Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ZAMBALES
Zone 6, Iba, Zambales
Tel./Fax No. (047) 602 1391
E-mail Address: zambales@deped.gov.ph
website: www.depedzambales.ph

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction Management
Week #8

I. INTRODUCTION:
Who can forget the disparaging eruption of Mount Pinatubo on June
15, 1991? And did you know that the eruption of Mount Pinatubo was the
second-largest volcanic cataclysm of the 20th century?
According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS), our country has 53 active volcanoes that may lead to various
hazards. And if these hazards become imminent, then they will surely harm
and endanger human lives and property. Therefore, by knowing the concept
of what volcanic eruption can possibly do will give you enough understanding
of how to mitigate volcanic hazards. As the famous weather TV program adage
reminds us: “magplano para sigurado- I am ready…!

II. LEARNING COMPETENCY.

Recognize signs of an impending volcanic eruption, explain various
volcano-related hazards and interpret different volcano hazard Maps.
(DRR11/12-Ih-i-24-25)

III. OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this learning activity sheet, you are expected to:

1. explain the most common volcanic-related hazards in the

Philippines;
2. recognize signs of an impending volcanic eruption, and
3. interpret different volcanic hazard Maps.

1.
IV. DISCUSSION:
The Philippines is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire. This explains why
there are numerous volcanoes in the country.
Volcanic hazards
A volcanic hazard refers to the probability that a given area will be
affected by a potentially destructive volcanic process (Fournier d'Albe, 1979).
Various Volcanic-Related hazards
Volcanic Phenomena
 Lava Flows
are stream-like flows of
incandescent molten
rock or lava erupted
from a crater or fissure.
When lava is degassed
and/or very viscous, it
tends to extrude
extremely slowly,
forming lava domes.
 Ballistic projectile
are rock fragments
that are ejected from
the volcano’s mouth
that are comparable to
cannonballs. These
reach its projectile up
to 5 kilometers or 3
miles.
Negative impacts / Why it is
Hazardous
Lava flows rarely threaten
human life because lava
usually moves slowly -- a
few centimeters per hour
for silicic flows to several
km/hour for basaltic
flows. Most characterize
this as a quiet effusion of Lava flows from the crater of
Mount Mayon volcano during a
lava. Major hazards of
new eruption in Legazpi City,
lava flow -- burying, Albay province, January 25,
crushing, covering, 2018. –
burning everything photo by Romeo Ranoco
in their path.
Ballistic projectiles
endanger life and property
by (1) the force of impact
of falling fragments, but
this occurs only close to
an eruption, (2) loss of
agricultural lands if burial
is greater than 10 cm
depth, (3) producing
suspensions of fine-
grained particles in air
and water which clogs Source: Tom Pfeiffer/Flickr, Vulcanian
filters and vents of motors, explosion at Anak Krakatau volcano
https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/
human lungs, industrial photo-of-the-week/2016-may-
machines, and nuclear 30.html
power plants,
2.
 (volcanology.geol.
ucsb.educ).
 Tephra (fragmented
volcanic particles) or
Tephra or ashfall can
ash (fragmented accumulate as thick
volcanic particles less blankets of material,
than 2 mm in causing infrastructural
diameter) propelled damages, roof collapse,
through the contamination of water
atmosphere in an resources, and burial.
Ash suspended in air is
eruption plume or an
also dangerous for
eruption column aircraft as the abrasive
eventually fall or ash can cause the
gravitationally settle engines to fail if the
over areas downwind suspended ash is
of an erupting volcano, encountered by the
airplane.
forming blankets of
tephra fall or ashfall. Ashfall is a health hazard
Ashfall can also be Carrying of harmful (even
rained out from the poisonous, unpleasant)
gases, acids, salts, and, Volcanic ash from Taal Volcano cover
ash clouds of PDCs. a street in Talisay on Jan. 18.
close to the
https://www.phivolcs. Photographer: Ezra Acayan/
dost.gov.ph/index.php/ vent(DRRR, TG, 2017). Getty Images
volcanohazard/
introduction-to-volcanoes
 PYROCLASTIC Deadly effects include
DENSITY CURRENTS asphyxiation (inhalation of
or PDCs hot ash and gases), burial,
incineration, (burns) and
PDCs are mixtures of
crushing from impacts.
fragmented volcanic
The only effective method
particles (pyroclastic), hot
of risk mitigation is
gases, and ash that rush
evacuation prior to such
down the volcanic slopes
eruptions from areas likely
or rapidly outward from a
to be affected by
source vent at high
pyroclastic density
speeds. PDCs range from
currents.
pyroclastic flows to Source:
(DRRR, TG, 2017).
pyroclastic surges Pyroclastic flow
depending mainly on from Pinatubo Volcano the
eruption, June 1991
particle concentrations, Photo from PHIVOLCS
pyroclastic flows being ICONIC PHOTO. Photojournalist Albert
denser. Garcia's snap of Mount Pinatubo
eruption is in National Geographic's
u0022100 Best Images of All Time
 Lateral blasts are
laterally-directed Deadly effects include
thrusts of hot gas and asphyxiation (inhalation of
ash that can be hot ash and
generated from an

