Faculty of Business, Economics & Accounting

Department of Accounting and Finance

HELP Bachelor of Business (Hons) Year 2

HELP Bachelor of Management (Hons) Year 2

HELP Bachelor of Business (Hons)

SUBJECT OUTLINE

University of Finance - Marketing

September 2019 Semester

Subject: FIN 201

Business Finance

Subject Lecturer/Tutor: Ms. Monica Selvaraja

Telephone: 03- 7849 3000
Email: monica@help.edu.my

Consultation: Please call or e-mail for appointment

PRE-REQUISITES

ACC101 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 1

SYNOPSIS

This course provides a general overview of business finance for all students. The course will
allow students to understand and apply the concepts of financial management, financial
instruments, and techniques used in the world of finance as well as on focus on financial
decision making. Students will learn the fundamentals of asset allocation and financing by
a business enterprise. Students will also gain awareness of the impact of the evolving global
economy on business finance. The course will lead to an understanding of the importance
of the integrating managerial finance within all areas of the business organization and
everyday life.

OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this subject, students should be able to:

• Demonstrate an understanding of the goal of the firm and the basic principles in managing
finance.
• Apply a working knowledge of the time value of money.
• Apply of the concept of capital budgeting, both under conditions of certainty and risk.
• Apply the financial data to perform firm’s valuation and to forecast and plan firm’s
financing.
• Demonstrate a working knowledge of the concept of cost of capital and capital structure.
• Apply analytical skills in decision making techniques for both short term and long term
financial planning.

TOPICS

Topic 1 & 2 Introduction to business finance

Topic 3 Understanding financial Statement
Topic 4 Financial planning budgeting
Topic 5 Time value of money
Topic 6 Bond and common stock valuation
Topic 7 & 8 Capital budgeting techniques
Topic 9 & 10 Cost of Capital
Topic 11 & 12 Working Capital Management
Topic 13 & 14 Capital structure and dividend policies

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PRESCRIBED TEXTBOOKS
i. Raymond Brooks (2019) 4th edn; Financial Management – Core Concepts. Pearson
ii. Lecture notes

RECOMMENDED REFERENCES
i. William R. Lasher (2017) 8th edn; Financial Management – A Practical Approach.
Cengage Learning.
ii. Richard A. Brealey, Stewart C. Myers & Franklin Allen (2017) 12th edn:
Principles of Corporate Finance. McGraw-Hill.
iii. Stephen A. Ross, Randolph W. Westerfield, Jeffrey Jaffe & Bradford D. Jordan
(2019) 12th edn: Corporate Finance: Core Principles and Applications. McGraw-
Hill.

JOURNALS
i. Pepper, A. (2019). What’s Wrong With Agency Theory?. In Agency Theory and
Executive Pay (pp. 15-42). Palgrave Pivot, Cham.

ii. Tiwari, S., & Pal, D. (2020). DIVIDEND POLICY DECISIONS AND SHARE
PRICES RELATIONSHIP. Finance & Accounting Research Journal, 2(2), 76-81.

iii. Osadchy, E. A., Akhmetshin, E. M., Amirova, E. F., Bochkareva, T. N., Gazizyanova,
Y., & Yumashev, A. V. (2018). Financial statements of a company as an information
base for decision-making in a transforming economy.

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Subject Outline / Teaching Plan

Department : Accounting & Finance Subject Code : FIN201

Lecturer : Ms. Monica Selvaraja Subject Title : Business Finance

Week Topics References

1 Introduction to business finance Lecture notes /
• Overview of finance, legal forms of business (Raymond
organization and goal of the firm Brooks)
• Stakeholders and organization of finance function
• Relationship to economics and accounting
• Agency problems
• Ethical/environmental issues
2 Understanding financial statements Lecture notes /
• Three basic financial statements that are used to (Raymond
assess how the firm is doing financially Brooks)
• Tools used to analyze to the firm’s financial position
• Financial ratio analysis
3 Financial planning and budgeting Lecture notes /
• Introduction to financial planning (Raymond
• Sales forecasts Brooks)
• Pro-forma of financial statements
• Introduction to short term financial planning and
budgeting

