ំ ូងេនេលពភ

មនុស្សដប ិ េលក

1> GUm :Uh ab‘Íl Is (Homo Habilis)

karvinasputBUCénRbePTmnusSGñktMNag[mnusSCMnan;edIm énBiP BelakKWHomoHabilis)anr
s;enAelITwkdIm YyEpñkéntMb n;SubsaharankñúgRbeTsGaRBicRbEhlCa1>5lanqñaMknøgeTAehIy. kñúgqñaM
1960RtUv)aneKrkeXIjpUsIuldMbUgenAtMbn;OlduvaiGorgePaKxagt,ÚgénRbeTsTanzania .karrkeXIenH
CakarebIkTMBr½kñúgviTüasaRsþsIþBIkarsikSaénpUsIul.RTg;R TayCaeRcInRtUv)anelceT,IgenAkñúgRkum bec©kviTü
afñak;kNþalénkarpøas;bþrÚ rIkcMerInlUtlas;rvagsarebkPaBényuKdMbUgrbs;AustalopthecusehIydwgbEnß
m énRbePT Homo .
dMbUgeLIysaksBrbs; Gum:Uh ab‘Íl Is RtUv)aneKrkeXIjnUvÉ Olduvai EdlkñúgenaHmandUcCa
eFµjBIrbIehIynwgfÁameFµjeRkamllad¾k,alnigq¥wgédxøH.bEnßm eToteK)anCIkykvaBIkñúgdIenAkñúgtMbn;Ca
eRcIndUcCa³Moobi foraPaKxagt,ÚgénRbeTs Kenya . GñkRsavRCav)ancab;epþIm dwgfaHominmsTaMgenH
manGaNatUm IxusKañBIAustralopithecuskarrukrkCaeRcInRtUv)anpSBVpSayCapøÚvkarenAqñaM1 964edaynr³viTU
CaeRcInBYkeK)anBiBN_naGMBIkMritbrim aNénkarekIneTI,gllad¾k,aleFµjfÁamRbGb;eCIghak;dUcCamnusSe
hI-yqw¥gEd;G aceRbIR )as;) anya:gbiunRbsBVenHehIyCaPsþútagbB¢aak;faBYkenHmaneQµaHfa Homo habilis
elIsBienHeTotenaHeK)anrkeXIjpUYsIulEdlC]bkrN_eFVIBIifµEdlmanry³kalyUrlg;Nas;m kehIy
lkçN³BiessTaMgGs;enHehIyEdlbgðajfa
AnalomyehIynigGakb,kiriy aCaBBYk mnusS Homoerectus .

k>edIm kMenIt
edIm kMeNitmnusSmanepSg²KañtYya:gdUcH.Habilis . elakLouis LeaKeyCamYy RbBn§Kat;R Bm
TaMg kUnRichardCanr³viTUelak)anrkeXIjhVÚsIulenAGaRhVictMbn;OlduvaiGoege kUnrbs;Kat;) anKas;
pUsIulecjBIkñúgdIEdlCaTMrg;é nH.habilisehIykarRbmUlpþúMenHkMT,úgeBleyigdwgcugeRkayénAustralopith
ecusehIymuneBlénH.erectusRbEhlCa2lanqñaMk arTak;Tgénkarbdiv tþk arbkERbCaFmµtasMG ageTAelI

PsþútagH.habilisminEfmTaMgrwgmaMKWfamanPaBxusEbøkKañBAI ustralopithecusb:uEnþVvaCanim itþrUb dMbUgbg¥s;é

