Pengantar Teknologi dan Bisnis Energi

Pekan 4: Oil Energy

Small Quiz
Answer in comment box:
1. Apa saja komponen pembentuk batubara dan jelaskan apa
hubungannya dengan kualitas batubara?
2. Di sektor mana sajakah yang memanfaatkan energi batubara saat
ini?
3. Menurutmu, apa yang harus menjadi pertimbangan utama ketika
memutuskan untuk tetap memanfaatkan energi batubara sebagai
sumber energi listrik misalnya?
 Oil and Gas – Black Gold!

NASA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Moscow_traffic_congestion.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Oil_well.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oil_platform.jpg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg
Early History
• The modern era of oil
Abraham Gesner usage began in 1846 when
(1797-1864) Gesner perfected the art
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Abraham_Gesner.gif of paraffin distillation.

• This triggered a massive

worldwide boom in oil
production.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oilfields_California.jpg • California was centre of

Californian oil gusher activity in the early 1900s,
famous for its gushers.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lucas_gusher.jpg
• According to the most widely accepted theory, oil is
composed mainly of hydrocarbons, and was formed
millions of years ago in a process that began when
aquatic plant and animal remains were covered by layers
of sediment – particles of rock and mineral. Over millions
of years of extreme pressure and high temperatures,
these particles became the mix of liquid hydrocarbons
that we know as oil.
• Different mixes of plant and animal remains, as well as
pressure, heat, and time, have caused hydrocarbons to
appear today in a variety of forms: crude oil, a liquid;
natural gas, a gas; and coal, a solid.
HOW PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS WERE FORMED?
Origin: Plankton
cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=93510

would fit on a pinhead! Plant plankton Animal plankton

10,000 of these bugs

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Copepod.

• Most oil and gas starts life as microscopic plants and animals
that live in the ocean.
Origin: On the sea bed
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/Plankton.jpg

When the plankton dies it rains

down on sea bed to form an
organic mush
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nerr0328.jpg

If there are any animals on the

Sea bed sea bed these will feed on the
organic particles
Origin: Black Shale
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/Plankton.jpg
• However, if there is little or no
oxygen in the water then animals
can’t survive and the organic
mush accumulates

• Where sediment contains

more than 5% organic matter,
it eventually forms a rock
known as a Black Shale

© Earth Science World Image Bank

Origin: Migration
www.diveco.co.nz/img/gallery/2006/diver_bubbles.jpg
• Hot oil and gas is less dense than
the source rock in which it occurs

• Oil and gas migrate upwards up

through the rock in much the same
way that the air bubbles of an
underwater diver rise to the surface

Rising oil

• The rising oil and gas eventually gets

trapped in pockets in the rock called
reservoirs
https://images.app.goo.gl/hbgFiUHft76RS4oR6
WHEN DOES ORGANIC MATTERS
BECOME OIL OR GAS?
As Black Shale is buried, it is heated.
Organic matter is first changed by the
increase in temperature into kerogen,
Kerogen
which is a solid form of hydrocarbon

Around 90°C, it is changed into a liquid

Oil
state, which we call oil

Gas Around 150°C, it is changed into a gas

A rock that has produced oil and gas in
www.oilandgasgeology.com/oil_gas_window.jpg
this way is known as a Source Rock
13
 OIL

Measurement
Units and
Conversion
Factors GAS

14
 The upstream sector includes searching for potential underground or
underwater crude oil and natural gas fields, drilling exploratory wells, and
subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the
crude oil or raw natural gas to the surface.
Oil company will consider and evaluate:
1. Technical aspect: potential size of hydrocarbon to be found and produced in the region,
which will involve scouting studies using publicly available information or commissioning
regional review, and technical challenges facing exploration and production, for example
in very deep offshore waters.
2. Political & Economic: regime and government stability, potential for nationalization of the
oil and gas industry, current embargoes, fiscal stability and levels of taxation, constraints
on repatriation of profits, personnel security, local cost, inflation and exchange rate
forecasts.
3. Social: any threat of civil disorder, the availability of local skilled workforce, local training
required, degree of effort
4. Environmental aspect: the company will also consider the precautions needed to protect
the environment from harm during operations, and any specific local legislation
The search for oil and gas
involved exploration both in
land and off-shore, followed
by drilling of exploratory wells
• The exploration stage of the project begins when
resources are allocated to identify and assess a
prospect for possible development.
• This stage may require the acquisition and analysis
of more data before an exploration well is drilled. Offshore platform in dry dock, Galveston, Texas.
Exploratory wells are also referred to as wildcats. Source: energy.fanchi.com (2003).
• They can be used to test a trap that has never
produced, test a new reservoir in a known field, and
extend the known limits of a producing reservoir.
• Discovery occurs when an exploration well is drilled
and hydrocarbons are encountered
Impermeable • Some rocks are permeable and allow oil and gas to
freely pass through them
• Other rocks are impermeable and block the upward
passage of oil and gas
• Where oil and gas rise into a dome (or anticline)
capped by impermeable rocks it can’t escape. This
is one type of an Oil Trap.

