Midterm
LESSON 1: GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE
GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE
Free flow of Information: The Road to
Modernization
1.Models of development through Mass
Media and the free flow of information
(Modernization of Paradigm)
2.Mass Media plays a critical role in the
modernization paradigm
3.Positive association between
communication components to that of the
social, political, and economic components in
national growth.
• Developing societies must follow the Western
concept of modernity in order to achieve
development.
• Treat Mass Media as a factor that intervenes
between antecedents and consequences of
modernization.
• Criticisms were also laid down against these
theories.
• Government espousing this Western Model of
Modernization used the media system to control over
the population rather than promoting education for
democracy.
• Such Criticisms mark the shift to the cultural
imperialism paradigm.
DEMANDING FOR THE BALANCED FLOW OF
INFORMATION
• The cultural Imperialism Paradigm grew in
influence
• Non-Aligned Countries Declaration of 1979
also known as the Havana Declaration
• Against uneven flow of information
• Slight differences between cultural
imperialism and media imperialism
• Cultural Domination paved the way for the
entry of Western-based transnational
corporations that would dominate non-
western economies.
WORLD'S LARGEST MEDIA
COMPANY (2014)
• Google
• Walt Disney
• Comcast
• 21st Century Fox
• Facebook
• Bertelsmann
• Viacom
• CBS
• Baidu
• News Corp
ANNUAL GLOBAL RANKING OF THE
LARGEST MEDIA COMPANIES IN THE WORLD
• Television- most important advertising
medium.
• Internet - replaced print media as the
second.
• Print Media - goes down to third.
CONTRIBUTION OF MEDIA IMPERIALISM
SCHOLARS
• Demand change in UNESCO's
communication policies based on the
NWICO debate.
• Report of the MacBride Commission aimed
to promote independence, diversity, and
pluralism of media, and to strengthen the
national media of the South.
CRITICAL OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
PARADIGM
• Against its theoretical coherence
• Romanticizing the national as an agent of
resistance which could be oppressive and
homogenizing
• The theory may have to be reevaluated as
the new media penetrate into developing
nations
CULTURAL PLURALISM: TRANSITION FROM
HOMOGENIZATION TO HETEROGENIZATION
Cultural Pluralism
• result of the criticisms against cultural
imperialism
• also known as Cultural Globalization
Transition from "one way" to "multidirectional
flows"
Heterogenization
• is anchored on the meaning of
globalization as hybridization,
synchronization, reterritorialization, and
indigenization
Criticisms of Heterogenization
• It is systematically Marginalizing the role of
the State ( think global, act local -
Glocalization idea).
• The power it provides the audience without
taking into account the inequality of their
access to media and communications.
• Neglect of the economic clout of global media
firms . Concentration in the United States
• It is not also reflective of the assumptions of
the paradigm.
LESSON 2:THE GLOBALIZATION OF
RELIGION
CONCEPTS OF RELIGION
• In its spiritual sense
o idea of transcendence, relation to
sacredness/ holiness, relation of people
to the ultimate condition of existence.
• In its material sense
o Beliefs capable of motivating
individuals/group to mobilize to achieve
political goals, suppress mass actions as a tool of
repression.
SECULARIZATION: CONSEQUENCE OF
MODERNIZATION
• Secularization - refers to the belief that
religion would lose its significance with
economic development and modernization.
• Auguste Comte - the founder of positivism, a
philosophical and political movement which
enjoyed a very wide diffusion in the second
half of the nineteenth century.
• Max Weber- life as a duty. claimed that “the
ascetic conventicles and sects ... formed one
of the most important foundations of modern
individualism.
• Emile Durkheim - Religion is “a unified
system of beliefs and practices relative to
sacred things, that is to say set apart and
forbidden, beliefs and practices
which unite into one single moral community, called a
church, all those who adhere to them”
• Karl Marx – religion is the sigh of the
oppressed creature, the heart of the heartless
world, and the soul of the soulless conditions.
It is the opium of the People.
TSCHANNEN (1991) SECULARIZATION
PARADIGM
Three Core Concepts of Secularization
Paradigm:
1.Differentiation
2.Rationalization
3.Worldliness
Secularization Paradigm
• is a family of theories that vary in terms of
the extent of the decline or displacement of
religion, the direction of the process, and
the driving forces they ascribe to
secularization.
GORSKI(2000)’S FOUR BASIC POSITIONS IN
UNDERSTANDING THE THEORIES
• The disappearance of religion thesis
• The decline of religion thesis
• The privatization thesis
• The transformation thesis
GOLDSTEIN (2009)’S UNILINEAL CONCEPTION
OF THE SECULARIZATION PROCESS
The three (3) different camps within the old
secularization paradigm:
• the functionalists
• the phenomenologists
• the dialectic theorists
THE RESURGENCE OF RELIGION IN THE
CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION
Clash of civilization thesis by Samuel
Huntington
• it will be the cause of the resurgence of
religion.
