BCS Preliminary Question Analysis (English Literature Step-01)

A Gateway to English Literature  S M Shamim Ahmed
BCS Preliminary Question Analysis (English Literature Step-01)

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†_‡K GB As‡k h_vh_ cÖ¯‘wZ ‡bIqv †_‡K wb‡R‡ì weiZ iv‡L| ZvB BCS Preliminary Question Analysis K‡i
†Kvb Ask †_‡K co‡j Avcwb mn‡RB 10-12 gvK©m Kgb cv‡eb Zvi GKUv we‡kølYag©x ZvwjKv wb‡¤œ †Ìqv n‡jv| English
Literature ‡_‡K †Kgb Questuion nq Zv jÿ¨ Kiæb |
1. Literary Terms /Figure of Speech (1 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Q. The literary terms ‘Euphemism’ means – [38th BCS ]
Q. The repetition of beginning consonant sound is known as – [37th BCS ]
2. Literary Period (wbwðZ 1 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Q. ‘Jacobean Period’ of English Literature is refers to – [38th BCS ]
Q. ‘Restoration Period’ in English Literature refers to – [37th BCS ]
3. Quotation (wbwðZ 1/2 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Q. Man’s love is of man’s life a thing apart ,This woman’s whole existence– [40th BCS]
Q. ‘All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.’ – [40th BCS ]
4. Character of famous writings (Play, poem, novel, and story) [ wbwðZ 1 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|]
Q. Who is the central character of ‘Wuthering Heights’ by Emily Bronte? [40th BCS ]
Q. Cordelia is a character of – [38th BCS ]
5. Who is the author/writer? ( wbwðZ 2-3 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Q. ‘Ulyssess’ is a novel written by – [40th BCS ]
Q. The play ‘Arms & the Man’ is by – [35th BCS ]
6. What type / kind of writing is ..... (fvM¨ fvj n‡j 1 gvK© Kgb ‡c‡Z cv‡ib|)
Q. ‘Riders to the Sea’ is a – [35th BCS ]
Q. ‘ The Rainbow’ is a – [13th BCS ]
7. Who is called the father /poet of......? (Poet of nature / beauty) (wbwðZ 1 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Q. Who is known as ‘The poet of nature’ in English Literature – [36th BCS ]
Q. Who is the greatest modern English dramatist? – [12th BCS ]
8. Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï weL¨vZ †kvKMv_v Ges hvi g„Zÿ‡Z †jLv| (1 gvK© Kgb ‡c‡Z cv‡ib|)
Q.Tennyson’s ‘In Memoriam’ is an elegy on the death of – [40th BCS ]
Q. P.B. Shelley’s ‘Adonais’ is an elegy on the death of – [37th BCS ]
9. Real name & pen name of writers
Elaboration of the names of some famous Authors (GB 3wU UwcK †_‡K wbwðZ 1 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Homonymous / Nearly Homonymous Writings
Q. What is the full name of the greatest American writer O’Henry? [14th,13th BCS]
Q. Dr. Johnson’s full name is –
10. Find odd man / one out. (1 gvK© Kgb ‡c‡Z cv‡ib|)
Q. (a) George Eliot (b) Thomas Hardy [35th BCS ]
(c) Joseph Conrad (d) James Joyce
Q. (a) The Bluest Eye (b) Sula [35th BCS ]
(c) As I Lay Dying (d) A Mercy
11. Prominent English Poet Laureates. (GB 2 wU UwcK †_‡K 1 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Nobel Prize winners in Literature.
