M36 System-Restoration

PJM Manual 36:
System Restoration
Revision: 28
Effective Date: June 22, 2020
Prepared by
System Operations Division
PJM © 2020
PJM Manual 36: System Restoration
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Exhibits.........................................................................................5
Approval.......................................................................................................6
Current Revision.........................................................................................7
Introduction................................................................................................. 8
About PJM Manuals............................................................................................................ 8
About This Manual.............................................................................................................. 8
Using This Manual...............................................................................................................9
Section 1: Overview................................................................................. 10
1.1 Policy Statements........................................................................................................10
1.2 PJM System Restoration Plan Objectives.................................................................. 12
Section 2: Disturbance Conditions.........................................................14

2.1 Overview......................................................................................................................14
2.2 Internal without Separation......................................................................................... 14
2.3 Internal with Separation.............................................................................................. 15
2.3.1 Generator Frequency Trip Settings................................................................ 15
2.3.2 Underfrequency Load Shed Trip Settings...................................................... 16
Section 3: System Restoration............................................................... 18

3.1 Restoration Process.................................................................................................... 18
3.1.1 PJM System Operator Responsibilities during the Restoration Process...... 19
3.1.2 Ascertain System Status................................................................................ 20
3.1.3 Determine Restoration Process..................................................................... 22
3.1.4 Disseminate Information.................................................................................22
3.1.5 Implement Restoration Procedure (EOP-005-3 R1.2, R1.6, and R1.8).......... 23
3.1.6 Criteria and Conditions for Reestablishing Interconnections..........................25
3.1.7 PJM Assumes Balancing Authority Role........................................................27
3.1.8 PJM Returns to Normal Operation.................................................................30
3.1.9 PJM Reliability Coordinator Responsibilities during the Restoration Process
and Coordination of Information......................................................................... 31
Section 4: Communications.................................................................... 35
4.1 Communications.......................................................................................................... 35
4.1.1 Voice Communication and Logging Protocols................................................35
Revision: 28, Effective Date: 06/22/2020 PJM © 2020 2

Table of Contents
4.1.2 Notifications and Contacts..............................................................................36

4.1.3 Evaluate System Status................................................................................. 37
4.1.4 Telephone Systems........................................................................................ 37
4.1.5 SCADA and Local Metering........................................................................... 38
4.1.6 Computer and Operator Aides....................................................................... 39
4.1.7 Emergency Power for Communications and Related Support Systems.........39
Section 5: Reserves during Restoration................................................41

5.1 Reserves during Restoration.......................................................................................41
5.1.1 Synchronous Reserve.................................................................................... 41
5.1.2 Dynamic Reserve........................................................................................... 41
5.1.3 Sample Dynamic Reserve Calculations......................................................... 43
Section 6: Generation.............................................................................. 45
6.1 Generating Stations.....................................................................................................45
6.1.1 Generating Stations........................................................................................45
6.1.2 Plant Shutdown.............................................................................................. 46
6.1.3 Generating Plant Communications.................................................................46
6.1.4 Cranking Power Availability............................................................................46
6.1.5 Plant Starting Procedure................................................................................ 46
6.1.6 Notify Plants................................................................................................... 46
6.1.7 Blocking Governors........................................................................................ 46
6.1.8 Plant Frequency Control................................................................................ 46
6.2 Cranking Power...........................................................................................................46
6.2.1 Units Requiring Cranking Power.................................................................... 47
6.2.2 Cranking Power Demand............................................................................... 47
6.2.3 Cranking Power Source and Black Start Paths............................................. 47
6.2.4 Energize Start-up Loads................................................................................ 48
Section 7: Transmission.......................................................................... 49
7.1 Voltage Regulation and Control.................................................................................. 49
7.1.1 Reactive Regulation....................................................................................... 49
7.1.2 Minimum Source Guidelines.......................................................................... 50
7.2 Synchronization........................................................................................................... 52
7.2.1 Synchronizing Process Phases......................................................................53
Section 8: System Restoration Plan Guidelines................................... 55

8.1 System Restoration Plan Guidelines.......................................................................... 55
8.1.1 Ascertaining System Status........................................................................... 57
8.1.2 Determining Restoration Process...................................................................58
8.1.3 Disseminating System Status Information......................................................59
8.1.4 Implementing Restoration Process................................................................ 60
8.1.5 Frequency Control.......................................................................................... 60
8.1.6 Verify Switching Equipment Constraints.........................................................60

Table of Contents
8.1.7 Transmission Owners Interconnect................................................................ 60

8.1.8 Continue Verifications of Switching Equipment Constraints........................... 60
8.1.9 Guidelines for Area Interconnection and Use of External Power during
System Restoration............................................................................................. 61
8.1.10 PJM Returns to Normal Operation...............................................................62
Section 9: Cross Zonal Coordination.....................................................63

9.1 Cross Zonal Coordination of System Restoration Plans.............................................63
9.1.1 Level One Cross Zonal Coordination.............................................................64
9.1.2 Level Two Cross Zonal Coordination............................................................. 65
9.1.3 Level Three Cross Zonal Coordination.......................................................... 66
Attachment A: Minimum Critical Black Start Requirement.................. 68

A.1 Critical Black Start Criteria......................................................................................... 68
A.1.1 Goal................................................................................................................ 68
A.1.2 Minimum Critical Black Start Requirement.................................................... 68
A.1.3 Background.................................................................................................... 70
Attachment B: Restoration Forms..........................................................73
Attachment C: Conference Call Protocol...............................................80
Attachment D: Restoration Drill Guide.................................................. 81
Attachment E: Communications, Protocols and Testing..................... 84
Attachment F: Transmission Owner Special Procedures.....................85
Attachment G: Coordination of Restoration Plan with PJM Internal

and External Neighboring Entities - PJM Approval Process for TO
Restoration Plans..................................................................................86
Attachment H: Under Frequency Load Shed (UFLS) Tables................ 96
Revision History....................................................................................... 98

Table of Exhibits
Table of Exhibits
Exhibit 1: Underfrequency Relay Automatic Load Dump - PJM Mid-Atlantic Control
Zone............................................................................................................................16
Exhibit 2: Underfrequency Relay Automatic Load Dump - PJM West Control Zone.....16
Exhibit 3: Underfrequency Relay Automatic Load Dump - PJM ComEd Control Zone...16
Exhibit 4: Underfrequency Relay Automatic Load Dump - PJM South Control Zone.... 17
Exhibit 5: Restoration Process....................................................................................... 20
Exhibit 6: Load Shedding Example................................................................................ 30
Exhibit 7: Transmission Line Charging...........................................................................49
Exhibit 8: EHV Energization Guidelines - Information Unavailable................................ 52
Exhibit 9: EHV Energization Guidelines - Information Available.................................... 52
Exhibit 10: Generation Information Template................................................................. 56
Exhibit 11: PJM Composite Initial Restoration Report................................................... 73
Exhibit 12: Company Initial Restoration Report............................................................. 74
Exhibit 13: PJM Composite Hourly Restoration Report................................................. 75
Exhibit 14: Company Hourly Restoration Report........................................................... 76
Exhibit 15: Company Transmission Restoration Report................................................ 77
Exhibit 16: Interconnection Checklist............................................................................. 78
Exhibit 17: PJM Assumes Control..................................................................................79

Approval
Approval
Approval Date: 05/29/2020
Effective Date: 06/22/2020
Rich Brown, Manager
System Operator Training

Current Revision
Current Revision
Revision 28 (06/22/2020):
• Periodic review updated as follows:
o Attachment B: Added web links to the restoration forms.
o Attachment G: Updated Table 1 Annual Restoration Plan Review Deadlines to
include new TOs and a revision to SMECO.
o Attachment H: Updated Under Frequency Load Shed table with new data.

Introduction
Introduction
Welcome to the PJM Manual for System Restoration (M36). In this Introduction, you will find
the following information:
• What you can expect from the PJM Manuals in general (see “About PJM Manuals”).
• What you can expect from this PJM Manual (see “About This Manual”).
• How to use this manual (see “Using This Manual”).
About PJM Manuals

The PJM Manuals are the instructions, rules, procedures, and guidelines established by PJM for
the operation, planning, and accounting requirements of PJM and the PJM Energy Market. The
manuals are grouped under the following categories:
• Energy Market Manuals
• Regional Transmission Planning Process Manuals
• Transmission Manuals
• Reserve Manuals
• Accounting and Billing Manuals
• Administration Manuals
• Miscellaneous Manuals
For a complete list of all PJM manuals, go to the Library section on PJM.com.
About This Manual

The PJM Manual for System Restoration (M36) is the PJM Restoration Plan required by
NERC EOP standards and is one of a series of manuals dealing with PJM System Operations.
This manual focuses on how PJM and the PJM Members are expected to respond to system
disturbance conditions or system blackout.
The PJM Manual for System Restoration (M36) consists of 9 sections and 8 attachments. The
sections and attachments are listed in the Table of Contents beginning on page ii.
Intended Audiences
The intended audiences for the PJM Manual for System Restoration (M36) are:
• PJM System Operator — Personnel who work in conjunction with the transmission
owners to respond to outages and blackouts to restore the transmission system to
service.
• Transmission Owner operators — Personnel who respond to emergency procedures
issued by PJM System Operator.
• Generator Operators – Personnel who interact with PJM System Operators and TO
operators to facilitate operation of generation during system restoration.

Introduction
• PJM neighboring Reliability Coordinators, Transmission Operators, and Balancing

Authorities and appropriate Regional Reliability Organizations.
• PJM operations staff — Personnel who perform system studies.
• Government, regulatory and emergency response personnel.
• All PJM Members.
References
The references to other documents that provide background or additional detail directly related
to the PJM Manual for System Restoration (M36) are:
• PJM Manual for Control Center and Data Exchange Requirements (M-1)
• PJM Manual for Transmission Operations (M-3)
• PJM Manual for Balancing Operations (M-12)
• PJM Manual for Emergency Operations (M-13)
• PJM Manual for Generator Operational Requirements (M-14D)
• PJM Manual for Operating Agreement Accounting (M-28)
• Restoration Plans of PJM neighboring Reliability Coordinators, Transmission Operators,
and Balancing Authorities
• PJM TO/TOP Matrix
Using This Manual

We believe that explaining concepts is just as important as presenting the procedures. This
philosophy is reflected in the way we organize the material in this manual. We start each section
with an overview. Then, we present details and procedures or references to procedures found in
other PJM Manuals. The following provides an orientation to the manual’s structure.
What You Will Find in This Manual

• A table of contents that lists two levels of subheadings within each of the sections and
attachments
• An approval page that lists the required approvals and a brief outline of the current
revision
• Sections containing the specific guidelines, requirements, or procedures including PJM
actions and participant actions
• Attachments that include additional supporting documents, forms or tables
• A section at the end detailing all previous revisions of this PJM Manual.

Section 1: Overview
Section 1: Overview
Welcome to the Overview section of the PJM Manual for System Restoration (M36). In this
section, you will find the following information:
• A description of PJM policy statements for system disturbances (see “Policy
Statements”).
1.1 Policy Statements

Power system disturbances are most likely to occur as the result of loss of generating
equipment, transmission facilities, or as the result of unexpected load changes. These
disturbances may be of, or develop into, a magnitude sufficient to affect the reliable operation
of the PJM RTO. The associated conditions under severe system disturbances generally result
in critically loaded transmission facilities, critical frequency deviations, or high or low voltage
conditions.
The policy of PJM is to maintain, at all times, the integrity of the PJM RTO transmission
systems, the Eastern Interconnection, and to prevent any unplanned separation of the
Transmission Owner’s systems. The purpose of this plan is to establish procedures with a
priority of restoring the integrity of the Interconnection. Based on system restoration lessons
learned in 2003, the PJM restoration plan should stand alone with no dependencies on
neighboring systems to help prevent separation of additional systems.
In the case of the PJM RTOs’ inter-area transmission lines, the policy of PJM is to give
maximum reasonable assistance to adjacent systems when a disturbance that is remote from
the PJM RTO occurs.
Each Transmission Owner and Generator Operator has an obligation to protect their own
system’s equipment and reliability. However, steps taken to do so are coordinated, if at all
possible, with the PJM System Operator so as to solve the problem in the best manner, realizing
that actions taken may have a far reaching effect.
PJM Actions:
In general, PJM is responsible for the following activities:
Taking actions that it determines are consistent with Good Utility Practice and are necessary to
maintain the operational integrity of the PJM RTO.
• Coordinating and monitoring restoration of all or parts of the Bulk Electric System (BES)
in the PJM RTO, as necessary.
• Providing all reasonable assistance to adjacent Balancing Authorities or systems as
necessary to facilitate system restoration to include coordination of restoration plans with
neighboring Reliability Coordinators, Transmission Operators, and Balancing Authorities.
• This manual (M36 – the PJM Restoration Plan) and other data sources as noted include:
o A reliable black-start capability plan including:
− Fuel resources for black start power for generating units (Black start database)
− Available cranking and transmission paths (Black start database)

Section 1: Overview
− Communication adequacy and protocol and power supplies (Black start

database)
− Accounting for the possibility that restoration cannot be completed as expected.
− Operating instructions and procedures for synchronizing areas of the system that
have become separated.
− Procedures for simulating and, where practical, actually testing and verifying the
plan resources and procedures.
o Documentation in the personnel training records that operating personnel have been
trained annually in the implementation of the plan and have participated in restoration
exercises (Learning Management System - LMS).
o The functions to be coordinated with and among Reliability Coordinators and
neighboring Transmission Operators. (Including references to coordination of actions
among neighboring Transmission Operators and Reliability Coordinators when the
plans are implemented.)
o Notification to be made to other operating entities as the steps of the restoration plan
is implemented.
o Incorporate updates from Transmission owner supporting documentation as
described below as it changes.
o Review this manual on a minimum of an annual basis for updates and changes and
review with the PJM Systems Operation Subcommittee. Changes could be triggered
based on system changes (transmission/generation) or feedback from restoration
drills/simulations.
o PJM will distribute the most recent version of this manual to each of its Transmission
Operators, Transmission Owners, and neighboring Reliability Coordinators within 30
calendar days of revision.
PJM Member Actions:

The PJM Members are responsible for developing and maintaining the following:
• Plan and procedures outlining the relationships and responsibilities of the personnel
necessary to implement system restoration.
• The provision for a reliable black-start capability plan including available cranking and
transmission paths
• The necessary operating instructions and procedures for restoring loads, including
identification of critical load requirements.
• Review the PJM Restoration manual (M36) on a minimum of an annual basis for updates
and changes through the PJM Systems Operation Subcommittee.
• Review company supporting restoration documentation on an annual basis.
When a disturbance or blackout occurs, the PJM Members are responsible for performing the
following activities:

Section 1: Overview
• Taking other actions, as directed by PJM, to manage, alleviate, or end the disturbance or
blackout.
• Using the company restoration plan to restore the system and coordinate with PJM if any
deviations from the published plan are required.
• Cooperating with each other and PJM to implement requests and instructions received
from PJM for the purpose of managing, alleviating, or ending a disturbance or blackout.
• Providing notification and other information to governmental agencies as appropriate.
• Collecting, storing, and providing data and other information to PJM, as necessary, to
facilitate preparation of reports required by governmental or industry agencies as a result
of a disturbance or blackout.
• Cooperating and coordinating with PJM and other PJM Members in the restoration of all
or parts of the bulk power system in the PJM RTO with a priority of restoring the integrity
of the Interconnection.
A PJM Generator Operator controlling the output of a generating resource must take or arrange
for any or all of the following actions as directed by PJM in order to manage alleviate, or end an
Emergency, or such actions as PJM may deem appropriate for these purposes:
• Reporting the operating status and fuel situation.
• Starting, including black start, and loading such generation, as directed.
Note:
PJM Emergency Authority: Section 10.4 of the PJM Operating Agreement (OA) provides that
PJM has the responsibility to “direct the operations of the Members as necessary to manage,
alleviate, or end an Emergency”. Likewise, Section 11.3.1 of the OA states that PJM Members
must comply with “all directives of the Office of the Interconnection to take any action for the
purpose of managing, alleviating or ending an Emergency.”
1.2 PJM System Restoration Plan Objectives

High Level Strategy (EOP-005-3 R1.1 and EOP-006-3 R1.1)
The high level strategy of the PJM System Restoration Plan is to restore the integrity of the
Interconnection as quickly as possible. In general, the following steps are taken by PJM,
Transmission Owners and Generation Operators:
• Perform a system assessment to determine extent of outage
• Start Black Start units to form islands
• Build cranking paths to other generating units, nuclear stations and critical gas facilities
• Restore critical load as defined in Attachment A
• Synchronize and interconnect islands to form larger islands
• Connect to outside areas
• Return to normal operations

Section 1: Overview
Minimum Criteria for Meeting Objectives of Reliability Coordinators Restoration Plan

(EOP-006-3 R1.1)
• Provide nuclear stations with auxiliary power to maintain safe shutdown. Target time for
restoration of this auxiliary power is 4 hours.
• Restore interconnections between all internal TOs
• Restore interconnections to all external Reliability Coordinator Areas

Section 2: Disturbance Conditions

Welcome to the Disturbance Conditions section of the PJM Manual for System Restoration
(M36). In this section, you will find the following information:
• A description of disturbance conditions (see “Overview”).
• How PJM responds to internal problems without separation (see “Internal without
Separation”).
• How PJM responds to internal problems with separation (see “Internal with Separation”).
2.1 Overview
When a system disturbance occurs, it is important to maintain a parallel operation throughout
the PJM RTO and the adjacent interconnected Balancing Authorities. Providing maximum
assistance to the other Balancing Authorities that are experiencing a system disturbance may
prevent cascading to other parts of the interconnected system and assist in restoration of
normal operation. If sufficient assistance cannot be obtained, the deficient system may need
to provide load relief measures or ultimately face the loss of assistance being provided by its
neighbors when separation occurs. The PJM RTO provides all possible assistance, including a
5% voltage reduction, provided the adjacent power system requesting assistance has already
implemented a 5% Voltage Reduction.
Depending on the level of the disturbance and available resources post-disturbance, PJM
may implement a “Top-down”, “Bottom-up”, or both a “Top-down” and “Bottom-up” restoration
strategy simultaneously to restore the system as quickly as possible. The exact restoration
strategy will be communicated at a PJM System Operations Subcommittee conference call once
a system status is ascertained consistent with Section 3 of this manual.
2.2 Internal without Separation

When an adjacent Balancing Authority or more remote interconnected system tie lines and/
or internal PJM RTO transmission facilities are overloaded, it is necessary to implement the
following actions:
PJM Actions:
• PJM System Operator issues emergency procedures as needed, up to and including
Manual Load Dump, to restore tie lines to within limits.
• Any required load shedding shall be implemented in steps established to minimize the
risk of further uncontrolled separation, loss of generation, or system shutdown.
• PJM System Operator adjusts generation in appropriate areas to alleviate overloaded
internal lines.
PJM Members Actions:

• Transmission Owner operators / Generation Operators / MOC dispatchers implement
emergency procedures issued by PJM System Operator and notify appropriate
personnel.

Note:
Details of procedures for these situations can be found in PJM Manual M-13, Emergency
Operations.
2.3 Internal with Separation

PJM will coordinate automatic load shedding throughout the RC area with underfrequency
isolation of generating units, tripping of shunt capacitors, and other automatic actions that will
occur under abnormal frequency, voltage, or power flow conditions.
2.3.1 Generator Frequency Trip Settings

PJM procedures require that each Generator Operator may take independent actions to protect
its generating plant equipment and preserve as much load as possible during separations with
the following guidelines for the different control zones:
PJM Mid-Atlantic Control Zone (Based on the former MAAC region requirements)
If frequency is at or below 58.0 Hz for 30 seconds, generation and load connected to the same
bus may be isolated.
If frequency is at or below 57.5 Hz for 5 seconds, generation is disconnected.
If frequency is above 62.0 Hz and shows no sign of immediate recovery, frequency must be
adjusted toward 60.25 Hz.
PJM West Control Zone (Based on the former ECAR region requirements)
The following table is provided only as a guide; specific units, or specific individual company
practices, may provide for longer periods of operation below these specified frequencies.
However, in considering the possible consequences during an area-wide underfrequency
operating condition, it is recommended that the following table be used in developing operating
practices other than those that apply to specific generating plants or individual units. If a
generating unit is removed from the Balancing Authority at a frequency higher than or a time
less than that shown in the following table, an amount of load equal to the generation being
removed from the Balancing Authority must also be shed simultaneously.
PJM RTO Frequency Time Delay to trip
60 – 59.5 Hz Unlimited
59.5 to 58.5 Hz 30.0 minutes to trip
58.5 to 58.2 Hz 7.0 minutes to trip
58.5 to 58.2 Hz Unit isolation without time delay can be expected
PJM ComEd Control Zone (Based on the former MAIN region requirements)
In those cases where generators must be tripped for their own protection outside the
specifications of the table below, additional load shedding must be installed within the
immediately adjacent load entity, to compensate for the generators that trip outside the
specifications.