• it will be cultural not economic or
ideological.
Azzauzi (2013)- the resurgence of religion is the
consequence of globalization.
Criticisms:
1. Amartya Sen’s inadequate recognition of
Huntington of the heterogeneities with
cultures.
2. Edward Said’s problems of the
conceptualization of civilization and
identities of Huntington into what they are
not.
LESSON 3: GLOBAL CITY
WHAT IS A GLOBAL CITY?
• Also known as “Alpha City” or “World
Centers”
• Regarded as a primary node in the global
economic network
• An urban center that enjoys significant
competitive advantages and that serves as a
hub within a globalized economic system
(Brenner, 1998)
• It serves as an important focal point for
business,, global trade, finance, tourist, and
globalization to exist (Sassen, 1994)
THE NEW WORLD ORDER OF CITIES
• Established World Cities
• Emerging World Cities
• New World Cities
Six (6) Cities stand out:
1. London
2. New York
3. Paris
4. Tokyo
5. Hong Kong
6. Singapore
ESSENTIAL TRAITS OF GLOBAL CITIES
• There is an apparent presence of a variety of
international financial services notably in
finance, insurance, real estate, banking,
accountancy, and marketing.
• Headquarters of several multinational
corporations
• The existence of financial headquarters, a
stock exchange, and major financial
institutions
• Domination of the trade and economy of a
large surrounding area.
ESSENTIAL TRAITS OF GLOBAL CITIES
• Major manufacturing centers with port and
container facilities.
• Considerable decision-making power on a
daily basis and at a global level.
• Centers of new ideas and innovation in
business, economics, culture, and politics.
• Focal point of media and communications for
global networks.
• Dominance of the national region with great
international significance.
• High percentage of residents employed in
the services sector and information sector.
• High-quality educational institutions,
including renowned universities,
international student attendance, and
research facilities.
• Multi-functional infrastructure offering some
of the best legal, medical, and
entertainment facilities in the world.
• High diversity in language, culture, religion,
and ideologies.
ANALYZING GLOBAL CITIES
GaWC ranked World Cities by their connectivity
through four(4) “advanced producers services”.
• Accountancy
• Advertising
• banking/finance
• Law
Manila is listed as an Alpha City
• means that Manila is considered as an
emerging global economic player.
GLOBAL CITIES INDEX
Current Performance of Cities based on the 27
metrics spanning five dimensions:
• business activity
• human capital
• information exchange
• cultural experience
• political engagement
Evaluation of the Global Cities Outlook of a
city’s potential based on the rate of change for
13 metrics across four(4) dimensions:
• personal well-being
• economics
• innovation
• governance
LESSON 4: WORLD RELIGION
FIVE WORLD RELIGIONS HAVE HAD A
PROFOUND IMPACT ON CULTURE AND
CIVILIZATIONS.
• Christianity
• Judaism
• Islam
• Buddhism
• Hinduism
JUDAISM
• Judaism is a monotheistic religion. This
means that followers believe in one God.
• In Judaism, the Ten Commandments are
the guide for moral and religious conduct.
 • According to Jewish thought, God gave his
laws and commandments in the Torah. This is
the written record and beliefs of Hebrews. The
Torah is the first five books of the Old
Testament in the Bible.
• Although Jews live in many areas of the world,
the country of Israel is the Jewish home state
or country.
CHRISTIANITY
• Christianity is a monotheistic religion since
the followers of Christianity believe in only one
God.
• Christians believe that Jesus is the son of God.
They believe in the New Testament which
records the life and teachings of Jesus.
• Christians believe that there is life after death.
The way a person lives while alive determines
what life after death will be like. Righteous,
moral living will be rewarded in the afterlife.
• Early church councils determined or
established Christian doctrine. Christianity is
practiced all over the world but is concentrated
in North and South America and Europe.
• The holy book for Christians is the Old and
New Testament of the Holy Bible. This has the
religious teachings and followings recorded for
Christian believers.
ISLAM
• Followers of Islam believe in the supremacy of
one God, therefore, Islam is a monotheistic
religion. Followers of the Islam religion are
known as Muslims.
• Muslims call their God, Allah. Islam followers
believe that the prophet Muhammad is the
messenger of Allah.
• The Five Pillars of Islam are the five most
important acts of a Muslim.Devout Muslims will
perform the Five Pillars faithfully because they
consider them essential for pleasing Allah.
• The Holy book for Muslims is the Koran.
