TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

Disusun oleh :

Achmad Mualim Nur Kholis

NPM : G2A221058

Dosen Pengampu :

Dodi Mulyadi

LINTAS JALUR S1 KEPERAWATAN

FAKULTAS ILMU KEPERAWATAN DAN KESEHATAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SEMARANG
2021 / 2022
 KIDNEY

Kidneys are very important body parts. The function of the kidneys as a filter
for blood from metabolic waste makes its existence irreplaceable by other organs of
the body. Kidney damage or disorders cause problems with the ability and strength of
the body. As a result, work activities are disrupted and the body becomes tired and
weak. The kidneys play a key role in the body, not only by filtering the blood and
removing waste products, but also by balancing electrolyte levels in the body,
controlling blood pressure, and stimulating the production of red blood cells.

Structurally, the kidney is covered by a tough fibrous tunica capsule. When

the capsule is opened, the surface of the kidney is smooth and dark red. By making a
vertical cut from the kidney through the lateral margin to the medial border, you will
see the hilum extending into a central space called the upper nasal sinus of the renal
pelvis.

Each kidney is covered by a thin membrane called the renal capsule, which is
composed of dark purple fibrous tissue. The outer layer consists of a layer of the
cortex (substantia corticalis), and an inner layer of the medulla (substantia medularis)
in the form of a cone called a renal pyramid. The apex of the cone faces the calyx
which consists of small holes called the renal papilla. Each pyramid is lined by renal
columns, the number of renalis 15-16. The lines seen in the pyramids are called
nephron tubules which are the smallest part of the kidney which consists of the
glomerulus, proximal tubules (one contorted tubule), loop of Henle, distal tubules
(two contorted tubules) and urinary tubules (papilla vateri).

In each kidney there are an estimated 1,000,000 nephrons, for 24 hours it can
filter 170 liters of blood. The renal arteries carry pure blood from the aorta to the
kidneys, the holes contained in the renal pyramids each form a node of the capillaries
of a single malpighian body called the glomerulus. The branching afferent vessels
form the renal vein capillaries which carry blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena
cava.

The function of the kidneys is to regulate water balance, regulate salt

concentration in the blood and acid-base balance in the blood and excrete waste and
excess salt. So, the flow of urine (urine) is as follows: after filtering by the
glomerulus, these metabolic wastes are excreted through the major calyces of the
minor calyces of the ureters, the urinary bladder (bladder) and then out of the body.
The kidneys play a key role in the body, not only by filtering blood and remove waste
products, but also by balancing electrolyte levels in the body, control blood pressure,
and stimulate production of red blood cells.