PJM RTO Frequency Time Delay to trip
> 59.5 Hz Automatic tripping not permitted
59.5 to 59.2 Hz 2700 seconds to trip
< 58.0 Hz Owner’s discretion
PJM South Zone

There is no standard requirement for the Dominion Transmission Zone, however, a number of
generators have underfrequency set point that range between 56.5 Hz - 58.2 Hz. ranging from
0.5 - 120 seconds.
2.3.2 Underfrequency Load Shed Trip Settings

• Underfrequency relays automatically dump load as the frequency decays as follows:
PJM RTO Frequency PJM Mid-Atlantic Control Zone Load Dump
59.3 Hz 10%
58.9 Hz 10%
58.5 Hz 10%
Exhibit 1: Underfrequency Relay Automatic Load Dump - PJM Mid-Atlantic Control Zone
PJM RTO Frequency PJM West Control Zone Load Dump
59.5 Hz 5%
59.3 Hz 5%
59.1 Hz 5%
58.9 Hz 5%
58.7 Hz 5%
Exhibit 2: Underfrequency Relay Automatic Load Dump - PJM West Control Zone
PJM RTO Frequency PJM ComEd Control Zone Load Dump
59.3 Hz 10%

PJM RTO Frequency PJM ComEd Control Zone Load Dump
59.0 Hz 10%
58.7 Hz 10%
Exhibit 3: Underfrequency Relay Automatic Load Dump - PJM ComEd Control Zone
PJM RTO Frequency PJM South Control Zone Load Dump
59.3 Hz 10%
59.0 Hz 10%
58.5 Hz 10%
Exhibit 4: Underfrequency Relay Automatic Load Dump - PJM South Control Zone
PJM Actions:
When a power shortage causes a separation of all or parts of the PJM RTO with the probability
of overloaded transmission lines and/or abnormal frequency, PJM System Operator orders a
sufficient amount of load to be dumped to:
• return the frequency to 59.75 Hz or higher
• relieve the actual transmission overloads
• return inter-area ties to schedule
In general, dumping 6% load raises the frequency by 1 Hz.

• The TO operators manually dump load in the quantity directed by the PJM System
Operator.
• If the frequency declines to 59.75 and is decaying, Generating station operators act
independently to increase generation until frequency returns to 59.90 Hz or until
Maximum Generation or transmission limitations are reached.
• If the frequency rises to 60.25 Hz and is continuing to increase, generating station
operators act independently to decrease generation until the frequency returns to 60.10
Hz.

Section 3: System Restoration

Welcome to the System Restoration section of the PJM Manual for System Restoration
(M36). In this section, you will find the following information:
• How PJM and the Transmission Owners/Generator Operators restore the PJM RTO,
including a description of the emergency procedures (see “Restoration Process”).
3.1 Restoration Process

A system disturbance may occur at any time under normal or emergency conditions. It is
expected that the PJM System Operator apply the actions described in Section 2 of this manual
during this disturbance conditions to reduce the probability of system separation following
a contingency or disturbance. In the event of separation, the PJM System Operator and the
Transmission Owners/Generator Operators use the procedures described in this section to
return the PJM RTO to its pre-disturbance condition as efficiently as possible. Since the nature
of the disturbance and exact separation boundaries cannot be predicted, the procedures
outlined in this section are a general guide.
A system assessment following a blackout is a critical first step in identifying an overall system
restoration time. While PJM and its Members work to restore the integrity to the interconnection
as quickly and safely as possible, there are a wide variety of factors that can influence a system
restoration. Following a system assessment, estimates of restoration times of the Bulk Electric
System (BES) transmission and customer load restoration estimates can more accurately be
made.
Nuclear units require additional consideration. Restoring customer load will normally need to
be accomplished without the help of nuclear units due to their start up requirements. Generally,
the following prerequisites are necessary to restart a nuclear unit: (1) A minimum of two
independent offsite power sources need to be available; (2) Adequate actual and unit trip
contingency voltages must be observed on the transmission system supplying the nuclear unit;
and (3) Stable system frequency must be present. Any decisions regarding the satisfying of the
prerequisites for startup must be made by the nuclear plant personnel. NRC start-up checklists
do not permit hot restarts of nuclear units and their diesels are not permitted to supply auxiliary
power to other generating stations. Nuclear units that are taken offline on a controlled shutdown
can normally be restored to service between 24 and 48 hours following the controlled shutdown.
To assist in assuring each transmission zone has sufficient critical black start generation, a
Minimum Critical Black Start criteria (Attachment A) has been developed, which defines the
minimum critical black start requirements based on that transmission zone’s critical load.
Each Transmission Owner is responsible for restoring its zonal customer load with internal
generation or through coordinated efforts with other Transmission/Generator Operators and
PJM. After a subsystem is stabilized, requests from neighboring entities for cranking power are
a higher priority than restoring additional customer load of the supplying area. Any Transmission
Owner that is not operating in parallel with adjacent Transmission Owners is free to restore or
shed load in any manner or at any rate it may deem reasonable.
Any deviations from these pre-approved published plans must be coordinated with PJM.

PJM System Operator immediately establishes communications with the effected Transmission
Owners and adjacent Balancing Authorities experiencing the disturbance to determine the
extent and severity of the separation. If direct communication channels are not functioning,
communications are established via whatever means are available (i.e., routing calls through
alternate channels, outside phone lines, cellular phones, radio communications, and/or PJM
Satellite Phone System).
Specific communication and task assignment between Transmission Owner operators,
Generator Operators, and plant operators will be detailed with the individual TO restoration plan
if they differ from what is described in this Manual.
3.1.1 PJM System Operator Responsibilities during the Restoration Process

In addition to the PJM actions listed on the following pages, the PJM System Operator has
certain responsibilities regardless of the stage of the system restoration process. Transmission
Owners will have primary responsibility of restoring their transmission system based on their
pre-approved plans until PJM resumes authority over the transmission system. PJM actions
during a system restoration include:
• PJM will coordinate all interchange schedules with external Balancing Authorities.
• PJM will coordinate and direct all restoration of the 500 kV and above transmission
systems.
• PJM will develop and calculate ACE as required when appropriate data is available to
perform this calculation.
• PJM will coordinate interconnection of internal islands between TOs.
• PJM will coordinate and direct all transmission tie connections to external Balancing
Authorities.
• PJM will identify opportunities for interconnection between PJM internal Transmission
Owners and/or neighboring Reliability Coordinator, Balancing Authority, and
Transmission Operator systems.
• PJM will collect system status information and provide status updates to members on
system restoration status.
• PJM will conduct periodic System Operations Subcommittee (SOS) conference calls, as
appropriate.
• In the event the restoration plan cannot be completed as expected, PJM will develop and
coordinate alternate steps to restore the system.
Exhibit 5 presents the general steps that are performed to restore the PJM RTO following
separation.

Exhibit 5: Restoration Process
3.1.2 Ascertain System Status

After a system disturbance occurs that results in a significant loss of customer load in a
widespread area, it is important to determine transmission and generation loss, equipment
damage, and the extent of the service interruption.
PJM Actions:
• PJM System Operator establishes communications between the Transmission Owners
that are experiencing the disturbance and between adjacent Transmission Owners or
TOP/ BA areas.

• PJM System Operator determines the extent and cause of the service interruption
and informs the appropriate personnel as soon as possible of existing generation and
transmission capabilities, equipment damage, and other pertinent information.
• PJM System Operator collects specific information from each Transmission Owner/
Generator Operator and adjacent areas to ascertain current system conditions.
• PJM System Operator reports, via the ALL-CALL system, the extent and cause, if
known, of the outage.
PJM Member Actions:

• Transmission and Generator Operators are responsible for adhering to the PJM Member
Actions contained within PJM Manual for System Restoration (M36).
• Transmission Owner operators and Generator Operators establish communications
immediately with PJM. Transmission Owner operators also establish communications
with other Transmission Owners that are involved in the disturbance, adjacent
Transmission Owners, and/or other Balancing Authorities.
• Transmission Owner operators verify the extent of their service interruption.
• Transmission Owner operators and Generator Operators collect information and notify
PJM System Operator of known system conditions, generation and transmission
capabilities, equipment damage, and other pertinent information, including possible
cause, if known.
• The Transmission Owner operators and Generator Operators notify key personnel and
power plant operators regarding the extent of the outage, as known.
• Transmission Owner operators will collect the required status information from the
Generator Operators or plant operators within their zone for the Company Initial
Restoration Report and Company Hourly Restoration Reports and submit to PJM.. PJM
may elect to suspend the Initial Restoration Report and / or the hourly status update
reporting requirements depending on the severity of the disturbance and the level and
quality of available telemetry.
• Based on the severity of the outage, PJM and the Transmission Owners will decide
if an emergency will be declared and the Standards of Conduct suspended, allowing
Transmission and Generation personnel to work closely together. This will provide swift
and accurate communications with the intent of providing a timely recovery of the power
system.
• Transmission Owners will also be in communication with the PJM RTO, adjacent
Transmission Owners, and Generator Operators. PJM RTO will coordinate between
neighboring Transmission Operators, Reliability Coordinators, and Balancing Authorities.
The Transmission Owner will communicate the following to all parties involved in the
restoration:
o Extent of the service interruption.
o Known system conditions, including generation and transmission capabilities.
o Equipment damage and other pertinent information.
o Extent of outage

3.1.3 Determine Restoration Process

The purpose of this step is to develop and implement a restoration strategy. This step is
performed after the status of the PJM RTO is determined.
PJM Actions:
• PJM System Operator acts as coordinator and disseminator of information relating to
generation and transmission availability. PJM System Operator keeps the Transmission
Owners/Generator Operators informed of the PJM RTO’s status.
• PJM System Operator uses the EMS security program to identify any actual overloads
on the system. PJM System Operator may need to use a manual monitoring procedure
to estimate distribution factors.
PJM Member Actions:

• The Transmission Owner operators identify restoration strategy based on system status.
• The Transmission Owner operators organize steps and/or sequential order of the
System Restoration Plan (SRP).
• The Transmission Owner operators assign sections/steps of the SRP to individuals and
begin implementation.
• The Transmission Owner operators communicate overall status to PJM and PJM
coordinates the SRP for the PJM region.
3.1.4 Disseminate Information

The purpose of this step is to provide updated information of the system status to appropriate
personnel. After system restoration plans are established and implemented, all participants
must be apprised of system conditions.
PJM Actions:
• PJM System Operator uses established personnel call-out procedures to obtain the
necessary staff. PJM supervisor notifies PJM management, and a member of the
supervisory group makes support staff calls. PJM management is kept informed of the
PJM RTO’s status.
• PJM System Operator notifies Public Relations and other appropriate authorities i.e.,
FEMA, DOE, NERC, appropriate RROs, Public Utilities Commissions (or equivalent).
• PJM Shift Supervisor assigns a person to act as an information coordinator responsible
for collecting system status information and disseminating it to all involved participants.
• PJM information coordinator develops reports hourly for distribution to public relations
personnel and Transmission Owners.
• Due to PJM’s ability to monitor all Transmission Owners/Generator Operators data, PJM
System Operator will coordinate the restoration strategy and system control.
PJM Member Actions:

• The Transmission Owner operators and Generator Operators use established personnel
call-out procedures to obtain the necessary staff.

• Transmission Owner operators and Generator Operators notify appropriate personnel

including public relations, and authorities, i.e., DOE, NERC, Public Utilities Commissions
(or equivalent).
• Transmission Owner operators and Generator Operators assign a person to act as an
information coordinator, to collect system status information and relay the information
contained in the Company Hourly Restoration Report (Attachment B) and the Company
Transmission Restoration Report to PJM. Transmission Owner operators will collect the
required status information from the Generator Operators or plant operators within their
zone for the Company Hourly Restoration Reports and submit to PJM. The Transmission
Owner operators will complete and submit the Company Transmission Restoration
Report.
• The Transmission Owner operators/Generator Operators convey to PJM System
Operator any information deemed essential to facilitate the restoration process, i.e.
generation operating, cranking power availability, system voltages, restoration strategy,
etc.
• Transmission Owners will provide a status of progression as they proceed with their
system restoration plan to PJM System Operator as requested and also at periodic
System Operations Subcommittee Conference Calls.
3.1.5 Implement Restoration Procedure (EOP-005-3 R1.2, R1.6, and R1.8)

The purpose of this step is to direct the restart of internal generation and load on-line generation
in planned steps while maintaining system load, scheduled frequency, voltage control, and
reserves. This step is performed when a Transmission Owner is in a completely isolated or
blacked-out condition and must restart their system without outside assistance.
PJM Actions:
• PJM System Operator acts as coordinator and disseminator of information relating to
generation and transmission availability.
• PJM System Operator keeps Transmission Owners/Generator Operators apprised of the
developing system conditions to assist in the formation and on-going adjustments of a
cohesive System Restoration Plan. System Restoration Plans may be adjusted to take
advantage of this additional information. In situations where the actual conditions do not
match the studied conditions, the PJM System Operator shall use professional judgment
to modify the System restoration plan.
• PJM System Operator develops updated run-of-river hydro capability. PJM System
Operator communicates with the affected Transmission Owners/Generator Operators to
develop the most effective use of this limited resource.

• If unable to maintain online status, plant operators implement safe shutdown procedures
(as applicable) and immediately prepare for start-up based on the TO direction.
• Station service is restored to generating plants and critical substations as soon as
possible using black start capability, when available (as defined in Attachment A), or
external power sources. Requests for cranking power have a higher priority than load
restoration for the supplying area.

• Offsite safe shutdown power should be restored as soon as possible to nuclear units,
both units that had been operating and those that were already offline prior to the
system disturbance, without regard to using these units for restoring customer load.
Transmission Owners and Nuclear Power Plants must effectively communicate to keep
Nuclear Power Plant apprised of the anticipated restoration time for offsite power.
• Generating units that are able to maintain on-line status have priority of load
assignments to provide loading above minimum levels to achieve stable unit operation.
• Transmission Owner operators will continue to collect the required status information
from the Generator Operators or plant operators within their zone for the Company
Hourly Restoration Reports and submit to PJM. The Transmission Owner operators will
continue to complete and submit the Company Transmission Restoration Report.
• Each Transmission Owner/Generator Operator that is isolated may elect to adhere
to all or none of the guidelines for system control, as described in the PJM Manual
for Balancing Operations (M12), depending on system conditions. Each affected
Transmission Owner shall resynchronize islanded area(s) with neighboring area(s) only
when coordinated by PJM and in accordance with the established procedures in this
manual.
Frequency Control
The control objective of the frequency regulating unit(s) in the frequency controlling area (or
subsystems) is to keep the frequency on schedule. All units not assigned to regulate frequency
are re-dispatched to keep each frequency regulating unit's energy at the middle of its regulating
range.
The best regulating unit(s) in the area (or subsystems) are used to regulate frequency during
restoration. The best regulating unit is determined based on the amount and quality of
regulation provided, as well as energy considerations. If the frequency burden becomes too
large for one unit, the frequency burden is shared by two or more units, preferably in the same
plant control room for better coordination.
The frequency is regulated between 59.75 Hz and 61.0 Hz. If the frequency decays to 59.50
Hz, or below, Synchronous Reserve and/or manual load shedding is initiated to restore the
frequency to between 59.75 Hz and 61.00 Hz. Shed approximately six percent (6%) of load to
increase frequency 1.0 Hz (General rule for small island).
Frequency is adjusted to slightly above 60.00 Hz before load is picked up. The TOs pick up load
in small increments. The regulation requirement to maintain frequency during system restoration
is calculated as 2% of the area load.
Voltage Control
During the restoration process, the bulk power system is operated so that reasonable voltage
profiles can be maintained (generally 90% to 105% of nominal). Distributed reactive regulation
is also established to limit voltage drop for any single contingency.
Transmission shunt capacitor banks are removed from service until sufficient load
(approximately 40% of system load) has been re-energized to prevent high voltage. Shunt
reactors are placed in service when initially restoring the system to help reduce system
voltages. Static VAR Compensators under automatic control are placed in service as soon as

practical. Generator automatic voltage regulators are placed in service as soon as practical
while continuing to aim low on voltage when energizing circuits to reduce charging currents.
Reserves
There are only two categories of reserves that are essential and therefore need to be tracked
during system restoration. These are Dynamic Reserve and Synchronous Reserve. These are
described later in more detail in Section 5.
• Dynamic Reserve — The amount of Dynamic Reserve in an area (or subsystem) must
be sufficient to allow the system to survive a frequency deviation due to the loss of
the largest energy contingency (generation or load). Dynamic Reserve may consist
of reserves on generators via automatic governor action, as well as system load with
underfrequency relay protection enabled.
No more than 50% of the total Dynamic Reserve in an area (or subsystems) can consist of load
with underfrequency relay protection enabled.
• Synchronous Reserve — Synchronous Reserve is required in order to enable an area or
subsystem to return to a pre-contingency state (both tie lines and frequency) as soon as
possible after a contingency.
During system restoration each area or subsystem carries enough Synchronous Reserve to
cover its largest energy contingency. Synchronous Reserve may be either on-line generation
that can be loaded within 10 minutes, or load (including customer load and "pumping load") that
can be shed manually within 10 minutes.
Unit Dispatch
No generator should be loaded above a level at which there is not enough Dynamic Reserve on
remaining units to survive the resultant frequency decay if that unit trips. Generator Operator/
Transmission Owner maintains sufficient load on each unit to stabilize its operation. Generating
units are loaded as soon as possible to load levels above their normal minimum point to
achieve reliable and stable unit operation unless the area (or subsystems) cannot survive the
contingency loss of the unit at minimum load.
Synchronization of Areas (Subsystems) Within a Transmission Owner Zone
Prior to synchronizing two areas (or subsystems), the Transmission Owner will communicate
with PJM. The transmission owner adjusts the frequency of the smaller area (or subsystem) to
match the frequency of the larger area (or subsystem). In addition, the voltages of the two areas
(or subsystems) are as close as possible prior to synchronization.
Upon synchronization, the regulation requirement for frequency control must be recalculated
and reassigned. After synchronization, the Transmission Owner calculates reserve requirements
for the combined system, and adjust unit dispatch accordingly.
Area (or subsystem) frequency is maintained above 59.75 Hz and below 61.0 Hz. Achieving
and maintaining these frequency levels require close coordination between plant operators and
Transmission Owners.
3.1.6 Criteria and Conditions for Reestablishing Interconnections

The purpose of this step is to provide conditions and criteria for the Transmission Owners to
interconnect with other Transmission Owners within PJM or TOPs or RCs external to PJM

and control frequency, tie line, voltage schedules, share reserves, and coordinate emergency
procedures (per EOP-005-3 R1.3, EOP-005-3 R1.7, and EOP-006-3 R1.2). This step is
performed after the Transmission Owners have established stable island(s) and desire to
interconnect and share reserves or Transmission Owners have coordinated plans to restart
while interconnected.
PJM Actions:
• PJM System Operator acts as coordinator and disseminator of information relative to
• PJM System Operator keeps the Transmission Owners/Generator Operators apprised
of developing system conditions to assist in the formation and on-going adjustments of
a cohesive System Restoration Plan. System Restoration Plans may be adjusted to take
advantage of this additional information.
• PJM System Operator provides the Transmission Owners/Generator Operators with
updated run-of-river hydro capability.
• PJM will coordinate with neighboring RCs and TOPs to establish external
interconnections and establish tie schedules with neighbors
PJM Member Actions:

• Prior to synchronizing, each Transmission Owner must ascertain that adequate reserves
are available to cover the largest energy contingency within the interconnected area.
The Transmission Owner operators consult and follow the interconnection checklist
presented in Attachment B. The Transmission Owner operators direct the adjustment of
frequency of the smaller area (subsystem) to match the frequency of the larger area. In
addition, the Transmission Owner operators control the voltages of the areas so that they
are as close as possible prior to synchronization.
• The Transmission Owner operators may share reserves, i.e., Dynamic Reserve and
Synchronous Reserve, and agree on a plan to act in a coordinated manner to respond
to area emergencies. This plan includes identification of the coordinating Transmission
Owner (the frequency controlling Transmission Owner is the natural coordinator).
• The Transmission Owner that agrees to regulate the interconnected area's frequency
(the area with more generation capacity) will adjust generation and load to maintain the
area’s frequency within the acceptable range (59.75 Hz – 61.0 Hz).
• The objective of Transmission Owners maintaining flat tie line control (the area with
lower generation capacity) is to control their "Net Tie Line" flow value to equal their
"Net Tie Line" schedules by adjusting load and/or generation and to coordinate with the
Transmission Owner controlling the interconnected area frequency.
• Guidelines for frequency regulation and tie line control are in effect as identified in the
PJM Manual for Balancing Operations (M-12) unless all applicable Transmission
Owners agree to suspend any portion of the procedure.
• Capacity that is assigned to regulation is approximately two percent of the
interconnected area's load. Frequency is regulated between 59.75 Hz and 61.0 Hz.
• Frequency is adjusted to slightly above 60.00 Hz before load is picked up. Transmission
Owner operators pick up load in small increments.

