ASHRAE Standards & Guidelines For Building Energy Audits

ASHRAE Standards & Guidelines for
6/5/2017
Building Energy Audits
Konstantinos Laskos Triantafyllos Triantafyllopoulos

Civil Engineer, BEMP, BEAP Mech. Engineer @ Menerga
Energy Planning & Savings Consultant ASHRAE Hellenic Chapter
President Elect 2016-2017
What is Energy Audit ?
Definition
ASHRAE and other entities have defined energy audits as processes in which
engineering service providers identify and recommend efficiency opportunities to
clients. The objectives of an energy audit are to identify and develop measures
that:
1.  will reduce the energy use and/or cost of operating a building
1.  and/or will improve the indoor environmental quality experience by the
occupants.
In a Nutshell
1.  How much energy are they using?
2.  Where are they using it?
3.  Are they using it effectively?
4.  How can they use it more effectively?

Basic Steps
1.  Collect and analyze historical energy use.
2.  Study the building and gather data on its operational characteristics and indoor
environmental quality.
3.  Identify potential measures that will reduce the energy use and/or cost and/or
will improve the occupants’ indoor environmental quality.
4.  Perform an engineering and economic analysis of potential modifications.
5.  Prepare a list of appropriate measures and group measures into bundles that will
capitalize on potential synergies and cost reductions.
6.  Prepare a report to document the analysis process and results.

Energy Audit vs Energy Labeling
Basic Differences
energy labeling energy audit
predefined opera/on
real opera/on
vs
Energy Audit vs Energy Labeling
Basic Differences
energy labeling energy audit

energy use for “condi/oned” energy
spaces for : use for :
hea/ng hea/ng exterior ligh/ng
cooling
vs cooling plug-loads
ven/la/on ven/la/on motors
DHW DHW refrigera/on
ligh/ng interior ligh/ng etc

ASHRAE Standard 211P:
Standard for Commercial Building Energy Audit
Scope
This standard applies to all buildings except:
•  single-family houses,
•  multifamily structures of three stories or fewer above grade,
•  manufactured houses (mobile homes), and
•  manufactured houses (modular).

Levels of Energy Audits

Level 1:
Walk -Through
Analysis
Level 2: Energy Survey Analysis
Level 3: Detailed Analysis of

Capital Intensive ModificaEons
ASHRAE Standard 211P
Preliminary Energy Use Analysis (PEA)
Benchmarking
•  Calculate the total annual building energy use, and divide by the
gross floor area to obtain the Energy Use Intensity (EUI) i.e. kWh/
m2.
•  Calculate total annual building energy cost and divide by gross floor
area to obtain the Energy Cost Index (ECI) i.e. €/m2.
•  Benchmark the building’s normalized energy consumption relative to

that of similar (peer) buildings for a minimum of 12 consecutive
months (up to three consecutive years shall be used as available).
Level 1 Energy Audit
Facility Site Survey
•  Conduct a walk-through survey of the facility to accompanied by the

building operator or maintenance staff member. Become familiar with
its construction, equipment, operation, equipment schedules and
maintenance.
•  Identify major energy-using systems, processes, and equipment. Gather

control strategies and equipment information of major components
from nameplates, as-built drawings, or other means.
•  Identify operating problems, malfunctioning equipment, maintenance

costs, and maintenance needs.
•  Interview the owner and/or operator and occupants to identify current

space usage, special problems (especially relating to thermal comfort or
indoor air quality).
Identify Low-Cost & No-Cost Energy Efficiency Measure Recommendations
•  Changes to lighting and HVAC (e.g., thermostats) controls, to reduce

lighting and HVAC in areas that are unoccupied or unused for substantial
periods of time.
•  Implementation of routines (and logs) to improve the efficiency of

operations, or maintenance of such improvements after tune-ups.
•  Education of building operators and/or occupants.