nkareTrxagNamçagedaykareFIVbdivtþEdlmanlkçN³BiBN_naénRbvtþisaRsþ. mankarrIklUtlas;eT,Igén
xYrk,alnigkEnøgxøHenAkñúgsrIragÁ manPaBc,as;las;nigTMhMllad_k,alFMCag Australopithecus .
x>lkçN ³rUb rag
H.habilis manrUbragtUcminsUvrwgmaMdUc H.erectus eTBYkeKmanlkçN³xñgekag EdlminTan;
QrRtg;xøÜnmanq¥wgrgVg;m uxlyeTAmuxragsYcbnþicRcmuHrIkFMm uxtUceFµjfÁamtUc²manédEvg²rUbragkayenA
manerameRcInEdlminTan;R CuHeRBaHeTIbEtcuHBIedIm eQIm inTan;vtþn_) anPøamenaHeTkMBs;rbs;BYkeK1Em:tbnþi
cbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH.maneFµjtUc²CaeRcInedayeTreTAxagNamçagedaysarkareronegIbedIreCIgBIrrbs;BYkeK)an
pøas;bþÚrTMrg;m uxCaBiessenAbrievNRcmuHcMEnkédk¾) anmkCaxøICagkarrs;enAelIedIm eQI . llad_k,alTMhM
RbEhlCa 500-650 ccTMgn;BI25-55kg.

rUb ragnigllad¾k,alrbs; Homo Habilis

 K>karcakecj dMeNIr
enAsm½ykalenaHkar)at;b g;é néRBeQIbnþicmþg²CaehtueFVI[H.habiliscuHmkdIedaysarEtEl
gmanEmkeQIsMrab;BYkeKeT,IgetageyalxøÜnpøas; TIBIedIm eQIm YyeTAedIm eQIm YyeTot Ed;leKetagsegát
emIlpøÚv b¤eT,Ig emIl sRtUvEdlenACuMvijCaBiessEpøeQIenA elIedIm kan;EtGs;CabeNIþr²dUcenH BYkeK)an
cHum kxageRkamedIm ,IrkcMnIG ahareBlEdlGaharkEnøgnigGs;BYkeKeFVIeMeNIreTAmYykEnøgeTotkñúgkarsVHE
sVg rkGaharedIm ,IciB¢awm Civit rbs;BYkeK .
X >karciB ¢a wm CIv it nig ]bkrN_eRbIR )as;
BYkeKrs;enAkñúgéRBedayEckCaRkum epSg²Kañ . BYkeKciB¢awm CIvitedaykarebHEpøeQInigCIk
emIm eQIedayeRbIdMbgb¤dMfµsMrab;Kb;EpøeQICaGaharH.habilisk¾CaGñkRbmaN;stVsIusac;CaGahar
sIustVtUc²dUcCafnistVm üa:gEdlRsedogniglµúnnigstVepSg²eTot.BYyeKsMlab;stVedayeRbI]bkrN_dM
bgEvgxøIb¤dMufµFmµCatisMrab;Kb;b¤R KEvgdMufµTaMgenaHminTan;bMEbkCaragrUvenAeT,IyEtvamanmuxRsYcnigmanmux
EdlGackat;sac;sIu) anxøH. H.habilisminTan;ecHEkécñ]bkrN_eRbIR )as;sMrab;karciB¢awm CIvitnigkarBarxøÜneKe
nAeT,Iy BYkeKrs;enAeRkamedI-meQIb¤enAelIedIeQI .
g>Pasanig karTMn ak;T Mn g
HomoHabilis minTan;ecHbegáItGkSrnigPasasMrab;Tak;TgKañeT.k¾b:uEnþBYeKGacTak;TgKña)anEdrKWtamry³
PasakayvikarKWCaPasaEdrkMnt;[lkçN³énskmµP aBrWTegIVrbs;BYkeK.dUcCaBYkHomoHabilisTHedIm RTUg
ehIyERskxøaMg²mann½yfaCasBaØabBÐߢaak;faBYkeKxwgrWm ineBjcitþnigGVIm Yy.BYkeKminTan;m anPasaeCOne
lO ndUcBYkHomo erectus edaysarkarvtþn_P øam²mkCamnusS .
2 > GUm :UeGrik Tus (Homo Erectus)
 BYkGUm :UeGriTus(Homo Erectus) KWCaRbePTmYyénBBYkGUm (:U Homo) EdlmanPaBeCaKC½yehIy
rs;enA)anyUrCagGUm :Uhab‘ÍlIs. BYkenHRtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAGaRBik. GUm :UeGrikTusRtUv )aneKrkeXIj
eRKag q¥wgenAs>vTI 18-19 enARbeTs\NÐÚensIunigcin. BYkenHmankarvivtþn_nigmanPaBév qøatCagBYk
GU®sþaLU-BIEtk BYkenHRtUveK[eQµaHfa GUm :UeGrikTus EdlbkERbmann½yfa mnusSQrRtg; ;
(Homo=mnusS , Erectus=QrRtg;) BIeRBaHBYk vaedIrRtg;CagBYk GU® sþaLÚBIEtk.