• When necessary, Synchronous Reserve (including manual load shedding) is used to

keep the frequency above 59.50 Hz. Transmission Owner operators shed approximately
six percent (6%) load to restore frequency 1.0 Hz (general rule for small island).
• Dynamic Reserve is allocated/assigned proportionally to the available Dynamic Reserve
in each area.
• As additional areas are added to the interconnected area, the Transmission Owner
operators recalculate and reassign regulation and reserve assignments.
• After synchronization occurs, the Transmission Owner operators continue to strengthen
and stabilize the interconnected area by the closure of additional Transmission Owner-
to-Transmission Owner tie lines.
3.1.7 PJM Assumes Balancing Authority Role

During a system restoration, interconnected Transmission Owners will balance their own
islanded areas. This occurs by the largest area controlling frequency and the smaller
areas controlling tie line flow. This section describes the operating process and criteria for
transferring operations back the PJM (Balancing Authority) in accordance with PJM's (Reliability
Coordinator) criteria (per EOP-005-3 R1.9 and EOP-006-3 R1.6).
The PJM EMS has the capability of calculating and monitoring ACE for up to five internal
islanded areas or subsystems connected to the Eastern Interconnection. This assumes that
PJM has sufficient monitoring in these subsystems (including frequency monitoring and tie
line monitoring). Once PJM verifies accurate data and ACE calculation within a subsystem,
PJM will coordinate with the Transmission Owners within the subsystem and when appropriate
resume Balancing Authority functions for this area. PJM will balance the area through manual
generation dispatch. There will be no energy market or economic based generation dispatch
until the system is more fully restored and PJM’s economic dispatch tools are operational.
PJM Actions:
• PJM System Operator assimilates information contained in Attachment B.
• PJM System Operator determines the required Dynamic Reserve and Synchronous
Reserve for the area based on largest energy contingency. Reserve assignments are
made on a proportional basis
• PJM System Operator determines the regulation requirement to regulate frequency.
Capacity assigned should be two percent (2%) of the interconnected area load. PJM
System Operator assigns regulation on a proportional basis of connected load.
• PJM System Operator continues to coordinate run-of-river hydro operations.
• PJM System Operator updates the DMT to reflect unit capability that is reported by the
Generator Operators.
PJM Member Actions (in those areas being controlled by PJM as the Balancing
Authority):

• The Transmission Owner operators continue to return generating units to on-line status
and restore native load in small increments to maintain generation and load balance.
• As units return to service, the Transmission Owner operators and Generator Operators
report their status to PJM System Operator.
• The Transmission Owner operators maintain scheduled Transmission Owner-to-
Transmission Owner tie line flows until the PJM RTO returns to free-flowing tie
conditions.
• The Transmission Owner operators assure that adequate underlying transmission
capability is electrically connected at the interconnection point of the 500 kV and above
bulk transmission system to provide adequate fault current (relay protection) and VAR
absorption capability when the line is energized (overvoltage).
• The Transmission Owner operators and Generator Operators respond to emergency
procedures when initiated by PJM System Operator.
• The Transmission Owner operators request PJM System Operator’s approval prior to
the closure of any reportable transmission line (see the PJM Manual for Transmission
Operations (M-3)) or a line that establishes an interconnection, either Transmission
Owner-to-Transmission Owner or to an external system.
System Control
PJM system control may progress through three stages depending on existing system
conditions:
• Manual Control — Manual control is initiated when sufficient data is not available for any
type of automatic control. When this mode of control is initiated, PJM is replacing the
frequency controlling Transmission Owner.
PJM System Operator notifies Transmission Owners and Generator Operators of their
share of the regulation requirement by percentage. Regulation energy assignments are
dispatched manually using whole numbers, with each Transmission Owner responding with
their percentage. These assignments are made via the ALL-CALL system. Frequency is
maintained between 59.75 Hz and 61.0 Hz. If the frequency decays below 59.50 Hz, PJM
System Operator initiates emergency procedures, which may include load shedding, to maintain
stable operations. If load shedding is required, it is assigned on a proportional basis.
The amount of generation adjustments to control frequency may be based on one percent (1%)
of system load to adjust frequency by 0.1 Hz. Actual system response may differ based on the
changing system characteristic. Real-time adjustments may be required.
PJM System Operator directs generation and load adjustments, as required, to maintain reliable
operations. TO zone native generation normally is assigned to native load, except in instances
where Transmission Owner-to-Transmission Owner tie line schedules are arranged. PJM
System Operator notifies all Transmission Owners on the interconnected area of schedules that
are in effect, or pending.

Transmission Owners are responsible for communicating to PJM System Operator any potential
transmission problems i.e. contingency or actual overloads, voltage problems, etc. PJM System
Operator coordinates corrective action. PJM monitoring system has limited capability for
contingency evaluation and on-going monitoring until a majority of the bulk transmission system
is intact.
• Flat Frequency Control — Flat frequency control is initiated when the capability exists
for an ACE signal to be developed by using a frequency value in the interconnected
area. If PJM is not electrically connected to the area being controlled (i.e., frequency is
different), the frequency of the area being controlled may be utilized in the AGC control
program. If PJM is electrically connected to the area being controlled, and not on diesel
stand-by power, the in-house frequency may be used. The Frequency Bias setting is
one percent (1%) of the interconnected areas' load. The bias setting is readjusted as the
interconnected area load changes.
The PJM AGC control program is capable of developing an ACE based on scheduled frequency
versus actual frequency. Regulating signals may also be developed via the automatic regulation
program. Regulation is two percent (2%) of the interconnected area load.
PJM System Operator continues to direct generation and load assignments as required to
maintain reliable operation. PJM System Operator regulates area frequency between 59.75 Hz.
and 61.0 Hz. When the regulating energy has been loaded to restore frequency to 60.0 Hz.,
efforts are made to return the units to their mid-point.
The Transmission Owners are notified via the ALL-CALL system to closely monitor transmission
parameters, since the PJM monitoring program may not have sufficient data at this point except
for actual overloads.
Energy available from external sources is assigned to the Transmission Owners/Generator
Operators based on need and transmission capabilities and/or limitations.
• Tie Line Bias Control — Tie Line Bias Control is used to develop an ACE signal when
Balancing Authority tie lines are in service. When ties to external systems are placed in
service, PJM returns to the Tie Line Bias control mode. This mode (normal control mode)
develops an ACE by comparing scheduled frequency versus actual frequency and
scheduled tie line flow versus actual tie line flow to facilitate interconnected operation.
All control functions are normal including ACE and the regulation control program. The
regulation continues to be two percent of the area's load.
The frequency bias setting is one percent of the interconnected area's load and is readjusted
as the load changes. Generation and load assignments continue to be manually dispatched
until the system can respond automatically via the AGC system. PJM may now be capable of
monitoring the transmission parameters, but Transmission Owners continue to closely monitor
their systems.
Allocations of Load Shedding
Load shedding, if required for frequency or ACE control, is allocated based on connected load
on a proportional basis. Exhibit 6 presents an example.

Sub-Area Load Obligation
1 1000 MW 1/6 Requirement
Exhibit 6: Load Shedding Example
No re-allocation of load already shed is made as other sub-areas are added to the
interconnected island. However, new allocation factors are calculated if additional load shedding
is required.
Load shedding for transmission overloads will be based on the most effective location to
alleviate the overload.
EHV Restoration
Due to the heavy reactive charging current generated by the 500 kV / 765 kV bulk power
transmission system (approximately 1.70 MVAR per mile), sufficient load and generation
must be restored to the affected areas. Transmission Owner operators assure that adequate
underlying transmission capability is electrically connected at the interconnection point of the
500 kV / 765 kV bulk transmission system to provide adequate fault current (relay protection)
and VAR absorption capability when the 500 kV / 765 kV line is energized (overvoltage). See
Minimum Source Guidelines in Section 7.1.2.
Allocation of Joint Owned Generation
PJM System Operator directs the increase of the generation/transactions when it is beneficial
to the overall system restoration process. Allocations of energy are not based on ownership
or joint-owned generation allocations, but on the capabilities and needs of the interconnected
area. Allocations, if possible, are on a proportional basis. As additional Transmission Owners/
areas interconnect, no attempt is made to re-allocate generation that is already carrying load.
However, revised allocation factors are calculated.
3.1.8 PJM Returns to Normal Operation

Re-establish PJM single control center coordination.
This occurs when an ACE can be calculated for the entire single control area and a return to
central coordinated operation is desired by PJM and the Transmission Owners.
When conditions permit, PJM System Operator notifies all Transmission Owners/Generator
Operators that the PJM RTO is returning to normal operation. Returning to normal operations
includes:
• Return to free flowing internal Transmission Owner-to-Transmission Owner ties
• Scheduled external ties to neighboring Balancing Authorities
• ACE calculated using standard Tie Line Bias control
• Full functionality of PJM Network Applications including State Estimator, Security
Analysis and Transfer Limit Calculator

• Generation under AGC and economic dispatch (SCED) control

• Return to published regulation and reserve requirements.
• LMP calculation resumes based on actual system conditions
3.1.9 PJM Reliability Coordinator Responsibilities during the Restoration Process and
Coordination of Information
• PJM maintains the current coordinated version of the restoration plan of each
Transmission Operator in its Reliability Coordinator Area. There are three TOPs in PJM's
Reliability Coordinator Area: PJM, ITCI, and AEP. PJM serves as both RC and TOP for
the PJM area. American Electric Power (AEP) operates the 138 kV transmission, though
PJM serves as TOP for its other transmission assets. Additionally ITCI is a TOP in PJM
for a 345 kV generating station, Covert and the Covert-Segreto (AEP) 345 kV line in
Michigan.
• PJM monitors restoration progress and coordinates any needed assistance in the RC
area. PJM actions during a system restoration include:
o PJM will coordinate all interchange schedules with external Balancing Authorities
o PJM will coordinate and direct all restoration of the 500 kV and above transmission
systems
o PJM will develop and calculate ACE as required when appropriate data is available
to perform this calculation
o PJM will coordinate and direct all transmission tie connections to external Balancing
Authorities
o PJM will identify opportunities for interconnection between PJM internal
Transmission Owners and/or neighboring Reliability Coordinator, Balancing Authority,
and Transmission Operator systems
o PJM will collect system status information and provide status updates to members on
system restoration status
o PJM, in its role as Reliability Coordinator, is the primary contact for disseminating
information regarding restoration to neighboring Reliability Coordinators and to
Transmission Operators and Balancing Authorities within its Reliability Coordinator
area.
o PJM will conduct periodic System Operations Subcommittee (SOS) conference calls,
as appropriate
o In the event the restoration plan cannot be completed as expected, PJM will develop
and coordinate alternate steps to restore the system
o PJM System Operator establishes communications between the Transmission
Owners that are experiencing the disturbance and between adjacent Transmission
Owners or TOP/ BA areas
o PJM System Operator determines the extent and cause of the service interruption
and informs the appropriate personnel as soon as possible of existing generation and
transmission capabilities, equipment damage, and other pertinent information

o PJM System Operator collects specific information from each Transmission Owner/
Generator Operator and adjacent areas to ascertain the present system conditions
o PJM System Operator reports via the ALL-CALL system, the extent and cause, if
known, of the outage
o PJM’s Reliability Coordinator Area restoration plan provides coordination between
individual Transmission Operator restoration plans and ensures reliability is
maintained during system restoration events.
o PJM's Reliability Coordinator Area Restoration Plan is contained in PJM Manual
for System Restoration (M36). As stated in section 1.1 of Manual 36, "Policy
Statements,” This manual (M36, the PJM Restoration Plan and other data sources as
noted) include the following:
− A reliable black-start capability plan including:
• Fuel resources for black start power for generating units (Black start
database)
• Available cranking and transmission paths (Black start database)
• Communication adequacy and protocol and power supplies (Black start
database)
• Accounting for the possibility that restoration cannot be completed as
expected.
• Operating instructions and procedures for synchronizing areas of the system
that have become separated
• Procedures for simulating and, where practical, actually testing and verifying
the plan resources and procedures
− Documentation in the personnel training records that operating personnel have
been trained annually in the implementation of the plan and have participated in
restoration exercises (training database)
− The functions to be coordinated with and among Reliability Coordinators and
neighboring Transmission Operators (including references to coordination of
actions among neighboring Transmission Operators and Reliability Coordinators
when the plans are implemented).
− Section 3.1.5 ("Implement Restoration Procedure") and 3.1.6 ("Member
Interconnection") of Manual 36 describes broadly the implementation of PJM's
RC Area Restoration Plan so as to maintain reliability during system restoration
events. Additional procedures for maintaining reliability during system restoration
are included in Section 6, "Generation," and Section 7, "Transmission."
• PJM is the primary contact for disseminating information regarding restoration to
neighboring Reliability Coordinators and Transmission Operators or Balancing
Authorities not immediately involved in restoration (per EOP-006-3 R1.5). As stated
in Section 3.1.3 (Determine Restoration Process), the criteria for sharing information
regarding restoration with neighboring Reliability Coordinators and with Transmission
Operators and Balancing Authorities within its Reliability Coordinator area (in
accordance with EOP-006-3, R1.4) is listed below:

o "PJM System Operator acts as coordinator and disseminator of information relating

to generation and transmission availability. PJM System Operator keeps the
Transmission Owners/Generator Operators informed of the PJM RTO’s status."
Section 4.1.2 (Notifications and Contacts) outlines some of the common notifications
that must be made during a restoration event, including to neighboring Balancing
Authorities:
o "Contact Neighboring Balancing Authorities — Knowledge of the neighboring
Balancing Authorities’ status enhances restoration through PJM RTO of restart
sources, reserves, and transmission reliability. Utilities must have functional
communications to gain timely knowledge of the status.
o SCADA data links with neighboring Balancing Authorities may aid in limiting the
amount of verbal communications. Communications using normal and emergency
systems as well as RCIS should be utilized to maintain communications with PJM
neighbors."
• PJM approves, communicates, and coordinates the resynchronizing of major system
islands or synchronizing points so as not to cause a Burden on adjacent Transmission
Operator, Balancing Authority, or Reliability Coordinator Areas.
o Section 3.1.5 of this manual, under the heading "Synchronization of Areas
(Subsystems) Within a Transmission Owner," provides the procedure for
synchronizing subsystems within the area of a Transmission Owner in PJM's system.
It states: "Prior to synchronizing two areas (or subsystems), the Transmission Owner
will communicate with PJM. PJM will approve the synchronization and coordinate
with neighbors as needed before the transmission owner adjusts the frequency
of the smaller area (or subsystem) to match the frequency of the larger area (or
subsystem)."
o Section 3.1.6 of this manual, "Criteria and Conditions for Reestablishing
Interconnections," describes the guidelines for synchronizing and interconnecting the
systems of two or more members within or external to the PJM's system. The section
assigns the following actions to PJM's operators:
• PJM System Operator acts as coordinator and disseminator of information relative to
o PJM System Operator keeps the Transmission Owners/Generator Operators
apprised of developing system conditions to assist in the formation and on-going
adjustments of a cohesive System Restoration Plan. System Restoration Plans may
be adjusted to take advantage of this additional information.
o Section 7.2 of this manual, "Synchronization," provides detailed procedures for
synchronizing and interconnecting between islands and to neighboring areas.
It states: "Prior to synchronization, the transmission owner must communicate
with PJM (PJM will coordinate with neighbors as required) and get approval for
synchronization." Exhibits 14 and 15 in Attachment B: Restoration Forms provide
a written form and checklist for communications related to interconnection of two
islands or entities. This form is used to facilitate communication between islands to
be connected and PJM.

o PJM's RC Area can be restored from complete system failure without outside
assistance, and as such will not cause a burden on any neighboring areas. Section
1.1, "Policy Statements," of this manual states: "The policy of PJM is to maintain,
at all times, the integrity of the PJM RTO transmission systems, the Eastern
Interconnection, and to prevent any unplanned separation of the Transmission
Owners' systems. The purpose of this plan is to establish procedures with a priority
of restoring the integrity of the Interconnection.
o Based on system restoration lessons learned in 2003, the PJM restoration plan
should stand alone with no dependencies on neighboring systems to help prevent
separation of additional systems."
o Section 8.1.9 of this manual, "Guidelines for Area Interconnection and Use of
External Power during System Restoration" provides guidelines for reconnecting to
the Eastern Interconnection and assisting neighbors by actions such as providing
excess power to deficient areas, taking power from areas with excess, sharing
reserves, and providing cranking power to neighboring areas, so as to provide a
service rather than a burden to neighbors and assist in the overall restoration of the
Eastern Interconnection as needed.
• PJM will take steps to restore normal operations once an operating emergency has
been mitigated in accordance with its restoration plan. As stated in Section 3.1.8 (PJM
Returns to Normal Operation): "Re-establish PJM single control center coordination.
This occurs when an ACE can be calculated for the area to be controlled (entire PJM
area or portion) and a return to central coordinated operation is desired by PJM and
the Transmission Owners. When conditions permit, PJM System Operator notifies all
Transmission Owners/Generator Operators that the PJM RTO is returning to normal
operation, i.e., free flowing Transmission Owner-to-Transmission Owner ties, Balancing
Authority to Balancing Authority ties, generation under AGC control, and return to
published regulation and reserve requirements."

Section 4: Communications
Welcome to the Communications section of the PJM Manual for System Restoration (M36). In
this section you will find the following:
• A description of the communications guidelines for use during a restoration.
4.1 Communications
All modes of communication used in power system operations, including voice, print, SCADA,
and data exchange, are of great importance to the prompt restoration of the PJM RTO after a
major event that results in shutdown or separation. Of the several forms of exchange, voice
communication is most critical.
Communications by operators involving voice (and printed data) can include exchange with
plant operators and field personnel operators within neighboring Reliability Coordinators,
Transmission Operators, and Balancing Authorities, Transmission Owner/Generator Operator
management, identified federal, state, and local authorities and agencies. Operators also
interact with corporate public relations departments or other designated groups that, in turn,
issue communiqués to the media that advise the general public of system status and appeals
for actions that customers may be asked to take.
The system restoration procedures identified earlier in this section assume normal
telecommunications systems are available and functioning properly. These include telephone,
internet, microwave, and radio. However, the possibility exists that this assumption may not be
supported due to the effects of the event leading to shut-down or separation, or the system's
response to the event. The possibility that one or more modes of communication may not be
readily available requires that system operators and others be familiar with the organization
of their telecommunications network including primary, secondary, and alternate pathways to
important locations. This possibility is raised due to the critical role that communications play
in the restoration process and that problems may arise despite all efforts taken to assure the
reliability of the communications systems prior to the event. In addition, these communication
systems should be tested by Transmission owners at a minimum annually or during the
restoration drills.
Primary and back-up sites must contain sufficient communications and power supplies
consistent with PJM Manual for Control Center and Data Exchange Requirements (M-1).
Specific communication and task assignment between Transmission Owner operators,
Generator Operators and plant operators will be detailed with the individual TO restoration plan
if they differ from what is described in this Manual.
4.1.1 Voice Communication and Logging Protocols

The following general and specific subjects are among the number of considerations that are
addressed when developing and implementing system restoration plans:
• Effective communications during normal and emergency conditions are essential.
System Operators must practice 3-part communications consistent with NERC
COM-002.

• PJM will communicate with Transmission Owner operators and Generator Operators/
MOC dispatchers utilizing the same contacts that they use in normal operations.
• Prior to PJM resuming its Balancing Authority role, Transmission Owner operators may
communicate to the Generator Operator or directly to the generating plant operators
for generation related communications (i.e., starting units, changing unit output, etc.).
However, if the Transmission Owner operator is communicating directly with the plant
operators, either the Transmission Owner operator or the plant operator must also keep
the Generator Operator informed of the operating status of their generators.
• Once PJM resumes the Balancing Authority role (see section 3.1.7), PJM must also
be made aware of any changes in unit dispatch or operating status. Changes to unit
dispatch may be directed by PJM at this point through their normal Generator Operator
contacts. Transmission Owner will continue to provide hourly reports until directed by
PJM to discontinue these reports.
• Support Staff participating in conference calls must adhere to M36, Attachment C:
Conference Call Protocol.
• Voice messages have three parts:
o Introduction — to get the attention of the receiver and allow them to focus
o Body — the substance of the message
o Summary — repeat main points of message
• Receivers must critically assess the content of the message and must get clarification
if needed before carrying out any action. Logging is of critical importance to operators
during restoration of the system and to others after the system has been restored.
Therefore, all log entries must be complete, accurate, and readable. To the extent
possible, logs include relevant data to support strategic decisions as well as specific
actions taken. Data regarding the PJM RTO status is important to note since actions are
referenced to conditions as they were known at that time. All entries include the time and
identification of the dispatcher making the entry.
• Since logs are likely examined by various groups after-the-fact, all entries are in
accordance with Transmission Owner/Generator Operator protocols using correct terms.
4.1.2 Notifications and Contacts

A person in each Transmission Owner/Generator Operator and PJM is assigned to act as an
information coordinator. The Transmission Owner/Generator Operator individual communicates
disturbance information to PJM as soon as it becomes available. This information is compiled
and disseminated to all relevant locations by PJM information coordinator.
• Notify Plants — Plants are regularly informed of system status as it impacts each plant.
A person at each plant is assigned as a station's communicator who is continuously
available for communication with the operators during and after synchronization.
• Notify Field Locations — Personnel in field locations are notified that a system shutdown
has taken place and that routine work on transmission or distribution facilities is curtailed
or completed expeditiously.
• Notify Management — Management is kept continuously informed of system status
during the restoration process.