Q. Who among the following is not a recipient of the Nobel Prize in English literature?
Q. Who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2013?
A documentary book on English Literature for BCS & other competitive Exams
12. Thematic Questions (GwUI 1 wU ¸iæZ¦c~Y© UwcK|)
Q. ‘The Merchant of Venice’ is Shakespeare’s play about – [36th BCS ]
Q. ‘Othello’ is Shakespeare’s play about – [35th BCS ]
13. Personal Information (Biography)
Q. William Shakespeare was born in – [40th BCS ]
Q. T.S .Eliot was born in – [13th BCS ]
14. KwZcq Bs‡iwR M‡íi evsjv Abyev`|
National Poets of Different Countries (GB 3wU UwcK †_‡K Kgc‡ÿ 1 gvK© Kgb cv‡e|)
BCS Previous years questions
Q. The climax of a plot is what happens – [36th & 35th BCS ]
Q. ‘Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard’ is written by – [37th & 36th BCS ]
we:`ª: BCS English Literature As‡k GKUz fvj K‡i ¸wQ‡q preparation wb‡j Lye mn‡RB 10-12 gvK©m cvIqv
m¤¢e| B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avcbviv cixÿvi Question Pattern, Level of difficulty BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q aviYv †c‡q‡Qb|
Dc‡i ewY©Z Av‡jvPbv AbymiY Kiæb| cieZ©x As‡k Rvb‡eb wKfv‡e study Ki‡j mn‡R AšÍZ 95% cÖ‡kœi mwVK DËi
w`‡Z mÿg n‡eb|
The most important writers for 41st & 43rd BCS (Step-02)
1. **** William Shakespeare -------- [40th BCS, 39th BCS, 37th BCS, 36th BCS, 35th BCS, 29th
BCS, 28th BCS,16th BCS ]
2. *** Christopher Marlowe ----------- [40th BCS, 35th BCS]
3. ** Thomas Kyd ----------------------- [38th BCS ]
4. *** William Wordsworth ----------- [36th BCS , 35th BCS]
5. *** S. T. Coleridge ------------------ [38th BCS, 37th BCS, 36th BCS, 13th BCS]
6. *** George Bernard Shaw ----------- [38th BCS, 36th BCS, 35th BCS, 12th BCS]
7. *** W. B. Yeats ---------------------- [40th BCS,36th BCS,35th BCS]
8. *** Ernest Hemingway ---------------[37th BCS, 12th BCS, 11th BCS,10th BCS ]
9. *** John Keats -------------------------[40th BCS, 15th BCS]
10. *** Charles Dickens ------------------ [39th BCS , 36th BCS, 29th BCS]
11. *** T.S. Eliot--------------------------- [37th BCS, 35th BCS, 17th BCS, 13th BCS]
12. ***John Donne ------------------------ [40th BCS, 38th BCS]
13. *** Percy Bysshe Shelley ----------- [37th BCS, 28th BCS]
14. **John Milton --------------------------[38th BCS]
15. **Jonathan Swift ---------------------- [38th BCS, 12th BCS]
16. **Alexander Pope --------------------- [40th BCS, 38th BCS, 16th BCS]
17. **Thomas Gray --- -------------------- [36th BCS, 35th BCS]
18. **Alfred Lord Tennyson---------------[40th BCS]
19. **Robert Browning --------------------[37th BCS, 17th BCS, 11th BCS]
20. **Thomas Hardy----------------------- [36th BCS]
21. *William Blake------------------------- [15th BCS ]
22. Ben Jonson ----------------------------- [37th BCS, 15th BCS]
23. Thomas Kyd---------------------------- [38th BCS ]
24. James Joyce ---------------------------- [40th BCS ]
Avoiding Risk
25. George Orwell
26. Toni Morrison
27. Geoffrey Chaucer
28. D.H. Lawence
29. Lord Byron
30. Sir Thomas More
31. Edmund Spenser
32. John Dryden
33. Chinua Achebe
34. Daniel Defoe
35. Jane Austen
36. Mathew Arnold
37. Henry Fielding
38. Joseph Conrad
BCS Preliminary Question Analysis (English Literature) According to new

syllabus (35th to 40th) Step-03
KZ Zg wewmGm?
