LIFE AND WORK OF RIZAL

THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY

19th century world of Jose RIzal

Nationalism
- is a sense of loyalty or psychological attachment that
members of a nation share, based on a common language, history, culture, and desire for independence.
-It is a feeling that drives a people together as a
nation. It is love of country expressed in devotion to and advocacy of national interest and independence.
The growth of nationalism can be attributed to two major revolutions of the earlier century;
1. American Revolution of 1776
2. French Revolution of 1789

Administrative Organization
Spain established a centralized colonial government that was composed of a NATIONAL GOVERNMENT and
the LOCAL GOVERNMENT that administered provinces, towns, cities and municipalities
Spanish Crown(The Monarchy of Spain) through Ministry of Colonies

Executive Branch
Governor-General(Gobernador y Capitán General)
Salary: 40,000 pesos

Governor-generalas the Chief Executive of the colonial government

Qualification:
Must be a peninsulares or a Spaniard born in Spain

Governor-generalas the Chief Executive of the colonial government

Qualification:
Must be a peninsulares or a Spaniard born in Spain

Provincial Government
Alcaldias (Provinces)
Head: Alcalde Mayor/ provincial governor

Qualification:
Must be an Insulares or Spaniard born in the Philippines

Pueblos(Towns)
Head: Gobernadorcillo/town mayor

Qualifications:
 Any native/ Chinese mestizo
 At least 25 years old
 Literate in oral or written Spanish
 A Cabeza de Barangay of 4years Provincial Government
SPANISH ERA Summary

Educational Aims
•To promote Christianity
•Promotion of Spanish language
• Imposition of Spanish culture

Educational Types
•Formal education •Doctrine
•Religious education •Catechism
•Vocational course

Education Methods
•Dictation •Moro-Moro/cenaculo
•Memorization •Theater presentation

Chapter 1: Advent of a National Hero

• June 19, 1861 – birth date of Jose Rizal
• Born in Calamba, Laguna Province
• June 22, 1861 – baptismal of Rizal
• nickname “Pepe”
• the greatest Filipino hero and peerless genius
• Father Rufino Collantes - baptized Rizal
• Father Pedro Casañas - Rizal‟s godfather
• Mariano Herbosa – nephew of Casañas and marry Lucia
• Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery –the governor general of the Philippines whenRizal was born
• “Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal Y Alonzo Realonda”
Meanings of name
• Jose - was chosen by his mother who was a devotee of the Christian saint SanJose (St. Joseph)
• Protacio - from Gervacio P. which come from a Christian calendar
• Mercado- adopted in 1731 by Domingo Lamco (the paternal great- great-grandfather of Jose Rizal) which
the Spanish term mercado means “market‟ in English
• Rizal – which was given by a Spanish alcalde mayor of Laguna, who was a family friend. ‘Ricial’ is Spanish
term means “new pasture”, “crops” or “green field”.
• Alonzo- old surname of his mother Y – and
• Realonda - it was used by Doña Teodora from the surname of her godmother based on the culture by
Rizal’s Parents
-a.k.a- Pepe (from St. Joseph’s name always followed by the letters “P.P” for PATER PUTATIVUS. In spanish
“P” is PEH.
 Donya Teodora was about to died during her delivery of her son Jose because of his Big Head.

The Rizal Family

The Rizals is considered one of the biggest families during their time. Domingo Lam-co, the family's
paternal ascendant was a full-blooded Chinese who came to the Philippines from Amoy, China in the closing years
of the 17th century and married a Chinese half-breed by the name of Ines de la Rosa.
Researchers revealed that the Mercado-Rizal family had also traces of Japanese, Spanish, Malay and
Even Negrito blood aside from Chinese.
FRANCISCO MERCADO (1818-1898)

Father of Jose Rizal who was the youngest of 13 offspring of Juan and Cirila Mercado. Born in Biñan, Laguna on
April 18, 1818; studied in San Jose College, Manila; and died in Manila.