• Notify Public Relations and Authorities — A person in each Transmission Owner/

Generation Owner is assigned to contact public relations, and authorities, i.e. D.O.E.,
NERC, Public Utilities Commissions (or equivalent). Operators do not perform this
function.
• Report Status to PJM — Communications are established immediately between the
Transmission Owners experiencing the disturbance and PJM and directly between
adjacent Transmission Owners or Balancing Authorities.
• Contact Neighboring Balancing Authorities — Knowledge of the neighboring Balancing
Authorities’ status enhances restoration through PJM RTO of restart sources, reserves,
and transmission reliability. Utilities must have functional communications to gain timely
knowledge of the status. SCADA data links with neighboring Balancing Authorities may
aid in limiting the amount of verbal communications. Communications using normal and
emergency systems as well as RCIS should be utilized to maintain communications with
PJM neighbors.
4.1.3 Evaluate System Status

• Evaluate Transmission System Status — A system blackout generally causes initial
confusion and creates a large number of SCADA alarms and reports. Before generating
units can be restarted, an accurate picture of the transmission and generation system
must be developed. The first step of the restoration process is a complete evaluation of
the transmission system. Energy Management System (EMS) SCADA indications should
be confirmed by dispatching field personnel as required or verifying key indications
from other sources. This EMS SCADA data will be used during the restoration process
and must be accurate if the process is to be successful. All known and/or suspected
transmission damage is identified. Work can then be initiated on damaged transmission
facilities that are involved in the black-start process to either isolate or repair the
damaged facilities.
• Evaluate Generation Resources — Generation resources in any system are constantly
changing. This is especially true following a partial or complete system blackout.
The units that are on-line during the event are likely to be offline and in an unknown
condition. Plant personnel begin an immediate assessment and, as soon as possible,
communicate unit status to the Generator Operator. This must be complete before any
restoration process is initiated. This information is used to develop a black start process
based on actual unit availability.
Communications within generating stations need to be independent of normal AC power

sources. Consideration is given to the value of cell phones, walkie-talkies or other personal
communications devices to expedite the coordination efforts in plants during the surveillance,
shutdown, and restart processes (as well as the benefits during normal operations).
4.1.4 Telephone Systems

A functional communication system is critical for the assessment of the extent of a blackout
and determining the status of generation and transmission facilities. Transmission Owners/
Generator Operator must review their communication systems, regardless of whether it is a
private carrier (Telcos), or Transmission Owner/Generator Operator-owned, or whether it is
hardwire (twisted pair), fiber optic, microwave or radio. The assessment is essentially the same
for private carrier or Transmission Owner/Generator Operator-owned. The assessment must

determine whether there is an adequate power source to the communication equipment in order
to handle the duration of the blackout conditions.
• Ability to Receive and Evaluate Customer Calls — In the early stages of system
restoration, Transmission Owners and Distribution Providers are bombarded with phone
calls from employees and customers. From their perspective, continual calls inquiring
into status of service provide no useful purpose. In fact, continual customer calls may be
a detriment by degrading the public telephone system to a point that it is not functional.
Some of the ways of mitigating problems are:
o automatic dialing system to notify employees on the status
o immediate notification of customer service representative
o public appeal to limit phone system use
o priority call system for utility dispatcher's phone system
o notifications of restoration status posted on company websites
• Employee Call-ins — System restoration requires an enormous number of tasks for
Transmission Owner/Generator Operator personnel to complete. It is essential for
Transmission Owner/Generator Operator to promptly get their off-duty personnel notified
to report to duty. Automatic notification systems can provide system and plant operators
with necessary relief of this burden. For effective use of extra personnel, utilities should
consider defining responsibilities in advance of the event. Consideration must also
be given for rotating personnel in order that system and plant operators maintain
effectiveness.
4.1.5 SCADA and Local Metering

SCADA and local metering is used to provide important information regarding the status of
the electric power system. During a system collapse, there are a large number of changes
in equipment status and alarms coming into the Transmission Owners/Generator Operators
offices. SCADA systems are designed so that alarm processing does not inhibit detection of
problems and are capable of continued operation during system disturbances/blackouts.
Field reports from personnel in substations can be used to verify equipment status and enhance
information obtained from SCADA systems regarding the status of the electric power system.
These personnel can also provide meter readings, breaker status, and reset alarms.
• Transmission Facilities Unavailable for Service — in the initial evaluation phase of
the system, switch positions as shown on a monitor display cannot be relied on as
the indicator regarding facilities being available for service. The operator relies on
field verified data to determine if equipment is faulted. Also, equipment with neutral
connections, such as reactors, transformers, and capacitors, may be locked-out from
the neutral overcurrent conditions during system shutdown. These facilities may be in
serviceable condition.
• RTU Operation without AC Power — In order to be functional in a blackout, RTUs
must not be dependent on normal AC power feeds. RTUs, in general, are designed
to be powered by DC from the station battery. The RTU interface equipment with the
telephone system, such as amplifiers and equalizers must also be independent of
normal AC power feeds. Telephone companies generally try to use normal AC powered
equipment throughout their system, but utilities have a special need. Transmission

Owners should include periodic monitoring of RTU and other communication equipment
to verify independence from standard AC powered equipment feeds as part of their
routine inspections.
4.1.6 Computer and Operator Aides

The PJM systems, if available, are used by PJM to monitor and coordinate restoration in the
affected areas. The system diagram, 500 kV / 765 kV diagram, and generation bar charts
provide accurate information and can, therefore, be very useful in determining the extent of the
disturbance.
The PJM Thermal Tracking Program detects the actual overloads on the system. The
contingency overload feature of PJM’s Security Analysis Computer Programs is of little value
until most of the transmission network is restored. The contingency overload displays, therefore,
are either ignored or used as a rough guide since the contingency loadings, in many cases, are
more severe than indicated. A manual monitoring procedure is used as required to check for
normal and contingency overloads using best estimates for distribution factors.
4.1.7 Emergency Power for Communications and Related Support Systems

Telecommunications systems used in conjunction with RTUs, operating computer systems,
telemetry, voice, etc. must be powered by battery, UPS, or emergency generators and be
capable of operating during a complete system blackout when normal AC power sources are
not available.
• Control Centers-UPS Systems — All energy control centers must have adequate back-
up power to provide a minimum of 24-hour stand-alone capability. However, plans
include provisions to ensure longer stand-alone capability. Future hardware is designed
and powered by redundant sources, where possible.
• Station Service: AC & DC Power — The station battery is one of the most critical pieces
of equipment in the restoration process. Substations on the bulk power system must
have adequate battery back-up power to provide a minimum of eight hours stand-alone
capability for DC equipment. A common battery standard is enough battery capacity to
handle an 8 hour outage of AC power to the battery chargers and be able to serve:
o all normal DC loads
o the largest creditable substation event at the beginning of the eight hour period
o one full operation of each substation device during the eight hour period
• Emergency Power for Non-utility Owned Communication Systems — Transmission
Owners/Generator Operators must gain assurance from telephone and other
telecommunications companies that their systems continue to operate properly in the
absence of normal AC power. This requires them to support their systems with back-up
batteries and emergency generators. Such emergency back-up systems must power all
critical elements of their system and must be capable of “stand-alone” operation for eight
hours or longer.
• Periodic Maintenance and Testing of Emergency Power Sources — A schedule of
maintenance and testing needs to be implemented for all emergency power systems
to assure all such systems will provide reliable service at, or above, specification when
needed. Evidence of such maintenance and testing must be provided by companies
which lease their systems to the utilities.

• The Transmission Owner periodically tests station batteries based on a substation

theoretical load profile in a system blackout, not based on design criteria or manufacturer
specifications.

Section 5: Reserves during Restoration

Welcome to the Reserves during Restoration section of the PJM Manual for System
Restoration (M36). In this section you will find the following:
• A description of how PJM determines synchronous and dynamic reserves during a
restoration.
5.1 Reserves during Restoration

There are only two categories of reserves that are essential and need to be tracked during
system restoration.
• The Synchronous Reserve must be modified slightly for system restoration purposes.
• Dynamic Reserve is required to enable the system to be operated safely upon the loss of
the "largest energy contingency" on the interconnected system.
Calculation of other reserve categories (i.e., Operating Reserve, etc.), while important, are not
required during a system restoration.
5.1.1 Synchronous Reserve

Synchronous Reserve is the reserve capability which is required in order to enable an area
to restore its tie-lines or other facilities to pre-contingency state as soon as possible after a
contingency that causes an imbalance between load and generation.
During normal operation, these reserves must be provided by increasing energy output on
electrically synchronized equipment. But during restoration, customer load may also be
classified as Synchronous Reserve.
Each area/subsystem must carry enough Synchronous Reserve to cover its largest energy
contingency. This Synchronous Reserve may be either on-line generation that can be
loaded within 10 minutes or load that can be shed manually within 10 minutes. Synchronous
Reserve is required in order to enable an area/subsystem to restore its system tie-lines to
a pre-contingency state within as soon as possible after a contingency. When necessary,
Synchronous Reserve (including manual load dumping) is used to keep frequency above 59.5
Hz. (Remember to shed approximately 6% load, in a small island, to restore frequency 1 Hz.)
5.1.2 Dynamic Reserve

Dynamic Reserve is the amount of reserve that is available in order to preserve the system
during a frequency disturbance. Therefore, the amount of Dynamic Reserve should be enough
to allow the system to survive the loss of the largest energy contingency. Dynamic Reserve
consists of two components:
• Reserve on Generators — reserve on generators that is available via generator governor
action during a frequency disturbance to a level at which generators normally separate
from the system (i.e. 57.5 Hz) (Governor response).
The amount of Dynamic Reserve needed can be determined by analysis of generator "load
pick-up factors" for units paralleled to the system. These "load pick-up factors" are the maximum
load a generator can pick up as a percentage of generator rating without incurring a decline in
frequency below safe operating levels. "Rule of Thumb" load pickup factors are:

• 5% for fossil steam

• 15% for hydro
• 25% for combustion turbines
A generator that trips offline may be considered to have the same effect on a system as picking
up load equal to the tripped generator's output on the remaining generators. Therefore, the
maximum level of dispatch for a generator in a system should not be allowed to exceed an
amount over which the remaining generators in a system could maintain acceptable frequency
given a loss of the generator. To determine the maximum level of dispatch for a unit, or in other
words, the largest acceptable energy contingency, generator load pick-up factors must be used.
• Load with Underfrequency Relaying — System load with underfrequency trip levels
above the frequency at which generators will normally separate from the system during a
frequency disturbance (i.e. 57.5 Hz).
Generator governor response takes place in seconds and is smooth. Technically, both load
with underfrequency relaying enabled and generator governor response act similarly and are
automatic and can both be considered as Dynamic Reserve.
Most underfrequency load shedding relays can trip feeders within a matter of cycles; therefore,
it is very valuable because it increases the safe levels of dispatch in a system. In fact, every
megawatt of load with underfrequency load shedding enabled acts to improve the ability of
a system to withstand a sudden increase of load or loss of a generator similar to "generator
governor response", except that the effect takes place in cycles and is not as smooth.
During the early stages of restoration, it is not advisable to restore load that has underfrequency
relaying enabled. With a small generating base, even small amounts of load pick-up can
cause large deviations in system frequency. It is advisable to resist picking up load that has
underfrequency relaying enabled until normal load pick-up has been demonstrated to not cause
frequency decay below the applicable underfrequency trip level.
Load restored with underfrequency relays enabled too early in the restoration process can result
in frequent automatic load shedding. If too much load is shed, there is a risk of running the
frequency too high which may result in an overspeed condition.
As the generation base grows, and normal load pick-up does not cause frequency to decay
below the underfrequency trip levels, it is advisable to start adding load with underfrequency
relays set at the lowest trigger frequency. As the generation base continues to grow, load should
be added with increasing underfrequency relays settings.
It is advisable to limit the amount of Dynamic Reserve that consists of load with underfrequency
enabled. This is desirable because frequent tripping of load with underfrequency enabled
occurs unless we also rely on "generator governor response" to restore frequency after a
frequency decay. If too much load has been restored with underfrequency relays enabled and
an incident occurs that results in all underfrequency relays operating, there is a risk of having
high frequency which may cause an overspeed condition. As a guide, no more than 50% of
Dynamic Reserve in a system consists of load with underfrequency enabled.
The ultimate goal is to rely totally on generator governor response to restore frequency should
any credible contingency which causes frequency decay occur. This occurs naturally as system
restoration proceeds since many generators are paralleled to the system. Eventually, system
restoration reaches a point where all systems agree to suspend calculation of Dynamic Reserve

since more than enough Dynamic Reserve exists to enable the system to survive any credible
contingency. Before this point is reached, however, Dynamic Reserve must be calculated.
Calculation of Dynamic Reserve for an area connected to the Eastern Interconnection is not
required.
5.1.3 Sample Dynamic Reserve Calculations

• Example #1 — A system has 300 MW of steam capacity, 400 MW of combustion turbine
capacity, and 100 MW of hydroelectric capacity with load pick-up factors of 5%, 25%,
and 15% respectively. Fifty (50) MW of load with underfrequency load shedding enabled
has been restored.
• Example #2 — Same data as Example #1, except 150 MW of load with underfrequency
load shedding enabled has been restored.
No more than 50% of Dynamic Reserve can consist of load with underfrequency load
shedding enabled. Therefore, the maximum contribution from this source of Dynamic
Reserve is 130 MW.
• Example #3 — A system has 300 MW of steam capacity. Two hundred (200) MW of

this capacity is blocked governor response due to a unit problem. The remaining 100
MW of steam capacity has a 5% load pick-up factor. There is 400 MW of combustion
turbine capacity available at a 25% load pick-up factor. There is 100 MW of hydroelectric
capacity on-line with a 15% load pick-up factor and this capacity is fully loaded to
take advantage of a spilling condition. Fifty (50) MW of load with underfrequency load
shedding enabled has been restored.
No governor response will be available from the steam units which have blocked
governors or from the hydroelectric units at full output.

Note:
The calculation of Dynamic Reserve indicates that the total contribution of underfrequency
load shedding should only approximate fifty percent (50%) of the Dynamic Reserve in the
interconnected area(s). [However, if a contingency occurs that reduces the area(s) frequency
to a level of the underfrequency relay settings, all of the relays would operate and may
cause over-frequency problems.] During the restoration process, it is advisable to restore
load with underfrequency trip enabled by alternating the restored load among the three or
five underfrequency steps. Consideration may be given to adjusting the calculated Dynamic
Reserve for the governor response that is provided by the largest energy contingency.

Section 6: Generation
Welcome to the Generation section of the PJM Manual for System Restoration (M36). In this
section, you will find the following information:
• How the generating stations in the PJM RTO respond during restoration (see
“Generating Stations”).
• A description of cranking power during restoration (see “Cranking Power”).
6.1 Generating Stations

During restoration, generation dispatch should maintain sufficient load on each unit to stabilize
its operation. Generating units are loaded as soon as possible to load levels above their normal
minimum point to achieve reliable and stable unit operation unless the system cannot survive
the contingency loss of the unit at minimum load.
Once a generator has achieved its minimum load level, the generation dispatch during system
restoration is the sole responsibility of each PJM Transmission Owner. No generation is loaded
above a level at which there is not enough Dynamic Reserve in the interconnected areas to
survive the resultant frequency decay should that unit trip.
Each generator’s dispatch cannot impede the full governor response of the generator should
a frequency decay occur. Otherwise, adjustments must be made to Dynamic Reserve. If a
generating unit is loaded to maximum output, for instance, no governor response is available
on that unit. In addition, units which have different operating ranges as a result of boiler
configuration (i.e., placement of burners, etc.) are not loaded to a point where the unit's
operating limit impedes full governor response, if frequency decay occurs.
Many generators in the PJM RTO are equipped with control systems primarily to increase
efficiency. These systems may improve a generator's regulation capability in some cases;
however, in a majority of cases, the response to frequency decay is degraded. The inherent
characteristic of these control systems which contributes to degraded frequency decay
response is the fact that turbine valve movement is restricted by the boiler control to avoid
large pressure swings in the boiler. These control systems negatively affect both the quality
of regulation on our system as well as the expected governor response of our system to large
frequency deviations. During system restoration, these governors must not be blocked and
plant operators must operate the generator in a mode which allows the governors to respond to
frequency deviations.
In a restoration scenario, it is expected that gas availability will not be a concern due to the loss
of residential gas load, line packing and placing priority on restoration of gas compressor load.
6.1.1 Generating Stations

In the event of a system separation, and/or shut-down, enough equipment and staffing is
available at generating stations to assure safe shutdown and to be capable of being restarted as
soon as cranking power becomes available. The local generating station operator should have
sufficient control over frequency and terminal voltage so that he/she can parallel any generating
unit with an external source at any time it becomes available.

6.1.2 Plant Shutdown

Generating plant operators take necessary actions to perform a safe plant shutdown and
prepare equipment for restart as soon as possible.
6.1.3 Generating Plant Communications

Generating plant reports are used to determine status, the condition, and the availability of the
system generating units. Plants also provide estimates of unit return times. Equipment status
is then tabulated by dispatchers. Communications must be available to local TO operators,
Generation Operators as well as PJM during a restoration event.
6.1.4 Cranking Power Availability

• Black Start — sufficient resources for Black Start units are available to ensure safe
shutdown and be capable of restart as soon as possible.
• Other — Cranking power is available to restart generating units at stations or through
portions of internal transmission systems.
6.1.5 Plant Starting Procedure

Each steam plant implements startup procedures immediately following a plant shutdown,
unless instructed otherwise by the dispatcher.
6.1.6 Notify Plants

The Transmission Owner operators and Generation Operators notify each power plant about the
extent of the outage and the system status known at the time.
Plants are regularly informed of system status as it impacts each plant. A person at each plant
is assigned as a station communicator who is continuously available for communication with the
operators during and after unit synchronization.
6.1.7 Blocking Governors

During system restoration, governors (or equivalent frequency control systems) must not be
blocked and plant operators must operate the generator in a mode which allows the governors
(or equivalent frequency control systems) to respond to frequency deviations if this mode
of control is available. Generating units which cannot meet this criterion do not contribute to
Dynamic Reserves.
6.1.8 Plant Frequency Control

It is important that every effort be made to maintain frequency between 59.75 and 61.0 Hz. Plant
operators must take actions on their own to restore frequency if it falls below 59.5 Hz or rises
above 61.0 Hz.
6.2 Cranking Power

As currently designed, many if not most units located at stations throughout the PJM RTO trip
offline as a result of a major event. The shutdown of these units occurs automatically by relay
action or manually by plant operator intervention to protect the units.
Shutdown generating units that do not have black start capability require start-up cranking
power from an offsite source. To deliver the cranking power, a start-up path consisting of

transmission and distribution lines and buses must be established. Each Transmission Owner’s
system restoration plan (SRP) must provide for cranking power to non-black start units including
any necessary arrangements with other Transmission Owners or systems as may be necessary
to provide start-up assistance not readily available within the company's area.
The following types of paths are defined:
• Cranking Path – transmission path from a Black Start unit to another generator with the
intent to facilitate startup of that generator to aid in the restoration process.
• Critical Restoration Path (Nuclear) – transmission path from a Black Start unit (or other
source) that provides offsite power to a nuclear plant’s auxiliary equipment to allow the
nuclear plant to maintain safe shutdown
• Critical Restoration Path (Load) – transmission path from a Black Start unit (or other
source) to restore load that is identified as critical load in Attachment A
• Non-Critical Restoration Path – transmission path from a Black Start unit (or other
source) to restore non-critical loads or facilities as identified in the System Restoration
plan
6.2.1 Units Requiring Cranking Power

Following a blackout condition, an assessment must be made of the status, condition, and
availability of system generating units. This survey identifies all available units requiring
cranking power for restart. Even units normally capable of black start operation may require
cranking power due to pre-existing constraints or as a result of the event leading to shut down.
Before decisions can be made on returning generating units to service, certain facts about
the specific units must be known beforehand. Having a tabulation of the individual unit
characteristics, capabilities, and operating restrictions is beneficial when selecting the order
and fit of the units for the restoration sequence. These facts need to be compared to the actual
serviceability of these units soon after the disturbance has occurred, with special emphasis
placed on defining any changes to ramp rates, re-start times, minimum or maximum load and
VAR generation, regulation capability, fuel availability, or damage that occurred which might
constrain unit operation. This tabulation is typically performed by the Generation Operator for
their fleet or plant operators and communicated to the Transmission Owner operator.
Priority access to start-up power is given to hot units that can return to service within 4 hours. In
addition, as cranking power becomes available, preference is given to regulating units to assure
stable system frequency after they are loaded.
See Attachment A for Critical Load requirements.
6.2.2 Cranking Power Demand

Assess cranking power requirements from each station for return of individual units. Critical
auxiliary loads are picked up in discrete steps, where possible, to minimize the total cold-load
pick-up.
6.2.3 Cranking Power Source and Black Start Paths

Contingency plans for re-start of all units are prepared, including examination of steady state
and transient voltages resulting from possible system configurations and switching conditions in
establishing a black start path.

