Gender and

Development
Gender and Society
 Difference of Sex and
Gender

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 Sex

• biological characteristics of being a female or

a male.

• Physical attributes pertaining to a person’s

body contours, features, hormones, genes,
chromosomes and reproductive organs

• generally permanent, and universal

• Categorized as male and female

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 Sex Characteristics

Primary Sex
Characteristics

Secondary Sex
Characteristics

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 Primary Sex Characteristics

Male Female
penis, testes (androgen Uterus, ovary (estrogen
and testosterone), scrotum, and progesterone)
sperm, vas deferens, etc. ovum, fallopian tubes
cervix, vagina, clitoris, etc.

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 Secondary Sex Characteristics

• Male
• the body become more
muscular
• shoulder & chest become
broader
• Adam's apple grows
• vocal cord enlarge
• underarm, pubic hair & hair on
the face, chest & shoulders
start to grow
• penis & testes enlarge
• testes begin to make sperm
• Female
• development of the breast
• pelvic widens & hips broaden
• voice deepens slightly
• hair grown under the arms &
in the pubic region
• ovaries start to function
• regular menstruation

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 Sex Roles

• A function in which a male or female assumes

because of the basic physiological or
anatomical difference between the sexes.

• A role which can be performed by only one of

the sexes.

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 Nature of Society

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 What is Gender?

• Differentiated roles, attitudes and values.

• Assigned by culture and society to women and

men.

• Expectations held about the characteristics,

aptitudes and likely behaviors of women and
men.

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 Gender is…

• Sociologically constructed

• Changing, time and place bound

• Present in both women and men

• Categorized as feminine and masculine

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 Gender Roles

• it is a learned behaviors in a given society or

community of social groups and influenced by
perceptions and expectations arising from
cultural, economic, environmental, social and
religious factors.

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 Gender Roles

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 General and common description for
male and female

MALE FEMALE
Strong; Weak;
firm; soft;
large featured; fine-featured; delicate;
well coordinated; modest;
hard fragile
Follows their father’s work; Help their mother in household chores
run errands
Macho(showing sexual prowess and being Feminine;
dominant; courageous; seductive;
Decision maker; adventurous; beautiful;
good provider; educated;
bread winner companion to her husband;
mother to her children;
home-based
General color is blue Pink
Circumcised Ears are pierced
Always active; handsome; Modest;
smart reserved;
demure;
helpful
More free-spirited Restrained

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 Sociological Theories in Gender

• PERSPECTIVES/ PARADIGMS ON SOCIETY

AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

Symbolic-
Structural/ Interaction
Functional Paradigm
Paradigm Social-
conflict
Paradigm

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 Gender and
Development
Historical Background

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 GAD History

• 1940- World war II, women took over the

industries as men were sent to war

• After the war, soldiers returned and assumed

work in the industries as supervisors and
managers.

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 GAD History

• United nation was created on October 24, 1945 in

Geneva , Switzerland, to ensure international order
and prevent another world war;
• It provide forum to resolve international disputes.

• 1945- equality between women and men started

• UN use roadmap to guarantee the rights of

individual everywhere
• Universal declaration of human rights- adopted in
Parish, France on December 10, 1948)

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 GAD History

• In the last decade, three development

paradigms (WID, WAD and GAD) have offered
explanations why women have not fully
benefited from development, just as much as
men.

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 GAD History

• The United Nations Charter of 1945 and the

Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR) in 1948 established the first official
worldwide recognition of women’s equality and
non-discrimination on the basis on sex.

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 Article 2 of UDHR

• “ everyone is entitled to all the rights and

freedoms set forth in this declaration, without
distinction of any kind, such as race, color,
sex, language, religion, political or other
opinion, national or social origin, property,
birth or other status”.

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 Article 2 of UDHR

• “ everyone is entitled to all the rights and

freedoms set forth in this declaration, without
distinction of any kind, such as race, color,
sex, language, religion, political or other
opinion, national or social origin, property,
birth or other status”.

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 WID- Women In Development

• “The problem is that women do not participate

and that they focus only on their productive
roles at home.”

• However up until the late 1960’s the focus was

on Women’s reproductive roles, as women
were seen as wives and mother and their main
issues were supposed to be obtaining access
to food, contraceptives, nutrition and health
care.

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 WID Shortcomings

• They fell short of improving unequal

relationships, and a significant number of
projects were unsustainable as a development
project failed to consider the multiple roles
carried out by women.

• Focusing on women were developed, WID

project involved only women participants and
beneficiaries and eventually the project failed.

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 WAD- Women And Development

• Veered away from the sole focus on women

and began to examine the relationship
between men and women and the role of the
both development process

• Recognized that women have always be part

of development and their position will improve.

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 WAD- Women And Development

• Important Events

First World Conference for Women

✓Emphasised women’s right to development,
recognition of women’s economic role in
national economics and most significantly, give
a voice to women in developing country.

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 WAD- Women And Development

• Important Events

First World Conference for Women

✓Emphasised women’s right to development,
recognition of women’s economic role in
national economics and most significantly, give
a voice to women in developing country.

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 GAD - Gender And Development

• Originated in the early 1980s as a strategic

response to the limitation of WID and WAD
approaches to improve the status of women.

• Development perspective anchored on rights-

based and people-centered development.

• This approach focuses on social, economic,

political and cultural factors that determine in
benefit, from and control resource and
activities.

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 GAD - Gender And Development

• In the late 80’s the GAD approach was

developed with the idea of improving the
development model by “ removing disparities in
social, economic, and political balances
between women and men as a pre-condition
for achieving people centered development
•.
• The GAD approach is NOT only concerned
specifically with women, but with the way in
which the society assigns roles,
responsibilities, and expectations to both men
and women.

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 GAD - Gender And Development

• The GAD applies gender analysis to uncover

the ways on which men and women work
together, presenting NEUTRAL TERMS of
economic and competence.

• GAD focuses on two major frameworks,

Gender Roles and Social Relations Analysis.

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 GAD - Gender And Development

• Gender Roles focuses on social construction

of identities within the household; it also
reveals the expectations from “maleness” and
“femaleness” in their relative access to
resources.

• Social Relations Analysis exposes the social

dimensions of hierarchical power relations
embedded in social institutions; also it’s
determining influence on the “relative position
of men and women in the society in an attempt
to create gender equality.

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 GAD - Gender And Development

• However, since the 1990’s, the gender

perspective is still struggling to be clearly set
into the development agenda of
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES or objectives
such as the MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT
GOALS,

• The principles only focus on the gender

equality and did not give much emphasis on
women’s accessibility to other development
opportunities (Bunch,2006)
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 GAD - Gender And Development

• Both WID and WAD were less successful in

improving the overall situation of women. while
both approaches promoted the visibility of
women in development, both also failed to
adequately consider the inequalities between
men and women cited in handbook on the
application of the enhanced gender
mainstreaming evaluation framework.

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I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU
I Support this Opportunity for a better CvSU
 Gender And Development in the PH

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 Gender And Development in the PH

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 Gender And Development in the PH

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 Thanks!
Do you have any questions?

jonas.bartolome@cvsu.edu.ph
09069218806
Cavite State University