Muslims believe that the Koran was revealed
to Muhammad by God.
• Mecca is the most holy city in Islam. It is
located in Saudi Arabia. Followers of Allah
journey on pilgrimages to Mecca and face
Mecca during their daily prayers.
• Medina, which is a city located in western
Saudi Arabia, was the home of Muhammad the
prophet. Medina only permits Muslims to enter
and there is a shrine to Muhammad in this holy
city.
BUDDHISM
• The founder of Buddhism is Siddhartha
Guatama known as Buddha. As the
founder, Buddha is the key figure
Buddhism,
• Buddha taught his followers the Four Noble
Truths. He also gives an Eightfold Path to
Enlightenment.
• Buddhism began in northern India. Asoka’s
missionaries spread Buddhism from India to
China and other parts of Asia
HINDUISM
• Hinduism does not have a single founder
but it originated in India. Hindus believe in
one deity with many forms.
• The pattern of social classes in Hinduism is
called the "caste system." The caste
system is basically a simple division of
society in which there are four castes
arranged in a hierarchy and below them the
outcast caste.
• Hindus believe in reincarnation of the spirit
in another life form after death. A person
may be reborn successively into one of five
classes of living beings depending on the
person's own actions.
• Karma is the belief that a person’s actions
determine his destiny in his next
reincarnation.
DISTRIBUTION OF RELIGION
• Five world religions have had a profound
impact on culture and civilization. These
religions are found worldwide, but their
followers tend to be concentrated in certain
geographic areas.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF WORLD’S
MAJOR RELIGIONS:
• Judaism – Concentrated in Israel and North
America
• Christianity – Concentrated in Europe,
North and South America
• Islam – Concentrated in the Middle East,
Africa, and Asia
• Hinduism – Concentrated in India
• Buddhism – Concentrated in East and
Southeast Asia
PA ACTIVITY SA Ppt
LESSON 5: INFLUENCE OF WORLD • Pilgrimage (Hajj)
RELIGIONS IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD • Fast during Ramadan

MONOTHEISM BUDDHISM
• Began in Palestine with the Jews—- • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
Abraham is the founder of: • Four Noble Truths
• Judaism— • Eightfold Path to Enlightenment
• Islam • Spread of Buddhism from India to China
• Begun by Abraham about 2000 BCE and other parts of Asia, resulting from
Asoka’s missionaries and their writings
Common Beliefs: • Basic Tenets of Buddhism
• God created the universe • The world is full of suffering
• God continues to govern the universe • Meditation is our only escape
• The Ten Commandments were given to Moses • Nirvana is the ultimate goal
by God on Mt. Sinai and must be followed • Follow the Eightfold Path

JUDAISM EIGHTFOLDPATH
• Monotheism • Right Understanding
• Ten Commandments of moral and religious • Right Thought
conduct • Right Speech
• Torah: Written records and beliefs of the Jews • Right Action
• Founder: Abraham • Right Livelihood
• Followers are called Jews • Right Effort
• Believe that God made a covenant with • Right Mindfulness
Abraham and his people (Israelites) • Right Concentration
• Adherents are worldwide, but most are in
Israel Holy book is the Torah (= the first five POLYTHEISM
books of the Old Testament of Christian Bible) • Polytheism is the worship of more than one
• Worship in a Synagogue god.
• May accept gods from other religions
CHRISTIANITY • Choose your favorite god
• Monotheism
• Jesus as Son of God HINDUISM
• Life after death • Many forms of one god
• New Testament: Life and teachings of Jesus • Reincarnation: Rebirth based upon karma
• Establishment of Christian doctrines by early • Karma: Knowledge that all thoughts and
church councils actions result in future consequences
• Worship in a church
• Holy Book: Bible POLYTHEISM
• Hinduism
ISLAM • From India around 1700 BCE
• Monotheism • No single founder—3rd largest religion
• Muslim name for their God is Allah • Holy Book: Rig Veda
• Muhammad, the prophet • Brahman is the source of all divinity
• Holy Book: Qur’an (Koran) (holiness)
• Mecca and Medina • Believe in reincarnation (soul is reborn
• Started his religion in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. many times based on Karma).
This is the holiest city in Islam. • Caste System (top to bottom)
• Muslims worship in a mosque • Good Karma
MUSLIMS MUST FOLLOW THE FIVE PILLARS OF • OK Karma
ISLAM: • Untouchables
• Stating the Faith • Bad Karma
• Prayer 5 times/day facing Mecca
• Charity to poor HINDU GODS
 • VISHNU
• SHIVA
• BRAHMA
ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDING AND QUESTION
• Five world religions have had a profound
impact on culture and civilization. These
religions are found worldwide, but their
followers tend to be concentrated in certain
geographic areas. (pp. 700-714)
• Where are the followers of the five world
religions concentrated?
terror Afghanistan and Pakistan are in the
news.
