merely a reflection of the fact
that increasedarousal is a common feature of anxiety and this arousal mayinclude increased
muscle tension?
A great deal of psychological research has been devoted tostudying the stress illness
relationship, and the results of theinvestigations have varied depending upon the answers
givento questions such as the ones just noted. This chapter examinesthe evidence
accumulated to date regarding the relationshipbetween stress and physical illness, with
emphasis on the personalityfactors suggested to be important in determiningwhether or not a
person is likely to experience illness in reactionto stress. Particular attention is given to the
personalitydimension of hardiness. Persons high in hardiness believe thatlife has purpose,
feel a sense of control over events, and viewchange as an opportunity for personal growth.
Hardiness hasbeen proposed as one of the major personality resources thatmay reduce the
probability of illness in response to stress.
GRAMMAR CHECK
1. Read the passage and underline all modal verbs. Explainwhat each of them expresses.
According to psychologists, different life events can be ratedaccording to the amount of
stress they are likely to cause. Anyevent — negative or positive — that causes a significant
changein your everyday life may be stressful. An important influenceon people’s ability to
cope with stressful situations is the degreeof control they feel they can exercise over the
situation. Bothanimals and humans have been found to cope better with painfulor
threatening stimuli when they feel that they can exercisesome degree of control rather than
being passive and helplessvictims. Such a sense of control can help minimize the
negativeconsequences of stress, both psychological and physical.
In onewell-known experiment, a researcher administered electricshocks to pairs of rats. In
each pair, one of the two animals wasgiven a degree of control over the situation; it could
reachthrough a hole in the cage and press a panel that would turn offthe shock both for itself
and for its partner. Thus, the two ratsreceived exactly the same number of shocks, but one
was passiveand helpless, and the other was in control. After a continuous21-hour session, the
animals were examined for ulcers.Those rats who could exert control had much less
ulcerationthan their helpless partners.The ability to control painful stimuli often benefits
humans,too. For example, the loud music coming from your stereo isprobably not stressful;
in fact, it’s quite enjoyable. But thesame music coming from the place next door can be
terribly irritating and stressful. Merely knowing that one can controla noise makes it less
bothersome. That’s one reason why yourblaring stereo does not bother you — you know you
can alwaysturn it off.

2. Paraphrase the following sentences avoiding might wherepossible.

1) Monolingual children perhaps might be introduced to a newlanguage gradually.
2) Some families perhaps might start with the second languagewhen the first one is firmly
established.
3) To learn a new language youmight label objects in your home,such as door, table, and
shelf.
4) Special English learning support programs for non-Englishspeaking children at school age
might be attended.
5) The more opportunities your child has to practise a languagethe faster this language might
be learnt.
6) For instance,when you go to the shops or on a walk,when travellingin the car or brushing
teeth, you might use the familylanguage to tell certain stories or speak about certain topics.
7) The child might learn how adults communicate while listeningto communication between
same language speakers.
8) The voice is generally louder than normal at this level, butshouting or raising the voice
might have the effect of reducingthe social distance to a personal distance.
9) In rats, certain stressors, such as painful tail_pulling, mightconsistently lead to the same
sorts of stress reactions.
1) ერთენოვანი ბავშვები შეიძლება თანდათანობით გაეცნონ ახალენოვან ბავშვებს.
2) ზოგიერთმა ოჯახმა შეიძლება დაიწყოს მეორე ენაზე საუბარი როდესაც პირველი
მტკიცედ ეცოდინენა
3) ისწავლეთ ახალი ენა, რომლითაც თქვენს სახლში უნდა მონიშნოთ საგნები,
როგორიცაა კარი, მაგიდა და თარო.
4) ინგლისურენოვანი ბავშვებისთვის ინგლისურენოვანი სწავლების სპეციალური
პროგრამები შეიძლება დაესწროს სკოლის ასაკში.
5) რაც უფრო მეტ შესაძლებლობას აძლევს თქვენს შვილს ენის პრაქტიკაში, მით
უფრო სწრაფად შეიძლება ისწავლოს ეს ენა.
6) მაგალითად, როდესაც მაღაზიებში მიდიხართ ან სასეირნოდ მიდიხართ, მანქანაში
მოგზაურობისას ან კბილების გახეხვისას, შეგიძლიათ გამოიყენოთ საოჯახო ენა
გარკვეულ ამბებზე ან გარკვეულ თემებზე სასაუბროდ.
7) ბავშვმა შეიძლება გაიგოს, თუ როგორ ურთიერთობენ მოზარდები ერთსა და იმავე
ენაზე მოსაუბრეებს შორის კომუნიკაციისას
8) ხმა ჩვეულებრივზე უფრო მაღალია ვიდრე ნორმალური ამ დონეზე, მაგრამ
შეძახილმა ან ხმამაღალმა შეიძლება გამოიწვიოს სოციალური დაშორების პირად
დისტანციამდე შემცირების შედეგი.
9) ვირთხებში გარკვეული სტრესორები, როგორიცაა მტკივნეული კუდის მოწევა,
შეიძლება თანმიმდევრულად გამოიწვიოს იგივე სახის სტრესული რეაქციებ
3. Translate the following into English.