3.
 exploding dome on the gases), burial, incineration
summit vent or inside (burns), and crushing
the edifice when from impacts.
sudden mass failure of (DRRR, TG, 2017).
the volcanic flanks
occurs. Lateral blasts
travel at the onset, Volcanic Lateral Blast Lava of Mount
Helen (Vancouver, Washington) 2013
flattening everything in
(Photo: Richard Roscoe)
their paths and causing http://www.mshslc.org/return-to-
impacts like those of life/eruption-impacts/lateral-blast-
PDCs. introduction/
 Volcanic gases Some volcanic gases such
form a dissolved as Sulfur dioxide (SO2),
component of magma carbon dioxide (CO2), and
that is released to the Hydrogen fluoride (HF) are
atmosphere in large some volcanic gases that
quantities during pose hazards to people,
eruptions. The principal animals, agriculture, and
volcanic gases are water property.
vapor, hydrogen sulfide, SO2 can lead to acid rain.
sulfur dioxide, carbon High concentrations of
dioxide, carbon CO2 which are colorless
monoxide, hydrogen and odorless can be lethal
chloride, and hydrogen to people, animals, and Taal Volcano started spewing volcanic
fluoride. Minor amounts vegetation. gases and ash,
of nitrogen, methane, Fluorine compounds can January 12, 2020
argon, and helium can deform and kill animals (Photo: Alecs Ongcal/Rappler)
also be degassed from that grazed on vegetation https://assets2.rappler.com/
magma. Volcanic gases covered with volcanic ash. Tagaytay-Taal-volcano-eruption-
form aerosols that can Batangas-January-13-2020-002.jpg
Non-toxic species such as
both cool down the carbon dioxide can also be
earth’s atmosphere over lethal when released in
a period of time. large quantities,
displacing air and causing
asphyxiation in human
and animal populations.
(DRRR, TG, 2017).
 Debris avalanche or When a huge portion of
volcanic landslide the side of a volcano
(SECTOR COLLAPSE) collapses due to slope
massive collapse of a failure.
volcano, usually The huge
triggered by an volcanic debris avalanche
earthquake or volcanic typically leaves an
eruption. amphitheater-like feature
Based on the present and at the base of
morphology of volcanoes with debris (SECTOR COLLAPSE) Debris-flow
Volcanoes, Iriga Volcano avalanche event, a deposit just above transition from
deposition to erosion in the channel.
in Camarines Sur, hummocky topography
Banahaw Volcano, and (small hills all over).