LESSON 5: GLOBAL CITIES - THE URBAN
AGE
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS
• Increased international air travel is one of
the key traces of globalization, bringing
cities into closer contact and at the same
time, highlighting the difference between
them.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF WORLD’S AN URBAN HIERARCHY

MAJOR RELIGIONS Hamlet
• Judaism: Concentrated in Israel and North • Small collection of homes
America • population 10-100
• Christianity: Concentrated in Europe and
North and South America Village
• Islam: Concentrated in the Middle East, Africa, • Rural in character?
and Asia • Population less than 10,000
• Hinduism: Concentrated in India
• Buddhism: Concentrated in East and Urban area
Southeast Asia • Defined by land use? E.g., 75% built up, by
function?
CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL
ISSUES...ETHIC/RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS Town
• Developed and developing nations face many • Larger than a village but smaller than a city
challenges. These include migrations, ethnic • With town charter!
and religious conflicts. • Less than 100,000 population?
• What are some challenges faced by the
contemporary world? City
• Legal status in some countries
ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS • Over 100, 000?
Middle East
• Muslim in fighting (Sunni vs. Shi’a), Muslims Conurbation
(Arabs) vs. Jews (Israel), Strict vs. moderate, • Urban area incorporating adjacent centers
Muslims vs. Christians (United States) • e.g., former free-standing towns and
villages. After Geddes 1915
Northern Ireland
• Protestants vs. Catholics Metropolis
Balkans • Large urban agglomeration, usually over 1
• Serbs, Bosnians, and Croats fight one another million?
for land (their own nation) 1990s
Millionaire city
Horn of Africa • By definition, over 1 million
• Consists of Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and
Djibouti. Drought, disease, and piracy has Megacity
been a problem in this region. • Urban metropolis over 10 million
South Asia Megalopolis
• Consists of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, • Chain of adjacent metropolitan areas. After
Bangladesh, Nepal, et al... India and Pakistan • Mumford 1938 The Culture of Cities
have a history of disputes and with the war on
World or global city
 • A global centre for finance, culture, political
influence (Sassen 1990s)
Eperopolis
• Continental city’ after Doxiadis 1968
City limits
• London commuting
• The London plan
• Richard Florida‘Megalopolis
• Eperopolis or Ecumenopolis Doxiadis 1968
• Changing distribution of cities
China: ‘Enter the dragon’
• Net addition ½ billion urban population
• Accounting for ¼ of global economic growth by
2030
• Most rapid rural-to-urban transition in human
history.
• Under 20% urban 1970 to over 50% by 2020
Defining a global city
• Command points in the organization of the
world economy
• Key locations and marketplaces for finance
and specialised services
• Major sites of production, including innovations
• Around 70 worldwide
Centres of innovation
• Major information and communication centres
• Access to the largest markets (for specialist
and mass consumption)
• Competitive environment requires business to
innovate
• Encourage formal and informal interaction
between wide range of financial, managerial,
technical, marketing and trade skills and
experience
• Diverse networks, information loops produce
knowledge capital
• Global capitalism demands such knowledge
• Even a low innovation success rate leads
to a virtuous circle of innovation and
success.
2: THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBAL CITIES
2.1Urbanisation and development
• for many poor nations, urbanisation has little to
do with industrialisation, but rather is linked
with the creation of jobs in the service sector”
1. Inequality within cities: Life in 21st Century
Cities
• “we have reached the end of an era of
association of urbanisation with Western
style industrialisation and socio-economic
characteristics”
London’s ecological footprint
• 125 times its own area to provide the
resources it consumes
• 197,500 sq km
• UK has 210,000 sq km productive surface
Another view of London
• 8% of UK carbon emissions
• 12% of population
• 20% of GDP
• Lower waste per capital
• Less water and electricity per £1 gross
value added
• Lower CO2 per £1 gross value added
Ecopolis now?
• city builders "worshipped at the altar of the
automotive god, and idealised mobility and
freedom” Peter Hall, professor of planning
and regeneration UCL
• “to improve the social and environmental
condition of cities the top priority is to cut
car use”
ASSESSING SUSTAINABILITY
Environmental impact
• in terms of resource use and pollution
Quality of life
• what the city is like for people to live in
Future proofing
• how well the city is preparing for a
sustainable future
The media as resources in the identity quest?