Dome Trap
Permeable
 • The permeable strata in an oil trap is known as the
Reservoir Rock

• Reservoir rocks have lots of interconnected holes

called pores. These absorb the oil and gas like a
sponge

This is a highly magnified picture of

As oil migrates it fills up the pores
a sandy reservoir rock (water-filled
Earth Science World Image Bank Image #h5innl
(oil-filled
pores arepores
shownshown in black)
in blue)
 Drill here!

Earth Science World Image Bank Image #h5inor

Earth Science World Image Bank Image #h5inpj

• Seismic surveys are used to locate likely rock structures underground in which oil and gas
might be found
• Shock waves are fired into the ground. These bounce off layers of rock and reveal any
structural domes that might contain oil
 • Once an oil or gas prospect has
been identified, a hole is drilled to
assess the potential

• The cost of drilling is very great. On an

offshore rig, it may cost
$10,000 for each meter drilled.

• A company incurs vast losses

for every “dry hole” drilled

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oil_platform.jpg
• Production can begin immediately after the discovery well is drilled or several years later after appraisal and
delineation wells have been drilled.
• Appraisal wells are used to provide more information about reservoir properties and fluid flow. Delineation wells
better define reservoir boundaries.
• In some cases, delineation wells are converted to development wells.
• Development wells are drilled in the known extent of the field and are used to optimize resource recovery.
• A build-up period ensues after first oil until a production plateau is reached.
• The production plateau is usually a consequence of facility limitations such as pipeline capacity.
• Production continues until an economic limit is reached and the field is abandoned.
• Primary production is the first stage of production and relies entirely on natural
energy sources to drive reservoir fluids to the production well. The reduction of
pressure during primary production is often referred to as primary depletion.
• Oil recovery can be increased in many cases by slowing the decline in pressure.
This can be achieved by supplementing natural reservoir energy. The supplemental
energy is provided using an external energy source, such as water injection or gas
injection. The injection of water or natural gas may be referred to as pressure
maintenance or secondary production.
• EOR (enhanced oil recovery) processes include miscible, chemical, thermal, and
microbial processes were implemented as a third, tertiary production stages that
followed secondary production. EOR processes are designed to improve
displacement efficiency by injecting fluids or heat.
 • Although oil and gas are less
dense than water and naturally
rise well to the surface, actually
only 40-50% of the total will do so.

• To enhance recovery, a hole

is drilled adjacent to the well
and steam is pumped down. The
hot water helps to push the oil out
of the rock and up into the well.

© California Department of Conservation

 www.slido.com with #181458

• Many experts believe we are running out of oil because it is becoming increasingly difficult to discover new
reservoirs that contain large volumes of conventional oil and gas.
• Much of the exploration effort is focusing on less hospitable climates, such as arctic conditions in Siberia and
deep-water offshore regions near West Africa.
• Yet we already know where large volumes of oil remains, in the reservoirs that have already been discovered
and developed.
• Current development techniques have recovered approximately one third of the oil in known fields. That
means roughly two thirds remains in the ground where it was originally found.
• A resource deposit at the top of the triangle has a relatively large
concentration of resource that is relatively inexpensive to extract.
• A resource deposit at the lower part of the triangle has a lower
concentration of resource, so the extraction is more difficult or
expensive.
• The amount of resource that is both easy to extract and has a
high concentration is expected to be small, while the amount of
resource in a low concentration deposit is difficult or expensive to
extract and is expected to be large.
• Proved reserves: Those quantities of petroleum, which by analysis of geoscience and engineering data, can be
estimated with reasonable certainty to be commercially recoverable, from a given date forward, from known reservoirs,
and under defined economic conditions, operating methods, and government regulations
• There should be at least a 90% probability (P90) that the quantities actually recovered will equal or exceed the low
estimate
• Probable reserves: Those additional reserves which analysis of geoscience and engineering data indicate are less likely
to be recovered than proved reserves but more certain to be recovered than possible reserves
• There should be at least a 50% probability (P50) that the quantities actually recovered will equal or exceed the best
estimate
• Possible reserves: Those additional reserves which analysis of geoscience and engineering data suggests are less
likely to be recoverable than probable reserves
• There should be at least a 10% probability (P10) that the quantities actually recovered will equal or exceed the high
estimate
(synder and seale, 2011 & Holditch, 2007)
Schematic of Barnett shale cross section
 39

The Midstream segment of the oil and gas business concentrates on the
processing, transportation, and storage of crude oil and natural gas.
Midstream activities are considered a low-risk, highly-regulated segment of the oil
and gas industry.
40
41
 42

The key characteristics of the Downstream sector are the refining,

marketing &/or selling refined crude oil or natural gas. It also includes
the selling of the many consumer products that are made from crude
oil. The downstream provides thousands of products to end-user
customers around the globe.
43
44
45