TEODORA ALONSO (1827-1913)

Mother of Jose Rizal who was the second child of Lorenzo Alonso and Brijida de Quintos. She studied at the
Colegio de Santa Rosa. She was a business-minded woman, courteous, religious, hard-working and well-read. She
was born in Santa Cruz, Manila on November 14, 1827 and died in 1913 in Manila.

1. SATURNINA (1850-1913) Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo marriage and was commonly known as Neneng.
Married Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas. She died at the age of 63.

2.PACIANO (1851-1930) Older and only brother and confidant of Jose Rizal.He was commonly called as Ciano.
Joined the Philippine Revolution and became a combat general.Died on April 13, 1930, an old bachelor aged
79.Had two children by his common law wife (Severina Decena)

3.NARCISA (1852-1939) The third child. Called as Sisa by her siblings.married Antonio Lopez at Morong, Rizal; a
teacher and musician.

4.OLYMPIA (1855-1887) The fourth child.Was called Ypia. Married Silvestre Ubaldo a telegraph operator from
Manila.

5.LUCIA (1857-1919) The fifth child. Married Matriano Herbosa of Calamba Laguna.

6.MARIA (1859-1945) The sixth child. Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.Her pet name was Biang.

7.JOSE (1861-1896) The seventh child. He was executed by the Spaniards on December 30,1896.

8.CONCEPCION (1862-1865) The eight child. Died of sickness at the age of three. Was called Concha. her death
was Rizal’s first sorrow in life.

9.JOSEFA (1865-1945) The ninth child. She was called by her family as Panggoy. An epileptic, died an old maid at
the age of 80.

10.TRINIDAD (1868-1951) The tenth child. Like her sister Panggoy died an old maid at the age of 83 and the last
of the family to die.

11.SOLEDAD (1870-1929) The youngest child and became a teacher. Her pet name was Choleng, who married
Pantaleon Quintero.

Chapter 2. Childhood Years in Calamba

Jose Rizal grew up in a happy home, ruled by good parents, bubbling with joy, and sanctified by God’s
blessings. His native town is Calamba. Its scenic beauties and industrious, hospitable, and friendly folks
impressed him during his childhood years and profoundly affected his mind and character.
Calamba, the Hero’s Town. Calamba was a hacienda town which belonged to the Dominican Order, which
also owned all the lands around it.
Earliest Childhood Memories . The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was his happy days in the family
garden when he was (3) three years old. Because he was a sick child, he was given the tenderest care by his
parents. His father built a little nipa cottage in the garden for him to play in the day time. Another childhood
memory was the daily Angelus prayer. By nightfall, his mother gathered all the children at the house to pray
the Angelus. Another memory of his infancy was the nocturnal walk in the town. The maid took him for a
walk in the moonlight by the river.

The Hero’s First Sorrow. Jose loved most the little Concha (Concepcion). He was a year older than Concha. He
played with her and from her he learned the sweetness of a sisterly love. Unfortunately, Concha died of
sickness in 1865 when she was three years old. Jose, who was very fond of her, cried bitterly at losing her.
“When I was four years old, I lost my little sister Concha, and then for the first time I shed tears caused by
love and grief…”

Devoted Son of the Church . At the age of three(3), he began to take part in the family prayers. His mother
was a devout Catholic, taught him the Catholic prayers, when he was (5) five years old, he was able to read
haltingly the Spanish family Bible. Father Leoncio Lopez- he is the town priest. Jose Rizal used to visit him and
listen to his stimulating opinions on current events and sound philosophy of life.

Pilgrimage to Antipolo. On June 6, 1868, Jose and his father left Calamba to go on a pilgrimage to Antipolo, in
order to fulfill his mother’s vow which was made when Jose was born. It was the first trip of Jose across
Laguna de Bay. After praying at the shrine of the Virgin of Antipolo, Jose and his father went to Manila. It was
the first time Jose saw Manila. They visited Saturnina, who was then a boarding student at La Concordia
College in Sta. Ana.