TALKING POINTS
5. Arrange your ideas about causes and effects ofstress using the spider web and explain your
ideas. Discuss your spider web with your partner.

VOCABULARY CHECK
6. Here are some important words from this Reading. Doyou understand all of these words?
Talk about the meaningof these words with your partner. See if you can usethem in the
sentences of your own.If you know all the words, continue to Reading 2.

Anxiety, ambiguity, presumably, distressing,commonsense, resistant, desirable,

tension, arousal,accumulation, hardiness, probability

BUILDING VOCABULARY
4. The following words can be classified into cause and effectchart.
Adjustment to a new job, negative events, pleasant event,
changes of lifestyle, tension, anxiety, depression, headache,
 sleep disorder, illness, marriage, raise in pay, job pressure,
promotion, upset stomach, heartburn, anger, irritability,
stomach ache, muscular problems, breakdown
Cause of stress:
Effect of stress:

Stress
Reading 2
Skim the Reading to find the answer to the question: Is thattrue that a person might become
blind after witnessing a traumaticevent?

History of stress research

The suggestion that personality may be an important determinerof physical symptoms that
develop as a person attemptsto cope with life events has exerted a significant force on
psychologicaland psychiatric thinking during the twentieth century.
Sigmund Freud was trained as a physician, and his experiencetreating patients suffering from
physical disorders withlittle or no apparent physical cause played a major role in the
development of psychoanalytic theory. Freud’s experienceswith these patients led him to the
conclusion that persons whotended to deal with threatening psychological material by
repressing emotional reactions or denying the presence of emotionaldisturbance were at risk
for the development of physicalsymptoms. Repressed psychological distress, particularly
distressrelated to sexuality, appeared in the form of physical symptomsthrough the defense
mechanism of conversion.
According to Freud, conversion operates by converting psychologicaldistress into a physical
symptom, and the symptomprovides a clue to the nature of the psychological conflict. For
example, a person might become blind after witnessing a traumaticevent such as a serious
accident in which his or her lovedones died. By becoming blind, the person indirectly
expressesthe distress the accident caused, as if he or she were saying,“I cannot bear to see if I
must see people die.” At the same time,the blindness allows the person to avoid psychological
distressabout death, as the focus of attention shifts away from feelingsabout the accident and
the loss of loved ones to feelings aboutlevels of gastric acid secretion in reaction to
psychological conflictsregarding dependence upon others.
Diabetes was also suggestedto be related to frustrated wishes for dependence, but it isnow
recognized that psychological difficulties may be a consequencerather than a cause of
diabetes. The relationship betweenhypertension and anger is probably the best supported of
thepsychosomatic hypotheses. High blood pressure is a risk factorfor heart disease, and
hostility and anger can be related to thedevelopment of heart disease. On balance, it appears
that the
relationship between personality and illness is not as specific ordirect as early psychosomatic
theory suggested.As the search for specific personality factors related to specificdiseases
declined, attention turned toward a more generalizedconception of stress as a precursor of
illness. Current conceptualizationsof conversion disorders do not emphasize the converting
of psychological conflict into physical symptoms, butinstead stress the fact that the physical
symptoms allow a personto escape a stressful situation without having to acknowledge
responsibility for doing so. Research into the stress-illnessrelationship has been complicated
by several factors, includingsuch basic issues as how stress should be defined and how illness
should be measured.

GRAMMAR CHECK
1. Read the text again and mark sentences with modalverbs may, can, might, should, would,
could. Translatethem and explain the meaning of each modal verb.
2. Translate these sentences paying attention to modalverbs.
1) Hearing loss may be ranked as mild, moderate, severe orprofound.
2) The quietest sound you can hear at different frequenciesreflects your ability to hear at
different frequencies.
3) The range of normal human hearing is so great that theaudiogram must be plotted using a
logarithmic scale.
4) One can infer a standardized “percentage of hearing loss”which is suitable for legal
purposes only.
5) In children, hearing loss can lead to social isolation for severalreasons.
6) A deaf child should learn how to use sign language and toread lips.
7) A child who has a severe impairment may be rejected by hisor her hearing peers.
8) This can result in a deaf person becoming generally irritable.
9) Remember that any graphic material carries importantinformation and must be studied
carefully, just like the textitself.
10) The FM system can easily operate in many environmentswith battery power.

