1 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
OVERVIEW OF GLOBALIZATION
→ Globalization refers to the process by which more
people across large distances become connected
in more and different ways. They can become
connected very simply by doing or experiencing the
same sort of things.
→ These are instances of diffusion ways of thinking
acting or feeling spread widely. Such diffusion
increased greatly in recent decades as the
infrastructure for communication and transportation
improved dramatically, connecting groups’
institutions and countries in new ways.
 For example, Japanese cuisine “globalizes” when
more people on different continents enjoy the test of
the sushi since the 19th century.
• The spread of sushi involved not just a shared
consumer experience, it also made many
American fisherman dependent on a Japanese•
market as turn caught of the US coast, is sold and
shipped overseas.
 Soccer has become globalize as player and fans in
many countries took an interest in the game.
• In soccer, the professional prospects of great
players form South America depend on the
demand from European teams.
 Though many people lack access to good medicines,
parents around the world routinely decides to
immunize their children against major diseases.
• The health of many children depends on
breakthroughs in distant laboratories and in
intricate global system for dispensing medication
at the same time, the movement of people around
the globe also exposes people to new health risks.
For good and ill, such links make more people
more independent.
• These links are molded into new organizational forms
as regional institutions go global or new ones
take shape on the world stage.
 For example, international law governs who can
fish in coastal waters, and the World Trade
Organization handles disputes between members,
including the United States and Japan.
 FIFA is an international nongovernmental
organization that sets the rules of soccer and
organizes campaign to address major tournaments
such as World Cup.
 The World Health Organization, as well as more
informal networks of professionals and volunteers,
organizes campaigns to address major health
threats
THE FORCES OF GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization is an interaction of people and
primarily an economic process of integration which
has social and cultural aspects as well
• Such instructions, which have emerged in many
areas of human activity, reflect increasingly
common knowledge and awareness.
• Eating sushi and getting a hepatitis B shot involve
elements of world culture- the meaning of sushi
and patients regardless of their location.
• Even they do not know the larger structures, their
everyday life is nevertheless embedded in a world
culture that transcends their village, town, or
country and that becomes part of individual and
collective identities.
• Globalization thus involves growing diffusion,
expanding interdependence, more
transnational institutions, and an emerging
world culture and consciousness- all aspects of
the connectedness at the heart of globalization, all
elements of the world globalization is creating
(Lechner, 2015)
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THE MEANING OF GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization is the set of processes by which more
people become connected in more and different
ways across ever-greater distances.
• A more academic version of this idea is to equate
globalization with “deterritorialization,” the process
through which the constraints of physical space
lose their hold on social relations.
• This is a generic definition since it captures a wide
variety of possible relations. When viewers in India
enjoy reality shows that originate in Europe, or when
American buy baby products made in china, or when
Iran plays against Angela in the World Cup, these are
all instances of generic globalization. Used on this
way, the concept in analytically clear and applicable in
many context. It does not favor in particular theory or
call for a particular judgment.
• A second kind of definition is more specific. It
identifies globali-zation with the process by which
capitalism expands across the globe as powerful
economic actors seek profit in global markets and
impose their rules everywhere, a process often
labeled “Neoliberalism.”
→ Though sometimes invoked by defenders of
globalization, this is a critical definition that usually
serves to challenge the process it tries to capture.
→ Through this lens, generic globalization looks a little
different: the export of TV show formats as cultural
commodities is driven by media producers in core
markets, Chinese workers making baby products
are exploited as nodes in a global commodity chain,
and the World Cup has turned into a marketing
event for multinational shoe companies and an
audition for players seeking professional
advancement.
→ This lens filter out much of what the generic view
includes but also sharpens the focus, in a way that
especially suits contemporary critics of capitalist
market society.
THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
According to Lechner (2015) states the following are
the theories or perspective in the emergence of
globalization:
1. World-System Theory
• A perspective that globalization is essentially
the expansion of the capitalist system
around the globe.
• At the time Marx was writing in the mid-
nineteenth century, the world was becoming
unified via thickening networks of
communication and economic exchange
• At the “core” of the system, resources, and
trade opportunities, most notably in
“peripheral” areas.
• Buffer countries in the “semi periphery”
helped mitigate tensions between cores and
helped to keep the system remarkably stable.