Artistic Talents . Since early childhood Rizal revealed his God-given talent for art. At the age of five, he began
to make sketches with his pencil and to mold in clay and wax objects.
“All right laugh at me now! Someday when I die, people will make monuments and images of me!”

First Poem by Rizal. Rizal possessed a God-given gift for literature. Since early boyhood he had scribbled
verses on loose sheets of paper and on the textbooks of his sisters. His mother who was a lover of literature,
noticed his poetic inclination and encouraged him to write poetry.  At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first
poem in the native language entitled Sa Aking mga Kababata (To My Fellow Children).

Aking mga Kababata (To My Fellow Children) wrote Jose Because he proudly proclaimed that a people who
truly love their native language will surely strive for liberty like “the bird which soars to freer space above”.

First Drama by Rizal .Rizal, who was eight years old, wrote his first dramatic work which was in Tagalog
comedy. It is said that it was staged in a Calamba festival and was delightfully applauded by the audience.

Rizal as Boy Magician. Since early manhood Rizal had been interested in magic. With his dexterous hands, he
learned various tricks. He entertained his town folks with magic-lantern exhibitions. In later years when he
attained manhood, he continued his keen predilection for magic. He read many books on magic and attended
the performances of the famous magicians of the world.

Influences on the Hero’s Boyhood

1. Hereditary Influence is the inherent qualities which a person inherits from his ancestors and parents.
From his Malayan ancestors, Rizal inherited his love for freedom, his innate desire to travel, and his
indomitable courage. From his Chinese ancestors, he derived his serious nature, frugality, patience, and love
for children. From his Spanish ancestors, he got his elegance of bearing, sensitivity to insult, and gallantry to
ladies. From his father, he inherited a profound sense of self-respect, the love for work, and the habit of
independent thinking. And from his mother, he inherited his religious nature, the spirit of self-sacrifice, and
the passion for arts and literature.

2. Environmental Influence . It means Affects the nature of a person includes places, associates, and
events.
The scenic beauties of Calamba and the beautiful garden of the Rizal family stimulated the inborn artistic and
literary talents of Jose Rizal.  The religious atmosphere at his home fortified his religious nature.  His
brother, Paciano, instilled in his mind the love for freedom and justice. From his sisters, he learned to be
courteous and kind to women.  His three uncles, inspired him to develop his artistic ability, to develop his
frail body and intensified his voracious reading of good books.
Father Leoncio Lopez, fostered Rizal’s love for scholarship and intellectual honesty.  The death of his sister
Concha and the imprisonment of his mother, contributed to strengthen his character, enabling him to resist
blows of adversity in later years.  The Spanish cruelties and abuses awakened his spirit of patriotrism and
inspired him to consecrate his life and talents to redeem his oppressed people.

3. Aid of Divine Providence means Directed or devoted to God.

Rizal was providentially destined to be the pride and glory of his nation. God had endowed him with the
versatile gifts of a genius, the vibrant spirit of a nationalist, and the valiant heart to sacrifice for a noble
cause.

Chapter 3. Early Education in Calamba and Biñan

The Hero’s First Teacher Doña Teodora was Jose’s first non-formal teacher. On her lap, Jose learned prayers
and the alphabet at the age of three

Private Tutors
Maestro Celestino was Jose’s first private tutor
Maestro Lucas Padua was the second private tutor
Maestro Leon Monroy became the hero’s tutor in Spanish and Latin. He was a classmate of Don Francisco.

The Uncles of Rizal.

Uncle Jose Alberto – gave wise direction in the studies of Jose Uncle Gregorio – instilled into the mind of Jose
the Jose Alberto love for education.
“Work hard and perform every task very carefully; learn to be swift as well as thorough; be independent in
thinking; and make visual pictures of everything.” – Uncle Gregorio

Uncle Manuel Alberto – seeing Jose was frail in nature, concerned himself with the physical development of
his nephew. He also taught Jose the love for open air and admiration for the beauty of nature

Jose Goes to Biñan. Don Leon died five months later and Jose was sent to a private school in Biñan at the age
of 8.