Topic’s name
( Uwc‡Ki bvg) 35th 36th 37th 38th 40th
Periods of English - - 1 1 -
Literature
Literary Terms 2 1 4 1 -
Renaissance Period
i. Elizabethan Age - - - 1 -
William Shakespeare 2 3 3 - 3
Christopher Marlowe 1 - - - 1
Thomas Kyd - - - 1 -
ii. Jacobean Age
John Donne - - - 1 1
Ben Jonson - - 1 -
Neo-Classical Period
i.Restoration Age
John Milton - - 1 1 -
ii. Augustan Period/Age of Pope
Alexander Pope - - - 1 1
Jonathan Swift - - 1
iii. Age of Sensibility
Thomas Gray - - - - -
The Romantic Period
The Romantic Period - 1 - - -
William Wordsworth 1 3 - - -
John Keats - - - - 1
S. T. Coleridge - 1 1 1 -
P. B. Shelley - 1 1 - -
Victorian Period
Robert Browning - - 1 - -
Alfred Tennyson - - - - 2
Charles Dickens - 2 - - -
Thomas Hardy - 1 - - -
George Eliot 1 - - - -
Emily Bronte - - - - 1
The Modern Period & Post Modern Period
G. B. Shaw 1 1 - 1 -
William Butler Yeats 1 2 - - 1
Edward Fitzgerald - - - - 1
R. K. Narayan - - - 1 -
Thomas Stearns Eliot - - - - -
Ernest Hemingway - - - - -
E. M. Forster - 1 - - 2
James Joyce - - - - 1
Miscellaneous (wewea) 1 - - - -
Name Of some important Books and 1 - - -
writers
Nobel Laureate 1 - - - -
35th BCS Preliminary Test
1. Which of the following ages in literary history is the latest?

a. The Augustan Age b. The Victorian Age
c. The Georgian Age d. The Restoration Age
Explanation: cÖ‡kœ D‡jøwLZ Ackb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ The Georgian Age n‡jv AvaywbK hy‡Mi AšÍM©Z me©‡kl
hyM|
hy‡Mi bvg mgqKvj
Augustan Age (1700-1745)
Victorian Age (1832-1901)
Georgian Age (1910-1936)
Restoration Age (1660-1700)
2. The first English Dictionary was complied by-
a. Izaak Walton b. Samuel Johnson
c. Samuel Butler d. Sir Thomas Browne
Explanation: Izaak Walton (1593-1683) GKRb Bs‡iR ‡jLK | Zvui weL¨vZ MÖ‡š’i bvg ‘The
Compleat Anger’ Ges Ô Waltoniana’.
Samuel Johnson (1709-1784 ) GKRb Bs‡iR †jLK, m¤úv`K I mgv‡jvPK| wZwb bq eQi
mvabv K‡i 1755 mv‡j ‘Dictionary of the English Language’ bv‡g me©cÖ_g GKwU Dictionary
msKjb K‡ib|
Zuvi weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨Kg©:
Dictionary  A dictionary of the English Language (1755)
Play (Tragedy)  Irene (1726)
Famous Poem  The Vanity of Human Wishes (1740)
Essays  A preface to Shakespeare (1765)
 Lives of the Poet (1779 )
 Life of Milton (1779)
 Life of Cowley (1779)
Samuel Butler (1832-1902) Gi weL¨vZ `ywU iPbv n‡jv Ô The Way of All Flesh’
(Autobiography) Ges Erewhon (satirical novel) . GQvvov wZwb n‡jb ‘ The Illiad’ Ges
‘The Odyssey’ - Gi Abyev`K|
Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682) wQ‡jb GKRb wewPÎag©x Bs‡iR †jLK| Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨
iPbv¸‡jv n‡jv ‘Religio Medici’ (1643) , ‘The Garden of Cyrus’ (1658) , ‘ A Letter to a
Friend’ (1656) , ‘Christian Morals’ (1670).
3. The ‘Poet Laureate’ is-
a. the best poet of the century b. a winner of the Nobel prize in poetry
c. the Court poet of England d. a classical poet
Explanation: Poet Laureate n‡jv Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRKwe hvi Ab¨ bvg Court Poet o English. ‡MÖU
weª‡U‡b, †h mKj Kwe‡ì ivR m¤§vbbv †Ìqv n‡Zv A_©vr, ivRv wKsev ivwb KZ…©K wbhy³ ivR m¤§vwbZ Kwe‡ì
Court Poets of England ejv n‡Zv| Zuviv RvZxq Rxe‡b we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`b D`&hvc‡bi Rb¨ KweZv
K‡ib| weª‡U‡bi ivR Kwe‡Ì gv‡S Ab¨Zg n‡jb - Ben Jonson , John Dryden,Thomas Gray,
Robert Southey, William Wordsworth , Lord Alfred Tennyson , John Masefield cÖgyL|
4. Which of the following school of literary writings is connected with a medical
theory ?
a. Comedy of manners b. Theatre of the absurd
c. Heroic Tragedy d. Comedy of Humours
Explanation: Comedy of Humours GK ai‡bi mvwnZ¨Kg© †hLv‡b medical theory’i mv‡_ Zzjbv
K‡i gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| Ben Jonson ‡K “Comedy of Humours” Gi RbK
ejv nq| “Comedy of Humours” gvbe †`‡ni Af¨šÍixY A½cÖZ‡½i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| GLv‡b nvm¨
iwmKZv wb‡q mvwnZ¨ K‡g©i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, A_©c~Y© nvwm Avgv‡ì kixi I g‡bi
¯^v¯’¨‡K iÿv K‡i|
5. Who of the following was both a poet and painter?
a. Keats b. Donne
c. Blake d. Spenser
Explanation: Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ †ivgvw›UK Kwe William Blake. whwb Poet I Painter wn‡m‡e
mgfv‡e cwiwPZ| wZwb wQ‡jb Precursor of the Romanticism.
