History of Global Politics:

Creating an International Order

What to Learn
• Key Attributes
– Countries and
States are
independent and
govern themselves.

– Countries interact
with each other
through diplomacy.
• Key Attributes
– International
Organizations
facilitate these
interactions.

– International
organizations also
take on lives of their
own (WHO, ILO)
• NATION-STATE
CONCEPT
– Relatively modern
phenomenon of
human history.
– Two Non-
interchangeable
terms:
• Not all states are
nations
• Not all nations are
states
NATION
• “Imagined Community”
(Benedict Anderson)
• Limited because it does not go
beyond a given “official
boundary”.
• Rights and Responsibilities are
mainly the privilege and
concern of the citizens of that
nation.
• Has its boundaries
– Ex. Anyone can become
Catholic if one chooses to.
STATE
• Refer to a country and its
government.
• Has four attributes:
– Exercise authority over a
specific population (Citizen)
– Specific Territory
– Structure of Government that
crafts various rules that the
society follows.
– Sovereignty over its territory
• Internal and External
authority
• NATIONALISM facilitates state formation
– In the modern and contemporary era, Nationalist movements
allowed the creation of nation-states
– States become independent and sovereign because of
nationalist sentiment that clamors for this independence.
• Fundamental principles
of modern state politics.
Ano
– INTERSTATE SYSTEM Daw?
– INTERNATIONALISM
TREATY OF WESTPHALIA (1648)
• Origin of the present day concept of Sovereignty.
• This ends the “Thirty Years War”
• Exercise complete control over their domestic Affairs and
swear not to meddle in each other’s affairs
NAPOLEONIC WARS
(1803 - 1815)
– Implemented the
“Napoleonic Code”
– Spreading the
principles of the
French Revolution
(Liberty, Equality
and Fraternity)
– Defeated in the
Battle of Waterloo
by the Prussians and
Anglo.
 Restore the world of
CONCERT OF EUROPE
Monarchial,
hereditary and
religious privilege

Alliance of “GREAT
POWERS”
•UK
•Austria
•Russia
•Prussia
• A system of heightened
interaction between
various sovereign states;
desire for greater
cooperation and unity
among states and peoples.
• Two forms:
– Liberal (Immanuel Kant,
Guiseppe Mazzini)
– Socialist (Karl Marx,
Friedrich Engels,Vlademir
Lenin, Joseph Stalin)
• INTERNATIONALISM is but one window into the broader
phenomenon of globalization. It is also a very crucial
aspect of globalization since global interactions are
heightened by the increase interdependence of states.

• International Relations are facilitated by International

Organizations that promotes global norms and policies.
(UNITED NATIONS)
 HIGHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Mr. Isidrian Paolo S. Montes, LPT

College Instructor
Intended Learning Outcomes
• Define what Globalization is and
what it stands for in the
Contemporary World.

• Differentiate the conceptions of

globalization and undermine the
various schools of thought and
paradigms of Globalization.

• Understand the “raison d’être” of

Globalization, its goals and
aspirations.
Intended Learning Outcomes

• Equip students with 21st Century

learning and develop higher
order of thinking skills that will
lead towards deeper
understanding of globalization
and its role in the world; in the
Philippine Society as well as its
role in the individual formation of
the students in relation to their
future respective professions.
 IF I WERE TO BE ASKED?
(Class Participation)

• Answer the following questions BASED

ON YOUR COMMON KNOWLEDGE.

– When did globalization began?

– Is the core of the globalization process

economic, political or cultural? Explain
further…
A PERFECT EXAMPLE OF
GLOBALIZATION
SHOCKED
ANG
FERSON!?!
• Globalization was first used as a term in the
academic circles in the decades of 1960s-
1970s.
• Refers both to the
compression of the world
and the intensifications of
consciousness of the world
as a whole. - Robertson
(1992:8)

• Intensification of worldwide
social relations which link
distant localities in such a
way that local happenings
are shaped by events
occurring many miles away
and vice versa. - Giddens
(1990:64)
“The expansion and
intensification of social
relations and
consciousness across
world-time and across
world space.”
• GLOBALIZATION has been commonly
understood either of the following:

– AS A PROCESS

– AS A CONDITION

– AS AN IDEOLOGY
 GLOBALIZATION AS A PROCESS
• Viewed as a multidimensional set of social
processes that generate and increase “worldwide
social interdependencies and exchanges while at
the same time fostering in people a growing
awareness of deepening connections between the
local and the distant” – Steger, 2005: 13

• This is time related.