4.
 Quezon Province and https://www.researchgate.net/
Kanlaon Volcano had figure/Debris-flow-deposit-
just-above-transition-from-deposition-
pre-historic debris
to-erosion-in-
avalanche events. channel_fig11_314213620
(DRRR, TG, 2017).
 Lahars Lahars have destroyed
(an Indonesian term), many villages and lives
sometimes called living on Pinatubo and
volcanic mudflows or Mayon Volcano because
debris flows, are slurries most people live in valleys
of volcanic sediment, where lahars flow.
debris, and water that • Lahars can destroy by
cascade down a direct impact (bridges,
volcano’s slopes through roads, houses)
rivers and channels. • Lahars can lead to
Lahars in tropical areas increased deposition of
are mainly generated by sediments along affected
torrential rainfall on rivers that block tributary
unconsolidated deposits streams and form a
from a past eruption. lake. and result in
These can also be long-term flooding
triggered by the sudden problems in the low-lying Mayon’s lahar flow well-contained in
draining of a crater lake downstream communities. the river channel
January 29, 2018
or a collapsed natural or This can submerged
(Photo:
man-made dam or the villages within this puts to https://images.gmanews.tv/
movement of a PDC into danger the lives of people webpics/2018/01/ZZZ_012918_
a river or lake and in communities mayon_volcano_2_2018_01_
eventual mixing with downstream. 29_07_23_31.jpg
water.
 GROUND
SUBSIDENCE and
FISSURING Ground subsidence and
Ascending magma can fissuring are typically
cause the volcano edifice accompanied by
to swell before and earthquakes, and
during an eruption, altogether can cause
causing the ground to infrastructural and house
break up into fissures, or building damages, loss
typically along with or degradation of the land
weaknesses in the rock surface, and re-routing of
such as fractures or waterways and rivers
faults. After magma has crippling the stability of
erupted, its removal certain infrastructure
from the subsurface can causing the building to
cause the ground to collapse. https://images.gmanews.tv/
sink and subside and webpics/2020/01/640_ lemery_2020
_01_ 19_09_26_27.jpg
further fissuring to
occur.

5.
 (https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/
index.php/volcanohazard/
introduction-to-volcanoes)
 Volcanic tsunami
Volcanic tsunamis,
according to the
International Tsunami
Information Center, may
happen rarely, but they
are usually
accompanied by Negative effects:
particularly violent An eruption that occurs
eruptions. The displaced near a body of water may
volume of water can generate tsunamis if the
generate destructive pyroclastic materials enter
waves within the vicinity the body of water and
of the eruption. Apart
cause it to be disturbed
from the sudden
displacement of water, and displaced forming
tsunamis like these can huge waves
be caused by “a (DRRR, TG 2017).
volcano’s slope failure,
or more likely by a
phreatomagmatic
explosion and
collapse/engulfment of
The ruins of cars as seen after the
the volcanic magmatic tsunami hit in Palu, Indonesia
chambers.” September 29, 2018.
REUTERS/Stringer

B. SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION

The following are commonly observed signs that a volcano is about to
erupt. These precursors may vary from the volcano to volcano. (Manzano, D
& DP. Quilla, 2020.)
1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds;
the occurrence of volcanic tremors
2. Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam from white to
gray due to entrained ash
3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater
4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt, and ground fissuring due to
magma intrusion
5. Localized landslides, rock falls and landslides from the summit area
are not attributed to heavy rains
6. Noticeable increase in drying up of vegetation around the volcano's
upper slopes
7. Increase in temperature of hot springs, wells (e.g. Bulusan and
Canlaon), and crater lake (e.g. Taal) near the volcano

6.
 8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs, crater lakes
within the vicinity of the volcano
9. Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano
10. Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones; the
appearance of solfataras (craters with sulfur gas).

A. VOLCANIC ERUPTION HAZARD MAP

7.
C. Interpreting Volcanic Hazard Map
Zambales is the home of Mt. Pinatubo, therefore it is prone to volcanic
hazards. Hazard maps are used to help you understand the areas that may
be affected. These show areas that can be impacted and where the safe zone
is.
Above is the Volcanic Eruption Hazard Map of Zambales. Have a closer look
to better understand what a volcanic eruption Hazard Map is all about.