4 Time value of money Lecture notes /

• Interest – simple and compound interest (Raymond
• Future and present value–single amount and uneven Brooks)
cash flows
• Annuity – ordinary, annuity due, deferred and
perpetuity.
• Solving problems in financial mathematics
5 Bond and common stock valuation Lecture notes /
• Types and sources of finance (Raymond
• Bond valuation Brooks)
• Preferred stock valuation
• Common stock valuation
6 Capital Budgeting Techniques Lecture notes /
• Importance of capital budgeting (Raymond
• Introduction to techniques of capital budgeting Brooks)
• Capital budgeting assessment techniques: payback
period, net present value and profitability index
• Guidelines for identifying projects incremental
benefits and costs

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 7 Cost of Capital Lecture notes /
• Basic concepts (Raymond
• Cost of specific sources of capital Brooks)
• Cost of long-term debt, preferred stock and
common stock
Weighted cost of capital (WACC)
8 Mid Semester Examination

9-10 Working Capital Management Lecture notes /

• Introduction to components of working capital (Raymond
• Operating cycle and short-term financial planning Brooks)
• Managing current assets
• Managing current liabilities
• Hedging principles
11-12 Capital structure and dividend Lecture notes /
policies (Raymond
• Business and financial risks Brooks)
• Capital structure theories and practices
• Basic views of dividend policies
• Factors affecting dividend policies
13-14 Revision
15-16 Final Examination

Textbook:
Raymond Brooks (2019) 4th edn; Financial Management – Core Concepts. Pearson

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ASSESSMENT:

There are 3 assessments for this subject.

Assessment Items Value Due Date

1. Assignment (Group of 5) 20% Assignment due on 5 November 2021

(Week 11)

2. Mid Semester Examination (Online) 20% 11 to 16 October 2021

3. Final Examination (Online) 60% Examination period:

29 November to 11 December 2021

REQUIREMENTS:

To gain a pass in this subject, students must:

▪ Achieve a passing mark in the final examination i.e. score a minimum of 30 marks out
of 60.

▪ Attempt ALL areas of assessment; and achieve a total result of 50% or better overall.

EXTENSIONS AND PENALTIES FOR LATE SUBMISSION OF ASSIGNMENT(S)

If you are having difficulty in completing work in time due to illness or *extenuating
circumstances, you may apply for an extension through your lecturer with supporting
documentations eg. medical certificate, police report etc. Applications for extensions on
or after the due date of the assessment will not be considered. A deduction of 10% per day
from the marks awarded after the due date applies, if the piece of work is submitted
late without approved extension.
*Extenuating circumstances should primarily mean, medical conditions (both physiological and
psychological), family issues (death or illness), and personal misfortune (accident, mugging,
theft). Student should provide document proof for all of the above and should also obtain prior
approval from the examiner towards late submission.

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Assignment: 100 marks or 20% weightage

98% of enterprises in Can Tho suspend operations due to pandemic

Up to 9,800 of nearly 10,000 enterprises in Can Tho City have suspended their operations
due to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, according to the municipal Department of
Industry and Trade.

Among the 1,090 industrial production firms in the city, 1,018 firms have shut down
temporarily, accounting for 93.39%.

In industrial and export processing zones, only 20 of 170 enterprises remain operational.
Over 38,000 employees of these enterprises have temporarily stopped working.

The director of a seafood processing and exporting firm at the Tra Noc Industrial Park said
when the pandemic broke out in Can Tho in mid-July, the firm had to ask over 3,000 workers
to stop working temporarily as it could not deploy the stay-at-work mode for thousands of
people for months. Each worker would receive VND100,000 per day.

On July 13, the Can Tho government asked enterprises in the city to apply the stay-at-work
mode to be allowed to operate during the pandemic.

Since July 16, enterprises which did not register to apply the mode had to suspend their
operations.

Can Tho recorded more than 3,300 Covid-19 cases since July 7. The city has 170 areas
under lockdown.

N-Index falls for second day to hover around 1,360 point-level

Viet Nam’s stock market ended mixed yesterday as the benchmark reversed the morning
course on resurging selling pressure.

On the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange (HoSE), the VN-Index fell in a choppy session to get
closer to the 1,360 point-level. Accordingly, the market benchmark lost 2.15 points, or 0.16
per cent, to 1,360.94 points. It inched higher in the morning trade on key material stocks.

The market’s breadth was negative with 197 stocks declining while 172 stocks rose. But the
liquidity was lower than some recent sessions as investors poured nearly VND24.41 trillion
(US$1.06 billion), equivalent to a trading volume of 689.8 million shares.