Identify Potential EEM Capital Recommendations
Identify potential capital-expensed EEMs including a preliminary

qualitative estimate of the level of potential costs and energy cost
savings.
Review EEMs with Owner’s Representative
Provide to the owner or their appropriate representative a list of

identified measures, their brief descriptions, their qualitative impact,
and approximate level of economic return. Receive feedback.
The Level 2 audit shall follow upon, and take into consideration the
findings of, a Level 1 audit and also incudes the following additional steps*:
Breakdown of the annual total energy cost by component
*If
no separate Level 1 audit has been conducted, shall comply with all the
procedural requirements for a Level 1 audit.
Facility Site Survey - Determine key operating parameters
Determine Operations: •  Space temperature

Setpoints
•  Space humidity
•  Space lighting levels
•  Hot water supply setpoint controls
•  Chilled water supply setpoint controls
•  Supply air temperature setpoint controls
•  DHW storage and delivery temperatures
•  Fan system flow controls
•  Economizer controls
•  Minimum outdoor airflow rates
•  Carbon dioxide levels
Facility Site Survey - Determine key operating parameters
Determine Operating: •  Occupied or unoccupied hours in controlled zones

Schedules
•  Space temperature setpoint schedules
•  Lighting occupancy schedules and controls
•  Warm-up and cool-down periods
Equipment efficiencies*:
•  Combustion efficiency
*Equipment performance
•  Cooling equipment efficiency
characteris/cs shall take into
account part-load •  Energy recovery efficiency
or seasonal efficiencies
•  Pump efficiency
•  Fan efficiency
Conduct end-use breakdown
Based on:
1.  A calculated method that estimates energy

use according to the size, load, method of
control and efficiency of equipment, and
its operating hours 1.
2.  A building energy model 2.
3.  Sub-metered energy use in the building.
1Assumptions used in this analysis must be the same as

those used for calculations of energy and demand savings.
2 The same simulation must be used as is used for

calculation of energy and demand savings.
List Energy Efficiency Measures and Group Interactive Measures*
Envelope: •  Opaque Elements Insulation, Roof Painting

•  Windows Replacement, Glazing Replacement
Lighting : •  Replace Fixtures, Replace Lamps

•  Daylighting Utilization
•  Occupancy Sensors
HVAC Systems: •  Reduce Distribution Losses (Insulation, VSD,

Economizers)
•  Replace HVAC
DHW Water Heating •  Low Water Use Devices

•  Solar Systems
*Avoid the poten/al for oversta/ng energy savings due to savings overlap between individual measures
Calculate Savings (energy, demand)
Calculation Methods1,2,3: Stipulated values, engineering calculations, building

energy model. Calculate before EEM & after EEM.
Interactions: Analysis of measures and/or measure groups shall include interactions
Weather data: Shall be long-term average data.
Equipment performance: Shall take into account part-load or seasonal

efficiencies where applicable
1 The U.S. Department of Energy maintains a directory of building energy software tools on its Web site
2 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals Chapter 19 Energy Estimating and modeling methods
3 ASHRAE Guideline 14 (2014): Annex E Retrofit Isolation approach techniques
Estimate EEM Costs
•  Material costs •  Permits
•  Labor costs •  Temporary services
•  Design fees •  Test and Balancing
•  Construction management •  Commissioning
•  Site-specific installation
factors
Conduct Economic Analysis
Simple Payback : 𝑆𝑃𝑃=𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡/𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 
𝑅𝑂𝐼=𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠/𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡  x 100

Return of Investment :
•  Identify the measures that meet the owner’s economic or other

criteria, whether individually, or in aggregate.
•  Note the ancillary benefits of each measure or group.

Quality Assurance Review
•  Evaluate the feasibility and appropriateness of identified

measures, as well as the reasonableness of energy savings
projections, implementation cost estimates, and all observations
and findings of the energy audit report.
•  Compare the energy savings, cost savings, costs, and ROIs for each
measure to expected ranges for the type of measure specified to
verify reasonableness.
•  Validate savings by calculating the percent savings of each

measure in relation to total energy use of the relevant end-use
category.
Review EEMs with Owner’s Representative
•  Provide to the owner or their appropriate representative a list of

identified measures, their brief descriptions, energy, energy cost,
and non-energy cost savings, available incentives, simple ROI, and
simple paybacks.
•  Obtain from the owner or owner’s representative their comments

about which measures are preferred for implementation or further
study.
•  After the review with the owner or owner’s representative, the audit
shall be revised to show the recommended measures, measure
groups, and measures identified but not recommended.
The Level 3 audit shall follow upon, and take into consideration the
findings of, a Level 2 audit and also incudes the following additional
steps*:
Review the accepted EEMs considering system interactions to create
bundle of measures
Schematic diagram of each of the recommended EEMs
*If
no separate Level 1 & 2 audit has been conducted, shall comply with all the procedural
requirements for a Level 1 & 2 audit.
Annual building energy modeling is required for envelope measure analysis