B. BASE SURGE HAZARD MAP

According to PHIVOLCS, a base surge is a “mixture of fragmented volcanic

particles, hot gases, and ash that rush down the volcanic slopes or rapidly outward
from a source vent at high speed (approx. 80kph)”. Total evacuation of Taal Volcano
Island and areas within a 14km radius from the main crater was strongly advised
because they are susceptible to base surges. (Kempeneers 2020).

Source: (Provincial Government of Zambales / DEPED- Zambales 2014) Disaster Preparedness Handbook

The base surge hazard map of Taal

Source: PHIVOLCS

8.
 Hazard Map radius Source: PHIVOLCS

V. ACTIVITY
General Directions: Write all your answers in your activity
notebook.
TASK 1: I Have a Potential!

Directions: Identify the characteristics of each potential volcanic hazard on

this table, and then answer the questions below.
Potential Volcanic Hazard Characteristics

Ballistic Projectiles
Ash Fall
Pyroclastic Flows
Lava Flow
Volcanic Gases
Debris Avalanche or Volcanic landslide
Volcanic Tsunami

9.
 GQ1: State the rationale why are potential volcanic Hazards harmful?
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
 GQ2: Enumerate 5 specific threats of volcanic hazards to human health?
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

TASK 2: Decode the mystery word:

Directions: Rearrange the scrambled words by placing the correct letters in

the box. Use the numbered boxes to decode the final word at the bottom.
1. UQKAE 6 5

2. EATSM 12 5

3. MMAAG 3 3

4. IFNALITON 2 9

5. LLNDASDIES 9 4

6. VEEGTITOAN 1 7

7. TAMPUEERTRE 11 6

8. CMIECHAL 8 8

10.
 9. SGPINR 10

10. TEARHML 12 3

* using the numbered boxes

(hint: numbers 1-10 are natural signs of ____________?)
1 7 2 8 3 9 4 8 5 10 6 11 12 4 7 9

TASK 3: I bet it’s TRUE!

Directions: Write T if the statement is correct or F if it is wrong.

1. Pyroclastic flows and surges are potentially highly destructive owing to

their mass, high temperature, high velocity, and great mobility.
2. Lahars are rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments (from the
pyroclastic materials) and water, usually triggered by intense rainfall
during typhoons, monsoons, and thunderstorms.
3. Lava flows are considered the most dangerous type of hazard from a
volcano and are always a big threat to human lives.
4. During an eruption, excessive ashfall is dangerous as it can cause poor
or low visibility.
5. Ash from volcanoes are also abrasive, because of this, ash suspended in
the air is also dangerous for airplanes as this can cause the engines to fail
if the suspended ash is encountered by the airplane.

TASK 4: I can read your MAP?

Directions: Read and carefully examine the map on page 7 and answer the
following questions below.
1. What are the areas from the map which are safe from lahar but prone to
flooding and siltation. __________________.
2. What areas from the map which have low susceptibility to lahar. ______
3. What are the municipalities that are not susceptible to lahar. Why are
these areas not susceptible to lahar flow. Explain your answer. ___________
4. Is San Marcelino susceptible to lahar. Why or Why Not?________________

11.
TASK 5: Hazard Hunter!
Directions: Fill-in the spaces with the word from the volcano.
1. Increase in the _______ with rumbling sounds; occurrence of _______.
2. _______ (or inflation), ground tilt and ground _______ due to magma intrusion.
3. Noticeable increase in _______around the volcano's _______.
4. _______of hot springs, wells (e.g. Bulusan and Canlaon) and crater lake (e.g.
Taal) _______.
5. Development of _______ and/or reactivation of old ones; appearance of _______
(craters with sulfur gas).

