The Contemporary World
compression of time and space brought
“The world appears smaller today than it
actually is”
HUMAN FEATS
 Modern Transportation
 INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
 MEDICAL ADVANCEMENT
 TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
Introduction to the Study of Globalization
Giddens- Intensification of worldwide social
relations which link distant localities in such
a way that local happenings are shaped by
events occurring many miles away and vice
versa
ROBERTSON- A concept that refers both to
the compression of the world and the
intensification of consciousness of the world
as a whole
HARVEY- The compression of the time and
space and annihilation of distance
Sunny Levin institute- A process of
interaction and integration among the
people, companies, and governments of
different nations, a process driven by
international trade and investment and
aided by information technology
Globalization according to Steger
 A PROCESS
 A CONDITION
 An IDEOLOGY
A PROCESS
Globalization is viewed as a social media networks, is a fine example of
multidimensional set of social processes that
generate and increase “worldwide social
interdependencies and exchanges while at
the same time fostering in people a growing
awareness of deepening connections
between the local and the distant”
Argues that globalization is about
about by changes in technology and the
political, cultural, and economic aspects of
human existence.
• Goes beyond the economic and
material
• Includes other aspects of human
existence like culture, politics, and
society.
A condition
Globalization (globality) as social condition
characterized by trans-planetary
connectivity and supra-territoriality.
Supra-territoriality- Social connections that
transcend territorial geography
TRANSPLANETARY- Establishment of social
links between people located at different
places of our planet
A condition
Globalization (globality) as a social
condition is characterized by thick
economic, political, and cultural
interconnections and global flows that
render political borders and economic
barriers irrelevant.
Example:
“That could have been me,” Dr. Vihn Ching
(US-based medical doctor and was once a
Vietnamese refugee) said in an interview at
CNN about the photograph of a lifeless
body of a Syrian boy found lying with face
down in the beach of Turkey in September
2015. This chilling photo of the lifeless body
of a Syrian boy, which spread in various
globalization as a process and condition as
it moved people to express from across the
world to express their concern over the
plight of the Syrian refugees and their
disappointment with the apathy shown by
the international community. Months after
the photo become viral, the United States
and Russia negotiated with the hostile
Syrian groups for temporary cessation of
hostilities in order to save the Syrian refugees
that were caught in the crossfire.
An ideology
Globalization exists in people’s
consciousness because it consists of a set of
coherent and complementary ideas and
beliefs about global order.
• Is a political belief system that
benefits a certain class
• Argues that globalization as an
ideology is defined by six core claims
SIX CORE CLAIMS
1. Globalization is about the
liberalization and global interaction
of markets.
2. Globalization is inevitable and
irreversible.
3. Nobody is in charge of Globalization.
4. Globalization benefits everyone in
the long run.
5. Globalization furthers the spread of
democracy.
6. Globalization requires a global war
on terror.
Theoretical paradigms associated with
globalization
1. World systems paradigm
2. GLOBAL CAPITALISM PARADIGM
3. THE NETWORK SOCIETY OF SCHOOL
OF THOUGHT
4. SPACE, TIME AND GLOBALIZATION
5. TRANSNATIONALITY AND
TRANSNATIONALISM
6. GLOBAL CULTURE PARADIGM
World systems paradigm
Immanuel Wallerstein-Proponent
• Views globalization not as a recent
phenomenon but as synonymous
with the birth and spread of world
capitalism (1500)
• Adheres to the idea that capitalism
has created a global enterprise that
swept the 19th century leading to the
present time
• GLOBALIZATION is not at all a new
process but something that is just
continuing and evolving.
• A key structure of capitalist world
system is the division of world into
three great regions or geographically
based and hierarchically organized
tiers.
• CORE – powerful and developed
centers of the system. Western
Europe, North America, Japan
• PERIPHERY – regions forcibly
subordinated by core through
colonialism. Latin America, Africa,
Asia, Middle East, Eastern Europe
• SEMI-PERIPHERY – states and regions
that were previously core are are
moving down or that were previously
periphery an are moving up
Global capitalism paradigm
• Treats globalization as a novel stage
in the evolving system of world
capitalism (capitalist globalization)
• Focus on new global production and
financial system; both are seen to
have superseded earlier national
forms of capitalism.
• Three planks related to global
capitalism:
• (1) Transnational production;
• (2) Transnational capitalists;
• (3)Transnational state.
• GLOBALIZATION creates new forms of
transnational class relations across
borders and new forms of class
 cleavages globally and within the
countries, regions, cities, and local
communities, in ways quite distinct
from the old national class structures
and international class conflicts and
alliances.
The network society school of thought
• Does not subscribe to the contention
that capitalism fuels globalization
• Puts forth the premise that
technology and technological
changes are the underlying causes of
the several processes that comprise
globalization
• Manuel Castells (The Rise of Network
Society)
Advances the notion of “new
economy”: (1) informational,
knowledge-based; (2) global, in that
production is organized in global scale;
and (3) networked, in that productivity is
generated through global networks of
connection.
“the network enterprise makes material
the culture of the informational, global
economy it transforms signals into
commodities by processing knowledge.
Space, time and globalization
Anthony Giddens
Time-Space Distanciation – intensification
of worldwide social relations which link
distant localities in such a way that local
happenings are shaped by events
occurring many miles away and vice
versa.
Saskia Sassen- Proposes that a new spatial
order is emerging under globalization
based on a network of global cities and led
by New York, London and Tokyo; these
global cities are sites of specialized services
for transnationally mobile capital that is so
central to the global economy
Roland Robertson
“Glocalization” – ideas about home,
locality and community have been
extensively spread around the world in
recent years, so that the local as been
globalized; and the stress upon the
significance of the local or the communal
can be viewed as one ingredient of the
overall globalization process
Transnationality and transnationalism
• Transnationalism – an umbrella
concept encompassing a wide
variety of transformative processes,
practices and developments that
take place simultaneously at the
local and global level.