• The central purpose of the world system is
capital accumulation by competing firms,
which go through cycles of growth and decline.
2. World Polity Theory
• In this theoretical perspective, state remains
an important components of world society,
but primary attention goes to the global
cultural and organizational environment in
which states are embedded.
• What is new in world society, from this
perspective, is the all-encompassing “world-
polity”, and its associated world culture, which
supplies a set of cultural rules or script that
specify how institution around the world
should deal with common problems.
• Globalization is the formation and enactment
of this world polity and culture.
• One of the world polity’s key element is a
general, globally legitimated model of how to
form a state.
• Guided by this model, particular states widely
varying circumstances organize their affairs in
surprisingly similar fashion.
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• Because world structured as a polity with an
intensifying global culture, new organization-
business enterprises educational institutions, social
movements, leisure and hobby groups, and so on-
spring up in all sorts of countries to enact it precepts.
• As a carrier of global principles, these organizations
then help to build and elaborate world culture and
world society further.
3. World Culture Theory
• This perspective agrees that world culture is indeed
new and important, but it is less homogenous than
world-polity scholars imply.
• Globalization is a process of relativization.
• Societies must make sense of themselves in relation
to a larger system of societies while individuals make
sense of themselves as a larger whole in relation to a
sense of humanity as a larger whole.
• World society thus consists of a complex set of
relationship among multiple units in the “global field”.
In this model, world society is governed not by a
particular set of values but by the confrontation of
different way of organizing these relationship.
• Globalization compresses the world into a single
entity, and people necessarily become more aware of
their relationship to this global presence.
• Of central importance to this process is the problem of
“globality”: how to male living together in one global
system meaningful or even possible.
• Not surprisingly, religious traditions take on new
significance insofar as they address in new
predicament that compels societies and individuals to
“identify themselves in new ways.”
• It concludes that a “search for fun fundamentals” is
inherent in globalization.
EMERGENCE OF GLOBALIZATION
• Many scholars point to sixteenth century Europe as
the original source of globalization.
• After all the European established worldwide trade
connections on their own terms, brought their culture
to different regions by settling vast areas, and defined
the ways in which different people were to interact with
each other.
• Economically and culturally the modern world
system already existed nearly five centuries
ago.
→ Other point to the late 19th century as a period
of intense globalization, when millions migrated,
trade greatly expanded, and new norms and
organizations came to govern international
conduct.
→ At the beginning of the 20th century such
scholars would stress, the movement of people,
goods, and finance across national borders was
at least as free and significant as it is today.
GLOBALIZATION AND THE EXPANDING MARKET
• The pursuit of economic opportunity has long
sent merchants around the globe, and powerful
states have supported their profit-seeking
activities.
• Capitalism knows no bound, as Marx noted
more than a century ago.
• Marx expected the European economy to
become a truly global system, and in many
ways it has.
• In recent years, the integration of financial
markets has added a new kind of
interdependence.
• This does not mean that globalization is first and
foremost an economic project.
• The economy may be a driving force in creating
global change in some periods, but its effects
depend on what happens outside of world
markets.
REASONS WHY GLOBALIZATION WILL NOT MAKE
THE WORLD HOMOGENEOUS:
According to Lechner (2015), the reasons why
globalization will not lead to a homogeneous world are:
1. General rules and models are interpreted in
light of local circumstances. Thus, regions
respond to similar economic constraints in
different ways; countries still have great leeway
in constructing their own policies; the same
television program means different thighs to
audiences; McDonald's adapts its menu and
marketing to local tastes.
2. Growing similarity provokes reactions.
Advocates for many cultures seek to protect
their heritage or assert their identity. Witness
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the efforts of fundamentalists to reinstate what they
consider orthodoxy, the actions of indigenous
people to claim their right to cultural survival.
3. Cultural and political differences have
themselves become globally valid. The notion
that the people and countries are entitled to their
particularity of distinctiveness is itself part to global
culture. The tension between homogeneity and
heterogeneity is integral to globalization.
GLOBALIZATION DETERMINING LOCAL EVENTS
According to Lechner (2015) in recent years, Afghan girls
returns in school after the United States defeated the
Taliban regime;
 a war crimes tribunals in The Hague handed down
convictions for atrocities committed during the war
in Bosnia; African countries struggled to achieve
progress as parts of their educated classes
succumbed to AIDS;
 and melting glaciers raised concern about the
impact of global warming. Around the world, local
events bear the imprint of global processes.