Zvui weL¨vZ `ywU MÖš’ n‡jv:
i. Songs of Innocence
ii. Songs of Experience.
wb‡P Ab¨ wZb Rb Kwei Dcvwa †Ìqv n‡jvt
Poet Title of the poet
John Keats Poet of beauty
John Donne Metaphysical poet /Poet of love
Spenser Poet of poets /Child of Renaissance
6. Who wrote ‘Beauty is truth, truth beauty’?

a. Shakespeare b. Wordsworth
c. Keats d. Eliot
Explanation: Poet of beauty bv‡g L¨vZ Kwe John Keats Zvi MxwZKweZv ‘Ode on a Grecian
Urn’ Gi †kl¯Íe‡K Av‡jvP¨ Dw³wU K‡i‡Qb|
John Keats Gi weL¨vZ Dw³
Source (Drm) Quotation (Dw³)
Ode on a Grecian Urn ➢ “Heard melodies are sweet ; those unheard are
sweeter.”
(‡kvbv myi e‡ovB gayi wKš‘ bv †kvbv myi gayiZi/hvi nv‡Zi ivbœv
LvBwb, †m eo ivuaywb ; hv‡K Kfz †`wLwb, †m eo my›`wi / gvbyl ARvbv‡K
Rvb‡Z Pvq)
Endymion,” Book I ➢ “A thing of beauty is a joy forever:”
(my›ì wRwbm wPiKvjB Avb›`vqK / Avb‡›ì)
Ode to a Nightingale ➢ “My heart aches and a drowsy numbness pains. My
sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk.” (‡e`bv KvZi
ü`q Avgvi, wSwg‡q co‡Q Amvo ‡e`bvq, fvwe ‡hb PygyK w`‡qwQ
‡ngj‡Ki ‡cqvjvq|)
To George and ➢ “Nothing ever becomes real ‘till it is experienced,”
Georgiana Keats (bv AvuPv‡j wek¦vm nq bv|)
Answers 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. c 6. c
16. ‘Gitanjali’ of Rabindranath Tagore was translated by —

a. W. B. Yeats b. Robert Frost
c. John Keats d. Rudyard Kipling
Explanation: iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ ÔMxZvÄwjÕ Kve¨MÖš’wU 1910 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq| 1912 mv‡j iex›`ªbv_
VvKzi wb‡RB Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` K‡ib Z‡e W. B. Yeats, translation Ki‡Z e¨vcK f‚wgKv †i‡LwQ‡jb|
Abyev‡` mnvqZvi cvkvcvwk W. B. Yeats MxZvÄwj Kve¨MÖ‡š’i KweZvi mv‡_ AviI wKQz KweZvi Bs‡iwR
Abyev` msKjb ÔSong Offerings’ Gi f‚wgKv wj‡Lb| G Kvi‡Y Zuvi bvgwU MxZvÄwj Kve¨MÖ‡š’i mv‡_
we‡klfv‡e m¤úwK©Z| W. B. Yeats n‡jb Avqvij¨v‡Ûi RvZxq Kwe| wZwb GKRb ‘Nobel Laureate’
wQ‡jb| wZwb 1923 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| Robert Frost wQ‡jb Av‡gwiKvi †kÖô Kwe I
RvZxq Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ GKRb| Zuv‡K ejv nq Nature Poet, Regional Poet. Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZv¸‡jv
n‡jv- The Road not Taken, Mending Wall , Home Burial , Stopping by Woods on a
Snowy Evening BZ¨vw`| John Keats GKRb weL¨vZ ‡ivgvw›UK Kwe| Rudyard Kipling wQ‡jb
GKRb weªwUk mvsevw`K| wkï mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e wZwb my-L¨vwZ †c‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi weL¨vZ †QvUMí The Jungle
Book (1894) MÖš’wUi Rb¨ wZwb 1907 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib|
 Allegory (iƒcKag©x iPbv/ cÖwZKvkªqx Kvwnbx)

Allegory kãwU wMÖK kã Ò allegora Ó ‡_‡K G‡m‡Q hvi A_© - Òspeaking in another way (Ab¨fv‡e ejv)Ó.
cÖavbZ K_vmvwn‡Z¨ GKwU M‡íi Avov‡j ‡jLK hLb Ab¨ GKwU Mí e‡j Zv‡K Allegory ejv nq| evsjvq GwU
iƒcKag©x mvwnZ¨ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| (The term ‘Allegory’ is dervied from Greek ‘allegora’ which
means speaking in another way. A literary form in which one story is told in the guise of
another story.)