June 1869 – Jose goes to Biñan with Paciano

Carromata – the mode of transportation Aunt’s house – where Jose lodged

First Day in School.

Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz – formal teacher Rizal described Maestro Justiniano as tall, thin, long-
necked, sharp-nosed, with a body slightly bent forward, the school was in Maestro Justiniano’s house
First School Brawl. Pedro (the teacher’s son) – wrestling Andres Salandanan – arm wrestling

Painting Lessons in Biñan. Old Juancho – freely gave Jose painting lessons Jose Rizal and his classmate Jose
Guevarra became apprentices of Old Juancho

Daily Life in Biñan Jose’s daily routine: Hears mass at 4 a.m. or studies lesson before going to mass
Goes to orchard to look for mabolo to eat Breakfast Goes to class at 10 a.m. Lunch break

Mabolo It is a kind of trees that bear an edible fruits as large as a quince

Daily Life in Biñan. Goes back to school at 2 p.m. Goes home at 5 p.m. Prays with cousins. Studies lessons,
then draws a little Has supper Prays again Plays in the street if moon is bright Sleeps
Rizal related his mother gathered all the children at the house to pray the Angelus with Nostalgic Feeling, he
also remembered the happy moonlit nights at the azotea after the nightly Rosary.
Nostalgic feeling means Unhappy at being away and longing for familiar things or person.
Best Student in School Jose surpassed his classmates in Spanish, Latin and other subjects His older
classmates were jealous and squealed to the teacher whenever he had fights Jose usually received five or
six blows while laid out on a bench.

End of Biñan Schooling. December 17, 1870 – Jose left Biñan.

Talim – the steamer that Jose rode Arturo Camps – a Frenchman and a friend of Don Francisco, he took care
of Jose during the trip

Martyrdom of GOMBURZA January 20, 1872 – Cavite mutiny February 17, 1872 – Fathers Mariano Gomez,
Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora were implicated and executed The GOMBURZA were leaders of the
secularization movement
The martyrdom of the three priests inspired Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny In 1891, Rizal
dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo to GOMBURZA

Injustice to the Hero’s Mother In 1872, Doña Teodora was arrested on a malicious charge that she aided his
brother Jose Alberto in trying to poison his wife. Jose Alberto planned to divorce his wife because of her
infidelity.

Jose Alberto’s wife connived with the Spanish lieutenant of the Guardia Civil and filed a case against Rizal’s
mother. Antonio Vivencio del Rosario – gobernadorcillo of Calamba, helped the lieutenant arrest Doña
Teodora

50 kilometers – Doña Teodora was made to walk from Calamba to the provincial prison in Santa Cruz

Don Francisco de Marcaida & Don Manuel Mazano – most famous lawyers of Manila, defended Doña
Teodora in court after 2 ½ years – the Royal Audiencia acquitted Doña Teodora.

Chapter 4. TRIUMPHS IN THE ATENEO.(1872-1877)

SAN JUAN DE LETRAN - Dominican – owned college and a rival of Ateneo de Manila.

ATENEO MUNICIPAL - formerly known as EscuelaPia, a charity school for poor boys in Manila which was
established by 1817 and later became Ateneo de Manila. Rizal took and passed the examination in COLLEGE
OF SAN JUAN DE LETRAN but he enrolled in ATENEO when he came back to Manila. TRIUMPHS IN THE
ATENEO (1872 – 1877).
RIZAL ENTERS ATENEO.FATHER MAGIN FERRANDO (college registrar) - refused to admit Jose Rizal because.
He was late for registration. He was sickly and undersized for his age.