→ It would be easy to infer that the local autonomy and
local tradition must fall by the wayside, but
globalization is not a one-way street.
→ To be sure, local and global events become more
and more and more intertwined, as illustrated by the
way a global events become more and more
intertwined, as illustrated by the way a global “war on
terror” enhances the educational opportunities of
some Muslim women, by the roles of global institutions
in dealing with the aftermath of major regional.
o Conflicts by the domestic reverberations of a global
epidemic, and by the way the global climate alters the
habitant of specific groups.
o Conflicts, by the domestic reverberations of a global
epidemic, and by the global climate change alters the
habitat of specific groups.
 But the local feeds into the global as well. both
their own desires and the Taliban’s failures helped
to change the fortunes Afghan women;
 the Bosnian war provoke the innovate
establishment of a war crimes tribunal to vindicate
global principles;
 domestic hesitations and constraints contribute to
the spread HIV/AIDS in many countries;
 global warming results from the release of
greenhouse gases in specific manufacturing
centers and high-consumption countries.
→ Yet, even if globalization does not necessarily
“determine” local events, there is no escaping. As
world society integrates, individuals become
conscious of.
→ Being enveloped in global networks, subject to
global forces, govern by global rules. Some of our
selections concretely illustrates this local-global
connection.
IS GLOBALIZATION HARMFUL?
Implicit in the questions raised is widespread
sense that globalization may be harmful to the well-
being of individuals, countries, and cultures.
 If the market is the driving force in
globalization, many fear, it is bound to
exacerbate inequality by the creating
winners and losers.
 If globalization makes the world more
homogenous, other fear, many cultures are in
trouble.
 Loss of local autonomy may mean that more
people will be vulnerable to economic swings,
environmental degradation, and epidemics.
For these and other reasons, globalization has
become an extremely contentious process. Indeed,
the debate about the merits and direction of
globalization is itself an important component of
global culture (Lechner, 2015).
THE INTERDISCIPLINARY UNDERSTANDING OF
GLOBALIZATION
1. Political Scientist
• With global ecological changes, an ever more
integrated global economy, and other trends,
political activity increasingly takes place at the
global level.
• Under globalization, politics can take place above
the state through political integration schemes
such as the European Union, the ASEAN
integration where Philippines is involved, though
the intergovernmental organizations such as the
International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and
the World Trade Organization.
• Political activity can also transcend national borders
through global movements and Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGO’s).
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→ Civil society organizations act globally by forming
alliances with organizations in other countries,
using global communication systems, and lobbying
international organizations and other actors directly,
instead of working though their national
governments (Global Policy Forum 2017).
2. Economist
According to Franker (2017), economists have his own
view of globalization.
• First it is integration through international trade
of markets in goods and services as a reflected
in variety of possible measures.
→ These include direct measures of barriers
like tariffs and transport costs, trade
volumes and price related measures.
→ Globalization also means foreign direct
investment, increased trade in intermediate
product, international outsourcing of
services like the call center industry here in
the Philippines, and international movement of
persons like our Overseas Filipino Workers
(OFW).
• Globalization would also include the international
spread of ideas, from consumer tastes like Coke
and Hershey’s to intellectual ideas like
technological patents and management principles
and accounting standards.
3. Sociologist
Cole (2017) states that globalization, according to
sociologists is an ongoing process that involves
interconnected changes in cultural and social
spheres.
• As a process, it involves the spread and
diffusion of ideologies-values, ideas, norms,
beliefs and expectations-that foster, justify and
provide legitimacy for economic and political
globalization.
• It fueled by globally integrated communication
systems like social media such as Facebook and
Twitter, media coverage of the world’s elite,
and their lifestyles, the movement of people
around the world via business and leisure
travel, and the expectation of these travelers that
host societies will provide amenities and
experiences that reflect their own cultural norms.
4. Historian
• They follow rather than led the way.
• Globalization is not new as a phenomenon but
the word itself took hold only recently which records
shows first use in English in 1930 and shows that
usage soared suddenly in the 1990’s.