Allegory ‡K ejv n‡q _v‡K ÒA story within a story or a story of double meaning” A_©vr M‡íi g‡a¨
Av‡iK Mí ev wØZ¡ A‡_©i Mí| †h‡nZz †jLK GLv‡b GKwU Mí‡K Avkªq K‡i Ab¨ GKwU Mí Zz‡j a‡ib|
Allegory memgq `yBwU A_© enb K‡i| h_vt-
1. Primary or surface meaning (gyL¨ ev evwn¨K A_© )
2. Secondary or symbolic meaning (†MŠY ev cÖZxKx A_© )
Allegory cÖavbZ 2 cÖKvi| h_v:
1. Historical and political allegory (HwZnvwmK Ges ivR‰bwZK A¨vwjMwi)
2. Symbolic allegory (fvev`‡k©i A¨vwjMwi)
More Examples:
➢ Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift
➢ The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser
➢ Animal Farm by George Orwell
➢ The Nun’s Priest’s Tale by Chaucer
➢ The Tempest by William Shakespeare
➢ The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan.
➢ Absalom and Achitophel by John Dryden .
Grammar: Singular countable noun ; Plural – Allegories ;
Adjective: Allegorical; Adverb: Allegorically.
 Allusion (c‡iv¶ D‡jøL)
†Kvb mvwn‡Zï / †cŠivwYK †Kvb NUbvi c‡iv¶ D×„wZ †`qv‡K Allusion e‡j| (An implicit or indirect
reference to another work of literature, to a historical person or event.)
†hgb :
1| He is a Julius Caesar in my life.(Julius Caesar William Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ Tragedy. Avi
GLv‡b Julius Caesar ej‡Z Zv‡KB †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ZvB GwU Allusion Gi D`vniY| )
2| Chocolate is her AchillesÕ Heel.
AchillesÕ Heel GKwU Idiom hvi A_© Weak Point -Kv‡iv Pwi‡Îi ¶y`ª wKš‘ `ye©j Ask |
3| You have dismissed my life and so you are a boa. (G.B. Shaw Gi "Man and
Superman" Gi g‡a¨ Boa D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, myZivs GwU Allusion.)
4| "Don't act like a Romeo in front of her."- Here is an allusion is made to Juliet's
Romeo mentioned in Shakespeare's " Romeo and Juliet ".
5| Avevi, k¨vgc` PµeZ©xi KweZvq
Ò †n Zš^x, fvMxi Zzwi Kvgbvi ab
Zc¯^xq wefxwlKv, Kwei ¯^cb |
6| " WvbvIqvjv evjKwU‡K Avwg wPwb ’ wKš‘ Zzwg †K †n kvšÍ K‡cvZ |
e¨vL¨v: G ev‡K¨ Ò WvbvIqvjv evjKwUÓ ej‡Z wMÖK †cÖ‡gi †èZv wKDwcW‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q | ZvB GwU Allusion-
Gi D`vniY|
Allusion- Gi cÖavb êwkó¨vewj:
1. Allusion n‡jv †Kvb mvwn‡Zï / †cŠivwYK †Kvb NUbvi c‡iv¶ D‡jøL |
2. Z‡e welq‡f‡` GKB e¯‘i wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K `k©‡b Allusion- G †mŠ›`‡h© êwPÎ¨ m„wó Kiv nq|
3. Allusion- Gi Ab¨Zg cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv cvVK g‡b Zzjbv m„wói gva¨‡g RwUj †Kvb welq‡K mnRZi Kiv|
4. GwU †Kvb e¨w³, e¯‘ ev NUbv‡K ms‡¶‡c eY©bv K‡i |
More Examples:
➢"The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora’s box of crimes".
wMÖK cyivY Abymv‡i PandoraÕs box G K‡iB †ivM-‡kvK, Riv-e¨vwa, `ytL- Kó c„w_ex‡Z G‡mwQ†jv|
➢ This place is like a Garden of Eden. – This is a biblical allusion to the “garden of God” in
the Book of Genesis.
➢ Don’t wear an Abraham Lincoln hat on your first date.