MANUEL XEREZ BURGOS – nephew of Father Burgos; Rizal was admitted to Ateneo because of him.

RIZAL - surname used by Jose Rizal because Mercado became under suspicion by the Spanish
authorities. MERCADO – surname used by Paciano.

TITAY – owner of the boarding house where Rizal boarded to settle the bill owed by Titay by about
Php300.00.TRIUMPHS IN THE ATENEO (1872 – 1877).

JESUIT SYSTEM OF EDUCATION. Reasons why Jesuit System was advance than other college trained the
character of students by rigid discipline and religious instruction. It promotes physical culture, humanities
and scientific studies.
-Aside from academic courses leading to AB, it offers vocational course in agriculture, commerce,
mechanics and surveying.
-They were given splendid professors.
-They acquired prestige as an excellent college for boys.

TRIUMPHS IN THE ATENEO (1872 – 1877).

TWO GROUPS OF STUDENT:

1.Roman Empire (internos/boarders) -RED FLAG
2.Carthaginian Empire (externos/non-boarders) -BLUE FLAG

5 RANKS : 1.EMPEROR 2.TRIBUNE 3.DECURION 4. CENTURION 5.STANDARD BEARER

RAYADILLO – official uniform of Ateneo students

FATHER JOSE BECH – first teacher of Rizal in Ateneo. Rizal was placed as an externo but a week after he
showed his progress and after a month he became the emperor.

SANTA ISABEL COLLEGE – where Rizal took his Spanish lessons during recess and paid it for Php 3.00 Rizal
returned to Calamba for his vacation. Saturnina brought him to Tanawan to visit their mother to cheer him
up. After the vacation he returned to Ateneo for his second year. He is now living at DOÑA PEPAY, an old
landlady with widowed daughter and four sons.

SECOND YEAR IN ATENEO(1873-1874).He again became an emperor; he also received excellent grades in all
subjects and a gold medal. At March 1874, he returned to Calamba for his vacation.

PROPHECY OF MOTHER’S RELEASE. DoñaTeodora was released in the jail after 3 months like what Jose Rizal
said.

St. JOSEPH – Rizal was comparable because of his interpretation about his mother’s release.

FAVORITE NOVEL OF RIZAL. THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO by Alexander Dumas

THIRD YEAR IN ATENEO (1874-1875) He only got 1 medal in his Latin subject, then on March 1875 he
returned to Calamba.
FOURTH YEAR IN ATENEO (1875-1876) JUNE 16,1875 – Rizal became an interne in Ateneo.

FATHER FRANCISCO SANCHEZ - Rizal’s favorite teacher. Rizal won 5 medals and topped in all subjects and on
March, 1876 he returned to Calamba.Rizal became the pride of the Jesuits and he obtained highest grades in
all subjects. He received the degree of Bachelor of Arts with highest honors during commencement exercise.

EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES IN ATENEO.

He was an emperor and a campus leader outside.
1.Secretary of the Marian Congregation
2.Member of Academy of Spanish Literature 3.Member of Academy of Natural Sciences

FATHER JOSE VILLACLARA – advised Rizal to stop communing with the muses but to pay more attention to
practical studies. Rizal studied painting at AGUSTIN SAEZ and sculpture under ROMUALDO DE JESUS, a
Filipino sculptor.
DRAMATIC WORK IN ATENEO. Father Sanchez requested Rizal to wrote a drama based with ST. EUSTACE
THE MARTYR and on June 2, 1876, Rizal had finished the drama.

FIRST ROMANCE OF RIZAL. SEGUNDA KATIGBAK – a 14 yr. old Batangueña from Lipa whom Rizal first fell
inloved with but Segundawas already engaged to Manuel Luz.MARIANO KATIGBAK – brother of Segunda.LA
CONCORDIA COLLEGE – where Segunda and Olimpia (Rizal’s sister) .

