384 Structures and foundations

Imposed load M,, T

At B Throughout At B Throughout
At 0 At B At D At A in OB AB in BC AB

Throughout —35.87 —16.80 —1.16 —8.61 —73.67 —82.94 —7.35 —3.69

On flights only —24.81 —9.22 + 1.60 —10.67 —50.36 —56.68 —4.03 —2.55

On landing only —31.32 —16.80 —3.14 —3.33 —64.86 —73.03 —7.35 —3.22

the basic equations produced by Cusens and Kuang. If this neglected and the strain energy due to bending only is
is done, the expressions given on Table 175 are obtained, considered, the midspan moments for so-called sawtooth or
which yield H and M0 directly. Comparisons between the slabless stairs are given by the general expression
values given by these simplified expressions and those
presented by Cusens and Kuang made using a program- n(kfl•+kOkl2)
M
mable calculator show that the resulting variations are — j2(k13 + k0k14)
negligible for values in the range encountered in concrete
design. where k0 = stiffness of tread/stiffness of riser and j is the
The expressions given on Table 175 assume a ratio of G/E number of treads. It * Lr / Ir*Lt =
of 0.4 as recommended in CP1 10 (the BS8I 10 recommend- It = ht3* Lt
ation of G/E = 0.42 leads to insignificant differences) and Ir= hr3*Lr
take C to be one-half of the St value for plain If j is odd:
e quindi
concrete. As assumed by Cusens and Kuang, to determine k11 l)(j—2)
ko=ht3*Lr / hr3*Lt
the second moment of area of the landing only one-half of 1)(j—2)(j—3)
the actual width is considered.
A series of design charts for free-standing stairs has been
I _I•
generated by computer analysis: see ref. 128. I _1• --

Example. Design a free-standing stair with the following If j is even:

dimensions to support total ultimate loads (including self-
weight, finishes etc.) of 16.9 kN per metre on the flight and
15.0 kN per metre on the landing: a = 2.7 m; b = 1.4 m; b1 =
l.8m, h1 = 100 mm; h1 = 175mm and = 30°. The supports
are fixed.
From the expressions given on Table 175, H = 81.86 kN per
metre and thus M0 = 35.87 kN m per metre. If Cusens and
Kuang's exact expressions are employed• to analyse this
structure, H = 81.89 kN per metre and M0 = 35.67 kN m per
metre. There is thus an error of about 0.5% by using the
approximate expression for M0 and about one-tenth of this
in H.
If these values are substituted into the remaining express-
ions on Table 175, the corresponding values of Mh and
T throughout the structure can be found. Typical values for
various load combinations are shown in the table at the
top of the page. Theoretically reduces suddenly at B
from —41.95 kN m per metre in OB (when both flights and
landing carry imposed load) to —3.68kNm per metre in
BC, owing to the intersection with flight AB. Since the
members forming the actual structures are of finite width,
Cusens and Kuang recommend redistributing the moments
across the width of the flight/landing intersections to give
a value of at B of —22.82kNm
per metre.
25.2.3 Sawtooth stairs
Cusens (ref. 126) has shown that, if axial shortening is
k11 1)(j—2)
k12 1)(j—2)(j—3)
1)
I _1• — Mo (midspan) =
Mfree-Msupport
The chart on Table 176 gives the support-moment coefficients
for various ratios of k0 and numbers of treads. Having
found the support moment, the maximum midspan
bending moment can be determined by using the appro-
priate expression on the table and subtracting the support
moment.
Typical bending-moment and shearing-force diagrams for
a stair are also shown on Table 176, together with suggested
arrangements of reinforcement. Because of the stair profile,
concentrations of stress occur in the re-entrant corners, and
the actual stresses to be resisted will be larger than those
calculated from the moments. To resist such stresses, Cusens
recommends providing twice the reinforcement theoretically
required unless suitable fillets or haunches are incorporated
at these junctions. If this can be done, the actual steel
provided need only be about 10% more than that theoreti-
cally necessary. The method of reinforcing the stair shown
in diagram (a) is very suitable but is generally only practica-
ble if haunches are provided. Otherwise the arrangement
shown in diagram (b) should be adopted. A further possibi-
lity is to arrange the bars shown in diagram (a) on Table
.173 for wall-to-wall corners.