k > ed Im k Me n It
eRkayBIeBlBYkGU®sþaLUBIEtk)at;xøÜnmanBYkmYyRbePTeTot)anelceLIgenaHKWBYkGUm :UeGrikTus
EdlmankMenItRbmaN2>5lanqñaMeTA2EsnqñaMm unK>s.BYkenH)aneFVIdMenIrecjBIG aRBikmkGWr;ubnigGasIu.
Gum :UeGrikTusRtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAqñaM 1891nig1892 edayelak Eugene Dubois EdlCaRKUeBTünig
CanrviTUCnCatidaNWm a:k.Kat;) anEsVgrkeXIjllad¾k,alEpñkxagelIeFµj3RKab;nigq¥wgePøAxageqVgenAkñú
gTenøs¶ÜtenAkñúgekaHCVa. cMEnkÉbMENkEdlesssl;KWrkeXIjenARbeTscin GaRBic nig GWru:b.
x > rUb rag
GñknrviTU) an[GMnHGMnagfaGUm :UeGrikTusmankMBs;TabCagmnusSbc©úb,nñ. BYkeKmank,alFMeTAmuxnigRTUge
hIymaneFµjrwgmaMnigmanq¥wgfÁamlyecjmkeRkA.llad_k,alBYkeKKWtUcehIyrwg.pUsIulEdlcas;Cage
KmanGayu1 >9lanqñaM. karrukrkd¾sMxan;m YyeTotKWenAtMbn;eb:kaMgenARbeTscinnigkñúgGaLWm :g;Ek,rtMbn;He
idelberg.karsik SaBIeRKagq¥wgEdlbgðajBIk arpøas;b þÚrEdlekIteLIgrab;Ban;q ñaM. xYrk,alcab;epþIm rIk FMehIy e

FµjERbCatUc.rIÉeCIgERbCaEvgehIyRtg;ehIyk¾vivtþn_kan;EtRtg;eLIg².eK)anrkeXIjGUm :UeGrikTusmkBItM
bn;NeanderGeorgenigBIrUgPñµMR kUm :UjúgkñúgRbeTs)araMg)anbgðajfaman karpøas;bþÚrBitEmn.
xageRkamenHCataragsegçbBIrUbragGUm :UeGrikTus
srIragÁ eGm:UeGrikTus
kMBs; 1>3-1>7m
rUbrag manPaBrwgmaMCagmnusSTMenIbbc©úb,nñ
cMnuHxYrk,al 750-1250mm 3
TMrg;llad_k,al manceBa©Im nigkBa©wgkRkas;
fÁam /eFµj fÁamrwg ehIyeFµjtUcCagGUm U:hab‘ÍlIs

karvivtþn_rbs;stVsVaBIeBlsm½ybuerdl;sm½ybc©úb,nñ
 K > k arc ak ec j d Me n Ir
BYkeGm:UeGrikTus)ancakecjBItMbn;G aRBikeTAkan;G wr:ubnigGasIu.
maneRKagq¥wgxøHRtUveKrkeXIjenA elIekaHcava(Java) EdlenHbgðaj[eXIjBIvtþm anrbs;BYkeGm:UeGrikTus
BIqñaM 1>6eTA1>8lanqñaM rIÉenAcin RbmaN460 000qñaM nigenAGWru:bRbEhl400 000qñaM. enAGaRBik
BYkeK)aneFVIdMenIrBIP aKxagt,ÚgeTAPaKxageCIgrYcbnþdMenIreTAtMbn;G Wr:asIu. bnÞab;m kk¾naMKñaeTAtMbn;G asuInirtI
(GasIuxagt,Úg eqogxaglic)rYcbnþdMenIeTAGasIub UBa’nigGasuIG aeKñy _. enAry³eBl1>2lanqñaMBYk eK)anRbmU

