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Data Storage, Retrieval, Analysis, Representation

Data Capture:
Primary Data Capture is based direct measurement from the source, for raster data types
(digital satellite, remote-sensing, images, digital aerial, photographs; Vector data (GPS,
measurements, survey.
Derivation of measurements that get with electromagnetic radiation reflections, emitions from
the objects.

 Remote Sensing: enhancing information with remote Technologies, not in a physical

way
Electromagnetic radiation carries the information
It serves as an image

 Aerial Photography: symbols and colours represents physical and cultural landscape,
they do not like maps
All buildings, bridges, roads… man-made elements as they are in the photography
River widths, courses, shorelines, landslide areas shows – maps can not represent –
Useful for site evaluation, regional analysis, historical perspectives

Spatial Resolution – physical characteristic (pixel size)

Quality and Accuracy of the input data, algorithms to manage data – landuses-

Positive side: high accuracy Negative side: limited to specific site

Secondary Data Capture is based on the information from other sources, for raster (scanned
maps or photographs, digital elevation models from topographic map contours, for vector
(topographic maps)
Vectorization – Digitization

Coordinate Systems:
Geographic Coordinate Systems: global, 3d spherical surface for defining locations on earth
 Angular unit measure + prime meridian + datum (network of benchmarks)
Datum: need longitude, latitude, surveying ex, WGS84, NAD83 in Turkey
Projected Coordinate Systems: UTM, represents project maps spherical surface in a 2d way
on a coordinate plane – framework -
 PCS- defined lengths, angles, areas
Includes map projection

Map Projections:
Flatten earth’s surface through projections
3d 2d
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Distortions happen not possible to preserve all things such as, conformity, distance,
direction, scale
Trade-off between distortions: minimize one error maximize other
Which one to use is up to people – depends on site
Some only distort all of them moderately
 Conformity:
map that preserves shape (a bit distorted in very large sites)
shapes preserved locally
distorts area
conformal conic, polar stereographic
 Distance:
Preserves scale for all lines passing specific point
 Direction:
Preserves direction
Measured degrees from north
 Area:
Equal-area map, preserves are
Size of a feature on a map = (relative) size on earth
It is not possible to preserve area, shape, distance, direction all together
4 Classes of Projections:
- Cylindrical, Conic, Azimuthal, Miscellaneous (unprojected ones)
UTM- (for Turkey) 60 Mercator projections - specific projections represent specific countries,
cities better -
State Plane- set of projections for small areas (+) distortion limited (-) does not work with
larger datasets
- Best is the having all layers in one CS -

Map Properties:
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑝
Scale: + Projection + Map Analysis + Map Design
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

ArcGIS:
ArcCatalog – retrieving data
Layers – data frame, layers from program
Not connecting data folder directly
Add data with defined coordinate system- projection will appear automatically
- Order of layers – list by drawing order
r.c. attribute table –info-
r.c. properties – symbolises for colour changing
or click in legend
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r.c pro – symbology- quantities – population

Layers - properties
- r.c attribute table (shape area etc.)
- source for projection systems
ArcToolbox – data management – projections and transform.
Project- f.e provience
- Output coordinat system select
Source- lineer unit for calculations, more meaningful area

For Selection:
Select by attributes – select layer (f.e. population density)
s.b. locations
(select from current selection)

- Connection with Arcgis folder

Toolbar r.c georeferencing + control points in matching points (first image than file)
View link table – for mistake
r.c pror. Transparency
at least 3 control points
update ref. – recify

- Inf from table to table- matching same informations

Joint function