Army Institute of Business Administration (Army

IBA).
Savar Cantonment, Dhaka-1344.

Course Kit: Business Statistics (BUS 5204)

Term Paper on

A Statistical Univariate Analysis of The General Response of

Local People to Vaccination ( Covid-19 In Bangladesh).

Prepared for

Md. Afzal Hossain

Assistant Professor

Army Institute of Business Administration (Army IBA), Savar Cantonment.

(Affiliated Institute of Bangladesh University of Professionals)

Prepared by

Mustakin Hossain (ID: 12131004)

Md. Ziaur Rahman (ID: 12131007)

Md. Yousuf Ali (ID: 12131013)

Esrat jahan (ID: 12131021)

EMBA 1
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

July 25, 2021

Md. Afzal Hossain
Assistant Professor
Army Institute of Business Administration (Army IBA), Savar Cantonment.
Dear Sir,
Subject: Submission of Term Paper

With due respect, we are here to submit the following report on “A Statistical Univariate Analysis of The
General Response of Local People to Vaccination ( Covid-19 In Bangladesh).” to you. This is prepared as
per the requirement of the course: Business Statistic (BUS 5204) of Executive MBA -01.
We have given all of our sincere effort in the preparation of this Term Paper and will appreciate if you suggest
for any kind of rectification.

Sincerely yours,
Mustakin Hossain (ID: 12131004)
Md. Ziaur Rahman (ID: 12131007)
Md. Yousuf Ali (ID: 12131013)
Esrat jahan (ID: 12131021)
EMBA 1

Abstract

This research paper based on general response Covid-19 Vaccination. Coronaviruses are a type of virus. A
coronavirus identified in 2019, SARS-CoV-2, has caused a pandemic of respiratory illness, called COVID-19.
There are many different kinds, and some cause disease. The first case of COVID-19 was reported Dec. 1,
2019, and the cause was a then-new coronavirus later named SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 may have
originated in an animal and changed so it could cause illness in humans. In the past, several infectious disease
outbreaks have been traced to viruses originating in birds, pigs, bats and other animals that mutated to become
dangerous to humans. Research continues, and more study may reveal how and why the coronavirus evolved
to cause pandemic disease.
COVID-19 a very harmful virus. It can be severe, and has caused millions of deaths around the world as well
as lasting health problems in some who have survived the illness.
The coronavirus can be spread from person to person. It is diagnosed with a laboratory test.

1. Introduction

As of now, researchers know that the coronavirus is spread through droplets and virus particles released into
the air when an infected person breathes, talks, laughs, sings coughs or sneezes. Larger droplets may fall to
the ground in a few seconds, but tiny infectious particles can linger in the air and accumulate in indoor places,
especially where many people are gathered and there is poor ventilation. This is why mask-wearing, hand
hygiene and physical distancing are essential to preventing COVID-19.

In Bangladesh, from 3 January 2020 to 25 July 2021, there have been 1,153,344 confirmed cases of COVID-
19 with 19,046 deaths and recovered 988,339 reported to WHO. As of 13 July 2021, a total of 10,554,425
vaccine doses have been administered.

“As Bangladesh must need a new supply of vaccines by early August, it will be challenging for the country to
meet the need by this short time,” Have warned of the effectiveness of different brands on the same person.

“If Bangladesh is finally able to get vaccines from alternative sources, it means that a huge number of people
who have already taken the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine as a first dose have to take the second dose from
another brand,”
“So far I know till the date there is no study about the effectiveness of cross-massing vaccines in a single
person,”
Adding that without any concrete study, it would not be wise to inoculate one person with different brands.
Underlining the accepted three-month (maximum) timeframe for taking a second dose, “If the government
fails to get vaccines timely, there is a risk that a huge number of people will have to take the second dose
late.”
The government has decided to administer Covid vaccine to all citizens above 18 years of age for extending
the vaccination coverage and keeping educational activities unhindered, health minister Zahid Maleque said
on Saturday 24th July’21 .

The Information and Communication Technology Division has been instructed for taking measures to
facilitate registration for all citizens aged above 18 years through Surokkha app, controlled by the
government, by lowering the minimum age of registration from 30 years, he said.

The government now has a stock of over one crore doses of Covid vaccines, said the minister at a function
organised by the Bangladesh Private Medical College Association in the capital.
Bangladesh on Saturday received from Japan 2.45 lakh doses of Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine, produced by
the country, as gift.

1,91,780 more people registered themselves for Covid vaccination across the country, taking the total number
of registrants to about 1.18 crore since the launch of the campaign in February, according to the Directorate
General of Health Services.