lpþúMKñaeTArs;enAGaRBicEdlmanvalesµAexovRsgat;. BYkeKrs;enAedaykarRbmaj;CalkçN³RTg;R TayFMed

ayqøgkat;P aKBay½BüeTAtMbn;smuR TRkhm (mCÄwm bUBa’)rYcbnþeTA\NÐa.bnÞab;m kBYkeKk¾eFVIdMenIrbnþeTAekaH
CVarYck¾bnþdMenIrPaKxageCIgvijKWR beTscin.Rkum rbs;G Um :UeGrikTusEdlcakecjBIG aRBikmansmaCikebIR ku
mtUcman20nak;ebIR kum FMm ancMnYneRcInCag100nak;BYkeKTaMgGs;KñaCasac;jatinigKña.bgb¥ÚnRbusb¤bgb¥Ú
nRsIEdlBYkeKCaGñkbegáItkUnecACMnan;eRkay. rIÉ kUnecArbs;BYkeKk¾naMKñabegáItmnusSCMnan;eRkay.
BYkGUm :UeGrikTus EdlcakecjBIG aRBicdMbUgKWBYkEs,kexµA bnÞab;m kKWBYksk;R tg;(BYkGWr:ub) nigcugeRkay
KWBYksk;G gáaj;(BYkGasu)I .RbEhlCa350000qñakM nøgeTAGUm :UeGrikTusrs;enAtMbn;P aKeRcInénGaRBic,GasIu
GaeKñy_,\NÐÚensuInigEpñkxøH énGWr:ub.BYkeKnaMKñacakecjBIP aKxageCIgGWr:ubnigcinedIm ,IeKcBIG akasFatuR tC
ak;k¾b:uEnþedaysarkartamRbmaj;kþan;nigrmaMg)annaMBYkeKeTAkarpSgeRBgenAtMb n;R tCak;. eBlenaHGRtasø
ab;m ankMritx<s;edaysarBYkeKminTan;ecHeRbIePøIgedIm ,IkMedAxøÜn.eBlenaHehIyCaeBlEdlBYkeKBi) akrs;en
ACageBlNa²TaMgGs;. BYkeKBuMTan;ecHBIrebobeRbIR )as;ePøIgenAeLIyeT.rIÉkarciBa©wm CIvitKWBYkeKjaMusac;e
qAeday sarBYkeKminTan;ecHeRbIePøIgedIm ,IcMG insac;enAeLIyeT.

kareFVIdMenIrcakecjrbs;BYkGUm :UeGrikTus
 X > C Iv P aB rs ;e n A
X > 1 k arRb k b rb

mnusSdMbUgRbEhlCaminTan;dwgBIrebobeRbIR )as;nigbegáIt]bkrN_eTBYkeKrs;enAedayBwgEp¥kelI
RtInigstVEdleKcab;edayédeKpÞal;. BYkeK)anRbmUlsøwkeQInigePaKpléRBeQIsMrab;CaGahar.enAeBl
dMbUgCIvPaBmnusSeRbóbdUcCastV. BYkeK)anEsVgrkviFIedIm ,IbegáItnUvGVI²EdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;BYkeK.BYke
Gm:UeGrikTuses;enAkñúgtMbn;EdlRKb;dNþb;elItMbn;FmµCatiEbøk²KñaKWtMbn;é RBnigTMnabenAkñúgtMbn;G aRBikehI
ynigtMb n;é RBnigTMnabenAkñúgGWr:ubnigGasIu. BYkburs²edIrEsVgrkGahardUcCasac;stVedIm ,IR bmaj;yksac;
.CYnkalBYkeKRbTHsac;stVEdlgab;edaysareRKaHFmµCatinigedaysarstVm MsasIFM²EdledIrrksIu. eBl
xøHBYkeKciB©awm CIvitedaydeNþIm yksac;stVEdlenAsl;nigedIrRbmaj;EbbCaRTg;R TayFM².eBlxøHBYkeKn
aMKñabMP ½ystVdUcCakþan;,urmaMgnigeKaéRB[cakecjBIR caMgfµP ñM[eTArkkEnøgl,ab;P k;ehIyBYkeKRbmUlKñaca
b;nigsMlab;. ]bkrN_EdlsMxan;CageKrbs;BYkGUm :UeGrikTusKWBUefaédeFVIBIfµ. RbEhlCa500000qñaMknøge
TA BYkeKeRbIlMEBgnigdMbgedIm ,IsMlab;stVyksac;CaGahardUcCarmaMg,kþan;,RCUkéRBnigTnSay.
BYkeKGnuvtþkarRbmaj;CalkçN³RTg;;R TayFM. tamkarCIkkkayeK)anRbTHeXIjeRKagq¥wgstVFMnigeRKaHfña
k;dUcCa³dMr,I rmasnigxøaXµúMenHsbBa¢ak;[eXIjfaBYkeKeFIVkarRbmaj;CalkçN³Rkum ehIysac;stVEdlRbma
j;) anRtUveKykeTACMruM. cMeBaH®sþIvijedIrtYnaTICa GñkRbmUlpl,ebHEpøeQI,RKab;FuBaØCatiykeTATukenApÞH.
eBlEdlmankUn ®sþIR tUvedIrrkGaharenACMuvijpÞH edIm ,IgayemIlEfkUn.
X > 2 k areRb IR )as ;e P øIg n ig ] b k rN _