Chapter 5. Jose Rizal at the UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS (1877-1882)

Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education

 Her Reason: If Rizal gets to learn more, the Spaniards will cut off his head.
 In contrary, Paciano and Don Francisco wanted Rizal to pursue College Education.
Take note:
The Bachelor of Arts degree during Spanish times was equivalent to a high school diploma today.

Rizal’s enters the University

April 1877  Rizal enrolled at UST, taking the course on Philosophy and Letters.
Reasons:
1. His father liked it.
2. He was still uncertain as to what career to pursue.

Fr. Pablo Ramon  rector of the Ateneo.

1877 – 1878  Rizal studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy, and History of Philosophy during
his first year term.

1877 – 1879 Rizal took up medical course upon the advised of Ateneo’s Rector to study medicine.
Reason:-- To be able to cure his mother’s growing blindness.

Reasons Why Rizal didn’t enjoy his stay at UST:

 Hostility of Dominican Professors to him.
 Racial discrimination against Filipino students.
 Dissatisfaction with the method of instruction.

Reasons why Rizal performed poorly at UST:

 Medicine is not his vocation.
 Discontentment with the system of education.
  Distractions of youth.

Decision to Go to Europe
 To complete his medical course in Barcelona, Spain.
 To make a name for himself in the field of Journalism.
 To observe and study European Society.
 To prepare himself for the task of liberating the Filipinos from Spanish Tyranny.

Chapter 6. IN THE SUNNY SPAIN

Rizal’s Secret Mission
He went to Spain to observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries and commerce,
and governments and laws of the European nations to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his
oppressed people from Spanish tyranny.

May 3, 1882- he departed on board the Spanish steamer Salvadora bound for Singapore with tears
in his eyes and gloom in his heart.

Before his secret departure, he wrote a farewell letter to his parents and to his sweetheart Leonor Rivera.

He joined Propaganda Movement and became a Mason and worked with Filipino patriots in
seeking reforms.

SECRET DEPARTURE FOR SPAIN

PERSONS WHO KNOWS RIZAL’S DEPARTURE

 Paciano
 Saturnina
 Antonio Rivera
 Jesuit Fathers
 Close Friends

FIRST TRIP TO SUEZ CANAL

DJEMNAH – a French steamer; sailed to Europe

MAY 26 - he saw the coast of AFRICA

- He called this as “AN INHOSPITABLE LAND BUT FAMOUS”
ADEN - hotter than the Philippines; he saw camels and Arabian horses
JUNE 2 - He arrived at the city of SUEZ
SUEZ CANAL - a historic waterway constructed by ENGR. FERDINAND DE LESSEPS

“Amor Patrio”
In progressive Barcelona, Rizal wrote a nationalistic essay entitled “Amor Patrio” (Love of country), his first
article written on Spain’s soul.

“Amor Patrio” was under his pen-name Laong Laan, appeared in print Diariong Tagalog on August 20, 1882.
Chapter 7. PARIS TO BERLIN
MAXIMO VIOLA – a medical student and a member of a rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan

SEÑOR EUSEBIO COROMINAS – editor of La Publicidad

DON MIGUEL MORAYTA – owner of La Publicidad and a statesman

Rizal gave Editor Corominas (an article on the Carolines Question)

NOVEMBER 1885 – Rizal was living in Paris

He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert, a leading French ophthalmologist.

JUAN LUNA – great master of the brush; Rizal helped him by posing as model in Luna’s paintings.
“The Death of Cleopatra” – where Rizal posed as an Egyptian priest
“The Blood Compact” – Rizal posed as Sikatuna

IN HISTORIC HEIDELBERG

FEBRUARY 3, 1886 – Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany famous for its old university and
romantics surroundings.
He became popular among the Germans because they found out that he was a good chess player.
He worked at the University Eye Hospital under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker, distinguished
German ophthalmologist.

FIFTH CENTENARY OF HEIDELBERG UNIVERSITY

The famous University of Heidelberg held its fifth centenary celebration on August 6, 1886 where Rizal had
witnessed the said celebration.