Transmission or distribution corridors for supplying start-up power are selected, taking extra
care to isolate and avoid damaged facilities, while restoring critical AC power to key substation
facilities along the black start path. The integrity of air and gas operated circuit breakers and
pressurized oil filled cables, as well as relay, control, and communications systems at these key
substations depends on the timely restoration of their stations service facilities.
Where possible, field personnel are used to verify the condition of equipment along the black
start path and to verify breaker positions.
Transmission Owners must include available cranking power and transmission paths in their
individual restoration manuals.
When start-up power or Black Start generation is required from another Transmission Owner
or Balancing Authority, arrangements include a determination of whether or not the unit
receiving start-up assistance becomes synchronized to the supplying company or system.
Implications could include isolation of the receiving unit from its own system or creation of an
unintended interconnection between the two areas. Cranking paths between TO zones must be
documented within each TO system restoration plan.
See Section 9 for more information on Cross Zonal Coordination.
6.2.4 Energize Start-up Loads

Auxiliary power is restored to the generating sites as soon as possible to improve their
availability. Station emergency generators and back-up batteries may provide power for only the
most essential safety systems, but cannot be counted on as a source for a unit start-up. Early
restoration of auxiliary power to the non-black start units will help control equipment damage
and minimize the time for required unit re-starts.

Section 7: Transmission
Welcome to the Transmission section of the PJM Manual for System Restoration (M36). In
this section, you will find the following information:
• How PJM provides voltage regulation and control during the restoration process (see
“Voltage Regulation and Control”).
• A description of the synchronizing process phases (see “Synchronizing”).
7.1 Voltage Regulation and Control

During the restoration process, the bulk power system is operated so that reasonable voltage
profiles can be maintained (generally 90% to 105% of nominal). Each Transmission Owner and
PJM monitors the line voltages on all transmission circuits, particularly those that provide inter-
area ties. If the voltage on any bus deviates from the approved bandwidth (90% to 105% of
nominal) corrective action must be taken.
7.1.1 Reactive Regulation

The general strategy is to utilize static devices to absorb or provide VARs to maintain voltages
within acceptable bandwidth. To the extent possible reactive reserves are maintained on
generating units. Adequate distributed reactive regulation under automatic voltage regulation
control is maintained throughout the system.
Transmission shunt capacitor banks are removed from service to prevent high voltage until
sufficient load is restored. Shunt reactors are placed in service to help reduce voltages. Shunt
reactors may be removed from service, as required, to maintain system voltages above the
minimum desired voltage and within approved bandwidth. Static VAR Compensators are in
service and on automatic control.
The Transmission Owners coordinate energizing transmission lines taking into consideration
available reactive reserve so that voltages can be maintained within limits. The Transmission
Owners attempt to balance reactive requirements using line charging, shunt capacitors,
reactors, unit MVAR capabilities, and static VAR compensators, if available.
PJM is responsible for coordinating the restoration of the BES with the TOs. When sufficient
load and generation is restored to the affected areas to safely absorb the heavy reactive
charging current generated, lines may be restored when Minimum Source Guidelines (as
defined in Section 7.1.2) are met. Typical transmission line charging quantities are presented in
exhibit 7.
Nominal Voltage Charging MVAR/Mile
69 kV Line 0.025
115/138 kV Line 0.100
230 kV Line 0.300
345 kV Line 0.800
500 kV Line 1.700

Nominal Voltage Charging MVAR/Mile
115/138 kV Cable 2.0-7.0
230 kV Cable 5.0-15.0
345 kV Cable 15.0-30.0
Exhibit 7: Transmission Line Charging
Energization Guidelines
• Lines —500 kV / 765 kV lines and transformers are energized separately, not in
combination. Ideally, both sending and receiving end 500/230 kV transformers are
energized from the low side; the 500 kV / 765 kV line is energized from the strongest
source; and a parallel made with a 500 kV / 765 kV breaker.
Load the newly energized path appropriately before energizing additional 500 kV / 765 kV lines.
There should be a minimum of 20 MW of connected load per mile of 500 kV / 765 kV line that is
energized.
Energize only transmission lines that carry significant load. Energizing extra lines generates
unwanted VARS.
• Line and Transformer — When energizing a 500 kV / 765 kV bus section with a 500/230
kV transformer, if not already open, open all 500 kV / 765 kV line breakers (clear bus
section). Close the source end transformer's 230 kV breaker. Before energizing a line,
reduce the 500 kV / 765 kV voltage by adjusting the tap on the sending end 500 kV / 765
kV TCUL transformer. This minimizes VARS generated by line charging, reducing VAR
absorption requirements on the underlying system and helps control the voltage to less
than 500 kV / 765 kV at the receiving end.
• Transformer Voltages — Adjust the sending end line voltage to 475 kV or below. The 230
kV voltage should not exceed 230 kV, preferably as low as reasonable.
Adjust the receiving end line voltage to around 500 kV / 765 kV and 230 kV (+/- 5%).
The receiving end transformer tap matches or exceeds the receiving end voltage. This may
be difficult if there is no AC station service power at the receiving end substation. TCUL
transformers require AC power for operation which could be supplied by an emergency
generator, or since the transformer is de-energized, the TCUL could be operated manually. To
minimize overheating due to excitation, before energizing, the high side transformer tap position
must be above neutral (receiving end line voltage is typically higher than 500 kV / 765 kV due to
charging).
Energize the receiving end transformer only after all the above conditions are met. A circuit
switcher or air switch is a good device for energizing a transformer because it energizes at a
favorable point of wave (voltage crest).
7.1.2 Minimum Source Guidelines

These guidelines are used to determine the ability to safely energize the 500 kV and 765 kV
systems with respect to voltage profiles and fault current availability. These guidelines are

conservative and can be used in the absence of more detailed study results. Specific situations
may dictate energizing EHV without all of these guidelines being met.
The 500 kV / 765 kV pre-engineering guidelines are:
• Primary and backup relays in service
• Shunt capacitors out-of-service
• Generation
• 600 MW of electrically close generation (energy) connected 230 kV or higher
• Electrically close is defined as less than 50 230 kV miles
• Provides adequate short circuit current for fault clearing
• Minimum of 30 MW of generation (capacity) per mile of energized 500 kV / 765 kV line
• Load
• Minimum of 20 MW of load per mile of energized 500 kV / 765 kV line
• Energized Line = Already Energized + The Line Being Energized
The energizing guidelines are:

• Clear dead bus sections
• Energize 500 kV / 765 kV lines and transformers separately
• Energize transformers ideally from low side
• Reduce 500 kV / 765 kV voltage via tap changer
• Reduce sending end voltage to 475 kV or lower and 230 kV or lower
• Energize lines from strongest source
• Parallel with 500 kV / 765 kV circuit breaker
The rules of thumb for voltage control are based on available analysis:
• Detailed analyses unavailable
• Generation electrically close to energizing point
• Minimum generating capacity, 30 MW/mile of 500 kV / 765 kV to be connected
• Load electrically close to energizing point
• Minimum load, 20 MW/mile of 500 kV / 765 kV to be connected
• Provides approximately 1.8 MVAR load to prevent machines from excessive loading
operation
• When detailed information about the system is lacking, the following guidelines provide
a 2:1 safety factor. Generation must be electrically close to the point where the EHV
system is to be energized.
• If available, real-time analysis tools or off-line studies should be utilized to confirm
aforementioned “rules of thumb”.

Description Reason
Minimum Generating Capacity — 30 MW/ Provides approximately two MVAR/mile

mile of 500 kV / 765 kV to be connected
VAR absorbing capability at full load
Minimum Load — 20 MW/mile of 500 kV / Provides approximately 1.8 MVAR/mile

765 kV line to be connected
VAR load to prevent machine from excessive loading
operation. This will help balance the capacitive voltage
rise.
Exhibit 8: EHV Energization Guidelines - Information Unavailable
• Detailed Analyses Available

o When detailed information about the system is known, the following guidelines can
be used. Generation must be electrically close to the point where the EHV system is
to be energized.
Description Reason
VAR Absorption — A minimum of 3.0 MVAR This will control line voltage less than 500 kV / 765
of electrically close VAR absorption per mile kV.
of 500 kV / 765 kV line connected must
be available. May be generator reactive
(leading), reactive load, shunt reactors,
etc. Static VAR compensator may assist in
accomplishing this if available.
At least 3 MW of load per mile control of 500 To provide damping to dynamic overvoltage when
kV / 765 kV line to be energized must be energizing transformers.
established on the underlying system.
Exhibit 9: EHV Energization Guidelines - Information Available
7.2 Synchronization
Restoration of an interconnected system involves re-establishing electrical ties between
generators in two or more areas (or subsystems) within a single Transmission Owner, or
between two or more Transmission Owners or systems, by synchronizing the two areas
to a common speed or frequency. This section describes the process to be followed for
interconnecting two or more areas or subsystems within a single TO area, or between two or
more TOs or systems, and PJM’s operating processes to reestablish connections within its
TOP system for areas that have been restored and ready for reconnection (as required by
EOP-005-3 R1.3, EOP-005-3 R1.7, and EOP-006-3 R1.2). The increased inertia of the resultant
enlarged area tends to dampen fluctuations in frequency and increases the capability of the
area to pick up larger blocks of load and establishes or maintains Dynamic and Synchronous
Reserves. These increased capabilities promote more stable operation, thus facilitating further
restoration efforts. However, the benefits of tying two or more areas together must be balanced

with the risk of the synchronizing process and the ability to control the enlarged area to maintain
generation-load balance within acceptable frequency and voltage bandwidths.
Synchronization is only required when connecting two areas or islands that have running
generation sources. Simply using generation in one zone to pick up load in an adjacent zone
does not require synchronization.
On a related note, implications of synchronization need to be evaluated in cases where cranking
power for unit restart is provided by another Transmission Owner or system.
7.2.1 Synchronizing Process Phases

Pre-tie Preparations
• Mobilize field personnel and alert generating station personnel within both areas to be
joined.
• Identify line to "tie" areas together. The tie line must be of sufficient capacity to carry the
anticipated flow between the two areas.
• Identify the substation for "tie-in". This substation must be equipped with a synchroscope
or synchro-check relay with phase angle indication that can be used for synchronizing
the two areas. Also, it must have reliable communication with the system operator who
will direct the tie-in. In no case should synchronization between two areas be attempted
without either a synchroscope or synchro-check relay due to the high probability of
equipment damage and possible shutdown of one or both areas. Specific locations of
Synchronization Devices can be found in the TO restoration plans.
• For two Transmission Owners synchronizing together, a MW tie schedule must be
established between the TOs based on expected flows between areas and agreed
upon support that one area will be providing the other. This schedule may be zero or
an amount equal to cranking power provided from one area to the other. If one TO
has excess generation available, they may increase this schedule to their neighbor as
appropriate to assist the neighboring area in restoring their load.
Preparation plans must also consider additional lines to close once joined, to strengthen ties
to protect against contingencies. Also, the additional line(s) may be needed as alternates if
synchronization is not successful on the identified line for tie in.
• Evaluate the capabilities of two areas to be joined and exchange data between
Transmission Owners when not within a single Balancing Authority.
• Each of the two areas to be joined must demonstrate sufficient capability of maintaining
frequency and voltage control in order to permit synchronization. Additionally, each one
must be strong enough to withstand the "tie-in" and have the capability to share in the
control of the enlarged system.
Interconnection Checklists (Exhibit 16) are completed by Transmission Owners of the two
systems to be tied.
Synchronization
Prior to synchronization, the Transmission Owner must communicate with PJM (PJM will
coordinate with neighbors as required) and get approval for synchronization if connecting 2
Transmission Owners (internal or external). Before synchronizing, the frequency of the two

areas must be matched. Adjustments are made by the area most able to do so (preferably the
smaller area). The aim of the other area is to maintain its frequency at a stable point. Voltages of
the two areas are as close as possible. Ideally, the smaller area adjusts frequency and voltage
to that of the larger area. When using a synchroscope, frequencies are such that the scope
is moving slowly in the fast direction, or with three lights, all lights are out. Failure to match
frequency and voltage between the two areas can result in significant equipment damage and
possible shut-down of one or both areas. A synchro-check relay can also be used to connect
two areas, provided that the indication of the phase angle difference is visible to the operator at
the control device initiating the circuit breaker closure.
Post-tie Follow-up
• Coordinated operation, as agreed to, is carried out within the enlarged area (subsystem)
maintaining frequency control and tie line schedule(s). Dynamic and Synchronous
Reserve requirement are recalculated and re-allocated.
• Communications are maintained on a regular basis between interconnected areas or
systems.
• Additional ties are established according to plan to strengthen and stabilize the
interconnection between the two areas when appropriate.

Section 8: System Restoration Plan Guidelines

Welcome to the System Restoration Plan Guidelines section of the PJM Manual for System
Restoration (M36). In this section, you will find the following information:
• How PJM determines a standard content guideline
8.1 System Restoration Plan Guidelines

The system restoration guidelines provide a basis for a common framework for system
restoration plans of the Transmission Owners, AEP, ITCI, and PJM. It is recognized that
individual system restoration plans are based on the concepts:
• Each Transmission Owner is responsible for restoring its own customer load to include
identifying critical loads as appropriate with internal generation or through coordinated
efforts with other Transmission Owners. After a subsystem is stabilized, requests from
neighboring Transmission Owners for cranking power are a higher priority than restoring
additional customer load of the supplying company. Any Transmission Owner that is not
operating in parallel with adjacent Transmission Owners is free to restore or shed load in
any manner or at any rate it may deem practical.
• The system restoration plans must be reviewed by the Transmission Owners at
least annually or more frequently as needed to account for changes in the system
configuration. For such changes, the Transmission Owner in conjunction with PJM may
amend the restoration plan and determine black start requirements, if either determines
that additional black start resources are needed.
During system restoration, it is critical that AC power be restored to key substations as soon
as possible to maintain the integrity of air and gas operated circuit breakers. Assure that
communication equipment be independent of local AC power supply during abnormal operation.
The local generating plant operator should have sufficient control over frequency and terminal
voltage so that he or she can parallel any generating unit with an external source at any time it
becomes available. Enough equipment and staff are available at generating stations to assure
safe shutdown and to be capable of being restarted as soon as cranking power becomes
available.
• It is desirable that restoration plans have redundancy built into them such as, when
developing each subsystem, at least two sources of cranking power and black start are
included.
• When a Transmission Owner can provide a demonstrable plan to restore adequate
service from an offsite source to an energy control center, a substation, or a generating
station within less time than required in the following guidelines, that plan is then to be
considered in compliance with PJM black start standards. PJM black start standards are:
o Energy control centers are provided with adequate on-site facilities to provide a
minimum of 24 hour stand-alone capability.
o Substations on the bulk power system are provided with adequate back-up power
supplies to provide a minimum of eight (8) hour stand-alone capability.

o Generating stations are provided with a minimum of two hour stand-alone capability.
Base case conditions exist which include both a system configuration following a disturbance
and the operational status of equipment on the system. It is recognized that some equipment
failures can and will occur during a system shutdown and subsequent restoration. These
failures are addressed on an individual basis as they are found and adjustments are made to
system restoration procedures, where necessary. For these guidelines, the assumptions are as
follows:
• Black start unit is a unit that is capable from going to a shutdown condition to an
operating condition and start delivering power without assistance from the system.
• All steam generators on-line at the time of the disturbance trip offline, without damage.
Emergency diesels/batteries, where available, can be used to rotate turbines on turning
gear. Emergency start-up power is accomplished without incident.
• Steam units are available to synchronize or energize the bus and subsequently load at
times as found in the PJM Markets database.
• All voice and data communication systems required for system operations are functional.
• Emergency energy supply systems are operational.
• Fuel inventories at all peaking units and emergency generators are adequate.
• Transmission Owner restoration plans are coordinated with the adequacy of the
substation battery capability.
• All circuit breakers remain operational without station service being available.
• Staffing requirements for system restoration can be met by available personnel. Any
additional staffing is assumed available through existing procurement procedures.
• Transmission Owners do not establish bilateral transactions.
To ensure consistency in TO Restoration Plans, PJM requires that each Transmission Owner
include the following list of generation (Exhibit 10) within their zone into their Restoration Plan
as an appendix. This document will identify Black Start units, Critical Load generation (< 4 hour
start up time), Nuclear Units and any other generation referenced in the TO Restoration Plans
(as determined by the TO). Exhibit 10 will be utilized to generate the Spring System Restoration
Drill invitations.
Black Start Units
Unit Unit ICAP Emergency Prim.Fuel Sec. Hot Start Cold Ramp Rate
Name Type Minimum Fuel Time Start (MWs/Minute)
(Unit Min (Hours) Time
Stable Load) (Hours)
Critical Load generation (< 4 hour start up time)

Nuclear Units
Other Units (referenced in TO Restoration Plan as determined by TO)
Exhibit 10: Generation Information Template
In general, a System Restoration Plan includes the following sections:

• Ascertaining System Status
• Determining Restoration Process
• Disseminating System Status Information
• Implementing Restoration Process
• Frequency Control
• Verify Switching Equipment Constraints
• Transmission Owners Interconnect
• Continue Verifications of Switching Equipment Constraints
• Guidelines for Area Interconnection and Use of External Power during System
Restoration
• PJM Returns to Normal Operation
• System Control Progress
8.1.1 Ascertaining System Status

Each Transmission Owner and PJM determine the extent of the service interruption within its
boundaries and inform the appropriate personnel as soon as possible of existing generation and
transmission capacities, equipment damage, and other appropriate information.
SCADA and local metering is used to provide important information regarding the status of
the electric power system. During a system collapse, there are a large number of changes
in equipment status and alarms coming into the respective Transmission Owner/Generator
Operator energy control centers. SCADA systems are designed so that alarm processing

does not inhibit detection of problems and are capable of continued operation during system
disturbances/blackouts.
Energy control centers have adequate back-up power to provide a minimum of 24 hour stand-
alone capability. However, plans should include provisions to ensure longer stand-alone
capability. Future hardware is designed and powered by redundant sources where possible.
Telecommunications systems used in conjunction with RTUs, operating computer systems,
telemetry, voice, etc. must be powered by battery, UPS, or emergency generators and be
capable of operating during a complete system blackout.
• Field reports from personnel in substations can be used to enhance information
obtained from SCADA systems regarding the status of the electric power system. These
personnel can provide meter readings, breaker status, alarms, etc.
• PJM reports via the ALL-CALL system provide information regarding the extent of the
outage known at the time.
• Generation plant reports are used to determine unit availability. The Generator Operators
notify each power plant about the extent of the outage and system status known at the
time.
• Equipment status is tabulated by Generator Operators through communications with
power plants.
• Cranking Power Availability — Sufficient resources for black start units are available to
ensure safe shutdown and be capable of restart as soon as cranking power is available.
• Cranking power is available to restart necessary generating units at plants or through
portions of the internal transmission system.
• Confirm status of plant starting procedures — Each steam plant prepares to implement
start-up procedures immediately following plant shutdown. Estimated time of return (on-
line time) — Plant Operators provide estimates to Transmission Owner operators and
Generator Operators of unit return times.
• Where applicable at steam power plants, station services are restored as soon as
possible taking into consideration battery limitations and loss of water/steam in boilers.
• Units that were able to maintain on-line status have priority for additional load to achieve
stable operation.
8.1.2 Determining Restoration Process

Immediately after a severe system disturbance within the PJM RTO, PJM is not able to
effectively coordinate the operation of the individual sequestered or blacked-out areas. During
this period, PJM acts as a coordinator in the information and damage assessment center and
assist the Transmission/Generation Operators as required. The Transmission Owner operators
immediately implement restoration procedures as outlined in the restoration plan. System
restoration plans are written to address the restoration of a totally blacked-out system without
any available cranking power from neighboring companies.
• Identify restoration strategy based on system status — Since electric power systems can
collapse into blacked-out areas surrounding one or more islands of generation and load,
it is necessary to identify an overall restoration strategy based on the current system
status. Sequestered generation can be utilized to provide cranking power, restore
transmission, station service to substations, or to restore customer load.