BYkeGm:UeGrikTusGacRKb;R KgFmµCati) anmYycMnYn. GñkviTüasa®sþ) anGHGagfa vaRtUvcMnay

eBlevlarab;Ban;qñaMedIm ,ieronrebobeRbIR )as;ePøIg.BYkeK)andwgBIrebobeRbIR )as;ePøIgedaysarBYkeK)aneXI
jsøwkeQIesµAnigéRBeqHsen§asen§AedaysarrnÞH)aj;R tUveqH.BYkeK)anykdMueQIEdleqHykeTAbnøacstV
sahav.ePøIgeRbóbdUcCaGavuFfµIrbs;m nusSedIm ,IkarBarxøÜnnigRbqaMgsRtUv.Gs;ry³eBlrab;Ban;qñaMBYkeK)a
neronBIrebobrkSaePøIgedaykardak;bEnßm eQInigsøwkeQI. BYkeKRKb;R KgePøIgedayeFVI[ePøIgeqHsen§asen§Ae
nAeBlyb;. enAeBlRBwkeKeFIV[ePøIgeqHeLIgvijehIykøayCaregIkePøIg.Gs;ry³eBlCayUreRkaymkeTIb
mnusSeronbegáItePøIgedIm ,IeRbIR )as;pÞal;xøÜn. BYkeK)aneronBIrebobbegáItePøIgedIm ,IcMG inGahar karBar
RbqaMgstVsahavFM²min[mkyayIm nusS)an. GUm :UeGrikTusminecHsuIsac;dMuEpñkxøH)aneTBIeRBaH eKminman
ePøIgsMrab;cMG inGahar.pÞúyeTAvijKat;EbrCajMúsac;Tn;ehIyykq¥wgeFVICa]mkrN_eRbIR )as;rIÉEs,kstVyk
eFVICasMelokbMBak;sMrab;karBarGaksFatu.elIsBIenHeTAeTotBYkeKecHeRbIR )as;ePøIgedIm ,IkMedAxøÜnnigbM) a
t;P aBRtCak; EdlxusKñakal BIm unEdlBYkeKnaMKñaCIkreNþArYccUleTAkñúgreNþAenaH
rYcyksøwkeQIR KbBIelI.
BYkeK)anedjstVecjBIrUgPñµMehIyBYkeKcUleTArs;enAkñúgrUgPñµMvij.eBlyb;BYkeKnaMG gÁúyCuMvijPñk;ePøIgehI
ynaMKñaBiP akSaGMBIR BwtiþkarN_R bcaMé f¶dUcCarebobrMelIedIm eQInigsagsg;CMrk.eRcInBan;qñaMknøgeTABYkeK)a
nykfµrwgmkbMEbk[ecjCarUbrag]bkrN_epSg²ehIyEdlmanlkçN³RsYcCag]krN_m un².enHsbB¢aak;
[eXIjfaBYkeKmanPaBévqøatRbEhlmnusSsm½y\lUvEdr.BYkeK)anbegáIt]bkrN_fµI²EdlmandUcCakaM
bit,fµR tdus(EdkekH),EdkkNþar(sMrab;ecaHrn§).edaykareRbIdMufBYkeKGacbMEbkfµm Yy[eTACa]bkrN_fµIep
SgeTot.fµR kas;smnigTMhMé drbs;BYkeKehIyepSgeTotsMrab;Tukvayb¤sMelog.CamYynwg]bkrN_TaMgen
HBYkeKGacedIrRbmaj;stVedaygayedaysaré]bkrN_eRbIR )as;eFVIG MBIfµedayBYkeKbMEbkCaEpñktUc
drbs;BYkeK.
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[eQµaHfaAscheuleanEdlpúÞynigbecäkviTüadMbUgKWOld
owanbecäk viTüaenH)anraldaldl;m CÄwm bUBa’,GWr:ub nigEpñk xøH én]bTVIb \NÐa.pUsIulnig]mkrN_R tUv )aneKr