• Why globalization “hot” now and what does it
portend for the study of history.
→ Hunt (2014) states that globalization defined
most succinctly as the interconnection of places
far distant from each other.
• When the Soviet Union collapse and end the Cold
War globalization filled the ideological vacuum
created by the end of Cold War division
between Capitalism and Communism.
• Cultural history has lost its luster. Theory no
longer excites passionate and debate and perhaps
most important, the nation-state no longer seems
as self-evident as the necessary unit of historical
analysis. Moreover, globalization is still too
much entangled with world history, global
history and transnational history.
MARKET GLOBALISM
• It is an idea that reflects the concepts of
globalization.
• It seeks to endow globalization with free market
norms and neoliberal meanings
• Steger (2005) states that the term ‘globalization’
gained in currency in the late 1980s.
• The persistence of academic divisions on the
subject notwithstanding, the term was associated
with specific meanings in public discourse during
the 1900s.
• With the collapse of Soviet-style communism in
Eastern Europe, loosely affiliated power elites
concentrated in the global north stepped up their
ongoing efforts to sell their version of
‘globalization’ to the public in the ideological form
of ‘market globalism’.
These power elites consisted chiefly of corporate
managers, executives of transnational corporations,
corporate lobbyist, and high-level military officers.
→ Prominent journalist and public-relations specialist,
intellectual writing to a large public audience, state
bureaucrats and influential politicians.
→ By the mid-1990s, large segments of the population
in both the global north and south had accepted
globalism core claims., this internalizing large parts
overarching neo-liberal framework that advocate
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the deregulation of markets, the liberalization of trade,
the privatization of state-owned enterprises.
THE FIVE (5) CORE CLAIMS OF MARKET
GLOBALISM – (According to Steger, 2205):
1. Globalization is about liberation and global
integration of markets.
• The first claim of market globalism is anchored in
the neo-liberal ideal of the self-regulating market
as the normative basis for a future global order.
• In this perspective, the vital functions of the free
market – its rationality and efficiency, as well as
its alleged ability to bring about greater social
integration and material progress – can only be
realized in a democratic society that values and
protects individual freedom.
→ Embracing the classical liberal idea of the self-
regulating market, Claim One seeks to establish
beyond dispute ‘what globalization means,’ that
is, to offer an authoritative definition of
globalization designed for broad public
consumption.
• Globalization is about the triumph of markets
over government. Both proponents and opponents
of globalization agree that the driving force today is
market, which are suborning the role of government.
(The size of governments has been shrinking
relative to the economy)
• The driving idea behind of globalization is free-
market capitalism:
→ the more you let market forces rule and the more
you open your economy so free trade and
competition;
→ the more efficient your economy will be,
globalization means the spread of free-market
capitalism to virtually every country in the world
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
→ The second mode de-contesting ‘globalization’
turns on the adjacent concept of ‘inevitability’. It
is a reality of a modern world
• The belief in the historical inevitability of
globalization seems to be a poor fir for a globalist
ideology based on neo liberal principles.
• According to the market-globalist perspective,
globalization reflects the spread of irreversible
market forces driven by technological innovations
that make the global integration of national
economies inevitable.
• Market globalism is almost always intertwined
with the deep belief in the ability of markets to
use new technologies to solve social problems
far better than any alternative course.
• Governments, political parties, and social
movements had no choice but to ‘adjust’ to the
inevitability of globalization.
• Their sole remaining task was to facilitate the
integration of national economies in the new global
markets.
 For example, Manuel Villar’s (1998), the
Philippine Speaker of the House and Senators,
insisted that.
• This views implies that, instead of acting according
to a set of choices, people merely fulfill world
market laws that demand the elimination of
government controls.
 There is nothing, that can be done about the
natural movement of economic and
technological forces, political groups, ought to
acquiesce and make the best of an unalterable
situation.
 Since the emergence of a world base on the
primacy of market value reflects the dictates of
history, resistance would be unnatural,
irrational and dangerous.
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3. Nobody is in charge of globalization
→ The third mode of de-contesting globalization
hinges on the classical liberal concept of the ‘self-
regulating market.’
• The link between ‘globalization-market’ and the
adjacent idea of ‘leaderlessness’ is simple:
→ if the undisturbed working of the market indeed
preordain a certain course of history, then
globalization does not reflect the arbitrary agenda
of a particular social class or group.