 GLOBALIZATION AS A CONDITION
• Referred by scholars as GLOBALITY – a social
condition characterized by trans-planetary
connectivity and supra-territoriality.

– Trans-planetary – globality is about the establishment

of social links between people located at different
places of our planet.

– Supra-territoriality – social connections that transcend

territorial geography.
 GLOBALIZATION AS AN IDEOLOGY
• According to Steger, he argues that
globalization as an ideology defined into six
(6) core claims.

• Liberalization and Global In Integrations of Markets.

• Inevitable and Irreversible.
• Nobody is in charge of globalization.
• Benefits anyone in the long run.
• Further spread of democracy in the world.
• Requires global war on terror.
 IMPACT TO THE ACADEME

• Gained the interest of and attention of most

social scientists (Social Phenomena). The
impact can be seen in the surge in the
number of scholarly works (Literatures
such as research and thesis).
THEORETICAL PARADIGMS
ASSOCIATED WITH
GLOBALIZATION
• WORLD SYSTEM PARADIGM (Immanuel Wallerstein)
– Views globalization not as a recent phenomenon but as
virtually synonymous with the birth and spread of
capitalism, c.1500
– Adheres to the idea that capitalism has created a global
enterprise that swept the 19th century leading to the
present time.

• GLOBAL CAPITALISM PARADIGM

– Treat globalization as a novel stage in the evolving system
of world capitalism
– Focus on new global production and financial system.
• NETWORK SOCIETY SCHOOL OF THOUGHT
– It does not subscribe to the contention that capitalism
fuels globalization, instead, it puts forth the premise
that technology and technological change are the
underlying cause of the several processes that
comprise globalization.

– “New Economy” (Manuel Castells)

• Informational, knowledge based
• Global
• Networked
• SPACE, TIME AND GLOBALIZATION
–Social relations are lifted out from local
context of interaction and restructured
across time and space.
–Glocalization (Roland Robertson)
• TRANSNATIONALITY AND TRANSNATIONALISM
– Refers to an umbrella concept encompassing a wide
variety of transformative process practices and
developments that take place simultaneously at the
local level and global level.

• GLOBAL CULTURE PARADIGM

– Emphasize the rapid growth of the mass media and
resultant global culture flows and images in recent
decades, evoking the image of “The Global Village.”
(Marshall McLuhan)
• According to Arjun
Appadurai, an
Anthropologist, he states
that there are different
types of globalization
occur on multiple and
interesting dimensions of
integration that he call
“Scapes”.
ETHNOSCAPE TECHNOSCAPE

FINANCESCAPE
MEDIASCAPE
IDEOSCAPE
 ETHNOSCAPE

REFERS TO THE GLOBAL MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE.

MEDIASCAPE

TALKS ABOUT
THE FLOW OF CULTURE
 TECHNOSCAPE

• CIRCULATION OF
MECHANICAL GOODS AND
SOFTWARE.
FINANCESCAPE

• DENOTES THE
GLOBAL
CIRCULATION OF
MONEY
 IDEOSCAPE

• REALM WHERE
POLITICAL IDEAS
MOVE AROUND.
 IF I WERE TO BE ASKED AGAIN?
(Class Participation)
• Answer the following questions
BASED ON WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED IN
OUR DISCUSSION TODAY.

– When did globalization began?

– Is the core of the globalization process

economic, political or cultural? Explain
and cite an example…
 MISCONCEPTIONS
OF
GLOBALIZATION
Scholte (2008) defines globalization by telling us what it is
not.
• Globalization is Internationalization
• Internationalization includes activities by entities
such as corporations and states while Globalization is
a gamut of human activities that do not require
reference to a state
• Globalization is a liberalization
•The two concepts are contradicting in
terms of purpose.
• Globalization as universalization and
westernization

• Universalization is not a new feature of world

history.

• Westernalization is not the only path to

globalization (oriental globalization)