The index’s reversal was mainly driven by a sell-off in bank stocks in the afternoon trade.
The 30 biggest stocks tracker, VN30-Index also slid by 0.31 per cent to 1,489.54 points.

Sixteen stocks of the 30 biggest stocks in the VN30 basket decreased, while 11 climbed and
three ended flat.

Even though many big banks recorded losses in the market, real estate stocks still led the
trend.

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The trio stocks of the Vin family, including Vinhomes JSC (VHM), Vingroup JSC (VIC)
and Vincom Retail JSC (VRE), fell 0.89 - 1.01 per cent in market capitalisation.

Other stocks contributing to the losses were VPBank (VPB), down 1.69 per cent,
Techcombank (TCB), down 0.94 per cent, and JSC Bank for Investment and Development
Of Vietnam (BIDV, BID) down 0.7 per cent.

However, the losses were limited by gains in some large-cap stocks, especially in the
material sector.

Of which, Masan Group (MSN) was the biggest gainer yesterday, up 1.51 per cent. It was
followed by Vinamilk (VNM) and Mobile World Investment Corporation (MWG), up 0.78
per cent and 1.53 per cent, respectively.

The move was in line with expectations from Saigon - Hanoi Securities JSC (SHS). In a
daily report to investors, the securities firm said that the VN-Index may continue to struggle
and fluctuate between the resistance zone of 1,370-1,380 points and the support zone of
1,325-1,350 points.

It also suggested that investors who have gradually taken profits from their portfolios last
week should take a wait-and-see approach this week, and should not buy-in at the current
price range.

Investors’ sentiment was also weighed by selling activities from foreign investors as they
continued to net sell a value of more than VND1 trillion on the two main exchanges.

Of which, they net sold a value of nearly VND1.89 trillion on HoSE and a value of
VND41.62 billion on the northern bourse.

On the Ha Noi Stock Exchange (HNX), meanwhile, the HNX-Index rose 0.5 per cent to
344.82 points. The index closed the morning trade at 345.63 points.

During the trading session, more than 157.3 million shares were traded on HNX, worth over
VND4.2 trillion.

Vietnam drafts digital transformation plan for businesses

At least 800 businesses, 100 cooperatives, and 4,000 business households in fields of
manufacturing and processing, agriculture, tourism, are expected to become successful
models in digital transformation by 2025.

The Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) set out the target in its latest proposal on
the national supporting program to aid businesses, cooperatives, and business households in
the digitalization process in the 2021-2025 period, with funds allocated from the state budget
and support from organizations or businesses taking part in the program.

According to the MPI, the program’s goal is to speed up the digital transformation in
Vietnam amid a difficult economic environment due to the Covid-19 pandemic by raising
the business community’s awareness of this process and supporting them to digitalize

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operation, corporate governance, and production procedures for greater competitiveness and
capabilities.

By 2025, the program expects 100% of manufacturing facilities to be aware of the benefit
of digital transformation, and 500,000 businesses to receive some sort of support from the
program, including training, consultation, or applying solutions for digitalization.

To realize such goals, the program would set up a network of 500 organizations and
individual experts to facilitate digital transformation in the business community, along with
a database consisting of 100 technological solutions for digital transformation that would be
available for businesses.

In addition, the MPI proposed the development and launch of a portal and smart app for
digitalization to enhance engagement between parties in a cyber environment.

Enterprises seen as having high potential for digital transformation would be supported with
50% of consultation fees when requesting support from the network of digitalization
experts.

Source: Jose Barrock

Vietnam Business News August 19
https://vietnamnet.vn/en/business/vietnam-business-news-august-19-767240.html

Question a
Summarize about the sectors based on the above article. You can obtain further information
pertaining to the company selected from their annual report or other information found on
the companies’ websites. (30 marks)

Question b
Use financial ratios to analyze the liquidity of the companies’ financial performance, as an
individual entity for each perspective from the year 2020 or the latest year Explain the
dispute and its effect on the companies’ financial performance. Apart from that, also
indicated all the other relevant risk exposure that the company shareholders would faces.
(45 marks)

Question c
If there is any, indicated the digital transformation of a company selected in the question
above. Lastly, summarize your answers form question (a) and (b). (25 marks)

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FIN 201

Assignment Format

• The maximum number of words for each question is approximately 1500 words
each question. State the words limit at the end of each questions.
• Use font size 12 and line spacing 1.5.
• Simple stapler binding of assignment.

