TCW MIDTERMS
World’s Largest Media Company (2014)
World of Ideas
Global Media Culture
Intended Learning Outcomes:
Global Media Culture
Free flow of Information: The Road to
Modernization
1. Models of development through Mass
Media and the free flow of information
(Modernization of
Paradigm)
2. Mass Media plays a critical role in the
modernization paradigm
3. Positive association between
communication components to that of the
social, political, and economic components
in national growth.
Developing societies must follow the
Western concept of modernity in order to
achieve development.
•Treat Mass Media as a factor that
intervenes between antecedents and
consequences of modernization.
• Criticisms were also laid down against
these theories.
•Government espousing this Western Model
of Modernization used the media system to
control over the population rather than
promoting education for democracy.
• Such Criticisms mark the shift to the
cultural imperialism paradigm.
Demanding for the Balanced
Flow of Information
• The cultural Imperialism Paradigm grew in
influence
• Non-Aligned Countries Declaration of 1979
also known as the Havana Declaration
• Against uneven flow of information
• Slight differences between cultural
imperialism and media imperialism
• Cultural Domination paved the way for the
entry of Western-based transnational
corporation that would dominate non-
western economies
• Google
• Walt Disney
• Comcast
• 21st Century Fox
• Facebook
• Bertelsmann
• Viacom
• CBS
• Baidu
• News Corp
Annual Global Ranking of the Largest
Media Companies in the World
 Television- most important
advertising medium.
 Internet – replaced print media as
the second.
 Print Media – goes down to third.
Contribution of Media Imperialism Scholars
• Demand change in UNESCO’s
communication policies based on the
NWICO debate.
• Report of the MacBride Commission aimed
to promote independence, diversity, and
pluralism of media, and to strengthen the
national media of the South
Criticism of Cultural Imperialism
Paradigm
 Against its theoretical coherence
 Romanticizing the national as an
agent of resistance which could be
oppressive and homogenizing
 The theory may have to be
revaluated as the new media
penetrate into developing nations
Cultural Pluralism
Transition from Homogenization to
Heterogenization
Cultural Pluralism- result of the criticisms
against cultural imperialism also known as
Cultural Globalization
• Transition from “one way” to
“multidirectional flows”
• Heterogenization is anchored on the
meaning of globalization as hybridization,
synchronization, re-territorialisation, and
indigenization
Criticisms of Heterogenization
• It is systematically marginalizing the role of
the State (think global, act local -
Globalization idea).
• The power it provides the audience without
taking into account the inequality of their
access to media and communications.
• Neglect of the economic clout of global
media firms
• Concentration in the United States
• It is not also reflective of the assumptions
of the paradigm
Globalization-of-Religion2
Concepts of Religion
• In its spiritual sense idea of
transcendence, relation to sacredness/
holiness, relation of people to the ultimate
condition of existence
• In its material sense
Beliefs capable of motivating
individuals/group to mobilize to achieve
political goals, suppress mass actions as
a tool of repression.
Secularization: Consequence of
Modernization
Secularization
 Refers to the belief that religion
would lose its significance with
economic development and
modernization.
 Auguste Comte
 Max Weber
 Emile Durkheim
 Karl Marx
Tschannen (1991) Secularization
Paradigm
Three Core Concepts of Secularization
Paradigm:
1. Differentiation
2. Rationalization
3. Worldliness
Secularization Paradigm- is a family of
theories that vary in terms of the extent of
the decline or displacement of religion, the
direction of the process, and the driving
forces they ascribe to the secularization
Gorski (2000)’s Four Basic
Positions in Understanding the theories
 The disappearance of religion thesis
 The decline of religion thesis
 The privatization thesis
 The transformation thesis
Goldstein (2009)’s Unilineal
Conception of the
Secularization Process
The three (3) different camps within the old
secularization paradigm:
 the functionalists
 the phenomenologists
 the dialectic theorist
The resurgence of Religion in the
Context of Globalization
Clash of civilization thesis by Samuel
Huntington
- It will be the cause of the resurgence of
religion.
- It will be cultural not economic or
ideological.
• Azzouzi (2013)- the resurgence of religion
is the consequence of globalization.
Criticisms:
1. Amartya Sen’s inadequate recognition of
Huntington of the heterogeneities with
Cultures.
2. Edward Said’s problems of the
conceptualization of civilization and
identities of Huntington into what they are
not
The-Global-City3
What is a Global City?
• Also known as “Alpha City” or “World
Centers”
• Regarded as a primary node in the global
economic network
• An urban center that enjoys significant
competitive advantages and that serves as a
hub within a globalized economic system
(Brenner, 1998)
• It serves as an important focal point for
business, global trade, finance, tourist, and
globalization to exist (Sassen, 1994)
The New World Order of Cities
 Established World Cities
 Emerging World Cities
 New World Cities
Six (6) Cities stand out:
1. London
2. New York
3. Paris
4. Tokyo
5. Hong Kong
6. Singapore
Essential Traits of Global Cities
 There is an apparent presence of a
variety of international financial
services notably in finance,
insurance, real estate, banking,
accountancy, and marketing.