➢ Come. Be the Cleopatra to my Mark Antony.
➢ Well, I’m no Hercules, but I could open that jelly jar for you.
➢ Well, I’m no Hercules, but I could open that jelly jar for you.
Grammar: Singular countable noun; Plural – Allegories ;

Adjective: Allegorical; Adverb: Allegorically.
 Anaphora/ Epanaphora(Av`¨ve„Ë)
hLb †Kvb kã ev kã¸”Q (word or phrase) ci ci `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK jvB‡b cybt cybt eëüZ nq ZLb Zv‡K
Anaphora e‡j| GwU Epanaphora bv‡gI cwiwPZ| (The repetition of a word or phrase at the
beginning of two or more successive lines is known as Anaphora. It is also known as
Epanaphora.)
‡hgbt
➢ Martin Luther King Gi weL¨vZ "I Have a Dream" e³…Zvq Anaphora - Gi eënvi ‡`Lv hvq|
"So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom
ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening
Alleghenies of Pennsylvania..."
†`Lyb, GLv‡b cÖwZwU ev‡Kï As‡ki ïiæ‡Z let freedom evK¨vskwU wiwcU n‡q‡Q| ZvB GUv n‡jv Anaphora
-Gi D`vniY|
Avevi wb‡¤œi D`vniYwU †`Lyb:
➢ ÒTell them to be good, tell them to follow their elders, and tell them to mind their manners.Ó
jÿ¨ K‡i †`Lyb, GLv‡b ev‡Kï cÖwZwU As‡ki ïiæ‡Z Tell them evK¨vskwUi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| ZvB GUv n‡jv
Anaphora - Gi D`vniY|
➢ Lost wealth may be replaced by industry, lost knowledge by study, lost health by
temperature or medicine, but lost time is gone forever. → Samuel Smiles.
Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ Anaphora - Gi eënvi t
1. So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this and this gives life to thee. → William Shakespeare (Sonnet-18)
2. “Five years have passed;
Five summers, with the length of
Five long winters! and again I hear these waters…” → William Wordsworth (Tintern
Abbey)
Wordsworth GLv‡b the technique of anaphora- Gi eënvi K‡i‡Qb| cÖwZwU jvB‡bi ïiæ‡Z “Five”
k‡ãi eënvi we‡kl my‡ijv aŸwb m„wó K‡i AZxZ ¯§„wZ-weayi K‡i †Zv‡j|
3. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Anaphora -Gi eënvi :
Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg Zuvi Mv‡b wj‡L‡Qb -
‡Zvgvi Av‡Q nvwm, Avgvi AvuwLRj,
‡Zvgvi Av‡Q Pvu`, Avgvi ‡gN- `j,
‡Zvgvi Av‡Q Ni, So Avgvi mv_x|
k~b¨ Kwi ‡gvi g‡bi eb-f~wg
‡m‡RQ ‡mB dy‡j ivYxi mv‡R Zywg|
GLv‡b ci ci `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK jvB‡b GKB kã¸”Q ‡Zvgvi Av‡Q Gi eënvi n‡q‡Q| AZGe GUv Anaphora- Gi
D`vniY|
4. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †hgb Anaphora (Av`¨ve„Ë) Gi eënvi †`Lv hvq †Zgwb †`Lv hvq evsjv Mv‡b|
‡hgbt
Avwg ev‡iv gvm ‡Zvgvq fv‡jvevwm, Zywg my‡hvM cvB‡j eÜy evwmI
Avwg ev‡iv gvm ‡Zvgvi Avkvq AvwQ, Zywg Aemi cvB‡j AvwmI|
wet `ªt Anaphora eënvi Gi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv mvwn‡Z¨ Q‡›ì m„wó Kiv G‡Z cvVK g‡b AwaK Avb›` †RvMvq Ges
g‡b ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i |
Grammar: Anaphora is a noun ; Plural – Anaphoras /Anaphors ;
Adjective: anaphoric; Adverb: Anaphorically .
 Antithesis (we‡ivavjsKvi)
‡h evK¨vjsKv‡i ci¯ú‡ii KvQvKvwQ mwbœ‡ewkZ kã¸”Q Øviv wecixZ fve I A‡_©i cÖKvk cvq, Zv‡K A¨vw›U‡_wmm e‡j|
(Antithesis, literal meaning opposite, is a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are
put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.)