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 Stability: BS81 10 and CP1 10 requirements
Notation
174
tie-force coefficient (dimensionless)
n0 number of storeys (dimensionless)
I either greatest distance between centres of
vertical load-bearing members; or 5 x clear
storey height (below beams if provided);
whichever is the lesser (metres)
10 floor to ceiling height (metres)
gk average characteristic dead load (kN/m2)
q5 average characteristic imposed lOad (kN/m2)
T ultimate tensile force for which each tie is to
Column to wall be designed
ties at each column
(or wall)/floor
intersection

Reinforcement required
Type of tie
Amount Disposition etc.

Vertical Minima provided to comply with

(only required for requirements for reinforced concrete
buildings exceeding walls and columns will suffice.
four storeys high) CPIJO only: For plain concrete walls
where p <0,2% and for precast structures
see provisions in Clause 5.1.2.4.

.z At each floor and roof level.

To resist In peripheral wall or within 1200mm
Peripheral
T = kN of edge of building.

At each floor level.

If + 37.5 kN/m, to resist
Either spread evenly through slab or grouped at
F, kN/n'
width
Internal beams, walls etc.
If 37.5 N/m, to resist
In walls (within 500mm of top or bottom of floor slab),
T = 00267(g5
. + kN/m width
floor slab or beams.
.

To resist the greater of either At each floor level, to anchor column or wall to floor
(i) if 5 m, values for walls
structure.
- T = 0.4!0 F, kN;J are per metre of
External Reinforcement required may be partly or wholly
if!0 Sm,
column
T = 2F, kN; or) length
provided by extending that used for peripheral or
and wall internal ties.
0 (ii) 0.03 x total ultimate vertical load
for which member has been
Corner columns should be tied in both directions to
0 resist forces T specified.
designed, at floor level considered.
I

Number of storeys n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 or more

Tie-force coefficient F, 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

Tie details

tie bars extended

arounu op perimeter bars
Alternative means of providing anchorage
Alternative means of providing anchorage of periphery between internal and column ties

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 386 Structures and foundations

Example. A slabless stair has seven treads, each 300mm based on a ratio of G/E of 3/7. The four design charts
wide with risers 180mm high, the thickness of both being provided on Table 177 have been recalculated for a ratio of
100 mm. It is to carry an imposed load of 3 kN/m2 and is 1 G/E of 0.4 as recommended in CP1 10 and by taking C to
metre wide. Design the stair. be one-half of the St Venant value for plain concrete. These
charts cover ranges of /3 of 30° to 360° and 4) of 20° to 40°,
The self-weight of the treads and risers (assuming no finishes with values of b/h of 5 and 10 and R1/R2 of 1.0 and 1.1,
are required) is given by these being the ranges most frequently met in helical stair
design. Interpolation between the various curves and charts
(0.3x 0.1)+(0.18 AU.)
24=3.S4kN/m2 on Table 177 will be sufficiently accurate for preliminary
0.3 design purposes.
Thus total ultimate load = [(3.84 x 1.4) ± (3.0 x 1.6)] 1.0 =
10,l8kN/m. Since lr=l8Omm and Example. Design a helicoidal stair having an angle of
100mm, k = 180/300 = 0.6. From the chart on Table 176, inclination 4) of 25° to the horizontal plane to support a
the support-moment coefficient = — 0.088. Thus uniform imposed load of 3 kN/m2. The stair is to have a
width of 1.2m and the minimum thickness of the slab is
support moment= —0.088 x 10.18 x 2.12 = —3.95kNm 120 mm, the radius to the inside of the stair R being 900 mm,
Ifj= 7, The angle /3 turned through by the stair is 240°.
2/72+1 For radius of the centre-line of the load R1 is Ro=900+1200 = 2100
free bending x 10.18 x 2.1 mm