• Sexuality, Body Image, Consumerism
• Power, Technology and Aggression
• Nationality, Ethnicity, and Class
Globalization, Immigration, and Social Diversity
• The national cultural curriculum: cultural
knowledge as the glue of society = the
cannon and the melting pot/ mosaic/ salad
bow
• The Canadian Broadcast System
Mandate: reflecting our lives, informing our
citizens, consolidating our values and telling
our stories to each other
Disneyfication: Colonization of the Imagination
or Market Liberation?
 • Mouse ears vs coon-skin caps? A universal
child articulated around traditional children’s
culture values (folklore, wholesome play,
music) or a national mythology based on
American values?
• Barbie and Americanization: The erosion of
cultural boundaries by mass media and
commercialization (the triumph of american
programming genres)
• G.I. Joe and action toys: resisting militarized
masculinity
McDonaldization and Cultural Convergence :
Ritzer, G.
• Market Power: hamburgers and rationalization
of the global mass production and distribution
system
• 30,000 outlets in 121 of 193 countrie
• •43% of the global fast food market
• $ 41 billion annually spent at McDonalds
Resisting Cultural Colonization
• Can con: the music industry
• The book Industry
• Subsidized national production
NFB the sweater:
• Hybridity and multiculturalism
• Play culture and the bond within diversity
• But the fate of hockey? Product on the ice!
Sesame-ization (Hendershot)
• Glo-local culture: 50% own production
• Cinar scams
• Canadian Ambivalence: Joe’s rant and Molson
Canadian (we are what you aren’t)
• Are Carebears Canadian?
Canada as the globalization laboratory?
• Toy industry: name a Canadian toy or game?
o Reclaiming community: Parade of the
Lost Souls
• Two questions about globalization of children’s
marketing
Homogenization vs. mobility:
• Lemish study
Hybridity vs. Multiculturalism
• Mulan and Bollytoons
Globalized Children’s Culture:implications of
animeconfronting the West & Asia
• Kaori Yoshidaat Simon Fraser University,
March 31, 2005
• Spirited Away (2001)
Animation: fantasy & a site for global politics
• Association with “innocence” of childhood &
neutrality (“odorless” product)
• A site where political battles take place
• Fantasy world: experience differences &
“otherness” during establishing sense of
“self” or “subjectivity”
Aspects of the study
• How the imaginary of animation contributes
to or undermines the formation of national
identity, through recognition of “self” in
relation to the “other”
• The manner in which transnationally
traveling anime paradoxically operates with
national culture to challenge the Western
aesthetics
BACKGROUND OF ANIME AS GLOBALIZED
CULTURE
(1) Disney discourse: Wonderful world of Disney·
Suppression of “others”·
Solidify the self-other binary opposition
• The Three Caballeros, Aladdin,
Pocahontas·
Limitation of Disney power
• Failure & Criticism
Interaction of anime with “others” Anime as a
hybrid text: Bhabha’s “hybridity”
• “the third space”
• Reinforcement of colonizer’s power vs
“threat”
Anime’s hybridity as “the third space”:
• celebration of the previously marginalized
• destabilization of power hierarchy
1) INTERACTION WITH THE US HEGEMONY
• “If you are the parent of an American child,
then you may well have noticed how
Japanese our kid culture has become. No
set of image has dominated childish desires
quite so handily over the last five years or
so as the amalgams of cuteness and power
in the Japanese-made cartoons...” (New
York Times,December 15, 2002)
• “.... It’s (anime) outside the
mainstream....exotic, deferent, not
American.... [Compared to Disney,] it’s a
highly developed art form and we need to
get away from our candy coated Disney
films.... Anime can be watched at any age.
 Most anime have plots and try to be different.”
De-Japanizing of characters
• “Japanese animators look on the other side of
mirror, America” (Oshii 1996: 78)
• “Before the Japanese came into contact with
Westerners, they depicted themselves with
Asian features and often smaller than life eyes.
After the war however, standards of beauty
that many Japanese aspired to has been those
of the West. Girl comics of the post-war began
to depict characters with the round eyes, long
leggy look of fashion models of Paris and New
York.
• “The general consensus also among fans an
animators alike also is that if all Japanese
characters are drawn looking Asian, the show
becomes very boring visually.”
• “I also know that it is the expressed desire of
the non-blonde Other for those characteristics
that are seen as the quintessential markers of
racial aesthetic superiority that perpetuate and
uphold white supremacy.”
(2) INTERACTION WITH “OTHER” ASIA:
IMPLICATION OF REPRESENTATION OF
“SIMILAR OTHER”
• Geographical proximity, cultural affinity?
• Historical conflicts within Asia
• “Asianism”: strategic auto-Orientalism?