Chapter 8. NOLI ME TANGERE

February 21,1887- the first novel Noli Me Tangere was finished
NOLI ME TANGERE - a latin phrase which means “Touch me not”, from the bible

IDEA OF WRITING ON PHILIPPINES:

 The reading of Harriet Beecher Stowes “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”- which portrays the brutalities of
American slave-owners and the pathetic conditions of the unfortunate Negro, Slaves, inspired Dr.
Jose Rizal to prepare a novel on the Philippines
 Rizal was a student in the Central University of Madrid
 Rizal proposed is writing of a novel about the Philippines during the reunion of Filipinos in the house
of the Paternos in Madrid on January 2,1884
 The end of 1884-Rizal began writing the novel in madrid and he finished one half of it
 1885
 He went to Paris for completing his studies in the Universidad Central De Madrid
 He continued writing the novel, finishing the one half of the second half.

GERMANY 1886
 During the dark days
 While his spirit was at its lowest ebb, he almost threw the manuscript into the fire
  The novel was almost finished
 The message revived the author’s Hope

Dr. Maximo Viola

 A scion of a rich family of San Miguel Bulacan
 Would surely lend him the money for the publication of the novel
 The man had saved “Noli”
 Viola was a Godsend
 Viola came to Berlin to invite Rizal to join him in a tour of Europe
 When he learned of Rizal’s predicament, he kindly agreed to postponed the tour and instead,
advanced some money so that the novel could be printed 1887
 First edition of Noli Me Tangere was printed in Berlin
 P300.oo cost of printing (advance by Viola) for 2000 copies

MARCH 29,1887
 Rizal gave the Galley Proofs of the Noli
 A significant date for it was the date when the Noli Me Tangere came off the press

Chapter 9. Grand Tour in Europe with Viola

The Tour Begins

 May 11, 1887, they left Berlin by train.

 They are going to Dresden.

Dresden
 Went to floral exhibit
 Visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer
 Visited Museum of Art - “Prometheus Bound”
 At floral exhibit, they met Dr. Jagor. Rizal informed him that he will visit Blumentritt.
 They left Dresden and went to Teschen as next stopover. They sent wire to Blumentritt.

Leitmeritz, Bohemia

May 13, 1887 at 1:30pm, they arrived in the railroad station where Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt was there.

Blumentritt helped the two get a room at Hotel Krebs.

Brunn

Rizal wrote a letter to Blumentritt and he told him that he forgot his diamond stickpin at his room in Hotel
Krebs.

Nothing important happened in this city according to Viola.

Vienna

 On May 20, they arrived in the “Queen of the Danube”.

 He met Norfenfals, great novelist in Europe. He admired Rizal.
 Rizal received his lost diamond stickpin.
  They stayed in Hotel Metropole.

Switzerland
 They crossed the border to Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
 They stayed from June 2-3, 1887.
 They continued their tour to Basel, Bern and Lausanne.

Geneva
 They crossed foggy Leman Lake to Geneva.
 One of most beautiful cities in the world.
 June 19, 1877, Rizal’s 26th birthday.
 They spent 15 days in Geneva.
 On June 23, they parted ways: Viola returned to Barcelona and Rizal went to Italy.

Madrid Exposition
 There was an Exposition of the Philippines held in Madrid, Spain.
 Igorots were exhibited, some were died.

Italy
 He visited Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence.
 On June 27, 1887, he reached Rome, the”Eternal City” or the “City of Caesars”.
 On June 29, Rizal visited the Vatican for the 1st time.
 St. Peter’s Square

Switzerland
 They crossed the border to Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
 They stayed from June 2-3, 1887.
 They continued their tour to Basel, Bern and Lausanne.

Geneva
 They crossed foggy Leman Lake to Geneva.
 One of most beautiful cities in the world.
 June 19, 1877, Rizal’s 26th birthday.
 They spent 15 days in Geneva.
 On June 23, they parted ways: Viola returned to Barcelona and Rizal went to Italy.