=5.73kNm R1
3(112_0.92)' 1.58m
Therefore maximum bending moment at midspan = 5.73 -- sempliceme
Then since the radius of the centre-line of the stair R2 is
nte la media
.3.95= l.78kNm.
0.9 +(1/2)1.2 = 1.5m, R1/R2 1.05 and b/h = 1200/120 = tra
10. Thus from the charts on Table 177, interpolating
R1/R2=1 ed
25.2.4 Helical stairs as necessary, k1 = —0.12, k2 = ± 1.52 and k3 = —0.32. R1/R2 = 1.1
con b/h=10
By using strain-energy principles it is possible to formulate,
Assuming that the mean thickness in plan of the stair
(including treads and finishes) is 220 mm, the self-weight of
for symmetrically loaded helical stairs with fixed supports,
the stair is 0.22 x 24 = 5.3 kN/m2 and thus the total ultimate
the following two equations in M0 and H:
load = (3 x 1.6) + (5.3 x 1.4) 12.22 kN/m2. Thus
M0[K1(k5 incognite
M0= —0.12 x 12.22 x 1.52 x 1.2= —3.96kNm
+ HR2[—K1k4 tan +k4k7 tan +k5 sin 4cos 4(1 —K2)] iperstatiche
sin 0) + k5k7 + k6k7R2/R1] =0
H = 1.52 x 12.22 x 1.5 x 1.2 = 33.4kN
+
Also b=1200 mm
M0[—K1k4 + k4k7 + (k7 —
—-0.32 x 12.22 x 1.52 x 1.2= — 10.56kNm
+ tan — sin 20— 2k4)
The slab should now be checked to ensure that the thickness
+ tan + jO2 sin 20 + 2k4) + 2k4 tan çb(k7 — K2)
provided is sufficient to resist this final moment. Then,
+ k5 cos2 4) + K2 cot 4))] + — k4) +
assuming this is so, the foregoing values of M0 and H can
+ k7(02 sin 0 + 2k6)R2/R1 + — K2)(k5 + k6R2/R =0 be substituted into the equations for T, F, and
where
Vh given on Table 176 to obtain the moments and forces
along the stair, in order to detail the reinforcement. For
k4 example,when 0 = 60°,M,,= 1.11 kNm, —48.17 kNm,
T=0.O5kNm, N= --36.5kN, and Vh=
k6=OcosO—sin0 16.7 kN.
Typical distributions of moments and forces along the
k7 = cos2 4) + K2 sin2 (1) stair are shown on Table 176.
K1 =GC/E11, K2— GC/E12 and 0=/3/2.
These simultaneous equations may be solved on a pro- 25.3 NON-PLANAR ROOFS
grammable calculator or larger machine to give coefficients
k1 and k2 representing M0 and H respectively. If the values 25.3,1 PrIsmatic structures
of M0 and H are then resubstituted into the equations given
on Table 176, the bending and torsional moments, shearing To design a simple prismatic roof or similar structure
forces and thrust at any point along the stair may be comprising a number of planar slabs for service loads and
calculated rapidly. Since the critical quantity controlling stresses, the resultant loads Q acting perpendicularly to each
helical stair design is normally the vertical moment at slab and the unbalanced thrusts N acting in the plane of
the supports, a further coefficient k3 can be derived to give each slab are determined first, taking into account the thrust
this moment. of one slab on another. The slabs are then designed to resist
In ref. 127, Santathadaporn and Cusens present 36 design the transverse bending moments due to loads Q assuming
charts for helical stairs, covering ranges of /3 of 60° to 720°, continuity and combination with the thrusts N. The longi-
4) of 20° to 50°, b/h of 0.5 to 16 and R1/R2 of 1.0 to 1.1, tudinal forces F due to the slabs bending in their own plane

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 Stairs 1: general information
Free-standing (or scissor) stair
175
Individual precast treads Helical stair
(landing unsupported) cantilevered from spine
beam