• Experience of shared “Asian modernity”
• Leo Ching’s study of Asian pop culture(Oshin,
Doraemon)
• Lag between Japan and the “other” Asia
MIYAZAKI’S ANIME: HYBRIDITY &
JAPANESENESS
(1) Hybridized characters & “Japanese-ness”
• Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984)
• Kiki’s Delivery Service(1989)
• Celebration of “others”(Spirited Away 2001)
2) Re-discovery of Japanese-ness or self-
alienation?
• Re-introducing Japanese tradition (Japanese-
ness)
• De-familiarlization of “Japanese Thing”
• Princess Mononoke (1997)
• Setting: 13-14C Japan
• Characters: Samurai WarriorsJapanese
• looking protagonists
• Traditional houses, scenery
3) “OTHER” ASIA IN MIYAZAKI’S HYBRIDIZED
ANIME:REPRESENTATION OF JAPANESE
SUPERIORITY?
• Importance of the “past” & Japan’s
association with Asia
• Visual: absence of Western-ness; “other”
Asia in Japan’s “past”
CONCLUSION
(1) The phenomena of anime: the empowerment
of local cultures which leads to resist the global
(or the West, the US)
(2) Intensification of cultural hybridity in anime
text
(3) Miyazaki’s anime:
• problematizes the notion of Western
aesthetic homogenization
• exposes (implicit) power relations between
Japan and “other” Asia
DEMOGRAPHY
• Represents the study of statistics which
illustrates the changing structure of human
population and thus poses an effect on
globalization on a wholistic level.
• Pertains to the composition of a particular
human population.
o demographic pattern
o “baby boom” generatio
o population momentum
PATTERN OF GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHIC
CHANGE
CURRENT WORLD POPULATION
STATISTICS/PROJECTIONS
• Disparity in population growth between
countries
• Crude Birth and Death Rates - Crude birth
rate indicatesthe number of live births
occurring during the year, per 1,000
population estimated at midyear.
Subtracting the crude death rate from the
crude birth rate provides the rate of natural
increase, which is equal to the rate of
population change in the absence of
migration.
• Global Fertility Rate
• Infant and Child Mortality Decline
• Global Life Expectancy
• Working Age Population
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AND ITS ECONOMIC
IMPACT
• Consequential with respect to economic and
social development.
• Thomas Malthus point of view
 • food production will not be able to keep up
with growth in the human population, resulting
in disease, famine, war, and calamity
• The population optimists’ point of view
• Population Neutralism
• Democratic Republic of Congo
REASON FOR GLOBAL MIGRATION
II. Economic
• In search for better opportunities

THE IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHICAL CHANGES TO ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MIGRATION

GLOBALIZATION 1. The sending and receiving countries
● Demographic changes affect the phenomenon 2. The situation for the developing countries
of globalization to a large extent 3. The situation of the developed countries
● Demography has shaped reading pattern since
antiquity ENVIRONMENTAL – DISASTER DRIVEN
● Daily demographic transition in europe MIGRATION
● The rise of asia's population its role at the • Environmental Problems and Natural
heart of the global economy Disasters
• The importance of “Environmental
LOOKING TO THE FUTURE ROSER’S Refugees”
EXPECTATION IN THE NEXT HALF-CENTURY: • Statistics of environmental migrants
• There will be continued but slowing population • The Effects of Desertification due to climate
growth. change
• The world’s population is ageing and the
growth in the sheer number of elderly people THE PUSH-PULL FACTORS OF MIGRATION
will be huge.
• International migration will continue, but the • Analysis of Migration through push-pull
extent is unclear. model
• Urbanization will continue, but here, too, the push factor is the one that drives people to
pace is impossible to predict leave home
• pull factor is the one that attracts migrants
GLOBAL MIGRATION to a new locatio
• It is an essential aspects of demographic • Push – negative aspects of the sending
analysis. country
• Humanity seems to be always on the move. • Pull – positive aspects of the receiving
• The core dynamics of Global Migration. country
• 2017 International Migration Report of United
Nation THE PUSH-PULL FACTORS OF MIGRATION
• Some basic concepts related to Migration OTHER FACTORS:
NETWORK FACTOR
INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT 1. can either facilitate or deter migration.
• A person who is living in a country other than 2. includes cost of travel, ease of
his/her country of birth. communication, and international business
• The difference between immigration and trends.
emigration. 3. not related to specific country
• Both activities of immigrating and emigrating 4. have profound effect on international
can bring a host of positive effects for both the migration
host and home countries.