The simulation software shall meet the requirements of ASHRAE
Standard 140. Indicative software:
The model shall be calibrated with respect to the building’s actual
energy use per the methodology in ASHRAE Guideline 14.
𝐶𝑉(𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸)=100×√⁠∑↑▒(𝑦𝑖−𝑦𝑖 )2 / data CVRMSEmax NMBEmax

𝑛−1  /𝑦  
Monthly 15% 5%
Hourly 30% 10%
𝑁𝑀𝐵𝐸=100×∑↑▒(𝑦𝑖−𝑦𝑖  )/(𝑛−1)×𝑦  
CVRMSE = coefficient of variation of

the root mean square error
𝑦 = measured value
NMBE = normalized mean bias error 𝑦  = model predicted value
𝑦  = mean value of the measured data
Lifecycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) Initial
Investment
Replacement
Costs
Maintenance
Costs
Out-lows
Taxes
Energy Audit
Costs
Cash
Flows M&V Costs
Energy Cost
Savings
Demand Cost
In-lows
Savings
Water Costs
Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits
2nd Edition (2011) – Best Practices
Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits
2nd Edition (2011) – Best Practices
The energy assessment provider may be one person or a team with several
members depending on the complexity of the site. The team usually
includes the following:
• A building envelope expert or construction engineer
• A mechanical engineer
• An electrical systems expert
• A control systems expert
• An energy modeler
Performance Measurement Protocol for Commercial
Buildings & Best Practices
ASHRAE Guideline 14 (2014):
Measurement of Energy, Demand & Water Savings
The purpose of this document is to

provide guidelines for reliably measuring
the energy, demand, and water savings
achieved in conservation projects.
Relevant ASHRAE Guidelines and Standards
•  Standard 105 - 2014: Standard Methods Of Determining, Expressing, And

Comparing Building Energy Performance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
•  Standard 180 - 2012: Standard Prac/ce For Inspec/on And Maintenance Of

Commercial Building HVAC Systems
•  Standard 189.1 -- 2014: Standard for Design of High -- Performance Green

Buildings
•  Standard 62.1 -- 2016: Ven/la/on for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
•  Standard 90.1- 2016: Energy Standard for Buildings
•  Guideline 11 - 2009: Field Tes/ng of HVAC Control Components
•  Guideline 22 - 2012: Instrumenta/on for Monitoring Central Chilled-Water

Plant Efficiency
ASHRAE Standards & Guidelines for
6/5/2017
Building Energy Audits
Q&A
Konstantinos Laskos Triantafyllos Triantafyllopoulos
klaskos@energyandbuilding.gr A.triantafillopoulos@menerga.gr

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ASHRAE Standards & Guidelines For Building Energy Audits

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ASHRAE Standards & Guidelines for

Konstantinos Laskos Triantafyllos Triantafyllopoulos

1. How much energy are they using?

2. Where are they using it?

3. Are they using it effectively?

4. How can they use it more effectively?

1. Collect and analyze historical energy use.

4. Perform an engineering and economic analysis of potential modifications.

6. Prepare a report to document the analysis process and results.

energy labeling energy audit

energy labeling energy audit

hea/ng hea/ng exterior ligh/ng

ven/la/on ven/la/on motors

DHW DHW refrigera/on

ligh/ng interior ligh/ng etc

This standard applies to all buildings except:

• multifamily structures of three stories or fewer above grade,

• manufactured houses (mobile homes), and

• manufactured houses (modular).

Levels of Energy Audits

Level 2: Energy Survey Analysis

Level 3: Detailed Analysis of

• Benchmark the building’s normalized energy consumption relative to

Facility Site Survey

• Conduct a walk-through survey of the facility to accompanied by the

• Identify major energy-using systems, processes, and equipment. Gather

• Identify operating problems, malfunctioning equipment, maintenance

• Interview the owner and/or operator and occupants to identify current

Identify Low-Cost & No-Cost Energy Efficiency Measure Recommendations

• Changes to lighting and HVAC (e.g., thermostats) controls, to reduce

• Implementation of routines (and logs) to improve the efficiency of

• Education of building operators and/or occupants.