Slabless (Or sawtooth Simple straight stair Landing arrangement

or 'dog-leg') stair for simple stair

Optimum dimensions for stairs

0
(BS5395) (mm)

Usage

Public 300 I 150

I-.
275 165
Private 250
I

175
I j

General optimum dimensions:

2 x rise + going = 600mm

If flights are freely supported at A and A': Additional notation

lb \
H = [ni(bi + b)( 1 + ——sec 4, ) + n1a cos 4']/2 tan a length of flight
2a b width of flight landing
b1 distance between centre-lines of flights
If flights are fully fixed at A and A': H, M0 horizontal restraint force and restraint moment at cut,
respectively
b \ slab depth of flight and of landing, respectively
H + b)( 4 + 3—sec + 3nf a cos h1, h1
a - Mh, T horizontal and vertical bending moments and torsional
moment at any point, respectively
tan 4,(4 + 3(bi/a)2/[ 1])} n, ultimate load per unit length on flight and on landing,
+ respectively
an x, y distances measured along flight and along Y-axis respectively
4, slope of flight measured from horizontal
M0 [Jib1 tan 4,— — b2)] + 21
I +(h,,./b)2 J
=
5/2-I-s.
A
IA
where K sec2 4,
I

Then for OB, at any point distance y from 0: B'1 B c

Ms = — — M5 = — Hy T= — j-n,by
For BC, at any point distance y from 0: A'
Me— +b)—yJ2 M5=0

For AB, at any point distance x from B:

M,, = Hxsin 4,— 4-n,(b1 .1- b)(x cos 4, + cos2 4,
Mh = [M0
T= — sin 4s + {M0 + — b2)] cos 4,

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 388 Structures and foundations

under the loads N are, for any two adjacent slabs AB and
BC, calculated from formula (2) in Table 178, in which MAB
and are found from formula (1) if the structure is freely
supported at the end of L. For each pair of slabs AB—BC,
etc. there is an equation like (2) containing three
unknown forces F. If there are n pairs, there are (n — 1)
equations and (n + 1) unknowns. The conditions at the outer
edges a and z of the end slabs determine the forces F at
these edges; for example, if the edges are unsupported,
Fa F0 = 0. The simultaneous equations are solved for the
remaining unknown forces FA, F8, etc. The longitudinal
stress at any junction B is calculated from the formula (in
Table 178) for f8. Variation of the longitudinal stress from
one function to the next is rectilinear. If fB is negative, the
stress is tensile and should be resisted by reinforcement.
Shearing stresses are generally small.
25.3.2 Domes
A dome is designed for the total vertical load only, that is,
for the weights of the slab and any covering on the slab, the
weight of any ceiling or other distributed load suspended
from the slab, and the imposed load. The intensity w of total
service load = the equivalent load per unit area of surface
of the dome. Horizontal service due to the wind and
the effects of shrinking and changes in temperature are
allowed for by assuming an ample imposed load, or by
inserting more reinforcement than that required for the
vertical load alone, or by designing for stresses well below
the permissible values, or by combining any or all of these
methods.
Table 178, the corresponding force in the direction of the
slope being N. The horizontal outward force per unit length
of circumference at the bottom of the slope is 7;, and this
force must be resisted by the supports or by a ring beam at
the bottom of the slope.
25.3.3 Segmental shells
General notes on the design of cylindrical shell roofs and the
use of Table 179 are given in section 6.1.9.
Membrane action. Consideration of membrane action
only gives the following membrane forces per unit width of
slab due to the uniform loads shown on Table 178: to obtain
stresses, divide by the thickness of shell h. Negative values of
V indicate tension in the direction corresponding to an
increase in x and a decrease in positive values of F
indicate tension. Reinforcement should be provided approxi-
mately in line with and to resist the principal tensile force. If
the shell is supported along any edges the forces will be
modified accordingly.
At any point:
Tangential force:
Longitudinal force:
x
= —(1 — x)— [g cos + 1.5q(cos2 — sin2 Or)]
r

