Engineering Mathematics-II

Dr. Umber Sheikh

 Introduction to Ordinary Differential
Equations (ODEs)
◼ Modeling
◼ How to Model a Problem?

Slide number 2
 Modeling

Slide number 3
 How to Model a Problem?

The number of rabbits in a population increases at a rate that is

proportional to the number of rabbits present (at least for awhile.)

So does any population of living creatures. Other things that increase

or decrease at a rate proportional to the amount present include
radioactive material and money in an interest-bearing account.

If the rate of change is proportional to the amount present, the

change can be modeled by:
dy
= ky
dt
Slide number 4 →
 dy
= ky Rate of change is proportional to the
amount present.
dt
1
dy = k dt Divide both sides by y.
y
1
 y dy =  k dt Integrate both sides.

ln y = kt + C
Slide number 5 →
 1
 y dy =  k dt Integrate both sides.

ln y = kt + C

kt + C
=e
ln y Exponentiate both sides.
e
When multiplying like bases, add
y = e e C kt
exponents. So added exponents can be
written as multiplication.

Slide number 6 →
 Exponentiate both sides.
kt + C
=e
ln y
e
When multiplying like bases, add
y = e e C kt exponents. So added exponents can be
written as multiplication.

y = e e C kt

y = Ae kt
Since e
C is a constant, let
e =. A
C

Slide number 7 →
 y = e e
C kt

y = Ae kt
Since e C is a constant, let
e =. A
C

k 0
y0 = Ae At t = 0, y =. y0

y0 = A

y = y0 e kt This is the solution to our original initial value

problem.

Slide number 8 →
 dy
So if we start with:
= ky
dt
We end with: y = y0 e kt

Slide number 9 →
Slide number 10