keXIjenA\NÐÚensuIEdlmankalbriecäT1>8lanqñaM. ]bkrN_EdleFVIenAsm½yOldowanKWCa]bkrN_Edl
cas;CageKEdlmankalbriecäTRbEhl2>6lanqñaM. cMEnkÉsm½yAscheuleanRbEhl1>2lanqñaeM hIyEd
lbBa©b;R bEhlR)aMEsnqñaM. karécñR bDitdMbUgKWTak;TgnigBUefAédrbssm½yAscheulean.elIsBIenHeTAeTo
tBYkeGm:UeGrikTus)anGPivDÆn_]bkrN_kan;Etl¥Cagmun.BYkeKmankaMbitb½ugetaehIynigBUefAédsMrab;kab;
sac;sMrab;cMG inGaharehIyvak¾G aceRbIR )as;R bqaMgstVFM².]bkrN_dUcCadMbgniglMEBgsMrab;br)aj;stVni
g karBar xøÜn.
X > 3 P as an ig k arT Mn ak ;T Mn g

GVIEdlsMxan;Cag]bkrN_nigePøIgKWP aBévqøatehIynigPasaTMnak;TMngEdlGac[buKÁlerog²xøÜn
GacTak;TgKña nigbkRsaynUvTMnak;TMng b¤P asakayvikard¾sµúKsµajeTAvijeTAmk.
edIm ,IG acTMnak;TMngKña.
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Gb;sMelgrbs;G Um :UeGrikTusKWCaCMhandMbUgénPasak¾b:uEnþedaysarvaCakarbeB©ajsMelgCaelIkdMbUgvaGa
cbeB©aj)an Rtwm EtBIrbIsMelgb:eNÑaH.
cMEnkBBYksVa«nigKIgkugmanRbB½n§P asasµúKsµajEdlBi) akyl;.
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sm½ybuer.vaGac[ buKÁleFVIkarCaRkum dUcCakarRbmaj;CaRkum RTg;R TayFM. müa:geTotBYkeK)ansÁal;ya:g
Cak;lak;G MBITIkEnøgTwkeRkamdI. rIÉTMnak;TMngvijBYkeKecHeFVIshRbtibtþikar)anya:gl¥nwgKñaBIeRBaHedayBY
keK[KñadwgCamunmunnwgerobcMkarRbmaj;. müa:gvijeTotshRbtibtþikar)aneCaKC½yedaysarPaBvagévda
c;eKnigkareRbIR )as;P asad¾m anRbsiT§P aB.edaysarEtPasanigkarTnak;TMngKña)anl¥naM[BYkeKGacRKb;R
KgFmµCati) anmYycMnYnFMnigdwknaMBYkeKeTArs;enAtMbn;epSg²eTotehIykEnøgxøHEdlBYkGU®sþaLÚBIEtkminE
dleTAdl;. GtßR beyaCn_é nkarshRbtibtþikarkñúgkarRbmaj;) anCYyBYkeK[eTArkkarGPivDÄn_sgÁm ehI
yk¾CYy[mankarvivtþn_EdlnaMeTArkPaBCamnusSTMenIb .
3> GUm :Us aBüag (Homo Saphien)
mnus SGUm:Us aBüag(HomoSaphien)KWCaCMBUkmnus SmYy RbePTEdledIrtYy :a gsMxan;enAkñúgkMnt;R taRbvtþi
sa®sþBiP BelakehIy k¾CaGñkbBa©b;nUv buerkfaenHpgEdr. mnus SGUm:Us aBüagmanlkçN ³ RsedogKña
nwgmnus SEnrjGg;EDrtal;(Neanderthals)Edrb:uEnþmankarviv tþn_xus Kña nUv EpñxøHbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑa HeRBaHm
nus SGUm:Us aBüagKWCadMN ak;kalcugeRkayénkarviv tþn_rbs;mnus SEnrGg;EDrtal;(Neanderthals). eda
ysarEtGUm:Us aBüagmanPaBv½y qøa tCagEnrGg;EDrtal;(Neanderthals)eTIbGñkviTüasa®sþkMnt;ehAfa
HomoSaphien(Homo=mnus S ,Saphien=ecHKit RbkbedayKtib NÐit )BIeRBaHBYk eKsßit enAkñúgsm½y kal