Segmental domes. Referring to the diagram and formulae Shearing force:

in Table 178, the circumferential force acting in a horizontal
plane in a unit strip S is 7; and the corresponding force (the
meridional thrust) acting tangentially to the surface of the Principal forces (due to membrane forces only):
dome is N. At the plane where 0 is 51048!, that is, at the plane F8 = + ± — +
of rupture, T = 0. Above this plane T is compressive and
reaches a maximum value of 0.Swr at the crown of the dome tan 2çb
(6 = Below this plane T is tensile, and equals 0.167wr
0). 3,

when 0= 600 and wr when = 90°. The meridional thrust N At A (at midpoint at edge: 6,, = 6; x = 1/2):
is O.Swr at the crown, 0.618wr at the plane of rupture, O.667wr
when 0= 600, and wr when 6 = 90°; i.e. N increases from the FYA= —(g+qcos6)rcos6
crown towards the support and has its greatest value at the FXA = — cos 0 + 1.5q (cos2 6 — sin2 0)J/r
support. =0
For a concentrated load F on the crown of the dome, T
At B (midpoint at crown: = 0; x = 1/2):
is tensile; and T and the corresponding meridional com-
pressive thrust N are given by the appropriate formulae in FYB = — (g + q)r
Table 178, the basis of which is that the load is concentrated FXB = + 1.5q)/r
on so small an area at the crown that it is equivalent to a
VX3,B = 0
point load. The theoretical stress at the crown is therefore
infinite, but the practical impossibility of obtaining a point At C (at support at edge: 0; x = 0):
load invalidates the application of the formulae when 0 =0
or very nearly so. For domes of varying thickness, see ref. 87. = — (g + q cos 0)r cos 0
—(g+ 1.Sqcos0)lsin6
Shallow segmental domes. Approximate analysis only is =0
sufficient in the case of a shallow dome; appropriate formulae
are given in Table 178. At D (at support at crown: = 0; x = 0):

Conical domes. In a conical dome, the circumferential F,D= —(g+q)r

forces are compressive throughout and at any horizontal FXD 0
plane x from the apex are given by the expression for T in =0

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 w (daN/m2) * (b *L)/j = carico totale per

176
la larghezza della scala (b) diviso j
(numero di pedate)
mentre n*l/j = carico a mlineare
(w*1)*L/ diviso j (numero di pedate)
Stairs 2: sawtooth and helical stairs
b

ni
considered as
L/j
2! 1 concentrated
ni loads at mid-
tread
ni
L

It * Lr / Ir*Lt =
It = ht3* Lt

5,
Ir= hr3*Lr
I-
a e quindi
Typical bending-moment diagram k=ht3*Lr / hr3*Lt
VS

C Lt
0 n =daN/m
(per Lr
CS
larghezza di ht
pedata
b=1m hr
Typical shearinglorce diagram

U (b)
Possible arrangements of reinforcement

At any point along stair

Lateralmoment: R20)
Torsional moment: T_—(M0 sin 0— HR2OcosOtan42 + sinO — + HR2 sin0sin 1
Vertical moment: = M0 cos 0 + HR2O tan sin 0— — cos 0) Additional notation
Thrust: N= —HsinOcosçb —nR1Osin4i
Lateral shearing force across stair: L' = nR1 0 cos q5 H sin 0 sin
'i,'2 second moment of area of stair
section about horizontal axis and
Radial horizontal shearing force: V,, = H cos 0 axis normal to slope, respectively
where n total loading per unit length
projected along centre-line of load
Redundant moment acting tangentially at midspan: M0 = k1 R1 radius of centre-line of loading =
Horizontal redundant at midspan: H = k2nR2 —-

Vertical moment at supports: Mrs =

R2 radius of centre-line of steps =
± R0), where R. and R0 are
I-.
the internal and external radii of
Ca the stair, respectively
(3 angle subtended in plan between
Ce
C-) point considered and midpoint of
stair
z total angle subtended by helix in
plan
slope of tangent to helix centre-
line measured from horizontal

C
C
a

C
a
C
C a
a

0
CO

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