• Organize steps and/or sequential order of System Restoration Plan (SRP) — Once an
overall restoration strategy is identified, all or portions of the SRP are selected as being
appropriate for use based on the current system status. In addition, the order of the
restoration steps to be used may require changes due to the prevailing conditions.
• Assign sections/steps of the SRP to individuals and begin implementation — Once the
steps to be used have been identified, they are assigned to operators or appropriate
personnel who begin implementation of the restoration process.
• Power system disturbances are most likely to occur as the result of the loss of
generating equipment, transmission facilities, or as the result of unexpected load
changes. These disturbances may be of, or develop into, a magnitude sufficient to affect
the reliable operation of the PJM RTO. The associated conditions under severe system
disturbances generally result in critically loaded transmission facilities, critical frequency
deviations or high or low voltage conditions. Such disturbances can result in equipment
damage and a system blackout. Due to the unknown impact of the system blackout on
generator and transmission equipment, both PJM and the Transmission Owner must be
able to adjust restoration strategies based on actual system conditions.
8.1.3 Disseminating System Status Information

Each Transmission Owner continues to determine the extent of the service interruption within
its boundaries and keep the appropriate personnel informed of the existing generation and
transmission capabilities and other appropriate information. It is important to have personnel
available to provide information on current and future system conditions.
• Call in Personnel by Established Procedures — Additional operating staff should be
called in accordance to pre-existing procedures.
• Notify Plants — Plants are regularly informed of system status as it impacts each
plant. A person at each plant is assigned as a station communicator, who is
continuously available for communication with the system operators during and after unit
synchronization.
• Notify Field Locations — Personnel in field locations are notified that a system shutdown
has taken place and that routine work on transmission or distribution facilities should be
curtailed or completed expeditiously.
• Notify Management — Management is kept continuously informed of system status
during the restoration process.
• Notify Public Relations and Authorities — A person in each Transmission Owner/
Generator Operator is assigned to contact Public Relations, and authorities, i.e., D.O.E.,
NERC, Public Utilities Commissions (or equivalent). Operators are not to be used for this
function.
• Report Status to PJM — Communications are established immediately between the
Transmission Owners experiencing the disturbance and PJM and directly between
adjacent Transmission Owners or Balancing Authorities.
A person in each Transmission Owner and PJM are assigned to act as an information
coordinator. He or she relays disturbance information to PJM as soon as it becomes available.
PJM is informed of the restoration of bulk power transmission lines within an Island or between
neighboring PJM companies so that PJM can keep abreast of Transmission Owner restoration

progress. PJM is also informed of generation lost at each station, generation still operating, load
lost and location, and critical voltages throughout the system.
8.1.4 Implementing Restoration Process

• See “Implement Restoration Procedure” in section 3.1.5 of this manual.
8.1.5 Frequency Control

• See “PJM Assumes Balancing Authority Role” in section 3.1.7 of this manual.
8.1.6 Verify Switching Equipment Constraints

System Restoration Plans include information on the limitations of switching equipment which
prevail during the restoration process. The limitations are based on pre-studied examination
of steady-state voltages and selected switching surge studies. Load flow solutions are used to
examine steady state voltage levels which may exist during the restoration process, including
those of open-ended lines. If necessary, pre-studied switching surge studies are used to identify
transient problems for questionable switching conditions.
• Substations on the bulk power system have adequate battery back-up power to provide
a minimum of eight hour stand-alone capability for DC equipment. However, equipment
such as SF6 circuit breakers or oil-filled cables which require AC power may be unable to
maintain pressure and/or temperature, based on ambient conditions, beyond one hour,
in which case diesel or other AC auxiliary power supplies should be provided.
• SF6 equipment has limited temperature and pressure operating ranges. Without
available AC power, temperature or pressure may fall below the normal operating ranges
and SF6 equipment will become inoperable (normally 1-6 hours).
• Battery voltage decays after loss of AC power to the charger. DC equipment (e.g., circuit
breaker controls, protective relays, RTUs, etc.) may become inoperative when voltages
reach 80% of nominal or less.
• Air blast equipment has limited pressure operating ranges. Verify normal air pressure
prior to energizing.
• Air pressure in pneumatically operated circuit breakers decays after loss of AC power.
If the air pressure falls below the operating range, this type of circuit breaker cannot be
closed.
• Cable oil pressure decays after loss of AC power. Verify positive oil pressure prior to re-
energizing oil filled cables.
8.1.7 Transmission Owners Interconnect

• See “Criteria and Conditions for Reestablishing Interconnections” in section 3.1.6 of this
manual.
8.1.8 Continue Verifications of Switching Equipment Constraints

System Restoration Plans include information on the limitations of switching equipment which
prevails during the restoration process.
Based on locations at which synchronization can take place:

• Substations that have the capability of synchronizing two systems that are isolated from
each other are identified and included in SRPs. Normally, a synchroscope, a synchro-
check relay or synchronizing lamps are used to synchronize two subsystems that are
isolated from each other.
Based on pre-studied examination of steady state voltages and selected switching surge
studies:
• Loadflow solutions are used to examine steady state voltage levels that may exist during
the restoration process, including those of open-end lines. If necessary, switching surge
studies are used to identify transient problems for questionable switching conditions
8.1.9 Guidelines for Area Interconnection and Use of External Power during System
Restoration
• Any opportunity to connect to the Eastern Interconnection should be explored as soon as
possible.
• Any available energy from neighboring companies or Balancing Authorities should be
utilized by a deficient company regardless of the “firmness” of the energy.
• Cranking power to neighboring companies is to be supplied as a priority to restoring
internal customer load.
• A company connected to the Eastern Interconnection should supply any available
excess energy for load restoration to a deficient company. Stability is normally not a
concern in this situation.
• There is no need to employ or monitor Dynamic Reserves for companies connected to
the Eastern Interconnection.
• Two or more isolated islands under different Transmission Owners that are
interconnecting must adhere to the guidelines set up in the Interconnection Checklist
found in Attachment B, Exhibit 16.
• Two isolated islands within the same Transmission Owner that are interconnecting are
also encouraged to consider the guidelines in the Interconnection Checklist found in
Attachment B, Exhibit 16.
• Certain informational items, contained in the Interconnection Checklist in Attachment B,
Exhibit 16, are not required for an island tying to the Eastern Interconnection or tying to a
PJM company already connected to the Eastern Interconnection. These items deal with
dynamic reserve and frequency stability.
• When tying to the Eastern Interconnection, only items 1-5 and 15-25 of the
Interconnection Checklist in Attachment B, Exhibit 16 are required.
• If only supplying load to an adjacent TO (i.e. no synchronization required), only items 1-5
and 15-25 of the Interconnection Checklist in Attachment B, Exhibit 16 are required.
• PJM will set up and coordinate any interchange schedules with external Balancing
Authorities.
• When a company connects to the Eastern Interconnection, it must have adequate
Synchronous reserve by way of available unloaded capability on synchronized
generation and/or load shedding to cover their largest energy contingency. It may be

possible to make agreements with the external area to share in covering of some of
these reserves.
8.1.10 PJM Returns to Normal Operation

Re-establish PJM single control center coordination. This occurs when an ACE can be
calculated for the area to be controlled (entire PJM area or portion) and a return to central
coordinated operation is desired by PJM and the Transmission Owners.

Section 9: Cross Zonal Coordination

Welcome to the Cross-Zonal Coordination section of the PJM Manual for System Restoration
(M-36). In this section you will find the following information:
• How PJM works with the TOs to identify cross-zonal coordination opportunities
9.1 Cross Zonal Coordination of System Restoration Plans

PJM will work with the TOs to identify areas in the RTO where it would be beneficial to
coordinate system restoration plans. Analysis on the benefit of pursuing this option will be based
on the following criteria:
• Reliability Requirements
o Reliability requirements including:
− Procuring sufficient Black Start resources to meet critical load requirements
− Meeting critical load restoration timing requirements
− Meeting redundancy requirements
• Efficiency Opportunities
o Cost Savings
− PJM will work with the TOs on a cost/benefit analysis for decisions on utilizing
cross zonal coordination. The cost/benefit analysis will require a savings ratio of
1.2 (benefit to cost) threshold for consideration. Cost benefit ratio will evaluate:
• Black Start unit cost differences (savings)
• Potential additional TO costs including coordination costs, CIP related costs
and other costs the TO might incur (such as increased training, increased
analysis of the restoration plan, increased compliance cost, etc.)
• Potential for increased efficiency and speed of restoration
The following considerations will be evaluated when analyzing cross-zonal coordination options:
• Technical feasibility requirements including:
o Maintaining voltages within limits
o Maintaining MW flows within thermal limits
o Maintaining dynamic stability of generation
o Timing requirements of serving critical load
o Test history and performance history of Black Start resource
• Complexity considerations
o Amount of switching to establish cranking path(s)
− Characteristics of cranking path (length, geography, travel time, number of
substations, voltage level, etc.)

− Staffing availability (field/control room) to support building cranking path to

neighboring area
• SCADA versus Manual control
o Logistical coordination
− Adjacent TO zones only (do not cross 3 or more zones)
− Type of load restored in each TO zone
− Potential additional TO costs incurred to enable cross zonal coordination
− Number of TO zones in coordination with a single TO zone
• TO/State Relationship considerations
• States may want priority of restoration to remain local
These cross zonal opportunities will be evaluated during the 5 year Black Start selection
process (as outlined in Manual M-14D) or upon changes to Black Start capability or critical load
amounts. TOs may also request PJM to evaluate opportunities.
Should there be a disagreement about the location, amount or number of Black Start
resources, or disagreement between the supplying TO, receiving TO or PJM about cross zonal
coordination, the following process will be followed:
• The parties involved would bring the issue to the SOS-T for consultation
• If the parties continue to disagree, the issue would be referred to the Dispute Resolution
Process as detailed in Section 5 of the PJM Operating Agreement
• General notification of initiation and result of Dispute Resolution process will be given to
the Operating Committee
There are three possible levels of Cross Zonal Coordination as defined in the following
subsections.
9.1.1 Level One Cross Zonal Coordination

Level one cross zonal coordination refers to supplying Black Start generation from outside a
TO zone to meet that zones critical load requirements. PJM would pursue this option in order to
eliminate a Black Start shortage in a zone (reliability requirement), meet critical load restoration
timing requirements (reliability requirement), improve restoration speed or efficiency (efficiency
opportunity) or significantly reduce Black Start cost (efficiency opportunity).
Restoration plans would remain on a TO basis, but coordinated between TOs. The cross-zonal
coordination must be documented in both the receiving TO restoration plan and the supplying
TO restoration plan. The supplying TO would document the cranking path from the Black Start
unit to an agreed upon border with the receiving TO. The receiving TO would document the
cranking path from the agreed upon border with the supplying TO to the critical load that is
being supplied.
Black Start redundancy will be evaluated on a TO zonal basis (2 BS units allocated to each TO
zone, though physically may be outside zone).

9.1.2 Level Two Cross Zonal Coordination

Level two cross zonal coordination refers to supplying critical load and/or customer load pockets
across TO zones. A single Black Start resource may be used to serve critical load in multiple
TO zones. PJM, in collaboration with TOs, would pursue this option in order to eliminate a
Black Start shortage in a zone (reliability requirement), meet critical load restoration timing
requirements (reliability requirement), improve restoration speed or efficiency (efficiency
Restoration plans would be on a TO basis, but coordinated between TOs. The Level two cross
zonal coordination must be documented in both TO Restoration Plans. Redundancy would be
on a TO basis (2 BS units allocated to each zone, though physically may be outside zone).

9.1.3 Level Three Cross Zonal Coordination

Level three cross zonal coordination refers to fully aggregate TO restoration plans into a
combined plan for a newly defined Restoration region. This could be done to eliminate a
Black Start shortage in a zone (reliability requirement), meet critical load restoration timing
requirements (reliability requirement), improve restoration speed or efficiency (efficiency
Level three cross zonal coordination would involve merging of 2 or more existing TO zones or
creating new Restoration Regions (new boundaries). There would be one Restoration plan for
the aggregated area(s). Redundancy requirements would be evaluated on a Restoration region
basis.


Attachment A: Minimum Critical Black Start Requirement
A.1 Critical Black Start Criteria
A.1.1 Goal
PJM and its stakeholders have developed requirements for the amount and redundancy of
Black Start generation based on critical load requirements. Specific black start data to include
fuel resources for black start power for generating units, available cranking and transmission
paths, and communication adequacy and protocol and power supplies are contained in the PJM
Black start database.
A.1.2 Minimum Critical Black Start Requirement

This attachment to the PJM Manual for System Restoration (M-36) defines the Minimum Critical
Black Start Requirement on each transmission zone (or restoration area if level 3 cross zonal
coordination is utilized) to be the sum of critical cranking power load, gas infrastructure critical
load and nuclear off-site station light and power load requirements, with an allowance for
exceptions or additions based on unique circumstances (as per EOP-005-3 R1.2 and R1.8).
Critical Load consists of the following components:
1. Cranking power to all units with a hot start time four hours or less (See Note below).
2. Off-site Nuclear Station Light and Power (to maintain safe shutdown) as defined in each
plant’s Nuclear Plant Interface Requirements (NPIR) document.
3. Critical Natural Gas Infrastructure (such as electric compressors).
4. Exceptions or additions to the criteria shown above will be allowed with PJM approval.
a. SOS-T endorsement will be sought for these exceptions and additions.
b. One such example could be to address coping power needs for steam units that
cannot be supplied by resources other than Black Start.
c. Exceptions to critical cranking power are made for intermittent generation and non-
hydro energy storage resources (e.g. wind, solar, batteries, flywheels).
d. Exceptions to critical cranking power will be considered on a case by case basis for:
i Complex cranking paths for minimum ICAP gain.
ii Non-dispatchable units or units with very high minimum limits.
Note:
For generating stations with multiple units (0-4 hour start), consider the impact on restoration
time if only enough critical load was carried to start one of the units at the station. This
unit could then supply the other units at the station with auxiliary power. If doing this would
increase restoration time significantly, critical load will be identified for all units at the
station. Consideration will also be given to whether plant personnel can start all units at the
plant in parallel given physical plant or resource constraints.

Note:
PJM will utilize the above definitions for critical load in the 5 Year Black Start Selection Process
scheduled for 2018 for implementation in 2020. Following the selection of Black Start units that
would best meet these critical load requirements, cranking paths will be updated in TO system
restoration plans and the PJM Black Start database.
Off-site power should be restored as soon as possible to nuclear units, both units that had been
operating and those that were already off-line prior to system disturbance, without regard to
using these units for restoring customer load. Nuclear units that are taken off-line on a controlled
shutdown can normally be restored to service between 24 and 48 hours following the controlled
shutdown.
A list of critical substations that serve Gas Infrastructure critical load will be documented in the
Transmission Owner’s Restoration Manual.
Required Black Start = 110% (Critical Load requirement) on a locational basis
This will account for an average forced outage rate (5%) plus an allowance for additional,
unexpected Critical Load (5%). It is recognized that while this requirement is generally specified
on a TO zonal basis, that zones may be aggregated, as described in Section 9 (cross zonal
coordination) , such that the Black Start resources may physically lie in adjacent zones.
In addition, PJM recognizes the need for some redundancy in Black Start generation.
Redundancy allows for system restoration even if some Black Start resources are unavailable,
potential system damage precludes use of certain Black Start resources and also allows for
variance between Critical Load calculations and actual needs.
To achieve this redundancy:
• PJM will ensure a minimum of two Black Start resources are “allocated” to each
transmission zone with a Critical Load requirement. Note that the Black Start resources
are not required to be physically located within the zone to which they are allocated.
However, each zone must be able to identify within their system restoration plan
the two resources allocated to them during a system restoration. Exceptions to this
“two resource rule” will be allowed with PJM and System Operation Subcommittee-
Transmission (SOS-T) endorsement.
Black Start Resource Operators must maintain fuel to allow for 16 hours of run time or as
defined by the Transmission Owner restoration plan, whichever is less. Generator Operators
must notify PJM and Transmission Owners if a Black Start resource fuel level falls below these
values.
Also, per NERC Standard EOP-005-3, R13, each Generator Operator with a Blackstart
Resource shall notify its Transmission Operator of any known changes to the capabilities of that
Blackstart Resource affecting the ability to meet the Transmission Operator’s restoration plan
within 24 hours following such change.
Additionally, off-site power should be provided to Nuclear Generation consistent with the
timelines identified in the Transmission Owner’s Restoration Plan or NPIR agreements.
PJM, in collaboration with the TOs, will select Black Start units to meet Critical Load
requirements during the 5 year Black Start Selection process described in PJM Manual M-14D,
Generator Operational Requirements. PJM will utilize the Black Start Replacement Process,

as described in PJM Manual M-14D for changes to Black Start availability or Critical Load
requirements that occur within the 5 year period.
PJM, in its role as Transmission Operator (TOP), is responsible for selecting the Black Start
resources for a system restoration plan. PJM would work closely with the TOs to identify these
units based on:
• Critical Load requirements
• Available Black Start resources
• Minimum number of Black Start resources allocated to a zone
• Possible cross zonal coordination opportunities
PJM will utilize the start time parameters and test data to evaluate the Black Start resources
and whether these resources will meet the requirements of the restoration plans. PJM may
require some Black Start resources to adhere to less than a 3 hour start time given critical load
restoration timing requirements. These units will be notified of this timing requirement and tested
to it during annual Black Start testing. PJM recognizes that Black Start resources with three hour
start times may not appropriate to meet nuclear power off-site safe-shutdown load restoration
requirements. The target restoration time for off-site power to nuclear stations is 4 hours.
The TO will adjust its system restoration plan based on the Black Start units allocated to it from
this selection process. The TO has the option of procuring additional Black Start resources (if
not already procured by PJM), but the costs of these resources will be recovered, if necessary,
outside of the PJM Open Access Transmission Tariff (OATT).
Should there be a disagreement about the location, amount or number of Black Start
resources, or disagreement between the supplying TO, receiving TO or PJM about cross zonal
coordination, the following process will be followed:
• The parties involved would bring the issue to the SOS-T for consultation.
• If the parties continue to disagree, the issue would be referred to the Dispute Resolution
Process as detailed in Schedule 5 of the PJM Operating Agreement.
o General notification of initiation and result of Dispute Resolution process will be given
to the Operating Committee.
Underfrequency Islanding Schemes and Load Rejection Schemes are considered an

acceptable alternative to solely maintaining critical black start units, or can be utilized in
conjunction with critical black start units as a means to serve critical load during restoration.
A.1.3 Background
A. Restoration Targets / Assumptions:
A system assessment following a blackout is a critical first step in identifying an overall system
restoration time. While PJM and its Members work to restore the integrity to the interconnection
as quickly and safely as possible, there are a wide variety of factors that can influence a system
restoration. Following a system assessment, estimates of restoration times of the Bulk Electric
System (BES) transmission and customer load restoration estimates can more accurately be
made.
The following assumptions are applied to planning for a System Restoration:

• Total system blackout (no assistance from external systems).

• Normal weather pattern (not a result of a natural disaster or extreme weather).
• Intermediate to peak load level (marginal steam units hot).
• Minimal equipment damage (transmission/generation).
• Normal working hours (sufficient personnel located in field or on-call).
• Variables such as the current scheduling strategies, the amount of nuclear units
operating, load levels, weather conditions, equipment damage and the amount of direct
purchases may impact restoration times. Longer restoration times may result from
disturbances during off-peak hours or disturbances resulting from extreme weather
patterns. Faster restoration times may be possible dependent upon actual system
separation boundaries, the ability to import generation and status of equipment.
• Other high priority load which should be considered early in the restoration process
include:
o Cranking power to generation with greater than 4 hour start time.
o Power to electric infrastructure in accordance with timeframe defined in Section
4.1.7.
o Light and Power to restore critical substations (if applicable).
o Pumping plants for underground cable systems.
o Critical Communication Equipment.
o Critical command and control facilities.
o Underfrequency load shed circuits.
• Underfrequency load should be restored consistent with the guidelines contained in
Sections 2, 3, and 5 of the PJM Manual for System Restoration (M-36).
Black Start generation will not be specifically procured to meet these loads. Sufficient generation
should be available in the early stages of system restoration to restore these loads.
The Transmission Owner’s Restoration Plan will identify the importance of restoring these loads,
although the Transmission Owner may choose not to explicitly quantify; ensuring these loads
are restored as the restoration process progresses.
B. Selection of Critical Black Start Replacement
Minimum Critical Black Start Criterion—The minimum critical black start criterion is measured
against a transmission owner’s definition of critical load. If a transmission zone level of critical
black start falls below that transmission zones definition of critical load, additional existing black
start generation would need to be declared/compensated as critical black start or replacement
black start generation would need to be procured if there is insufficient pre-existing black start
capability (refer to the PJM Manual for Generator Operational Requirements (M-14D),
Section 10: Black Start Generation Procurement).
Variables for Critical Black Start Replacement—Determining the amount of critical black start
generation by transmission zone depends upon the physical characteristics of the units,

transmission system, and proximity of the critical black start generation to the critical load, as
well as the installed capacity and reactive capability of the critical black start generator.
The following variables should be considered when selecting the size and location of critical
black start replacement:
• Critical black start generation should be electrically dispersed within the Transmission
zone. The placement of critical black start units should:
o Provide sufficient redundancy within an electrical area to protect against equipment
failures, allowing the execution of the documented restoration plan.
o Ensure multiple transmission outlets, protecting against equipment damage.
o Ensure a minimum of 2 critical black start generators per Transmission Zone.
Note:
Replacement black start outside the boundaries of the Transmission Zone should be
considered.
• The following factors should be considered in ranking the benefits of replacement Black
Start Generation.
o Located at Plant – It is more beneficial to co-locate Black Start generation at a station
with multiple generators. Electrically close to Critical Load. Some consideration may
be given to location based on fuel diversity of critical steam.
o Start time of the Black Start unit.
o Sized appropriately (MW and MVAR lead/lag) – Black Start Generation must be
sized appropriately to provide sufficient MW to restore critical load and sufficient
MVAR capability for voltage control.
o Transmission outlet(s) / sufficient load for voltage control – Units that are not co-
located at a station should ensure multiple transmission outlets so that the Black
Start generation is not bottled in the event of equipment damage. Additionally, Black
Start generation size requirements may increase depending upon the electrical
closeness to critical steam in order to restore sufficient load to maintain voltage
control.
o Fuel Diversity – Restoration Plans should not rely too heavily on potential fuel limited
resources and should consider fuel diversity. Priority will be given to Black Start
generation that has dual fuel capability.