énmnus STMenIb ehIy nwgecHKitBicarNax<s ;.

k>edIm kMenIt
mnus SGUm:Us aBüagdMbUgTMngCamnus EnrGg;EDrtal;EdlRtUv )anGñkviTüasa®sþs ikSaBImnus S
dak;eQ µa H[bnÞa b;BI Neander Valley kñúgRbeTsGaLWm:g;CakEnøgEdlBYkeKrs;ranmanCIv it ehIy
RtUv )anrkeXIj dMbUgenAK>s1850EdlBYkeKmankarviv tþn_kñúgry³ eBl35000qña MmkehIy .
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sayPaycUl eTAkan;TVIb GWr:ubnigGasIuR bmaNCa100000qña MmunK>s. Psþútagénmnus S
GUm:Us a BüagdMbUgRtUv eKcuHkalbriecäTRbmaN Ca200000qña MmunK>s.
x >lkçN ³rUb ragkay
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tal;manTMh MFMCagbc©úb,nñbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑa H. mnus SEnrGg;EDrtal;mankMBs;5>5hVIt(feet)esµInwg1>7
mmanmaDFMR kGajmankMl aMgxøa Mgnigmansac;dMuFM² enAknwgsµa . cMEnkG:Um:Us aBüagmankMBs;cab;BI1 >
6meTA1>85mmanTMh MxYrk,alBI1 200-1700sm3nigrUbragRbhak;R bEhlnwgEnrGg;EDrtal;Edr
b:uEnþR Kan;EtG:Um:Us aBüagmanTMrg;l lad¾k,altUcKµa nf¶a sfÁa mxøIcgáa mankarviv tþn_tUcCagEnrGg;EDrta
l;.
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srIragÁ EnrGg;EDrtal;(Neandertal) G:Um:Us aBüag(Homo Saphien)

kMBs; 1>7m
rUbrag manmaDFMR kGaj , kMl aMgmaMmYn dUcKña
nigsac;dMuFM²enAknigsµa b:Eu nþmankarviv tþn_eRKagq¥wg
CagEnrGg;EDrtal;
cMnuHxYr k,al RsalCagmnus Sbc©úb,nñ 1200-1700sm3
TMrg;l lad¾k,al FM tUc Kµa nf¶a s
fÁa m/eFµj fÁa mEvgnigeFµj FMCagG:Um:Us aBüag fÁa mxøI,cgáa xøInigeFµj tUcCag
bnþic EnrGg;EDrtal;bniþc

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nkarRbmUl pþúMnUv EdnTwkkkFM²CaeRcInehIy va)aneFVI[eKdwgBIs <a ndI(LandBridge)EdltP¢a b;TVIbGasIuCa
mYy nwgtMbn;epSg²elIEpndIEdlkalBImunKµa nmnus Srs;enAesaH. RkumtUc²nigmnus SG:Um:Us aBüag)an
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nus SG:Um:Us aBüag)anmkdl;R beTsGU® sþa lIy :a gehacNas;k¾60000munK>s. eRkaymkRbmaNC