BUILDING VOCABULARY
3. Guessing meaning from context.
Although there may be many words in a text that you do notknow, you do not want to
continually stop and look up words inthe dictionary. It is often possible to get a general idea
of themeaning of a word or phrase (and that is all you really need inorder to continue
reading) by looking at its full context. Thismeans that your eyes may have to travel back to
the sentencesthat come before the word/phrase or forward to the sentence or
sentences that follow it.
Read the following passages and use the context to work outwhat probably mean.
Many sorts of events can be stressors, including disasterssuch as hurricanes or tornadoes,
major life events such asdivorce or the loss of a job, and daily hassles such as having towait in
line at the supermarket when you need to be somewhereelse in ten minutes. What all these
events have in common isthat they interfere with or threaten our accustomed way of life.
A researcher has proposed that both human and other animalsreact to any stressor in three
stages, collectively known asthe general adaptation syndrome. The first stage, when the
personor animal first becomes aware of the stressor, is the alarmreaction. In this stage, the
organism becomes highly alert andaroused, energized by a burst of epinephrine.
Whether a particular stimulus will be stressful depends onthe person’s subjective appraisal of
that stimulus. How threateningis it? How well have I handled this sort of thing in thepast?
How well will I be able to handle it this time? For oneperson, being called upon to give a talk
in front of a class is ahighly stressful stimulus that will immediately produce suchelements of
an alarm reaction as a pounding heart and a drymouth.

SYNОNYMS АND ANTОNYMS

4. Learning a large number of words relating to a specifictopic makes reading on that topic
much easier. Knowingsynonyms and antonyms is one way to build a topic-basedvocabulary.
The following health-related words occur in the text above.
Find five pairs of near synonyms and two pairs of nearantonyms.

A disease, an ache, to be anxious, to suffer from,

pressure, an illness, a pain, harmful, to be depressed,
stress, to be sick, helpful, to feel well, to be afflicted with
Synonyms
1) … is similar in meaning to … .
2) … is similar in meaning to … .
3) … is similar in meaning to … .
4) … is similar in meaning to … .
5) … is similar in meaning to … .

Аntonyms
6) … is nearly opposite in meaning to … .
7) … is nearly opposite in meaning to … .

If you want to know more about stress, go to EXTENSIONACTIVITIES AND

BRAINTEASERS, read the texts and dothe tests (Аctivities for Chapter 4).
VOCABULARY CHECK
5. Here are some important words from this Reading. Doyou understand all of these words?
Talk about the meaningof these words with your partner. See if you can usethem in the
sentences of your own.If you know all the words, continue to Reading 3.

Reading 3
Skim the Reading to find the answers to the questions below.
1) Is there a relation between stress and illness? Can you findproof in the text?
2) Does stress cause diseases or is caused by them?-- 2Other diseases that can result at least
in part fromstress include arthritis, asthma, migraine headaches, and ulcers.

3) What does GAS stand for? What are three stages of theadjusting to stress process?--
Seyle has proposedthat both humans and other animals react to any
stressor inthree stages. These physical changes were identified by
Seyle asthe General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), a three_stage
processrepresenting the attempts of the body to cope with
thedemands of adjusting to change
4) What is a stressor? Can you find any examples in the text?--- Many sorts of events can be
stressors, including disasterssuch as hurricanes or tornadoes, major life events such asdivorce
or the loss of a job, and daily hassles such as having towait in line at the supermarket when
you need to be somewhereelse in ten minutes.

Distressing, resistant, adjustment, anxiety, response, threatening stimuli, victim,