Marking criteria
• Marks will be awarded based on the number of correct facts that you have presented.
However, a logical explanation of your points raised is also important to ensure that
you will earn the marks.
• Show evidence of thorough understanding of the subject matter and the questions.
• Ability to write in a clear and comprehensible way.
• Provide the correct answers for quantitative questions.
• This is a group assignment. There will be two students to a group, unless the total
number of students in a class is not even.
• Include referencing of reading material.
• Plagiarism is a serious offence and will be dealt with in accordance with existing
rules and regulations of the University.

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 GRADING SCHEME

Mark Range GRADE GRADE DEGREE MARKING RUBRICS

POINT CLASSIFICATI
ON
• Comprehensive and excellent grasp of
85 - 100 HD 1 4.00 key concepts
• Excellent use of analytical means and
logical arguments
• Excellent synthesis of arguments and
FIRST CLASS excellent use of relevant examples
• Balanced discussions and excellent
80 – 84 HD 2 3.75 flow of ideas
• Excellent command of language with
no errors
• Excellent and consistent referencing
• Comprehensive and excellent grasp of
75 - 79 DI 1 3.50 key concepts
• Excellent use of analytical means and
logical arguments
• Good synthesis of arguments and
SECOND excellent use of relevant examples
UPPER CLASS • Balanced discussions and good flow of
70 – 74 DI 2 3.25 ideas
• Excellent command of language with
no errors
• Excellent and consistent referencing
• Competent grasp of key concepts
65 – 69 CR 1 3.00 • Competent use of analytical means
and logical arguments, albeit with
some errors
SECOND • Fair synthesis of arguments and
LOWER CLASS moderate use of relevant examples
60 – 64 CR 2 2.75 • Fairly balanced discussions and fairly
clear flow of ideas
• Competent command of language and
limited amount of errors
• Satisfactorily is referencing
• Basic grasp of key concepts
55 - 59 PS 1 2.50 • Less than satisfactory use of analytical
means and logical arguments
• Little synthesis of arguments and
hardly any relevant examples
• Some evidence of balanced
THIRD CLASS discussions and poor organisation
50 - 54 PS 2 2.00 PASS • Satisfactorily command of language
and considerable amount of errors
• Relatively flawed referencing
• Shows ignorance of key concepts
0 - 49 FL 0.00 • Less than satisfactory use of analytical
means and logical arguments
• Little synthesis of arguments no
relevant examples
• Little or no balanced discussions and
poor organisation
• Relatively poor command of language
and unable to expressed ideas clearly
• No referencing or poor referencing

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 Assignment No.: __

Assignment Cover Sheet

Student Information (For group assignment, please state names of
Grade/Marks
all members)
Name ID

Office
Module/Subject Information
Acknowledgement
Module/Subject Code

Module/Subject Name

Lecturer/Tutor/Facilitator
Due Date

Assignment Title/Topic
Intake (where applicable)

Word Count Date/Time

Declaration

. I/We have read and understood the Programme Handbook that explains on plagiarism, and I/we testify
that, unless otherwise acknowledged, the work submitted herein is entirely my/our own.
. I/We declare that no part of this assignment has been written for me/us by any other person(s) except
where such collaboration has been authorized by the lecturer concerned.
. I/We authorize the University to test any work submitted by me/us, using text comparison software, for
instances of plagiarism. I/We understand this will involve the University or its contractors copying my/our
work and storing it on a database to be used in future to test work submitted by others.

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Note:1) The attachment of this statement on any electronically submitted assignments will be deemed to
have the same authority as a signed statement.
2) The Group Leader signs the declaration on behalf of all members.

Signature: Date:

mail:
Feedback/Comments*
Main Strengths

Main Weaknesses

Suggestions for improvement

Student acknowledge feedback/comments

Grader’s signature Student’s signature:

Date: Date:

13
Note:
1)A soft and hard copy of the assignment shall be submitted.
2)The signed copy of the assignment cover sheet shall be retained by the marker.
3)If the Turnitin report is required, students have to submit it with the assignment. However, departments may allow
students up to THREE (3) working days after submission of the assignment to submit the Turnitin report. The
assignment shall only be marked upon the submission of the Turnitin report.
*Use additional sheets if required.