‡hgb:
United we stand , divided we fall.
e¨vL¨v: evK¨wUi 1g Ask Ò United we standÓ Gi mv‡_ 2q Ask Ò divided we fallÓ m¤ú~Y© wecixZ fve/A_© cÖ`vb
K‡i| †h‡nZz ev‡Kï 1g Ask Gi mv‡_ 2q As‡ki wecixZ Ges Zv‡ì gv‡Si mwbœ‡ek G‡K A‡bï mgvšÍivj, ZvB GwU
Antithesis Gi D`vniY|
Avevi, wf‡±vwiqvb hy‡Mi Bs‡iR Kwe Tennyson ‘Ulysses’ G e‡j‡Qb “ Made weak by time and fate, but
strong in will”. GLv‡b ÕweakÕ aviYvwU ÔstrongÕ aviYvwUi wecixZ, ZvB GwU my¯úóZ Antithesis Gi D`vniY|
More Examples:
➢ Give me liberty or give me death. (Patrick Henry)
➢ To err is human; to forgive divine. ( Alexander Pope)
➢ Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven. (John Milton)
➢ It was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness”. (Charles Dickens)
➢ Good we must love, and must hate ill. (John Donne)
➢ To be or not to be, that is the question. (William Shakespeare)
➢ Man proposes, God disposes. (Thomas Kempis )
➢ Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice. (William Shakespeare, Hamlet)
➢ We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools.(Martin Luther
King,)
➢ Speech is silver, but silence is gold. (Proverb)
Grammar: Antithesis is a noun ; Plural – Antitheses ;
Adjective: Antithetical; Adverb: Antithetically .
 Climax (Zz½ ev gnvgyn~Z©) : (35,36Zg wewmGm )
Climax k‡ãi A_© Pu~ov ev †kl cÖvšÍ| mvwn‡Z¨ ‡Kvb Mí, bvUK ev NUbvi m‡ev©”P ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask‡KB ev gyn~Z©‡KB
Climax e‡j| GB ch©v‡q M‡íi A¨vKkb (Action) †kl/Pig cwiYwZ‡Z †cŠuQvq Ges Gi ciciB cZb (Fall) ïiæ
nq| (Climax means peak or the end of action. The climax of a plot is what happens at the
height. It is the point at which the rise of action ends and the fall of action begins.)
mvaviYZ Avgiv GUv‡K ÔUvb Uvb D‡ËRbvÕ e‡jI AwfwnZ K‡i _vwK| ‡hgb bvUK ev wm‡bgvq Ggb Ae¯’v Av‡m hLb
†kÖvZv, `k©Kiv Uvb Uvb D‡ËRbvq _v‡K|
‡hgb:
1. DBwjqvg †k·wcq‡ii ÔA‡_‡jv Õ bvU‡K ‡WmwW‡gvbvi nZ¨vKvÛ GKwU K¬vBg¨v· Gi D`vniY GwUB ÔA‡_‡jv Õ bvU‡Ki
m‡ev©”P ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask ev gyn~Z©|
2. wgë‡bi gnvKve¨ Ôc¨vivWvBm j÷Õ- G GWv‡gi cZb
3. DBwjqvg †k·wcq‡ii Ôg¨vK‡e_ Õ bvU‡K ivRv WvbKv‡bi nZ¨vKvÛ|
Avevi ‡Kvb wee„wZ‡ZI K¬vBg¨v· (climax) _vK‡Z cv‡i|
†hgb:
ÒMade weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.”
(n‡q cwo `ye©j mgq Avi fv‡Mï Kv‡Q, wKš‘ B”Qvkw³ Av‡Q cÖej,
msMÖvg Kivi, AbymÜvb Kivi, Avwe®‹vi Kivi wKš‘ gv_v †bvqvevi bq|) (Ulysses: Alfred Tennyson)
e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b †kl PviwU kã strive, seek, find Ges yield Ggbfv‡e mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q †hb cieZ©x kãwU c~‡e©i kã
†_‡K †ewk wPËvKl©K I ü`qMªvnx | GLv‡b kã¸‡jv‡K wb¤œ ch©vq †_‡K D”P ch©v‡q mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q †hgb gB‡qi ‡kl avc
†_‡K wmuwo †e‡q av‡c av‡c Dc‡i DVv nq|
More Examples:
➢ I came, I saw and I conquered.(Vini Vici Vidi )
➢ "Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird! It's a plane! It's Superman!"
➢ "If you think that's bad, it gets worse."
➢ He smiles, he laughs and he roars.