• Migrants as the most vulnerable members of examples of Push Factors
society • Lack of Economic opportunities
REASON FOR GLOBAL MIGRATION • Lack of Safety
I. Political- i.e. civil strife, wars, and the need for • High Criminality
asylum • Crop Failure
• Syria • Drought
• Afghanistan • Flooding
• South Sudan • Poverty
• Myanmar • War
• Somalia • Higher Employment
 • More Wealth
• Better Service
• Good Climate
• Safer, less Criminality
• Political Stability
• More Fertile Land
• Lower Ricks from Natural Hazards
TRENDS IN GLOBAL MIGRATION
• Continuous growth in number of international
migrants
• High-income countries host almost 2/3 of all
international migrants
• Data analysis by geographic region
MIGRATION AND GLOBALIZATION
• The Intrinsic Relationship between Migration
and Globalization
• Variety of ways that affected Migration and
Globalization
• Globalization produces countervailing forces
challenges and Prospects
• Continued rise in international migration during
the coming decade
• Persistent migration streams will bring new
problem in the years ahead- Human
Trafficking- Terrorism- Increased Racism
GLOBAL MIGRATION
• Global migration can be understood as a
cause-and-effect relationship, though the
causes are just as numerous as their effects.
• People move across international borders for a
variety of reasons, including (though not
limited to) Safety. Natural disaster. Political
conflict
THE TERM “MIGRATION
• Migration is the movement of people from one
place to another with the purpose of changing
their residence, either temporarily or
permanently.
• It is also one of the demographic components
advances and innovative transportation and
communication technologies that have driven
globalization forward, especially nowadays,
migration may it be legal or illegal has
drastically increased in number.
• It is a fact that migration whether transnational
migration or circular migration as ParreÑaias
(2010) terms it is a byproduct of globalization
INTERNAL MIGRATION
• Is the movement from one place to another
within a country. A Filipino who wishes to
change residency from Manila to Davao is
an example of Internal Migration.
• An American who decides to live in
California from his homegrown New York
city also illustrates this type of migration
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
• Is the movement from one country to
another. An example of this is a Chinese
who joins his/her family in the USA for
permanent settlement.
• An example is a South Korean with'
cosmetics business in the Philippines
decides-to live with his family in the country.
TWO FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION;
1. Immigration refers to movement into or
entry to a particular country for permanent
settlement.
2. Emigration refers to movement outside
or exit from a particular country with the intention of
not returning. Expatriation (abandonment of one's
country and renunciation of one's citizenship), most
of the time, is the result of emigration.
According to United Nations Department of
Economic and Social Affairs (Population
Division);
• international migration is a global
phenomenon that is growing in scope,
complexity and impact.
• Migration is both a cause and effect of
broader development processes and an
intrinsic feature of our ever-globalizing
world.
• Most of the international migration brings
positive aspect to the receiving and sending
countries.
• It is being proven that migrants, whether
permanent or temporary, helps in the
growth of a receiving country's GDP.
• Opiniano (2007) describes the Filipinos
overseas migration movements as mainly
economic in nature, whether the movement
is temporary in nature, permanent
settlement, or unauthorized or clandestine
migration. But some nationals of other
countries are forced to leave their country
because of armed conflict, threats of
terrorism and/or persecution from their own
government.
FACTORS OF MIGRATION
Sociologists primarily classify factors of migration
into two;
1.The Push Factors; and
2.The Pull factors.
The push and pull factors can be classified;
a.Socio-cultural Factor;
b.Economic Factor;
c.Political factor;
d.Environmental factor
Push Factor
Factors
POLITICAL PUSH FACTOR
● It Refers to what the government does.
● Their decisions to the affairs of nation is
exploitative or harmful in nature to the extent of
shutting people to speak or participate
● People may find it as a political operation of
the government because of its inability to
recognize individual rights
● This may lead to political instability wherein the
government cannot contain any longer the
political order or as a whole cannot maintain
control over the Country in a period of time;
even though government is changing, and the
head of government is Replace constantly
because of unstable government hence people
may go out of the system by leaving the
country with such political climate
ECONOMIC PUSH FACTOR
• It includes not finding a job or a possibility of
an available job, but the wage is not enough
to uplift one's life. To work in a country with
this kind of meager pay cannot build a
dream house, car or can school children to
schools with "quality education" is an
example of mentality that migrant workers
(especially in developing countries) might
have.
• Looking around and observing that there
are rampant sights of poverty might push us
to go elsewhere especially if we want our
family to have a better life thus escaping the
influence of "thinking poor" mentality. High
cost of living may be factored in like if a man
or woman's income and expenses cannot
keep pace with the high cost of living in their
area (e.g. huge cost of housing), they
probably move in a place where cost of
living suits their economic capability.
• According to Fr. Anthony Paganoni (1984),
Filipino employment overseas provides a
safety valve for those discontented
nationals to leave and to seek abroad for
the fortune in order to evade what is felt to
be in a unsatisfactory work and life situation
at home.