→ Globalist are not ‘in charge’ in the sense of
imposing their own political agenda on
people. Rather, they merely carry out the
unalterable imperatives of a transcendental force
much larger than narrow partisan interest.
→ The idea that nobody is in charge serves the neo-
liberal political agenda of defending and
expanding global capitalism. Like the market-
globalist rhetoric of historical inevitability;
o the portrayal of globalization as a leaderless
process seek to both depoliticize the
public debate on the subject and
demobilize global justice movements.
• The deterministic language of a technological
progress driven by uncontrollable market law turns
political issues into scientific problems of
administration.
→ As ordinary people cease to believe in the
possibility of choosing alternative social
arrangements, market globalism gains
strength in its ability to construct passive
consumer identities. This tendency is further
enhanced by assurances that globalization will
bring prosperity to all parts of the world.
4. Globalization benefits everyone
→ This de-contestation chain lies at the heart of
market globalism because it provides an
affirmative answer to the crucial normative
question of whether globalization represents a
‘good’ phenomenon.
• The adjacent idea of ‘benefits for everyone’ is
usually unpacked in material terms such as
‘economic growth’ and ‘prosperity’.
→ However, when linked to globalism’s peripheral
concept of ‘progress,’ the idea of benefits for
everyone taps not only into liberalism’s
progressive worldview, but also draws on the
powerful socialist vision of establishing an
economic paradise on earth;
→ Even though in the capitalist form of a worldwide
consumerist Utopia, claim for, represents another
bold example of combining elements from
seemingly incompatible ideologies under the
master concept of ‘globalization’.
→ Even those market globalist who admit the strong
possibility of unequal global distribution patterns
nonetheless insist that the market itself will
eventually correct these irregularities,
television, radio, and the internet frequently place
existing economic, political, and social realities
within a neo-liberal framework sustaining the claim
that globalization benefits everyone through
omnipresent affirmative images, websites, banner,
advertisements, and sound bites.
5. Globalization furthers the spread of
democracy in the world
→ The fifth de-contestation chain links
‘globalization’ and ‘market’ to the adjacent
concept of ‘democracy’ which also plays a
significant role in liberalism, conservatism and
socialism.
• A careful discourse analysis of relevant text
reveals that globalist tend to treat freedom, free
markets, free trade, and democracy as
synonymous terms.
→ Persistently affirmed as common sense, the
compatibility of these concepts often goes
unchallenged in the public discourse.
• Neo-liberals generate popular support for the
equation of democracy and the market by
discrediting (an obvious strategy) traditionalism
and socialism.
• After all, contest with both pre-capitalist and anti-
capitalist forms of traditionalism such as
sovereignty and individual rights have been
enclose as the important cause for the
technological and scientific achievements of
modern market economies.
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THE GLOBALIZATION EXPERIENCE
No one experience globalization in all its
complexity but globalization is significant insofar as it
reshapes the daily lives of billions of people.
• Increasingly, the larger the world is present locally.
 The obvious applies to Bill Gates (founding
chairman of Microsoft), as conscious contributors
to globalization.
 American textile workers sense the global in the
local through the impact of intense foreign
competition and outsourcing to overseas
companies.
 A routine to the World’s Cup every four (4) years,
in which business people travel internationally,
witnessing globalization daily in the media
offerings in their hotel rooms. Migrants who call
home, send money back, or make return visits
bring a bit of that wider world to the villages they
left.
• People participate and respond in different ways.
→ They can shape, resist, absorb, or try to avoid
globalization.
→ They can seek opportunity in it, feel the harm of
it, or lament the power of it.
• For some, globalization is a central reality; for
others; it is still on the marine of their lives. There
is no experience of globalization.
• The formation of a new world society does not
involve all people in the same way and does NOT
create the same texture in everyone’s everyday life.
• However, there are some commonalities in the
global experience of globalization. To one degree of
another, globalization is real to almost everyone.
→ It transforms the prevailing sense of time and
space, now globally standardized.
→ It envelope everyone in new institutions.
→ It poses a challenge, in the sense that even
marginally affected groups must take a stance
toward the world.
→ It raises identity problems for societies and
individuals alike.