Attachment B: Restoration Forms
Exhibit 11: PJM Composite Initial Restoration Report
Web link to this form: http://www.pjm.com/~/media/documents/manuals/m36-reference-

materials/pjm-composite-initial-restoration-report.ashx

Exhibit 12: Company Initial Restoration Report

materials/company-initial-restoration-report.ashx

Exhibit 13: PJM Composite Hourly Restoration Report

materials/composite-hourly-restoration-report.ashx

Exhibit 14: Company Hourly Restoration Report
*May be required more often. Information to be compiled by TO operators for units within their
zone and submitted to PJM.
materials/company-hourly-generation-restoration-report.ashx

Exhibit 15: Company Transmission Restoration Report

materials/company-transmission-restoration-report.ashx

Exhibit 16: Interconnection Checklist

Exhibit 17: PJM Assumes Control

Attachment C: Conference Call Protocol
Attachment C: Conference Call Protocol

• Conference calls should be as brief as possible with only issues requiring immediate
attention being discussed.
• Each committee should designate an official leader for all conference calls, typically the
chairman of the committee.
• Conference calls should be conducted from a quiet location. Side conversations should
be prohibited to prevent distractions during calls. Conference call participants should
utilize phone muting capabilities, avoid the use of cell phones whenever possible, and
avoid placing the conference call on hold.
• When conference calls are conducted as joint calls between committees, there should
be a clear understanding of who the spokesperson is for each company.
• The leader should communicate an Agenda to the members prior to the call if time
permits. Otherwise, at the start of the meeting, the leader should announce the Agenda
and ask for additional Agenda items. It should be made clear that once the Agenda is
finalized, only items on the Agenda will be discussed.
• Status information, spreadsheets, or other text to be discussed during the conference
call should be e-mailed to participants prior to the call with sufficient lead time to allow for
delivery and review.
• Issues not relating to the group as a whole should be handled by a separate
communication between the involved parties.
• Committee members should make every attempt to enter the conference call by or prior
to the specified time of the call. The start of the call should not be delayed waiting for
participants to join.
• At the start of the call, the leader will initiate a roll call. At this time, it is the responsibility
of the individual committee members to announce and introduce any guests on the call.
• Guests should channel all comments through the committee members unless asked to
address a certain issue.
• All speakers should identify themselves when speaking.
• It’s the leader’s responsibility to encourage participation by all, while also keeping the
meeting on track.
• Silence does not indicate agreement. When voting on issues, the leader should poll each
committee member. It should be predetermined how much agreement is needed on an
issue for its approval.
• The meeting should be summarized by the leader highlighting all decisions, action items
and priorities. The next conference, if needed, should be set up at this time.
• In crisis situations, action items resulting from the conference call should be sent to
all committee members as soon as possible following the end of the call. In routine
situations, minutes should be sent out by the end of the following day.

Attachment D: Restoration Drill Guide

Purpose of Guide
To document procedures for simulating and, where practical, testing and verifying the plan
resources and procedures as well as PJM’s annual system restoration requirements and
goals (EOP-005-3 R6). This guide will also be used as to train operating personnel in the
implementation of the restoration plan. The training will include at least two annual simulated
exercises as required by EOP-006-3 R8.
Drill Logistics
PJM holds an RTO-wide restoration drill each spring. The drills are conducted utilizing the
Dispatcher Training Simulator (DTS). A team of PJM System Operators coordinate the
restoration efforts of all member companies, who operate from their offices, utilizing their
DTS, if available. The member companies coordinate with their field personnel. The bottom-
up approach to system restoration is emphasized during the drills on the DTS, such that it is
clearly demonstrated that critical black start units within each zone’s system restoration plan can
perform their intended function. System Operations Subcommittee (SOS) conference calls are
held periodically throughout the drill. A debrief and critique follows each drill. These drills are
one or two day events.
PJM will work with the System Restoration Coordinators Subcommittee to focus training and
drills on a variety of potential scenarios that could result from a system blackout and restoration.
In the Fall of each year, PJM hosts "individual” transmission zone drills at the PJM Milford
facility. For these drills, each Transmission Owner sends a team to PJM to drill on restoring its
system using PJM’s DTS or PJM System Operators travel to the TO DTS. The PJM System
Operators work side by side with the member operators in this effort. The top-down approach
to system restoration is emphasized. A debrief and critique follows each drill. Transmission
Owners test telecommunication facilities that are needed to implement their restoration plan as
part of the semi-annual PJM Restoration Drill if not done otherwise during the year.
In accordance with NERC standard EOP-006-3 R8 and R8.1:
• PJM expects participation in the Fall and Spring drills by all Transmission Owners with a
load serving obligation.
• PJM invites Generator Operators that are integral to the restoration plan to participate
in the Spring Restoration drills. This includes the Black Start unit operators, nuclear
generation operators and operators of critical load units. Other Generator Operators may
be invited as requested. Generator Operators participate from their respective control
rooms though in some cases may be in the member TO training rooms. The Generator
Operator will communicate with the TO and PJM operators during the drill regarding
issues of cranking power, unit startup and unit loading.
• PJM encourages Generator Operator participation in the Fall TO-specific drills, but does
not require it.
Transmission Owner restoration plans are tested on at least a semi-annual basis, consistent
with the PJM Restoration Drill schedule. As part of the drill post-assessment, PJM and
Transmission Owners verify the plan resources and procedures. Additional Transmission Owner

simulations or tabletop exercises are conducted to ensure Transmission Owner personnel are
familiar with PJM and Transmission Owner restoration plans.
Transmission Owner Training Staff retain personnel training records that demonstrate PJM
Certified operating personnel have been trained annually in the implementation of restoration
concepts and the PJM and Transmission Owner restoration plans (EOP-005-3 R8). Training
records are provided to PJM on an annual basis or as requested.
PJM and Transmission Owners verify the restoration procedure during the semi-annual PJM
System Restoration Drill and internal drills. Transmission Owners review and update their
restoration plans at least annually and whenever it makes changes in the power system
network, and shall correct deficiencies found during the simulated restoration exercises.
Drill Objectives
A set of objectives for each restoration drill is set for that specific drill. These objectives are
proposed by the System Restoration Coordinator Subcommittee (SRCS), and approved by the
SOS. The following are the typical drill objectives:
• Foster a greater understanding between the company and PJM System Operators as to
the responsibilities and functions of each group during a restoration.
• Utilize both the top-down and bottom-up approach during the drill, understanding that
initial actions will have to be bottom-up for companies that are blacked-out and isolated
(all of PJM).
• PJM will take a proactive approach in identifying opportunities to assist TO in the
restoration process. PJM will coordinate restoration opportunities at the Shift Supervisor
level.
• Direct the restoration of all available 765 kV and 500 kV transmission facilities.
• Target restoration of at least one offsite source for safe shutdown to all nuclear units
within 4 hours.
• PJM to facilitate all interactions and schedules with outside pools.
• Coordinate the restoration process with fuel-limited or unavailable generation and
possibly damaged transmission equipment.
• To facilitate training and familiarization of transmission owner restoration plans for PJM
System Operators.
Example Drill Scenarios

Each drill has a specific scenario developed by the SRCS, and approved by the SOS. The
following is an example of a spring scenario:
PJM will have experienced a complete system shutdown. The disturbance will have occurred as
follows:
0658 hours—A major ice storm moved into the PJM territory during the early morning hours,
and steadily intensified. West to East transfers were high. Several transmission lines were lost
simultaneously, resulting in the separation of PJM from the Eastern Interconnection. It was
not initially known which transmission facility was the initiating event. The cascading outages

caused stability problems at several generating stations. Several major units were lost over the
next two minutes.
0700 hours—Due to low frequency, the PJM island collapses. The status of PJM’s neighbors is
unclear.
Generation / Transmission / Details
The drill will utilize the generation and transmission outages that exist on the day of the drill. Any
facilities unavailable on that date will also be unavailable for the drill.
Interchange Details
In the Spring scenario, initially, no outside assistance will be available. This will require all
companies to begin the drill utilizing a bottom-up approach only. Should outside assistance
become available as the drill progresses, those opportunities will be presented to the affected
companies on a case by case basis.
In a fall scenario, the drilling transmission zone would have separated from the RTO. The
disturbance will extend into neighboring zones to varying degrees, based upon specific drill
objectives.
Drill Summary / Synopsis
The PJM Drill Coordinator or designee will document drill results for the System-wide drill and
provide a debrief at the following committees:
• System Restoration Coordinators Subcommittee
• Dispatcher Training Subcommittee
• System Operations Subcommittee
• Nuclear Generation Owner/Operator Users Group

Attachment E: Communications, Protocols and Testing
Attachment E: Communications, Protocols and Testing

PJM will periodically test its telecommunication facilities needed to implement the restoration
plan. This testing will include the following:
• Participation in weekly updates of PJM satellite communications equipment as required
in Manual 01 and outlined in the PJM satellite phone test procedures.
• PJM EMS Communications failover tests as outlined in the PJM operating memos.
• PJM Transmission Owners, Transmission Operators (AEP and ITCI), and Black start
Generator Operators shall periodically test their telecommunications facilities which
are critical to implementing the black start plan. The following types of communications
should be considered in annual testing or during the annual restoration drills:
o systems to communicate with PJM and black start units
o telecommunications systems such as radio, fax, and microwave systems to
communicate with crews

Attachment F: Transmission Owner Special Procedures
Attachment F: Transmission Owner Special Procedures

Neptune RTS Emergency Restoration
• Neptune RTS operates as a “single system”. All in-service Neptune components from
the Raritan River Substation to the Newbridge Road Substation work together and the
loss of a major element within the system will force Neptune to shut down.
• Alternately, the Neptune RTS system cannot operate without the three phase
interconnecting AC systems (Raritan River Sub and Newbridge Road) being in service.
o In the case of LIPA, there is some minimum level of system integrity (combination of
transmission and generation) that must be in service before restarting Neptune.
• When Neptune RTS is out of service, either due to internal or external factors, Neptune
RTS operations utilizes the standard return to service operating steps (found within the
COI) to prepare Neptune for operation.
o Neptune will notify PJM of the plants availability and await dispatch orders.
Linden VFT Emergency Restoration

• Linden VFT operates as a “single system”. All in-service Linden components from the
VFT ST Substation to the Linden Cogen work together and the loss of a major element
within the system will force it to shut down.
• Alternately, the Linden VFT system cannot operate without the three phase
interconnecting AC systems (VFT ST Sub and Linden Cogen) being in service.
o In the case of ConEd, there is some minimum level of system integrity (combination
of transmission and generation) that must be in service before restarting Linden.
• When Linden VFT is out of service, either due to internal or external factors, Linden VFT
operations utilizes the standard return to service operating steps (found within the COI)
to prepare Linden for operation.
o Linden will notify PJM of the plants availability and await dispatch orders.

Attachment G: Coordination of Restoration Plan with PJM Internal and External
Neighboring Entities - PJM Approval Process for TO Restoration Plans
Attachment G: Coordination of Restoration Plan with PJM Internal

and External Neighboring Entities - PJM Approval Process for TO
Restoration Plans
G-1 Overview of Coordination Process
PJM, as well as its neighboring entities have a primary function/obligation to maintain the
integrity of the Eastern Interconnection and to prevent any unplanned separation of this system.
However, once a large scale event does occur, these respective entities must be prepared to
react and adapt to the dynamic environment of restoration operations.
Fundamental to re-establishing system integrity between neighboring entities is effective
communications/coordination that allows each party to better understand the nature of
the problem as well as how one party’s activities may impact another neighbors. These
communications must be a continuous and evolving process tailored to the demands of the
event. Regardless of the situation, PJM will coordinate with its neighboring entities the following
minimum functions:
Pre-Event Coordination
1. Complete annual reviews and updates to restoration plans. Changes should be
uploaded using eDART. PJM and its Member TO’s will utilize its coordination checklist to
highlight manual changes during the process of coordinating these updates.
2. PJM will approve submitted TO restoration plans through eDART and allow TOs access
to other TO restoration plans if the TO has completed the CEII request form and Non-
Disclosure Agreement in accordance with CEII procedure.
Post Event Coordination

1. Initial Assessment
a. Extent and Condition of Isolated Area
b. Damage to Equipment that might impact later coordination
2. Initial Strategy
a. Discuss possible points of synchronization and steps needed to be ready for same
b. Updates to the strategy as steps of the restoration plan are implemented
3. Coordination of Interchange Schedules with neighboring BA’s
4. Ability to Provide and or receive assistance
5. Confirmation of Coordination Protocols (i.e., identification of Liaisons and their numbers)
6. Synchronization Methods/Locations/Assistance
To avoid confusion associated with PJM directly contacting a neighboring entity, PJM will
predominately use the RCIS to communicate these details to its neighboring RC’s with the
expectation that unless direct coordination is required with a neighboring TOP, our neighboring
RC’s will disseminate this information.

In addition, PJM will incorporate the restoration plans of internal Transmission Operators (AEP
and ITCI) and monitor and coordinate their plans with other PJM internal and external areas.
Purpose: PJM updates and coordinates its restoration plan with the Generator Operators
(GOP) and Distribution Providers within its footprint and as well with its neighboring Reliability
Coordinators (RC), and Transmission Operators (TOP) as required by NERC EOP-006 R2.
This process ensures PJM’s effective coordination of its Restoration Plan both internally and
externally to its neighboring entities. This process has three key elements:
1. Restoration Plan Coordination Checklist (Section G-2) - This coordination checklist
will facilitate an active discussion and PJM approval on the pertinent EOP-005-3
Requirement 1 elements with the respective parties.
2. Annual Coordination Timeline (Section G-3) – this timeline will generate the required
updates and coordination at a minimum on an annual basis.
3. Dynamic Study and Emergent Restoration Plan Updates (Section G-4) – this
process describes required updates to restoration plans based on planned or unplanned
system changes
G-2 Restoration Plan Coordination/Approval Checklist

Purpose: As per Requirement 2 of EOP-005-3 and Requirement 2 of EOP-006-3, this checklist
is intended to ensure coordination with our neighboring RC / TOP and the appropriate internal
PJM registered entities by providing detailed references to any changes and enhancements
to our restoration plans. It also provides a mechanism for PJM in its role as RC to approve TO
System Restoration Plans.
Process: PJM and the PJM TO will distribute this checklist with each update to System
Restoration Plans. The completed checklist will be uploaded through eDART along with
the Restoration Plan. PJM will distribute M-36 updates to neighboring entity contacts, PJM
Operating Committee, and PJM System Operations Subcommittee.
Registered Entity
(Name of Company and Functional Model Responsibility)
Point of Contact:
(Name, Position/Title and Department)
Phone Number:
e-Mail:
(TO Plan Contact)
Effective Date of
Restoration Plan
Date submitted to PJM

for approval (must be 30
days prior to Effective

Registered Entity
Date for the Annual
Update)
PJM approval indicates that the plan has been reviewed and
accepted and is compatible with the RC restoration plan and other TO
Restoration Plans as per EOP-006, R5.1. Any required changes are
communicated to plan owner. The PJM approval will be provided via
the eDART tool.
Coordination Item Reference Page #
When was the Restoration Plan last updated: (Date)

1
Reason for this update:

2 □ Annual Review (Complete all questions)
□ Planned BES modification (Complete items 1-3 and 5-6 only)
Restoration Plan must be updated prior to equipment being energized if it impacts the
implementation of the restoration plan
□ Unplanned permanent BES modification (Complete items 1-3 and 5-6 only)
Date of unplanned permanent BES modification ______________
(Restoration Plan must be updated within 90 days of this date)
□ Other
Comments:
3 Relationships and Responsibilities: Were there any significant changes to the plan’s
identified responsibilities and relationships, since the last update?
□ No
□ Yes
Comments:
4 Restoration Plan Components: Verify that the Restoration Plan includes the following
components (per R1 of EOP-005-3) and list the page number where it can be found or an
explanation as to why the component was not included. This item is only required for the
Annual Review.
R1.1 Strategies for system restoration that are Reference Page #

coordinated with the Reliability Coordinator’s high level
strategy for restoring the Interconnection
□ Included


□ Not Included
Reason for not including:
R1.2 A description of how all Agreements or mutually Reference Page #

agreed upon procedures or protocols for off-site power
requirements of nuclear power plants, including priority of
restoration, will be fulfilled during System restoration.
□ Included
□ Not Included
R1.3 Procedures for restoring interconnections with other Reference Page #

Transmission (Owners)/Operators under the direction of
the Reliability Coordinator.
Documented in M-36, Section 3.1.6 and 7.2 (Optional for
TO plan)
□ Included
□ Not Included
R1.4 Identification of each Blackstart Resource and its Reference Page #

characteristics including but not limited to the following:
the name of the Blackstart Resource, location, megawatt
and mvar capacity and type of unit.
□ Included
□ Not Included
R1.5 Identification of Cranking Paths and initial switching Reference Page #

requirements between each Blackstart Resource and the
unit(s) to be started.
□ Included
□ Not Included

R1.6 Identification of acceptable operating voltage and Reference Page #

frequency limits during restoration.
□ Included
□ Not Included
R1.7 Operating Processes to reestablish connections Reference Page #

within the Transmission (Owner) Operator’s System
for areas that have been restored and are prepared for
reconnection.
Documented in M-36, Section 7.2 (Optional for TO plans)
□ Included
□ Not Included
R1.8 Operating Processes to restore Loads required Reference Page #

to restore the System, such as station service for
substations, units to be restarted or stabilized, the Load
needed to stabilize generation and frequency, and provide
voltage control.
Documented in M-36, Section 3.1.5 and 7.1 (Optional for

TO plans)
□ Included
□ Not Included
R1.9 Operating Processes for transferring authority Reference Page #

back to the Balancing Authority in accordance with the
Reliability Coordinator’s criteria.
Documented in M-36, Section 3.1.7 (Optional for TO

plans)
□ Included
□ Not Included

5 R2 - Restoration Plan coordination: Have all entities Reference Page #

identified in the restoration plan been provided with a
description of any changes to their roles and specific
tasks prior to the implementation date of the plan?
□ Yes
□ No
Comments:
6 R5 – Restoration Plan availability: Are copies of this plan available within your primary
and backup control rooms prior to the effective date of this plan?
□ Yes
□ No
Comments:
G-3 Annual Coordination Timeline

Transmission Owners will submit their System Restoration plans to PJM for review and approval
based on the criteria below:
• Annual Updates based on schedule in Table 1 below (per EOP-005-3 R3).
• Planned BES modifications affecting restoration plan (System Restoration Plan must be
updated and approved prior to implementation of planned modification) (see G-4) (per
EOP-005-3 R4.2).
• Unplanned permanent System modification affecting restoration plan (System
Restoration Plan must be updated and approved within 90 calendar days of identification
of unplanned modification) (see G-4) (per EOP-005-3 R4.1).
• Modifications required based on Lessons Learned by Spring or Fall System Restoration
Drills.
Annual updates of Restoration Plans will be submitted through eDART based on the schedule in
Table 1 to allow PJM adequate time to review and approve the plan.
Company TO submits PJM reviews TO publishes TO Restoration

plan to PJM for plan, comments approved plan Plan
approval (T-30 days) and approves (T-15 days) effective date
(T-15 days)
PJM Committee approval N/A June 1 June 15

April/May


(T-15 days)
RECO January 1 January 15 January 15-30 January 31
PS December 1 December 15 December 15-31 January 1
PECO December 1 December 15 December 15-31 January 1
AE December 1 December 15 December 15-31 January 1
DPL February 1 February 15 February 15-28 March 1
PPL May 31 June 15 June 15-30 June 30
UGI June 10 June 25 June 25 – July 10 July 10
FE - East March 1 March 15 March 15-31 March 31
BGE May 1 May 15 May 15-31 June 1
PEPCO June 1 June 15 June 15-30 July 1
SMECO January 1 January 15 January 15-31 February 1
DOM June 1 June 15 June 15-30 July 1
FE-South March 1 March 15 March 15-31 March 31
DLCO May 1 May 15 May 15-31 June 1
DAY March 1 March 15 March 15-31 April 1
AEP July 1 July 15 July 15-31 August 1
COMED December 1 December 15 December 15-31 January 1
Rochelle December 1 December 15 December 15-31 January 1
FE-West March 1 March 15 March 15-31 March 31
CPP March 1 March 16 June 16-30 March 31
DEOK October 1 October 15 October 15-30 November 1
EKPC October 1 October 15 October 15-31 November 1
Rock June 1 June 15 June 15-30 July 1

Springs
ITCI March 1 March 15 March 15-31 April 1
OVEC May 1 May 15 May 15-31 June 1


(T-15 days)
DOE November 1 November 15 November 15-30 December 1

PORTS
Neptune June 1 June 15 June 15-30 July 1
Linden June 1 June 15 June 15-30 July 1
Hudson June 1 June 15 June 15-30 July 1
AMPT December 1 December 15 December 15-30 December 31
Silver Run May 1 May 15 May 15-30 May 31

Electric
Table 1 – Annual Restoration Plan Review Deadlines

PJM will electronically provide updates of PJM Manuals 13 and 36 related to system restoration
plans with requested acknowledgment of receipts by neighboring TOPs, and RCs within 30
calendar days of revision per EOP-006-3 R2. The receipts will be tracked and used to:
1. Follow-up with neighboring systems to coordinate receipt and understanding of
document changes;
2. Serve as evidence of compliance that EOP plans and updates were appropriately
provided to neighboring systems; and
3. Establish contacts for inclusion in training and drills.
Procedure:
1. Changes to PJM’s emergency operations plans (including but not limited to Manuals
13 and 36) shall be sent electronically to all neighboring RCs and TOPs (and BAs as
appropriate) with an electronic receipt request within 30 calendar days of revision per
EOP-006-3 R2.
2. The transmittal will include PJM contact information for any questions by our neighbors
and for any corresponding changes that may result to our neighbors’ emergency
operations or restoration plans.
3. The receipts will also be used to track acknowledgement for follow-up of contact
information for neighboring systems.
External RC Restoration Plan Review

In support of EOP-006-3 R4, PJM will review their neighboring Reliability Coordinator’s
restoration plans and identify any conflicts with the PJM restoration plan. PJM will provide
written notification if conflicts are identified during this review, within 60 calendar days of receipt.