irritating, bothersome, conversion, conceptualization, disorder, responsibility,
illness, disease;
A disease, an ache, to be anxious, to suffer from, pressure, an illness, a pain,
harmful, to be depressed, stress, to be sick, helpful, to feel well, to be afflicted
wit
Here we are talking aboutStress and illness
In many stressful situations, the body’s responses canimprove our performance — we
become more energetic, morealert, better able to take effective action. But when stress is
encountered continually, the body’s reactions are more likely tobe harmful than helpful to
us. As will be seen later in this unit,the continual speeding up of bodily reactions and the
productionof stress-related hormones seem to make people more susceptibleto heart disease.
And stress reactions can reduce thedisease-fighting effectiveness of the body’s immune
system,thereby increasing susceptibility to illnesses ranging from coldsto cancer . 2Other
diseases that can result at least in part fromstress include arthritis, asthma, migraine
headaches, and ulcers.
Workers who experience the greatest degree of job pressureshave been found to be especially
likely to suffer from a largenumber of illnesses. Moreover, many studies have shown
thatpeople who have experienced major changes in their lives are atunusually high risk for a
variety of illnesses.
Many sorts of events can be stressors, including disasterssuch as hurricanes or tornadoes,
major life events such asdivorce or the loss of a job, and daily hassles such as having towait in
line at the supermarket when you need to be somewhereelse in ten minutes. What all these
events have in common isthat they interfere with or threaten our accustomed way of life.
The Canadian physiologist Hans Seyle has been the mostinfluential researcher and writer on
stress. 3.Seyle
has proposedthat both humans and other animals react to
any stressor inthree stages. These physical changes were identified by
Seyle asthe General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), a three_stage
processrepresenting the attempts of the body to cope with
thedemands of adjusting to change. In the alarm stage of the GASthe body
mobilizes its resources to combat the stressor. Theouter layer, or cortex, of the adrenal glands
enlarge and becomehyperactive, the thymus and lymph nodes shrink, and bleedingulcers
may appear in the stomach and upper intestines. If thestressor continues to assault the body
and the organism survives,the body enters the second, or resistance, stage of theGAS. During
resistance physiological reactions stabilize as thebody attempts to adapt to the stressor. The
resistance stage is inmany ways the opposite of the alarm stage. The adrenal cortexshrinks
and lymph nodes return to normal size. However, theorganism is also more sensitive to
stressors as physiologicalarousal remains high. If this high level of arousal continues,bodily
resources are eventually depleted and the exhaustionstage of the GAS is entered. The
organism becomes fatigued andless able to deal with stressors. All of us cycle through the
alarmand resistance stages repeatedly throughout life as we attemptto deal with commonly
encountered stressors. However, theexhaustion phase is entered only when stressors are
unremitting,uncontrollable, and/or extremely intense.
As an example of stress-induced illness, take the case ofstomach ulcers, small lesions in the
stomach wall that afflict oneout of twenty people at some point in their lives. Ulcers are a
common disorder among people who work in occupations thatmake heavy psychological
demands, from assembly-line workersto air-traffic controllers. In many cases, stress is the
culprit.
Stress leads to increased secretion of hydrochloric acid in thestomach. Hydrochloric acid
normally helps to break downfoods during digestion, but in excess amounts it can eat away
atthe stomach lining, producing ulcers.
Stress may also contribute to disease in less direct ways, byinfluencing moods and behavior.
People under stress may becomeanxious or depressed and as a resultmay eat toomuch or too
little,have sleep difficulties, smoke or drink more, or fail to exercise.These behavioral
changesmay, in turn, be harmful to their health.
In addition, people are more likely to pay attention to certainbodily sensations, such as aches
and pains, when they are understress and to decide that they are “sick.” If the person were
notunder stress, the same bodily sensations might not be perceivedas symptoms and the
person might continue to feel “well.” Someresearchers have suggested that assuming the role
of a “sick person”is one way in which certain people try to cope with stress.
Instead of dealing with the stressful situation directly, thesepeople fall sick. After all, it is
often more acceptable in our societyto be sick and to seek medical help than it is to admit
thatone cannot cope with the stresses of life.

1. Translate the following into English.

SUMMARIZING
1.When you summarize, you look at the whole text and reduceit to a few sentences.
The first sentence of a summary should express the overallmessage of the text — the main
idea. The remaining sentencesshould present the most important ideas in the text.Agood
summary need not include details or supporting evidence forthe main ideas.

2. The sentences that follow provide a detailed summary ofStress and illness in jumbled
order. Number them in thecorrect order.

1) Those who are going through a divorce, or people withstressful jobs, such as air_traffic
controllers, are in particulardanger.
2) Stressmay also indirectly affect your health, since people whoare under stress often engage
in activities that are harmful.
3) Researchers have found that people who experience a greatdeal of stress in their daily lives
or in their jobs are more likelyto get sick.
4) They may overeat or not eat enough, smoke too much, drinktoo much alcohol, and not
sleep well.
5) Such bodily reactions to stress can lead to illnesses rangingfrom the common cold, to
headaches, arthritis, ulcers, andeven cancer.
6) Stress, it seems, can cause the immune system not to functionwell and can cause harmful
reactions such as an increasein acidic secretions in the stomach.

3. The summary you have created by reordering the six sentencescontains too much detail.
Find the three leastimportant sentences and delete them. Write out theremaining three to
produce a well-written, clear, and concisesummary.