 Focusing on a different kind of global food, James L.
Watson, another anthropologist, describes Mcdonald’s
customers in Hong Kong, including children, as critical
consumers to whose expectations about food and
service the multinational corporation must adapt.
Far from imposing a new dietary standard, Mcdonald’s
blended into an already heterogeneous urban
landscape.
Watsons concludes that in places like Hong Kong, the
transnational is the local.
QUESTION:
How does one explain the phenomenal success of
American-style fast food in Hong Kong and,
increasingly, in Guangzhou – the two epicenters of
Cantonese culture and cuisine?
→ Seven of the world’s ten busiest Mcdonald’s
restaurants are located in Hong Kong.
→ When Mcdonald’s fist opened in 1975, few thought
it would survive more that a few months.
→ By January 1, 1997, Hong Kong had 125 outlets,
which means that there was one Mcdonald’s for
every 51,200 residents, compared to one for every
30,000 people in the United States.
→ Walking into these restaurants and looking at the
layout, one could well be in Cleveland of Boston.
The only obvious differences are the clientele, the
majority of whom are Cantonese-speakers, and
the menu which is in Chinese as well as English.
(Watson 2015).
NEOLIBERALISM
A theory of political economic practices that proposes
that human well-being can be advance in liberating
individual entrepreneurial freedoms and skills
within an institutional framework, characterized by
strong private property rights, free markets, and free
trade.
The role of the state is to create and preserve an
institutional framework appropriate to such
practices:
→ The state has to guarantee, for example, the
quality and integrity of money.
→ It must also set up those military, defense,
police and legal structures and functions
required to secure private property rights and
to guarantee, by force if need be, the proper
functioning of markets.
→ Human well-being can best be advance by
State interventions in markets must be kept to
a bare minimum because, according to the
theory, this cannot possibly possess enough
information to second-guess market signals
(prices) and because powerful interest group
will inevitably distort and bias state
interventions (in democracies) for own benefit.
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PRIVATIZATION  Neoliberalism has, in short become

• It is the process of transferring an enterprise or
industry from the public sector to the private
sector.
• Some of the government owned and controlled
corporations in the Philippines transferred already
from public to private sectors are the ff:
 Philippine Airlines (PAL)
 Philippine Long Distance Corporation (PLDT)
 Manila Electric Company (MERALCO)
 Manila Waterworks and Sewage System
(MWSS) to Maynila Water Services and Manila
Water Company
CHARACTERISTICS OF NEO-LIBERALISM:
1. Government must limit subsidies
2. Make a reforms to tax law in order to expand tax base
3. Reduce deficit spending
4. Limit protectionism
5. Open markets
6. Removal of fixed exchange rates
7. Back deregulation
8. Privatization
 Almost all states, from newly minted after the collapse
of the Soviet Union to old-style social democracies
and welfare states such as new voluntarily and in
other instances in response to coercive pressures,
some versions of neoliberal theory and adjusted
at least some policies and practices accordingly.
hegemonic as a mode of discourse Zealand
and Sweden, have embraced. Sometimes it has
pervasive effects on ways of thought to the point
where it has become incorporated into the
common-sense way many of us interpret, live
in, and understand the world.
• The process of neo-liberalization has however,
entailed much ”creative destruction” not only of
prior institutional frameworks and powers (even
challenging traditional forms of state sovereignty),
but also of division of labor social relations,
welfare provisions, technological mixes, ways of
life and thought, reproductive activities,
attachments to the land and habits of the heart.
• In so far as neoliberalism values market
exchange as an ethic in itself, capable of
ethical beliefs, it emphasizes the significance of
contractual relations, in the market place. It holds
that the social good will be maximized by
maximizing the reach and frequency of market
transactions, and it seeks to bring, all human
action into the domain of market (Harvey, 2015).

 Post-apartheid South Africa quickly embraced

neoliberalism, and even contemporary China.

 Furthermore, the advocates of neoliberal way now

occupy position of considerable influence in
education (the universities and many thinks tanks), in
the media in corporate boardroom and financial
institutions.
→ In key state institutions (treasury department, the
central banks), and also in those international
institutions, such as the International Monetary
Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the World Trade
Organization (WTO) that regulate global finance
and trade.

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