Additionally, PJM will work with the neighboring RC to resolve any conflicts within 30 calendar
days of receipt of written notification (per EOP-006-3 R4.1).
G-4 Dynamic Study and Emergent Restoration Plan Updates
In addition to the annual update process described in Attachment G-3, other system events will
require updates to System Restoration plans in accordance with EOP-005-3, R4 and dynamics
studies in accordance with EOP-005-3, R6.
Table 2 below summarizes these situations and provides guidance on which events require
update to System Restoration plans and dynamic studies as well as expected timeframes for
when these activities should take place.
PJM Black Start Study and Restoration Plan Update Guidelines
Event Event Description Dynamic Study Required Restoration Plan Update

# Required
1 New Black Start Unit- Yes - develop cranking paths Yes - prior to Black Start unit
Incremental RFP- 5 and complete studies (prior to or cross zonal solution going
Year RTO wide RFP- Black Start unit or cross zonal into service
Interim Cross zonal solution going into service)
solution
2 Replacement Black If needed due to different unit Yes - prior to replacement

Start Unit (Same Site) characteristics or connection black start unit into service
bus (prior to BS unit going into
service)
3 Black Start Unit Only if there is no other studied Yes - prior to unit retirement
Retirement or path to critical load (prior to or terminated
Termination retirement or termination)
4 New Critical Load Unit Yes - include in Restoration Yes - during Annual Update
Plan Annual Update - develop (1 month prior)
cranking paths with TOs and
complete studies
5 Critical Load Unit Only if critical load unit is used Yes - prior to unit retirement
Retirement to feed other critical load a.k.a.
"daisychaining" (prior to unit
retirement)
6 Unplanned Permanent Only if it impact a cranking path Yes - updates need to

Change impacting (No later than 90 days after be made within 90 days
Restoration Plan unplanned permanent change of unplanned permanent
occurs) change
7 Planned BES Yes - annual Restoration Plan Yes - if implementation of a

Transmission Change Update or as-needed planned BES modification
changes the implementation
of a restoration plan. To be

PJM Black Start Study and Restoration Plan Update Guidelines

complete prior to in-service.
(Cut-in process)
8 Unplanned/ No No
Planned Temporary
Change(i.e.
maintenance outage)
Table 2 – PJM Black Start Study and Restoration Plan Update Guidelines
For Event 6 and 7, System Restoration Plan changes are required when there are changes to
the implementation of the restoration plan based on unplanned permanent System modifications
(within 90 calendar days) or prior to implementing a planned BES modification.
Process for Planned BES changes that impact Restoration Plan
• The “BlackStart” section of eDART is used to manage the Restoration Plan Update process.
• PJM will flag all “cut-in” eDART tickets for review by the TO to determine if the change requires
update to the TO restoration plan.
• If the cut-in impacts the implementation of the restoration plan, the TO will upload a
revised restoration plan and checklist (in G-2) through eDART for PJM approval prior to
the implementation of the BES modification. If possible, updated restoration plans should
be submitted 14 days prior to cut-in equipment energization to allow PJM sufficient time
to review and approve updated plan.
• If the cut-in does not impact the implementation of the restoration plan, the TO will select
“No Update Required” in eDART.
• eDART “Cut-In” tickets should be reviewed by the TO well prior to their expected energization
date to allow for sufficient time for the TO review of the cut-in impacts to the implementation of
the restoration plan, allow sufficient time to update the restoration plan if required, and allow
sufficient time (14 days) for PJM to review and approve the updated restoration plan.
• “Cut-In” tickets can be viewed in the queue in the “Pending Restoration Plans” screen of
eDART to allow users to review “Cut-In” tickets ahead of time.
• “Cut-In” tickets will not be energized upon completion of the outage if there has not been
action taken to review the restoration plan and update if required.
• If a “Cut-In” ticket is included in a restoration plan update more than 15 days in the
future, PJM recommends that the “Cut-In” be included in a separate update OR note
in the plan that the update is scheduled for the future and include the expected date of
energization.

Attachment H: Under Frequency Load Shed (UFLS) Tables


Revision History
Revision History
Revision 27 (12/03/2019):
• Update for FERC Order 814 Electric Storage Resource Participation Model
• Attachment A: A.1.2 Minimum Critical Black Start Requirements
o Updated exception to critical cranking power to include non-hydro energy storage
resources
Administrative Change (6/27/2019):

• Updated effective date of revision 26 from 6/20/2019 to 6/27/2019 to align posting and
effective dates.
Revision 26 (06/27/2019):
• Cover to cover annual review. Changed terminologies and corrected grammar
throughout.
• Throughout: Updated NERC standard references from EOP-005-2 and EOP-006-2 to
EOP-005-3 and EOP-006-3.
• References Section: Removed TO/EOP-005 mapping link and replaced with TO/TOP
Matrix site.
• 3.1.7 and 7.2: Added section description and purpose statements.
• Attachment F: Changed title from Transmission Owner and Black Start Supporting
Documentation References to Transmission Owner Special Procedures. Removed
language in reference to training record, black start database, and Transmission Owner
plan reference to EOP-005-2.
• Attachment G: Added coordination review with neighbors in case of conflicts with a
particular restoration plan. Modified distribution list for M-36. Added DOE PORTS to
Table 1.
• Attachment H: Updated attachment with new UFLS data.
• Attachment I: Deleted attachment which had specified M-36 Sections corresponding to
EOP-005 and EOP-006 Requirements.
Revision 25 (06/08/2018):
• Cover to Cover Annual Periodic Review
• Updated Manual Owner to Rich Brown
• Section 6.1.7 – Added clarifying language for “equivalent frequency control systems”
• Section 7.2.1 Synchronizing Process Phases – added clarification around use of
synchro-check relay as recommended by the PJM Relay Subcommittee
• Section 8.1 – System Restoration Plan Guidelines
o Updated Exhibit 10 Generation Information Template

Revision History
o Clarifying this table is required in TO restoration plan as an appendix

o Clarification around use of synchro-check relay for synchronizing
• Attachment A – Minimum Critical Black Start Requirement
o Clarification around Note for Critical load units
o Clarification on dates for Blackstart RFP process
o Updated fuel storage requirement to 16 hours to match what is in Schedule 6A of
OATT
o Clarifying language around preference for dual fuel capability in Black Start RFP
process
• Attachment F – Transmission Owner and Black Start Supporting Documentation
References
o Annual Update
• Attachment G – Coordination of Restoration Plan with PJM Internal and External
Neighboring Entities – PJM Approval Process for TO Restoration Plans
o Clarifying language around updates to Restoration Plans based on “Cut-In” outage
tickets
o Updated OVEC Annual Update date to June 1
• Attachment H – Under Frequency Load Shed (UFLS) Tables
o Annual Update
Revision 24 (06/09/2017):
• Cover to Cover Period Review
• Change “Generation Owner/MOC dispatcher” to “Generator Operator” throughout
manual to match NERC terminology
• Updated “About PJM Manuals” section in the Introduction to reflect revisions on
pjm.com. Added Generator Operator to Intended Audience section of Introduction.
• Section 1.1 – Removed references to EOP-009 and EOP-007-RFC-01 as these
standards have been retired
• Section 7.1.2 – Clarifications to Minimum Source Guidelines. Removal of Exhibit 10,
Locations of Synchronization Devices due to this information being in the TO restoration
plans
• Section 8.1 – Restoration Plan Guidelines. Added template for Generation Information
(Exhibit 10) for inclusion in TO System Restoration Plans
• Attachment A: Minimum Critical Black Start Requirement – Removed references to
System Restoration Strategy Sr. Task Force
• Attachment B: Restoration Forms – Exhibit 14 and 15 – Updated email address to mail
forms. Added OVEC

Revision History
• Attachment D: Restoration Drill Guide – Changed required participation of Generator

Operators to the Spring restoration drill.
• Attachment F: Transmission Owner and Black Start Supporting Documentation
References – Updated table in Figure 1
• Attachment G: Coordination of Restoration Plan with PJM Internal and External
Neighboring Entities – PJM Approval Process for TO Restoration Plans – Added detail
to section G-4 on process for updating restoration plans based on changes to BES
equipment
• Updated dates for First Energy, RECO, BGE, OVEC and ITCI annual update
Revision 23 (06/10/2016):
• Annual Review per EOP-005-2, R3 and EOP-006-2, R3
• Minor formatting changes throughout
• Consistency in title “Transmission Owner operator” and “Generation Owner/MOC
dispatcher” throughout manual
• Section 3.1.2 Clarification of responsibilities for report submittals and communications
• Section 3.1.7 Clarification on load shedding during system restoration
• Section 4.1.1 Additional detail on communication protocols during system restoration
• Section 6.2.1 Clarification on responsibility for tabulation of unit status
• Section 7.2.1 Update Exhibit 10. Added clarifying requirement on establishment of tie
schedule between interconnected areas
• Section 8 Minor clarifications and updated references
• Attachment A Noted that critical nuclear safe shutdown power is defined in NPIRs.
Updated dates for Black Start RTO wide RFP. Removed transitional process verbiage.
Added EOP-005-2, R-15 requirement on notification of change to Black Start unit ability
to meet TO restoration plan within 24 hours.
• Attachment B Added SMECO to Exhibits 11 and 13.
• Attachment D Change from System Restoration Coordinators Task Force to
Subcommittee.
• Attachment F Updated Figure 1 – TO restoration document references
• Attachment G Clarification of eDART Restoration Plan coordination process. Clarification
on completion of Attachment G-2. Added SMECO and ITCI to annual update timeline.
Changed EKPC annual update timeline.
• Added new subsection G-4 Dynamic Study and Restoration Plan Updates
• Attachment H – Updated Under Frequency Load Shed Table
Revision 22 (06/15/2015):

Revision History
• Formatting and clarifying changes to Sections 2.3, 3.1.5, 3.1.6, 6.1.4, 7.1.2 and 7.2
• Sections 3.1.7 and 3.1.8 – Added more detail to when PJM Assumes Control and when
PJM Returns to Normal Operation in response to feedback from Spring Restoration Drill
• Section 7 – Annual Update of Exhibit 10 “PJM Table of Major Synchronization Devices”
• Section 8.1.9 – Added guidance on completion of Interconnection Checklist
• Section 8.1.11 – Deleted section on System Control Progress
• Attachment B – Minor updates to Restoration Forms
• Attachment F – Figure 1 “TO Restoration Document References” updated based on
latest TO restoration plans
• Attachment H – Under Frequency Load Shed (UFLS) Table updated based on updated
load values
Revision 21 (12/05/2014):
• Removed Section A.1.3 Reliability Backstop Options from Attachment A
Revision 20 (06/16/2014):
• Changed Control Area to Balancing Authority throughout document
• Section 7.1.2 – Renaming of Minimum Source Requirements to Minimum Source
Guidelines and clarification on their use
• Section 7 – Annual Update of Exhibit 10 “PJM Table of Major Synchronization Devices”
• Attachment A – Documented exceptions to the calculation of critical load as approved by
System Restoration Strategy Task Force
• Attachment D – Added expectations of Generation Owners and Transmission Owners for
participation in PJM sponsored Restoration Drills
• Attachment F – Figure 1 “TO Restoration Document References” updated based on
latest TO restoration plans
• Attachment G – Table 1 updated to reflect adjustments to First Energy Restoration Plan
annual update and addition of Rock Springs
• Attachment H – Under Frequency Load Shed (UFLS) Table updated based on updated
load values
Revision 19 (06/20/2013):
• Annual Review
• Minor grammatical adjustments throughout manual
• Rewrite of Attachment G to conform with EOP-005-2
• Update to Exhibits 16 (Interconnection Checklist) to make consistent across Eastern
Interconnection

Revision History
• Updated Attachment H – Underfrequency load shed tables
Revision 18 (04/01/2013):
Incorporated changes related to system restoration strategy revisions developed by the System
Restoration Strategy Senior Task Force. These include:
• Minor updates to section 6.2, cranking power
• Minor updates to section 8.1.1 Ascertaining System Status
• Created new section 9 on Cross Zonal Coordination
• Major edits to Attachment A to reflect changes in critical load definition, Black Start
requirements and the reliability backstop process.
• Minor changes to Attachment D – Drill Guide
Revision 17 (12/20/2012):
• Updated to reflect EKPC integration:
• Section 7, Exhibit 10: Locations of Synchronization Devices
• Exhibits 11 and 13
• Figure 1 in Attachment F
• Table 1 in Attachment G
• Appendix 4 in Attachment G
• Attachment H: Under Frequency Load Shed Tables
• Removal of references to System Restoration target times in Section 3.1 and Attachment
A
Revision 16 (08/14/2012):
• Annual Review of Manual
• Replaced Local Control Center with Transmission Owner
• Removed references to Load Serving Entities
• Updated Figure 1 in Attachment F
• Updated Attachment H: Under Frequency Load Shed Tables
• Removed references to OVEC as PJM is no longer the Reliability Coordinator for OVEC
• Added UGI to Exhibits 11 and 13
• Expanded on definitions of Cranking Paths in Section 6.2
• Minor grammatical and formatting changes throughout
Revision 15 (08/17/2011):
• Annual Review of entire Manual

Revision History
• Minor formatting changes

• Update of Attachment F and added DEOK
• Updated Attachment B - Initial and Hourly Restoration Reports (added DEOK)
• Updated Attachment G – TO Coordination Checklist (Table 1) (added DEOK)
• Updated Table 1- PJM Table of Major Synchronization Devices(added DEOK)
Revision 14 (04/27/2011):
• Updated Attachment B – Initial and Hourly Restoration Reports
• Updated Attachment F – Figure 1 TO Restoration Document References
• Updated Attachment G – TO Coordination Checklist (Table 1)
• Updated Attachment H – UFLS Table
• Updated Table 1 – PJM Table of Major Synchronization Devices
Revision 13 (11/01/2010):
• Add Reliability Coordinator language to section 3.1.9
• Added Attachment H – UFLS Table
• Updated Attachment F
• Updated Table 1- PJM Table of Major Synchronization Devices
Revision 12 (01/01/2010):
• Section 6.1.4 - added - Black Start unit operators should not permit their fuel inventory
for Critical Black start CTs to fall below 10 hours - if it falls below this level, unit operators
shall notify PJM and place the unit in Max Emergency.
• Clarified language in Sections 3.1.5 and 7.2.1 that PJM must both approve and
coordinate synchronization
Revision 11 (10/05/2009):
• Additional language on annual communications system testing
• Additional language on coordination with Internal TOPs
• Additional clarifying language on TO/TOP responsibilities
Revision 10 (June 30, 2009):

• This update is part of the annual review and update and includes updated references to
transmission owner restoration documentation which has been updated for changes in
the transmission system as well as changes found during the annual drills
• The manual has been updated with paragraph numbering for easier reference
• References to the table at Attachment F – transmission owner restoration
documentation.

Revision History

• Corrections made to the table at attachment F and to Table 1 – table of major
synchronization devices

• Updates to overview section to describe relationship between PJM restoration plan and
transmission owner / TO detailed documentation
• Updates to attachments to revise transmission owner documentation references
• Updates to attachments to reference black start database
• Added synchronization table
Revision 7 (1/11/2008):
• Updated language to align existing restoration procedures with NERC EOP language.
• Added language to reference confidential portions (non-posted) of PJM Restoration Plan
• Added EOP checklist as an attachment
Revision 6 (5/25/2007)
• Clarifying statements added with respect to PJM and Member Company Actions based
on NERC EOP-005.
Revision 5 (05/16/2007)
• PJM will provide RFC on an annual basis a copy of the Blackstart Capability Plan
and associated list of units designated as blackstart capable for Inclusion in the RFC
Blackstart Database per NERC standard EOP-009-0 and RFC standard EOP-004-0,
“System Restoration Plans.”
• Control area to control area replaced with Balancing Authority
• Spinning replaced with synchronous
• Section 2 Disturbance Conditions
• Internal with Separation
• PJM procedures require that each Generation owner may take independent actions to
protect its generating plant equipment and preserve as much load as possible during
separations with the following guidelines for the different control zones
• List of zones
Revision 4 (02/27/2007)
• Section 8: System Restoration Plan Guidelines—Revised to clarify existing PJM system
restoration procedures for better alignment with RFC standards.
• Attachment D: Restoration Drill Guide—Minor revision to clarify existing PJM restoration
drill procedures for better alignment with RFC standards.

Revision History
• Introduction trimmed to eliminate redundant information.

• List of PJM Manuals exhibit removed, with directions given to PJM Web site where all
the manuals can be found. All other exhibits renumbered.
• Revision History permanently moved to the end of the manual.
Revision 3 (5/17/2006)
• Incorporated concept of “Minimum Critical Black Start Criteria” as Attachment A.
Removed former Attachment A and Attachment B (located in PJM Emergency
Procedures Manual (M-13) and relettered all subsequent attachments.
Revision 2 (11/01/05)
• Reorganized document by subject matter, creating new sections. Included Restoration
Drill Document as attachment. Revised Restoration Forms. Deleted forms contained in
Manual 13.
Revision 1 (5/01/05)
• Miscellaneous editorial corrections and removal of Appendix 7 and Attachment E, which
are already contained in Manual M-13.
Revision 0 (10/01/04)
• Initial version of the manual, composed of Sections 6 and 8 of Manual M-13, Rev 18.

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PJM Manual 36:

Section 2: Disturbance Conditions.........................................................14

Section 3: System Restoration............................................................... 18

Revision: 28, Effective Date: 06/22/2020 PJM © 2020 2

4.1.2 Notifications and Contacts..............................................................................36

Section 5: Reserves during Restoration................................................41

Section 8: System Restoration Plan Guidelines................................... 55

Revision: 28, Effective Date: 06/22/2020 PJM © 2020 3

8.1.7 Transmission Owners Interconnect................................................................ 60

Section 9: Cross Zonal Coordination.....................................................63

Attachment A: Minimum Critical Black Start Requirement.................. 68

Attachment B: Restoration Forms..........................................................73

Attachment C: Conference Call Protocol...............................................80

Attachment D: Restoration Drill Guide.................................................. 81

Attachment E: Communications, Protocols and Testing..................... 84

Attachment F: Transmission Owner Special Procedures.....................85

Attachment G: Coordination of Restoration Plan with PJM Internal

Attachment H: Under Frequency Load Shed (UFLS) Tables................ 96

Revision: 28, Effective Date: 06/22/2020 PJM © 2020 4

Exhibit 5: Restoration Process....................................................................................... 20

Exhibit 6: Load Shedding Example................................................................................ 30

Exhibit 7: Transmission Line Charging...........................................................................49

Exhibit 8: EHV Energization Guidelines - Information Unavailable................................ 52

Exhibit 9: EHV Energization Guidelines - Information Available.................................... 52

Exhibit 10: Generation Information Template................................................................. 56

Exhibit 11: PJM Composite Initial Restoration Report................................................... 73

Exhibit 12: Company Initial Restoration Report............................................................. 74

Exhibit 13: PJM Composite Hourly Restoration Report................................................. 75

Exhibit 14: Company Hourly Restoration Report........................................................... 76

Exhibit 15: Company Transmission Restoration Report................................................ 77

Exhibit 16: Interconnection Checklist............................................................................. 78

Exhibit 17: PJM Assumes Control..................................................................................79

Revision: 28, Effective Date: 06/22/2020 PJM © 2020 5

Revision: 28, Effective Date: 06/22/2020 PJM © 2020 6

Revision: 28, Effective Date: 06/22/2020 PJM © 2020 7

About PJM Manuals

About This Manual

Revision: 28, Effective Date: 06/22/2020 PJM © 2020 8

• PJM neighboring Reliability Coordinators, Transmission Operators, and Balancing

Using This Manual

What You Will Find in This Manual

Revision: 28, Effective Date: 06/22/2020 PJM © 2020 9

1.1 Policy Statements

Revision: 28, Effective Date: 06/22/2020 PJM © 2020 10

− Communication adequacy and protocol and power supplies (Black start

PJM Member Actions:

Revision: 28, Effective Date: 06/22/2020 PJM © 2020 11

1.2 PJM System Restoration Plan Objectives

Revision: 28, Effective Date: 06/22/2020 PJM © 2020 12

Minimum Criteria for Meeting Objectives of Reliability Coordinators Restoration Plan

Revision: 28, Effective Date: 06/22/2020 PJM © 2020 13

Section 2: Disturbance Conditions

2.2 Internal without Separation

PJM Members Actions:

Revision: 28, Effective Date: 06/22/2020 PJM © 2020 14

2.3 Internal with Separation

2.3.1 Generator Frequency Trip Settings

59.5 to 58.5 Hz 30.0 minutes to trip

58.5 to 58.2 Hz 7.0 minutes to trip

58.5 to 58.2 Hz Unit isolation without time delay can be expected

Revision: 28, Effective Date: 06/22/2020 PJM © 2020 15

PJM RTO Frequency Time Delay to trip

> 59.5 Hz Automatic tripping not permitted