Department of Accounting &

Finance

ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

Honesty and Responsibility

Academic integrity is an important tenet for HELP University. In pursuit of the highest
standards of academic integrity, the Department of Accounting & Finance holds it students
to the highest ethical standards defined by the Rules and Regulations section of the
Academic Handbook. All students at the Department of Accounting & Finance are subjected
to and are bound by the Student Academic Misconduct Rule to assure academic honesty.
Students are required to sign a pledge on the assignment cover sheet before submitting your
assignments to the Administration Office of the Faculty of Business, Economics &
Accounting.

What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is academic dishonesty or academic theft, and it is a serious academic offence.
Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to, the followings:
1. quote, paraphrase or summarize someone else’s ideas, theories or data, in whole or
in part, without appropriate acknowledgement
2. borrow ideas, opinion or words, in whole or in part, from other sources without
properly crediting the author(s)
3. use any facts, statistics, diagrams or graphs, in whole or in part, without
acknowledging the source clearly
4. claim or imply original authorship of someone else’s ideas, theories or data, in whole
or in part, as your own
5. employ or allow someone to help to revise, amend or write your work and pass off
as your own original work
6. collaborate with or allow other students to copy your work
7. draw on sources more than what you have acknowledged by citations

While a student is not discouraged to discuss an assignment with his/her friends or

classmates, the work he/she submits must be done by the student alone. If a student shares
his/her assignment with other students and they plagiarize it, the student is as guilty as those
students who plagiarized his/her assignment. All parties to plagiarism are considered equally
guilty. Under no circumstances should a student be involved in collusion with other students
unless he/she is permitted to work on an assignment jointly by the lecturer/tutor. If a student
is unsure what constitutes plagiarism, he/she is obliged to consult the lecturer/tutor on the
matter before submission of his/her assignment.

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When and How to Reference?
Knowing when and how to cite is a student’s responsibility. If he/she is in doubt or need
more help on this matter, the student may consult the lecturer/tutor. The following list
comprises some of the sources a student will need to reference. The list is by no means
exhaustive, but simply consists of the most common sources used by students to complete
their work.
1. Books
2. Chapters in books
3. Journal articles
4. Conference papers
5. Newspaper articles
6. Magazines
7. Websites
8. Study guide

Students are advised to cite in the following cases [1]:

1. When he/she quotes two or more words verbatim, or even one word if it is used in
a way that is unique to the source
2. When he/she introduce facts that he/she have found in a source
3. When he/she paraphrase or summarize ideas, interpretations, or conclusions that
he/she find in a source
4. When he/she introduce information that is not common knowledge or that may be
considered common knowledge in your field, but the reader may not know it
5. When he/she borrow the plan or structure of a larger section of a source’s
argument (for example, using a theory from a source and analyzing the same three
case studies that the source uses)
6. When he/she build on another’s method found either in a source or from
collaborative work in a lab
7. When he/she build on another’s program in writing computer code or on a not-
commonly-known algorithm
8. When he/she collaborate with others in producing knowledge

In general, a referencing system requires two parts:

1. In-text citations
This is information about a source within the text of an assignment.
2. List of references
This is a list of all sources a student has used to research his/her assignment. It is
alphabetically arranged by author surname and appears immediately after the last
page of an assignment.

Different faculties or departments may have different requirement on how referencing for
an assignment should be done. The various formats used for in-text citations and list of
references are available in the following websites:
1. Harvard System (http://www.adelaide.edu.au/library/guide/gen/harvard.html)
2. Chicago Style (http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/index.html)
3. American Psychological Association or APA Style (http://www.apastyle.org)
4. Modern Language Association of America or MLA Style (http://www.mla.org)

1
http://www.yale.edu/bass/writing/sources/plagiarism/warning.html, accessed May 18, 2008.

15
Once a student has selected a referencing style for his/her assignment, he/she must follow
the same style consistently throughout the assignment. We strongly suggest that the student
consults the lecturer/tutor about which method to use before submission of his/her
assignment.

What are the Procedures and Penalties for Plagiarism?