Madrid Exposition
 There was an Exposition of the Philippines held in Madrid, Spain.
 Igorots were exhibited, some were died.

Italy
 He visited Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence.
 On June 27, 1887, he reached Rome, the”Eternal City” or the “City of Caesars”.
 On June 29, Rizal visited the Vatican for the 1st time.
 St. Peter’s Square

Chapter 10. First Homecoming of Rizal 1887-1888

Decision to Return Home

Because of the publication of the Noli Me Tangere and the uproar it caused among the friars, Rizal was
warned by Paciano (his brother), Silvestre Ubaldo (his brother-in-law), Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio), and other
friends to return home.

He was determined to return to the Philippines for the following reasons:

1. to operates on his mother’s eye’s.
2. to serve his people who had long been oppressed by the Spanish tyrants.
3. to find out for himself how the Noli and his other writings were affecting the Filipinos and Spaniards in the
Philippines.
4. to inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent.

June 29, 1887- In Rome, Rizal wrote to his father announcing his homecoming.

Delightful Trip to Manila

• July 3, 1887 – He boarded the streamer Djemnah, the same streamer which brought him to Europe five
years ago.

• There were about 50 passengers including 4 Englishmen, 2 Germans, 3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, many
Frenchmen and 1 Filipino (Rizal).

Arrival in Manila

• August 3, departure of Haiphong in Saigon

• August 5, the Haiphong arrived in Manila. He stayed in the city for a short time. He found Manila the same
as when he left it 5 years ago.

Happy Homecoming

•On August 8, he returned to Calamba. His family welcomed him affectionally, with plentiful tears of joys. His
family became worried about his safety. Paciano did not leave him to protect him from any enemy assault.
•In Calamba, Rizal established a medical clinic. His first patient was his mother, who was almost blind.
•He was called “Doctor Ulliman” because he came from Germany.

Storm Over Noli

•Few weeks after his arrival, Rizal received a letter from Governor General Emelio Terrero requesting him to
come to Malacañang Palace. When Governor General Terrero informed him of the charge, he denied it,
explaining that he merely exposed the truth, but he did not advocate subversive ideas.

•Rizal had no copy then because the only copy that he brought home was given to a friend. But he promised
to secure one for the General. Fortunately, Rizal found a copy and gave it to General Terrero. He knew that
Rizal’s life was in danger because the friars were powerful. For security measures he assigned a young
Spanish lieutenant Don Jose Taviel de Andrade, as bodyguard of Rizal.

Defenders of the Noli

•Marcelo H. del Pilar, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce and other Filipino
reformists in foreign lands rushed to uphold the truths of the novel.

•Father Sanchez, Rizal’s favorite teacher in Ateneo, defended and praised it in public.
• A brilliant defense of the Noli came from an unexpected source. Rev. Vicente Garcia, writing under the pen
name Justo Desiderio Magalang, wrote a defense of the Noli which was published in Singapore as an
appendix to a pamphlet dated July 18, 1888.

• When Rizal learned of the brilliant defense of Father Garcia of his novel, he cried because his gratitude was
over whelming.

Farewell to Calamba

The friars exerted pressure on Malacañan Palace to eliminate Rizal. They asked Governor General Terrero to
deport Rizal but he refused because there was no valid charge against Rizal incourt.

Anonymous threats against Rizal’s life were received by his parents. The alarmed parents, relatives and
friends advised him to leave the Philippines for his life was in danger.

Rizal had to go but he was not running like a coward from a fight. He was courageous, a fact which his worst
enemies could not deny.

He was not afraid of any man and neither was he afraid to die.

He was forced to leave Calamba for two reasons:

1. His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and friends.
2. He could fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause with greater efficacy by writing in foreign
countries.

Cherry Lyn M. Carpio

Instructor