ENVIRONMENTAL PUSH FACTOR
• It includes natural disasters, threat of
radiation, drought and high levels of
pollution and even epidemic can make
people leave.
• An environment with limited resources like
food, water and others might discourage
people to live in that place hence move out.
• There are also instances that people are
force to leave their place because of
environmental circumstances beyond their
control (e.g. Hurricane Katrina in US,
Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines, deadly
earthquake and tsunami in South Asia and
Japan
PULL FACTOR
• Refers to any human or nature factors that
attract people to live in a new residential
area or location. These are things or
reasons that bring people go to where they
want to go.
• These are the expectations or positive
things which attract people to the new
place.
• These are basically the opposite of the push
factors
 TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION
SOCIAL PULL FACTOR
• If certain societies respect other cultural
diversities, recognize personal freedom and
embraces social equality, people are
encouraged to move in this location.
• A place with better social services like
education, communication, transportation,
lower crime rates and healthcare is also a plus
factor which people are encouraged to move in
POLITICAL PULL FACTOR
• It is when there is peace and no war (or no
threat of war) especially within its boundaries.
There is a sense of justice through its efficient
court justice system. The government
recognizes individual rights hence there is
personal freedom
ECONOMIC PULL FACTOR
• This pull factor denotes "for a greener
pasture." People go to places or countries
where there is plethora of opportunities to
make them earn more money hence to live a
better life.
• Wages that they cannot earn if they employed
themselves in their sending country.
• Migrant workers are encouraged to go to
countries that are more developed not only
because of high paying jobs but great
opportunities to better themselves in terms of
their craft and socioeconomic status.
ENVIRONMENTAL PULL FACTOR
• It includes less pollution, stable climate and no
threats of epidemic.
Highlights:
• Migration it can also based on people's will.
• If people are willing to migrate, they are
classified' to be voluntary migrants and many
of which are economic migrants.
• Aside from people who are for "greener
pasture," seasoned citizens who wish to reside
in a place endearing to them for their
retirement is an example of voluntary migrants.
• Whereas if people have no choice or are
forced to leave their homes, they are called
involuntary migrants.
• They may also be called also as refugees.
People are moving out because of their lives
and homes are in danger due to natural
disaster, war, civil unrest or consistent threat of
terrorism
• The advent of innovative technologies such
as communication and transportation,
migrants form new kind of connections to
their country of destination.
• Levitt (2004) posits that when people could
belong to two or more societies at the same
time participating simultaneously in between
or among social relation, transnational
migration exists already. According to him,
transnational migrants or transnationals are
terms used to indicate persons who might
be migrated to another land immersed and
participating but maintain still his or her
homeland ties and interest.
• Aguilar Jr. (2012) in his paper,
Differentiating Sedimented from Modular
Transnationalism: The View from East Asia
takes migrant transnationalism as referring
to a social process characterized by
substantively bifocal consciousness and
orientation, as well as regular practices of
conducting migrants' lives across state
borders, of living out significant domains of
social life both "here" and "there.
• According to " Basch et al., (1994), Schiller
et al., (1992), Portes et al., (1999) taken
from Ozkul (2012) delineates that
transnational migrants' participation in
multiple networks across countries did not
pose a problem to their integration in their
countries of residence but this might go
against the conventional assimilation theory,
which argued that as immigrants adapt to
their new country of residence, their
connections with their country of origin
would diminish over time (Alba and Nee,
1997; Gordon, 1964).
• There might be theories clashing around but
needless to say, there are connections
formed among migrants whether in terms of
their country of origin, country of destination
and its flexibility to connections and flows
across other countries.
• But most importantly as Levitt puts it,
together, they can transform the economy,
culture, and everyday life of whole source-
country regions. They challenge notions
about gender relations, democracy, and
what state should and should not do,”
• But not all migrants are considered
transnational migrants; there are migrants
who are at some point in their lives more
focused to their countries of origin while
others are more participatory in their host
country.
 • Transnational can be both participatory
simultaneously.
• There are some who involve themselves to
transnational practices or activities yet not all
the time, few could be more engaging in a
regular basis.
• With these two combined, possible
transformations is expected. This description is
almost true specifically to Filipina mothers
which according to the study of ParreÑaias
affirmed to an extent by Mandianou and Miller
(2011) that women despite their physical
absence, still attempt to perform all parenting
and emotional work from a distance as
opposed to the physically present fathers who
are conspicuously less involved

Transnational migration > Migration from one

nation - State to another but participate
simultaneously regarding social relations

CIRCULAR MIGRATION
• Circular migration or repeat migration is the
temporary and usually repetitive movement of
a migrant worker between home and host
areas, typically for the purpose of employment.
• It represents an established pattern of
population mobility, whether cross-country or
rural-urban.