Related Coverage:
› Bangladesh to get 2.45 lakh AstraZeneca vaccines from Japan Saturday
› Japan to provide 11m doses of AstraZeneca vaccine to 15 countries
› Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine reduces infection rate, death risk: study
Among them, about 72 lakh people have received the first jab and over 43 lakh got both doses as a total of
about 1.15 crore doses have been administered across the country, according to the DGHS.

In an effort to diversify the sources of vaccine procurement, the Bangladesh government has so far approved
seven vaccines — Indian Covishield, also known as Oxford-AstraZeneca, Moderna of the United States,
Sinopharm and Coronavac/ Sinovac of China, Sputnik V of Russia, Comirnaty of Pfizer of the United States
and Janssen of Belgium.

1.1 Objectives,
 To analyze the reasons behind the General Response of Local People to Vaccination ( Covid-19
In Bangladesh)..
 To determine the Peoples perceptive regarding Vaccination pattern in differences ways.
 To ensure 100% Vaccination all the people in Bangladesh.
 Provide to gate her/him vaccine to any kind of people where it is.

1.2 Justification

In this research, the main justification is identifying the issues on vaccination pattern difference of
people and knowing the perceptions of vaccination what they think from their side on this topic.

1.3. Scope

It is a psychological matter of perception of human behavior that brings the vaccination pattern to different
type of people. We can motivate the people in vaccination. Bangladeshi adults: Understanding the strategies to
optimize vaccination coverage

As a result, this study has a very large scope to work. Some scopes are given below:

• We can understand the changes that occur in vaccination by the populations.

• We can increase the perception in people of society about vaccination with the opposite gender & age.

1.4. Literature Review

In Bangladesh Situation of Covid-19 update on 25th July, 2021

Total Infected 11,64,635

New infected 1,291
Total Death 19,274
New Death 228
 Total Recovery 9,98,923
New Recovery 10,584
Under treatment 1,46,438
Total Test 74,55,281
Mortality 1.65 (%)
We have seen the above table situation on 25th July, 2021 the covid-19 update. In this circumstance
Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way of protecting people against harmful diseases, before they
come into contact with us. It uses ours body’s natural defenses to build resistance to specific infections and
makes ours immune system stronger. Vaccines train ours r immune system to create antibodies, just as it does
when it’s exposed to a disease. However, because vaccines contain only killed or weakened forms of germs
like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at risk of its complications.
Most vaccines are given by an injection, but some are given orally (by mouth) or sprayed into the nose.
Vaccines reduce risks of getting a disease by working with our body’s natural defenses to build protection.
When we get a vaccine, our immune system responds. It:
• Recognizes the invading germ, such as the virus or bacteria.
• Produces antibodies. Antibodies are proteins produced naturally by the immune system to fight
disease.
• Remembers the disease and how to fight it. If you are then exposed to the germ in the future, your
immune system can quickly destroy it before you become unwell.

The vaccine is therefore a safe and clever way to produce an immune response in the body, without causing
illness.

Our immune systems are designed to remember. Once exposed to one or more doses of a vaccine, we
typically remain protected against a disease for years, decades or even a lifetime. This is what makes vaccines
so effective. Rather than treating a disease after it occurs, vaccines prevent us in the first instance from getting
sick.

When a person gets vaccinated against a disease, their risk of infection is also reduced – so they’re also less
likely to transmit the virus or bacteria to others. As more people in a community get vaccinated, fewer people
remain vulnerable, and there is less possibility for an infected person to pass the pathogen on to another
person. Lowering the possibility for a pathogen to circulate in the community protects those who cannot be
vaccinated (due to health conditions, like allergies, or their age) from the disease targeted by the vaccine.

'Herd immunity', also known as 'population immunity', is the indirect protection from an infectious disease
that happens when immunity develops in a population either through vaccination or through previous
infection. Herd immunity does not mean unvaccinated or individuals who have not previously been infected
are themselves immune. Instead, herd immunity exists when individuals who are not immune, but live in a
community with a high proportion of immunity, have a reduced risk of disease as compared to non-immune
individuals living in a community with a small proportion of immunity.
WHO supports achieving 'herd immunity' through vaccination, not by allowing a disease to spread through a
population, as this would result in unnecessary cases and deaths.
For COVID-19, a new disease causing a global pandemic, many vaccines are in development and some are in
the early phase of rollout, having demonstrated safety and efficacy against disease. The proportion of the
population that must be vaccinated against COVID-19 to begin inducing herd immunity is not known. This is
an important area of research and will likely vary according to the community, the vaccine, the populations
prioritized for vaccination, and other factors.
Herd immunity is an important attribute of vaccines against.
In today’s world, infectious diseases can easily cross borders, and infect anyone who is not protected
Two key reasons to get vaccinated are to protect ourselves and to protect those around us. Because not
everyone can be vaccinated – including very young babies, those who are seriously ill or have certain allergies
– they depend on others being vaccinated to ensure they are also safe from vaccine-preventable diseases.