When a lecturer/tutor encounters a possible case of plagiarism, the lecturer/tutor shall report
the matter to the Head of the Department, who then initiates an investigation on the matter.
The following procedures would be carried out:
1. The lecturer/tutor shall provide evidence that substantiates an academic offence has
occurred. The following documentations must be ready prior to reporting of alleged
plagiarism:
a. Copy of the alleged plagiarized assignment
b. Copy of the source material (e.g. articles, websites, newspaper, etc.)
c. Report of plagiarism
d. Any other information that would support the claim of plagiarism
2. If the evidence warrants an accusation of academic offence, the Head of Department
shall establish a Board of Inquiry comprising 3 academic staff. The Department shall
provide all necessary documentations, including report on prior academic offences
if applicable, to the Board of Inquiry.
3. The Board of Inquiry shall put the matter to the student in writing and give him/her
an opportunity to respond to the accusation within 3 working days.
4. The student will be required to attend a meeting with the Board of Inquiry. After
meeting the student, the Board of Inquiry shall decide whether or not the alleged
plagiarism has occurred. The following documentations shall be submitted to the
Head of Department at the end of the meeting:
a. Findings of the investigation
b. Recommended action(s) to be taken or imposed
5. The Head of Department shall review the Board of Inquiry’s report with supporting
evidence and shall decide on an appropriate action(s) based on the recommendation
of the Board of Inquiry.
6. The decision of the Head of Department shall be put in writing to the student. Copies
of all documentations will be retained in the Department.
7. If the student feels that he/she has been unfairly accused or treated, the student may
appeal to the Head of Department within 5 working days.
8. The Head of Department shall review the appeal and the final decision will be
communicated to the student in writing and a copy will be kept with the Department.
Once a determination of plagiarism and penalty has been made by the Head of
Department, the investigative process will be deemed to have ended and the student
will not be allowed to appeal.

Possible penalties for plagiarism range from mark reduction for the assignment to expulsion
from the University. The student will not be allowed to make up the assignment. If
plagiarism has been found to have occurred, the Department will take action(s) as
determined by the forms of plagiarism implicated:

1. Complete plagiarism
Verbatim copying another person’s work without acknowledgement

16
 1st offence : A grade of “F” in the subject and a warning letter will be issued
2nd offence : Expulsion from the University at the discretion of the Head of
Department
2. Substantial plagiarism
Near-verbatim copying another person’s work by simply altering the order of the
sentences or the format of presentation or by changing a few words or phrases
without acknowledgement.
1st offence : Zero mark on the assignment and a warning letter will be issued
2nd offence : A grade of “F” in the subject and a warning letter will be issued
3rd offence : Expulsion from the University at the discretion of the Head of
Department
3. Minimal plagiarism
Acknowledgement is made but paraphrasing by changing and/or eliminating some
words
1st offence : Deduction of 50% of available marks on the assignment and a
warning letter will be issued
2 offence : A grade of “F” in the subject and a warning letter will be issued
nd

3rd offence : Expulsion from the University at the discretion of the Head of
Department
4. Unintentional plagiarism
Insufficient acknowledgement by not applying citation or quotation marks correctly
1st offence : Deduction of up to 50% of available marks on the assignment
and a warning letter will be issued
2 offence : A grade of “F” in the subject and a warning letter will be issued
nd

3rd offence : Expulsion from the University at the discretion of the Head of
Department
Pleading ignorance or unintentional plagiarism does not constitute valid reasons for
plagiarism and will not avoid the penalties from being imposed. Excuses for acts of
plagiarism such as the following, but not limited to, will not be entertained:
1. I don’t have time to do the assignment
2. I have too many assignments due on the same day
3. I don’t know, I really didn’t do it
4. I am not aware
5. I don’t understand what plagiarism means
6. I have no intention to plagiarize
7. I forgot to cite the reference
8. I forgot to include the bibliography
9. My English is not good
10. My lecturer/tutor did not explain to me
11. In my country, it is alright to copy someone else’s work
12. My friend copied my assignment when I let him/her to look at my assignment
13. My friend copied my assignment when I allow him/her to use my laptop
14. I did my assignment in the computer lab, someone must have copied my work
15. I asked my friend to submit my assignment and he/she copied my work
16. I discussed my assignment with my friends, so our answers are the same/similar
17. Even though I do not have in-text citation but I have bibliography/reference list
Students should be reminded that it is their responsibilities to take due care throughout their
written work to effectively reference or cite when they use others’ ideas from any source.

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