VOCABULARY CHECK
4. Knowing synonyms and antonyms is one way to build atopic_based vocabulary. The
following are health_relatedwords. Find five pairs of near synonyms and two pairs of
near antonyms.

5. Are you easily stressed out? Аnswer the questions of thequestionnaire below to find it
out.TEST
1. You always carry an expensive, brown briefcase. You are onthe bus, and the man who is
sitting next to you keeps lookingat your briefcase. Finally, he says that your briefcase isthe
one that he lost on the bus last week. You:
a) get nervous.
b) get angry and tell him the briefcase is yours.
c) don’t listen to him and continue reading.
d) tell him that maybe his briefcase is in the lost and found.
2. You are alone in an elevator that has stopped between floors.
You:
a) begin to shout for help.
A disease, to be anxious, pressure, a pain, an ache,
be depressed, stress, to suffer from, to be sick, helpful,
an illness, to feel well, harmful, to be afflicted with
b) feel very nervous and frightened.
c) ring the alarm and calmly wait for help.
d) read the newspaper you have in your briefcase.

3. You are going on vacation with your family on Saturday. OnFriday morning, an executive
who is very important asksyou to start work on a new project right away. She says thatyou
can go on vacation next month. You:
a) laugh nervously.
b) feel anxious, but finally agree.
c) politely refuse and tell why.
d) suggest that you can start the project after your trip.

4. You have a friend who wants to borrow some money. Healways pays it back, but it takes a
long time. Today he needsthirty dollars, but you want to use this money to buy a birthday
present for another friend. You:
a) get really upset and tell him to find the money some placeelse.
b) lend him the money and disappoint your other friend.
c) explain why you can’t lend him the money.
d) offer to help him learn to use his money more carefully.

5. You are returning from a trip abroad. You have brought eightSwiss watches with you. The
customs officer who is checkingyour baggage has just told you that the limit is two
watches. You:
a) begin to get upset.
b) say that you are very, very sorry,
c) calmly admit that you have brought in too many watches.
d) smile and tell him that you didn’t know that the limit wastwo watches.

Count 1 point for every a or b answer you did not circle and1 point for every с or d answer
you did circle. Then find yourscore in the chart.
16—20 — You handle stress better than most people. You staycalm in situations that make
people very nervous.
11—15 — You are a person who sometimes feels stress, but notvery often.
6—10 — Situations that cause stress are frequent in your life.You should try to relax a little!
0—5 — You feel stressed out too often! You should learn howto calm down from people who
know how to handlestress.

VOCABULARY CHECK
6. Match the words and their meanings.
1) to handle a) afraid
2) frightened b) to control
3) anxious c) to make someone feel sad
4) to suggest d) nervous
5) to disappoint e) the most you can have
6) limit f) to say an idea
7) to calm down g) to stop being nervous

TALKING POINTS
8. Discuss the following with your partner.How can I deal with stress?
Although you can’t always control the things thatare stressing you out, you can control how
youreact to them. The way you feel about things results from theway you think about things.
If you change how you think, youcan change the way you feel. Try some of these tips to
copewith your stress:

Make a list of the things that are causing your stress. Thinkabout your friends, family, school
and other activities. Acceptthat you can’t control everything on your list.
Take control of what you can. For example, if you’re workingtoo many hours and you don’t
have time to study enough,you may need to cut back your work hours.

Give yourself a break. Remember that you can’t makeeveryone in your life happy all the
time. And it’s okay to makemistakes now and then.

Don’t commit yourself to things you can’t do or don’t wantto dо. If you’re already too busy,
don’t promise to decorate forthe school dance. If you’re tired and don’t want to go out, tell
your friends you’ll go another night.

Find someone to talk tо. Talking to your friends or familycan help because it gives you a
chance to express your feelings.However, problems in your social life or family can be the
hardest to talk about. If you feel like you can’t talk to yourfamily or a friend, talk to someone
outside the situation. Thiscould be your school counsellor or your family doctor.

Describe something that you do to reduce stress. Explainwhy it is helpful. Include details and
examples to supportyour answer. You might want to follow the example of an
essay in EXTENSION ACTIVITIES AND BRAINTEASERS
(Аctivities for Chapter 4).

HOMEWORK: VII

1.Comprehension of the given texts;

2.Read and analyze the text “Stress and illness”; (reading 3)ex.pp10-12;
3. Vocabulary; Paraphrase 3 words;
4. Activities from lecture VII;
5. pp 5-6 Translate the sentences and the text with the words in bold;
6. Grammar Review;
7. Discuss one of the Podcasts;