• Transnational – multiple ties and
interactions – economic, political,
social and cultural – that link people,
communities and institutions across
the borders of nation-states.
Global culture paradigm
Marshall McLuhan- Culture theories of
globalization have focused on “global
village” as globalization and religion,
nations and ethnicity, global consumerism,
global communications and the
globalization of tourism.
Ritzer
 Mcdonaldization – describe the
sociocultural processes by which the
principles of the fast-food restaurant
came to dominate more and more
sectors of US and later world society.
Globalization promotes interdependencies.
Various countries have built economic
partnerships to facilitate these movements
over many centuries through the growing
interdependence of the world’s
economies, cultures, and populations,
brought about by cross-border trade in
goods and services, technology, and flows
of investment, people, and information.
In general.. THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
• The Contemporary World focuses on Globalization is defined as the ongoing
globalization to avoid parochialism economic, technological, social, and
(focus only on the immediate political integration of the world that began
society). after the Second World War. At this point in
your continuous search for knowledge on
• Comparison. See the contemporary
globalization, there is a need to analyze
world through broad lenses.
the actors that facilitate economic
• Examine various globalizing globalization. Let us define first economic
processes globalization, Shangquan (2002) defines
economic globalization as an increasing
interdependence of world economies as a
result of the growing scale of cross-border
trade of commodities and services, the flow
of international capital, and wide and rapid
spread of technologies.
Actors that Facilitate Economic
Globalization
Globalization is taken primarily as an
economic process (Abelos et.al 2019).
Business organizations are aiming their
produced product and services to meet
not just local but international standards.
These foster greater relationships among
people across boarder and time and
space. They form networks, groups of elites,
and world organizations and serve as
global actors that contributed unique
insights into global politics, law, and
economy.
Formation and Role of Networks
Formation and Role of Elites
Formation and Role of Institution
 Facilitate the cooperation of countries on
Countries and regions are economically
very different from each other. Its defining
characteristic is the wide disparities in
economic achievement and consequent
standards of living.
But what do we meant by the global
economy and economic globalization? The
global economy refers to the
interconnected worldwide economic
activities that take place between multiple
countries. These economic activities can
have either a positive or a negative impact
on the countries involved. For Szentes
(2003) economic globalization is a process
of making the world economy an organic
system by extending transnational
economic processes and economic
relations to more and more countries and
by deepening the economic
interdependencies among them. Benczes
(2014) follows this definition and emphasizes
that he interpretation of the current trends
in the world economy.
Toward the end of the Second World War,
in July 1944, representatives from the United
States, Great Britain, France, Russia, and 40
other countries met at Bretton Woods, a
resort in New Hampshire, to lay the
foundation for the post-war international
financial economic system that gave birth
to IMF, GATT, WB and furthers with WTO. The
main objectives of these economic systems
is to prevent another worldwide economic
cataclysm like the Great Depression, to aid
the recovery of war-torn countries and to
foster economic cooperation among
states. The following are the functions of the
aforementioned economic systems.
International Monetary Fund
Important functions of IMF
monetary policy, including providing the
necessary resources for both consultation
and the establishment of monetary policy in
order to minimize the effects of international
financial crises.
 Help stabilize exchange rates between
countries.
 Provide a safeguard to members of the IMF
against balance of payments crises.
World Bank
Important functions of WB
 Aims to reduce poverty in middle-income
and creditworthy poorer countries by
promoting sustainable development,
through loans, guarantees, and non-
lending-including analytical and advisory-
services.
 Tries to foster social reforms to promote
economic development, such the
empowerment of women, building schools
and health centers, provision of clean water
and electricity, fighting disease, and
protecting the environment.
General Agreements on Tariffs and
Trade (defunct)
Important functions of GATT before
 Avoid trade wars by raising protectionist
barriers.
 Aid economic recovery through
reconstructing and liberalizing global trade.
World Trade Organization
Important functions of WTO
 Providing forum for trade negotiations
 Handling trade disputes
 Monitoring Members’ trade policies
 Providing technical assistance and training
to developing and least developed
economies
These International Economic System
(IES) has been anchored in the neoliberal
paradigm since 1980s. It involves reducing
the government regulation in order to
extend the role of the private sector in the
market and the society. Global justice
movements have sought to expose the
inadequacies of the system in addressing
the needs of developing world and its
frailties and vulnerability to financial crises.
The IES’s are pillars of globalization.
Designed to help manage the international
financial system, they have taken on major
roles as drivers of closer economic
integration of all of the world’s countries,
from the advanced to the least developed.
They have provided funds and advice to
assist countries with their economic
development and policy-making.
Globalization has brought the global
economy into a wider range of
perspectives and effects. Global economy
before the way it is today, it goes through a
series of a process starting from the ancient
times up today. Remember that during the
early times when civilization began to
develop, there has been a notable series of
engagement and interconnections among
people across the world.
Starting from the silk road, a trade route
between China and the Mediterranean
promoted the exchange of ideas, goods
like silk, porcelain, which resulted in the
exchange of cultures and beliefs. The
economy back then was centered on
expanding networks of trading for the
benefit of their own country, but mostly
reliant on agricultural farmland especially in
Eastern countries and barter trading. During
the period of exploration and colonization,
economic activity focuses on finding gold
and silver, this type of economic system
refers to mercantilism. Eventually, this led to
the rise of western powers like Spain,
Portugal, England, and later on America,
the Soviet Union, and Germany. After World
War I a new global economic system
emerges called capitalism.