2. Methodology
 Although the approved COVID-19 vaccine has been shown to be safe and effective, mass vaccination
in Bangladeshi people remains a challenge. As a vaccination effort, the study provided empirical
evidence on willingness to vaccinate by sociodemographic, clinical and regional differences in
Bangladeshi adults.
This cross-sectional analysis from a household survey of 3646 adults aged 18 years or older was
conducted in 8 districts of Bangladesh, from December 12, 2020, to January 7, 2021. Multinomial
regression examined the impact of socio-demographic, clinical and healthcare-related factors on
hesitancy and reluctance of vaccination for COVID-19.
2.1. Method of Data Collection
a. Primary Data: Covid-19 is a worldwide issue. In this pandemic situation it difficult to Survey
questionnaires collects the data in a short time.
b. Secondary Data: Website journal, Publications, and books.

2.2 Sample Size

Collected 25 days convenient samples because of limitations of time and budget.
2.3 Study Area
Populations of Bangladesh
2.4 Limitations
 Here some data confidential issues in the research paper which we did not provide.
 For, the Time duration we cannot manage proper time for work.
 Unavailable data into secondary sources if we get some more data the research paper quality increases
more.

3. Data analysis and Result Interpretation

Of the 4600 households sampled across the 8 districts, 637 were excluded because the head of the
household did not consent. An additional 142 households were excluded because no persons were
eligible from the household to be included in the study during the study period. Finally, in our
analysis, we had 3646 samples, giving a 79.3% response rate. A thorough calculation of the response
rate is given in the S1 Appendix in S1 File.

Table 1: Sample allocation across 8 districts of Bangladesh

Region District Target Respondents
participants
City Dhaka 800 626
India
Rang pur City Chattogram 800 641
Dinajpur
Rural
Semi-urban and Rural
City and urban slum Rural Jamalpur 500 388
Jamalpur

Upazil Rangpur 500 413

a and
Rajs hahi Rural
Upazil Dinajpur 500 406
India India a and
Rural
Dhaka
Upazil Rajshahi 500 391
a and
Rural
Khulna Upazil Khulna 500 383
a and
Piro jpur Rural
Chotto gram Rural Pirojpur 500 398

Total 4600 3646

Bay o f Be ng al

Response rate 79.3%.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250495.t003
Sample Table 2 allocated the age wise frequency limit.
Age Interval Frequency
¿=30 1456
31-40 1006
41-50 512
51-60 405
60+ 267

Table 3 Analysis from the data of Unwilling, Uncertain & Intended.

Variable Unwilling to vaccinate Uncertain to vaccinated Intended to Vaccinated Total
21-30 118 242 1096 1456
31-40 76 170 760 1006
41-50 36 66 410 512
51-60 42 74 288 404
60-70 39 64 164 267
Total / % N-311, 8.5% N=617, 17% N=2718, 74.5% N=3646, 100%
A total of 3646 respondents were interviewed, and their sociodemographic characteristics are given in Table
1. 1456 of 3645 respondents were under 30 years of age. Also, 1006 of the 3645 respondents were between
31–40 years of age, and another 916 were between the age-group of 41–60 years. Also, 267 of respondents
were in the older age category of 60+ years.

Table 4 Mean, Median & Mode for Unwilling to vaccinate

Class Interval Mid-Point Mi Frequency Fi FiMi Cumulative frequency
21-30 25 118 2950 118
31-40 35 76 2660 194
41-50 45 36 1620 230
51-60 55 42 2310 272
61-70 65 39 2535 311
N=311 n

∑ f i mi=12085
i−1

Mean: We know that

∑ f i mi = 12085 = 38.85
μ= i−1 311
N

n+1 311+1 312

Median: We know that M = L1 +¿ Where m = = = =156 , f=76, L1=31,
2 2 2
40−31
M= 31+ X (156−118) L2=40, c=118
76
M= 35.5

Mode: We know that M= L1 +¿ Where: maximum Frequency 118,

118−0
M= 21+ x 10 So, L1=21, L2=30, f1=118, f2=76, f0=0
2.118−0−76
M= 28.38
 IX. Identify the correspondence weaknesses.

X. Apply your learning to suggest improvements.

XI. Conclusion and recommendations