 Headquarters of several
multinational corporations
 The existence of financial
headquarters, a stock exchange, and
major financial institutions.
 Domination of the trade and
economy of a large surrounding area
Essential Traits of Global Cities
• Major manufacturing centers with port and
container facilities.
• Considerable decision-making power on a
daily basis and at a global level.
• Centers of new ideas and innovation in
business, economics, culture, and politics.
• Focal point of media and communications
for global networks.
•Dominance of the national region with great
international significance
Analyzing Global Cities
• GaWC ranked World Cities by their
connectivity through four (4) “advanced
producers’ services”.
 accountancy
 advertising
 banking/finance
 law
•Manila is listed as an Alpha City
- means that Manila is considered as an
Emerging global economic player.
Global Cities Index
• Current Performance of Cities based on
the 27 metrics spanning five dimensions:
- Business activity
- Human capital
- Information exchange
- Cultural experience
- Political engagement
Global Cities Index
• Evaluation of the Global Cities Outlook of a
city’s potential based on the rate of change
for 13 metrics across four (4) dimensions:
- Personal well-being
- Economics
- Innovation
- Governance
Global-Demography 4
Demography
• represents the study of statistics which
illustrates the changing structure of human
population and thus poses an effect on
globalization on a holistic level.
Pertains to the composition of a particular
human population.
- Demographic patterns
- “baby boom” generation
- Population momentum
Pattern of Global
Demographic Change
• Current World Population
statistics/projections
• Disparity in population growth between
countries
• Crude Birth and Death Rates
• Global Fertility Rate
• Infant and Child Mortality Decline
• Global Life Expectancy
• Working Age Population
Demographic Change and
Its Economic Impact
• Consequential with respect to economic
and social development.
- Thomas Malthus point of view
- The population optimists’ point of view
- Population Neutralism
The Impact of Demographical Changes to
Globalization
• Demographic Changes affect the
phenomenon of globalization to a large
extent.
• Demography has shaped trading patterns
since antiquity.
• The early demographic transition in Europe
• The rise of Asia’s population and its role at
the heart of the global economy
Looking to the Future
Roser’s Expectation in the next half-century:
• There will be continued but slowing
population growth.
• The world’s population is ageing and the
growth in the sheer number of elderly people
will be huge.
• International migration will continue, but
the extent is unclear.
• Urbanization will continue, but here, too,
the pace is impossible to predict
Global-Migration5
Global Migration
• It is an essential aspects of demographic
analysis.
• Humanity seems to be always on the
move.
• The core dynamics of Global Migration.
• 2017 International Migration Report of
United
Nation.
• Some basic concepts related to Migration.
International Migrant
• A person who is living in a country other
than his/her country of birth.
• The difference between immigration and
emigration.
• Both activities of immigrating and
emigrating can bring a host of positive
effects for both the host and home countries.
• Migrants as the most vulnerable members
of society.
Migration
I. Political- i.e. civil strife, wars, and the need
for asylum.
- Syria
- Afghanistan
- South Sudan
- Myanmar
- Somalia
- Democratic Republic of Cong 4. Have profound effect on international
migration.

Reason for Global Migration

Samples of Push Factors
II. Economic – In search for better  Lack of Economic opportunities
opportunities  Lack of Safety
 High Criminality
-Economic effects of Migration  Crop Failure
1. The sending and receiving countries  Drought
2. The situation for the developing countries  Flooding
3. The situation of the developed countries  Poverty
 War
 Higher Employment
Push-and-Pull-Factors6  More Wealth
Environmental – Disaster  Better Service
Driven Migration  Good Climate
• Environmental Problems and Natural  Safer, less Criminality
Disasters  Political Stability
• The importance of “Environmental  More Fertile Land
Refugees”  Lower Ricks from Natural Hazard
• Statistics of environmental migrants
• The Effects of Desertification due to Trends in Global Migration
climate chance • Continuous growth in number of
international migrants
The Push-Pull Factors of Migration • High-income countries host almost 2/3 of
• Analysis of Migration through push-pull all international migrants
model •Data analysis by geographic region
- Push factor is the one that drives people to
leave home Migration and Globalization
- Pull factor is the one that attracts migrants •The Intrinsic Relationship between
to a new location Migration and Globalization
•Variety of ways that affected Migration and
Push – negative aspects of the sending Globalization
country •Globalization produces countervailing
Pull – positive aspects of the receiving forces .
count
Challenges and Prospects
The Push-Pull Factors of •Continued rise in international migration
Migration during the coming decade
Other factors: •Persistent migration streams will bring new
problem in the years ahead
• Network factor - Human Trafficking
1. Can either facilitate or deter migration. - Terrorism
2. Includes cost of travel, ease of - Increased Racism
communication, and international business
trends.
3. Not related to specific country