VI. ASSESSMENT
A. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the given signs of an impending volcanic eruption refers to the
decrease of pressure and escape of gases as magma gets near the surface
of the volcano?
A. Gas emission

12.
 B. Harmonic Tremors
C. Increase in the number of earthquakes
D. Bulges in the mountain/inflammation
2. Which of the following characteristics of magma mainly affects the
explosiveness of a volcanic eruption?
A. amount C. silica content
B. color D. temperature

3. An impending volcanic eruption is going to happen. Which of the given signs

will probably first to occur?
A. Gas emission C. Increase in the number of earthquakes
B. Harmonic Tremors D. Bulges in the mountain/inflammation

4. Which of the following factors associated with huge volcanic eruptions may
cause a decrease in the Earth’s average temperature for a few years?
A. acid rain B. heat C. light D. volcanic ash

5. Which of the above signs of an impending volcanic eruption refers to the

swelling of a volcano that signals the accumulation of magma near its
surface?
A. Gas emission C. Increase in the number of earthquakes
B. Harmonic Tremors D. Bulges in the mountain/inflammation

6. Which of the following volcanic hazards is a combination of pyroclastic

materials and water in a form of mud?
A. Lahar flows C. Pyroclastic fall
B. Lava flow D. Pyroclastic flow

7. Which toxic gas is released naturally by volcanic activity?

A. Carbon dioxide C. Hydrochloric acid
B. Carbon monoxide D. Sulfur dioxide

8. When does a volcano form an effusive eruption?

A. When there is a large amount of gas and a high viscosity
(sticky) magma
B. When there is a small amount of gas and a high viscosity
(sticky) magma
C. When there is a large amount of gas and a low viscosity
(sticky) magma
D. When there is a small amount of gas and a low viscosity
(sticky) magma

13.
9. What is the significance of studying the various signs of impending volcanic
eruption?
A. To acquire knowledge C. To promote safety
B. To be well-informed D. To acquire skills
10. A thick layer of volcanic ash can be heavy enough to collapse the roofs of
buildings because ash ________.
A. is solid.
B. cannot be blown by winds
C. becomes heavier as it cools
D. consists of tiny fragments of rocks that become heavy as they pile
up

11. Which of the following heat comes from the inside of the Earth?
A. exothermal C. geothermal
B. hydrothermal D. magma thermal

12. What is the property of materials to resist flow?

A. buoyancy B. pressure C. density D. viscosity

13. Which of the following are causes of volcanic eruption?

I. outburst of magma, gases, and volcanic ash
II. movements of tectonic plate
III. extremely high pressure caused by magma
IV. heat of gases below the surface of the earth

A. I and II B. II and III C. III and IV D. III and IV

14. This refers to the molten rocks found beneath the Earth?
A. elements B. magma C. lava D. minerals

15. The following statements tell the description of what volcano is apart
from _____?
A. A volcano is dormant if it has not erupted less than a century but
could again one day.
B. A volcano is a place on the Earth’s surface where hot, molten rock
(called magma) breaks through.
C. A volcano is classed as “active” if it erupts lava, rock, gas or ash,
or if it shows seismic (earthquake) activity.
D. A volcano is a vent or 'chimney' that connects molten rock
(magma) from within the Earth’s crust to the Earth's surface.

14.
VI. REFLECTION: Write a minimum of 5 sentence paragraph on the
lessons you’ve learned in the entire week by answering the questions
provided in the box.

What did I learn for this week’s LAS? How does this lesson impact my life as an
individual and as a part of my community?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

What skill do I need to develop during this time of pandemic?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

SCORING RUBRICS

15.
VIII. REFERENCES:
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 16: Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruption First Edition,
2020

Quebral, Villamor S. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Senior High

School (Core Subject). Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc. 2016.
Fisher, R. V. (1997). Hazardous volcanic events. Retrieved from
http://volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu/ hazards.htm

Geography Video 4 the UC. (2010, December 31). Dome collapse and
pyroclastic flow at unzen volcano [Video file].Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Cvjwt9nnwXY

GNS Science, Te Pü Ao. (2010). Volcanic hazards. Retrieved from

http://gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/ScienceTopics/Volcanoes/Volcanic-
Hazards

Kempeneers, Christine. 2020. Preparing For The Worst: Taal. Image.

https://aboitizeyes-admin.aboitiz.com/preparing-for-the-worst-
taal/amp/.