Identify Potential EEM Capital Recommendations

Identify potential capital-expensed EEMs including a preliminary

Review EEMs with Owner’s Representative

Provide to the owner or their appropriate representative a list of

Breakdown of the annual total energy cost by component

Determine Operations: • Space temperature

Determine Operating: • Occupied or unoccupied hours in controlled zones

1. A calculated method that estimates energy

2. A building energy model 2.

3. Sub-metered energy use in the building.

1Assumptions used in this analysis must be the same as

2 The same simulation must be used as is used for

Envelope: • Opaque Elements Insulation, Roof Painting

Lighting : • Replace Fixtures, Replace Lamps

HVAC Systems: • Reduce Distribution Losses (Insulation, VSD,

DHW Water Heating • Low Water Use Devices

Calculation Methods1,2,3: Stipulated values, engineering calculations, building

Interactions: Analysis of measures and/or measure groups shall include interactions

Weather data: Shall be long-term average data.

Equipment performance: Shall take into account part-load or seasonal

• Material costs • Permits

• Labor costs • Temporary services

• Design fees • Test and Balancing

• Construction management • Commissioning

Simple Payback : 𝑆𝑃𝑃=​𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡/𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠

𝑅𝑂𝐼=​𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠/𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 x 100

• Identify the measures that meet the owner’s economic or other

• Note the ancillary benefits of each measure or group.

• Evaluate the feasibility and appropriateness of identified

• Validate savings by calculating the percent savings of each

1.  How much energy are they using?

2.  Where are they using it?

3.  Are they using it effectively?

4.  How can they use it more effectively?

1.  Collect and analyze historical energy use.

4.  Perform an engineering and economic analysis of potential modifications.

6.  Prepare a report to document the analysis process and results.

•  multifamily structures of three stories or fewer above grade,

•  manufactured houses (mobile homes), and

•  manufactured houses (modular).

•  Benchmark the building’s normalized energy consumption relative to

•  Conduct a walk-through survey of the facility to accompanied by the

•  Identify major energy-using systems, processes, and equipment. Gather

•  Identify operating problems, malfunctioning equipment, maintenance

•  Interview the owner and/or operator and occupants to identify current

•  Changes to lighting and HVAC (e.g., thermostats) controls, to reduce

•  Implementation of routines (and logs) to improve the efficiency of

•  Education of building operators and/or occupants.

Determine Operations: •  Space temperature

Determine Operating: •  Occupied or unoccupied hours in controlled zones

1.  A calculated method that estimates energy

2.  A building energy model 2.

3.  Sub-metered energy use in the building.

Envelope: •  Opaque Elements Insulation, Roof Painting

Lighting : •  Replace Fixtures, Replace Lamps

HVAC Systems: •  Reduce Distribution Losses (Insulation, VSD,

DHW Water Heating •  Low Water Use Devices

•  Material costs •  Permits

•  Labor costs •  Temporary services

•  Design fees •  Test and Balancing

•  Construction management •  Commissioning

Simple Payback : 𝑆𝑃𝑃=𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡/𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 

𝑅𝑂𝐼=𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠/𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡  x 100

•  Identify the measures that meet the owner’s economic or other

•  Note the ancillary benefits of each measure or group.

•  Evaluate the feasibility and appropriateness of identified

•  Validate savings by calculating the percent savings of each

•  Provide to the owner or their appropriate representative a list of

•  Obtain from the owner or owner’s representative their comments

𝐶𝑉(𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸)=100×√⁠∑↑▒(𝑦𝑖−𝑦𝑖 )2 / data CVRMSEmax NMBEmax

•  Standard 105 - 2014: Standard Methods Of Determining, Expressing, And

•  Standard 180 - 2012: Standard Prac/ce For Inspec/on And Maintenance Of

•  Standard 189.1 -- 2014: Standard for Design of High -- Performance Green

•  Standard 62.1 -- 2016: Ven/la/on for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

•  Standard 90.1- 2016: Energy Standard for Buildings

•  Guideline 11 - 2009: Field Tes/ng of HVAC Control Components

•  Guideline 22 - 2012: Instrumenta/on for Monitoring Central Chilled-Water