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sáa (Alaska)nig)anksagCashKmn_enAGaemrikxageCIg(NorthAmerica). RbmaNCa15000munK>s
shKmn_G:Um:Us aBüag)anelcecjCarUbragesÞIrEtRKb;tMbn;enAelIBiP B
X >karrs;enA
PaKeRcInénmnus SEnrGgEDrtal;mankarrs;enACalkçN ³ CaRkumtUc²EdlmansmaCikcab;BI
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nø. enAeBlGakasFatuR tCak; BYkeKrs;enACMuKña enAkñúgrUgPñMb¤enAeRkamsMy abénpÞa Mgfµ.
enAtamtMbn;xøHGñkburaNviTU)anrkeXIj sMnl;CMrkrbs;BYkeKEdleFVIGMeBIEmkeQ InigEs,kstV. edIm,IT
b;Tl;nwgGakasFatuR tCak;BYkeK)anykEs,kstVeFVICasMelokbMBak;nigeRbIR )as;ePøIgedIm,Ikat;bnßy P
aBRtCak;nigcMGinGahar. cMEnkÉkarciBa©wmCIv itBYkeK)aneFVIkarRbmaj;CaRkum. BYkeKmanPaBécñR bDit
kñúgkarplitnUv ]bkrN_eRbIR )as;Cagmnus SG:Um:UeGrikTus . kaMbitlMEBgc,ÚkeFVIGMBIfµnwgq¥wgstVCaedIm
. ]bkrN_s Mrab;dak; mðÚbGaharRtUv )aneFVIGMBIfµs MEb:t EdlRtUv )anbMEbkfµtan;. fµs MEb:t(can)
manrcnarUbragb¤kat;ecjnUv dMutUc²RKb;R CugdMufµedIm,IrMelcecjCak,ac;. edaysarEtPaBv½y qøa ténm
nus SGUm:Us aBüagGaceFVI[BYkeKman\T§iBlelIbris ßa nFmµCatiEdlGnueRKaHdl;karrs;enArbs;BkY eK.
BMnUkepHRtUv )anrkeXIj enakEnøge)aHCMrMu)anbgða jfaCatMbn;R tCak;EdlBYkeK)anbnþdutePøIgmindac;ena
kMLúgeBlsis irdUv . kMLúgeBlenHehIy Edlmnus Scab;epþImeRbIR )as;P asaedIm,ITMnak;TMngKña nwgeFVIGaCI
vkmµFmµCati. pUs Iul mYy cMnYnénmnus SEnrGg;EDrtal;)anbgða jnUv sBaØa eRKaHfña k;F¶n;F¶rEdlRtUv )anT
TYl karBüa)aly:a gRKab;R Kan;munnwgsøa b;. edaysarEtBYkeK)anykcitþTukdak;elICMgWnigGayukalr
bs;BYkeK
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g>RbéBNIn ig CMenO
mnus SEnrGg;EDrtal;KWCaRkummnus SEdlmanvb,Fm’muneKbg¥s ;.
BYkeKmanCMenOeTAelIkarcab;CatiCafµIeLIgvij bnÞa b;BIs øa b;. cMeBaHBiFIbuN üsBvij KWBYkeK)anRKbsa
ksBmnus Sedaysøa b;CamYy nwgpáa PJId¾R ss;s ¥a tCaeRcInRbePTehIy TaMgbBa©úHsaksBenAkñúgpñÚrEd
lmanCMerArak;²edaysarmandak;nUv mðÚbGahar]bkrN_eRbIR )as;nigGavuFyuT§P ½N ÐCaeRcInRbePTeTo
tpg. srubesckþImkeyIgeXIj famnus SGUm:Us aBüagnigEnrGg;EDrtal;CaRbePTmnus SEdlsßitenAkñúg
dMN ak;kalviv tþn_R bhak;R bEhlKña . nrviTUminGaceFVIkarEbgEck[dac;BIKña rvagmnus SGUm:Us aBüagni
gEnrGg;EDrtal;)aneT.

rUb venus bgða jBICMenOmnus Ssm½y buer