Provincial Government of Zambales / DEPED- Zambales. 2014. "Disaster

Preparedness Handbook". Mandaluyong City: HYDN Publishing

Prepared By:

MARK ANTHONY M. ROSAL, RN-MAEd

Senior High Teacher-III
SAN GUILLERMO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
#103 Laderas St, Burgos, San Marcelino, Zambales,2207

16.
IX. KEY TO CORRECTIONS
I. ACTIVITY

TASK 1: I have a potential! (Possible Answer: Learner’s Answer may vary)

Potential Volcanic
Characteristics
Hazard
These are rock fragments that are ejected from volcano’s
Ballistic Projectiles
mouth that are comparable to cannonballs.
Tephra are (fragmented volcanic particles) or ash
(fragmented volcanic particles less than 2 mm in
Tephra / Ash Fall diameter) propelled through the atmosphere in an
eruption column eventually fall or gravitationally settle
over areas downwind of an erupting volcano
PDCs are mixtures of fragmented volcanic particles
(pyroclastics), hot gases and ash that rush down the
Pyroclastic Flows volcanic slopes or rapidly outward from a source vent at
high speeds.
are stream-like flows of incandescent molten rock or lava
Lava Flow erupted from a crater or fissure.
These are form a dissolved component of magma (gas)
Volcanic Gases that is released to the atmosphere in large quantities
during eruptions.
Debris Avalanche or This refers to a massive collapse of a volcano, usually
Volcanic landslide triggered by an earthquake or volcanic eruption.
This may happen rarely, but they are usually
accompanied by particularly violent eruptions. The
Volcanic Tsunami
displaced volume of water can generate destructive
waves within the vicinity of the eruption.

 GQ1: State the rationale why are potential volcanic Hazards harmful?
( Answer may vary according to the learner’s comprehension).
Basically, volcanic hazards can pose potential threats and can
endanger the lives of the people and the community in many ways. It
can devastate the environment, compromise health and the economy.

 GQ2: Enumerate 5 specific threat of volcanic hazards to human’s health?

(Answer may vary according to the learner’s comprehension).

a. Inhalation of volcanic ash can cause respiratory distress to human.

b. Prolonged Direct contact to volcanic ash/tephra can cause skin
irritation / allergic reaction especially to children.
c. Accidental ingestion of volcanic material (e.g. Tephra/lahar) can cause
gastrointestinal upset.
d. Lahar can cause possible drowning and can contaminate water sources
that compromise human health.

17.
 e. Lateral blast deadly effects include asphyxiation (inhalation of hot ash
and gases), burial, incineration.

TASK 2: Decode TASK 3: Interpret a Map ( 10 points)

the mystery word:
1. QUAKE 1. Areas from San Narciso, Castillejos and other areas
2. STEAM of Botolan (2 points: any of the 3 given answer
3. MAGMA
4. INFLATION 2. Existing Bucao Dike( Botolan) and Santo Tomas
5. LANDSLIDES Marella Drive ( San Marcelino) (2 points)
6. VEGETATION
7. TEMPERATURE 3. Sta Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Palauig,
8. CHEMICAL Cabangan, San Antonio,Other areas of San
9. SPRING Marcelino. ( 1 point any of the given answer) These
10. THERMAL areas are far from the volcano’s drainage system and
FINAL BOX: can be found on high lying areas. (2 points)
(Answer may vary according to the learner’s comprehension).
VOLCANIC
ERUPTION 4. Yes, some areas are susceptible to lahar especially
the low lying areas like the Sto Tomas Marella Drive
that serve as one of the major drainage of the volcano.

(1 pt. for the Yes and 2 pts. For the explanation)

(Answer may vary according to the learner’s comprehension

TASK 4: I bet it’s True!

1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T TASK 5: Hazard Hunter

ASSESSMENT 1. frequency of volcanic quakes, volcanic

tremors
2. Ground swells , fissuring
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. D 3. Drying up of vegetation, upper slopes
6. A 7. D 8. D 9. C 10. D 4. Increase in temperature, near the volcano
11. C 12. D 13. D 14. B 15. A 5. new thermal areas , solfataras

(For teacher’s copy only. Don’t include this part in the distribution).

18.