Grammar: Climax is a noun & an intransitive verb ; Plural – Climaces ;
 Anti-Climax / Bathos (¸iæZi †Kvb wKQz †_‡K AvKw¯§K cZb)
Anti-climax n‡jv Ggb ai‡Yi wee„wZ hv‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y©/A_©en †Kvb wKQzi †_‡K nVvr K‡iB Zz”QZvq Aebgb ev m‡ev©”P
P~ov n‡Z wb‡¤œ (jNy welq) cZb N‡U| (Anticlimax or bathos is a figure of speech which consists in a
sudden fall from the lofty to a mean /trivial, from the sublime to the ridiculous.)
we:`ª : mvaviYZ nvmïmvZ¥K ev †KŠZzKven cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡Z e¨½vZ¥K iPbvi †ÿ‡Î G ai‡Yi AjsKvi eëüZ n‡q
_v‡K|
‡hgb:
1. He lost his wife, his child, his goods and his dog at one fell swoop. (GK AvKw¯§K Avµg‡Y †m
Zvi ¯¿x, mšÍvb, `ªevw` Ges KzKzi nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Q )
e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b ¸iæM¤¢xi fve †_‡K nVvr K‡i jNy wel‡qi AeZviYv Kiv n‡q‡Q hv nvmï‡mi m„wó K‡i| G ev‡K¨ me‡P‡q
¸iæZ¡c~Y©/A_©en welqwU cÖ_‡g G‡m‡Q Ges me‡P‡q Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ev ü`qMÖvnx welq †k‡l G‡m‡Q| ZvB GwU my¯úóZ
Anticlimax Gi D`vniY|
2. “If parts allure thee, think how Bacon shined
The wisest, brightest and meanest of mankind.” (Alexander Pope)
More Examples:
➢ He lost his family, his car and his mobile phone.
➢ But in the course of one revolving moon
Was chymist, fiddler, stateman, and buffoon.( John Dryden )
➢ "He has seen the ravages of war, he has known natural catastrophes, he has been to
singles bars."(Woody Allen)
➢ She is a great writer, a mother and a good humorist.
 Assonance (¯îvYycÖvm; aŸwbmv`„k¨; ¯îmv`„k¨)

¯îvYycÖvm n‡jv GKB Pi‡Y ev KweZvi wfbœ wfbœ As‡k GKB aŸwbwewkó ¯îe‡Y©i cybt cyb web¨vm| GUv Pi‡Yi ïiæ‡Z,†k‡l
ev gvSLv‡bI n‡Z cv‡i| GwU Abycªv‡mi (Alliteration) Gi wecixZ hv‡Z e¨Äbe†Yi© cybtcyb eënvi nq|
(Assonance is a figure of speech which refers to a line that repeats similar vowel sounds in a
sequence of nearby words. Assonant vowel sound can occur anywhere (at the beginning , in
the middle or end). It is opposite to alliteration, where the consonant sounds are repeated)
†ivgvbwUK Kwe Rb wKU&m Gi ÒIn AutumnÓ KweZvq Assonance Gi cwijwÿZ nq|
†hgb:
“Drows’d with the fume of poppies, while thy hook.” ( cwc dz‡ji M‡Ü Z›`ªv”Qbœ n‡q c‡ov Zwyg, hLb
Zv bv MÖn‡Y e¨_© nI)
e¨vL¨v: GB jvB‡b ¯îeY© ÔO’ Pvi evi wiwcU n‡q‡Q| ZvB GwU Assonance Gi eënvi D`vniY|
More Examples:
➢ “Strips of tinfoil winking like people.”(The Bee: Sylvia Plath)
➢ “I must confess that in my quest I felt
depressed and restyless.”(With Love: Thin Lizzy)
➢ “O might those sighs and tears returns again.”(Holy Sonnet 3: John Donne )
➢ The bird stirs at break of dawn.
➢ I might like to take a flight to an island in the sky.
Alliteration I Assonance-Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

Basis for Alliteration Assonance
Comparison
msÁv The repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition of only vowel
(e¨ÄYe‡Y©i cybtcyb eënvi ) sounds .
(ïaygvÎ ¯îaŸwbi cybtcyb eënvi )
Ae¯’vb The repeating sounds of alliteration The repeating sounds of assonance
usually occur at the beginning. can occur anywhere in a word.
wK‡mi Consonants Vowels

cybive„wË?
D‡Ïk¨ cvVK‡ì Kv‡Q ‡Kvb eY©bv‡K Q›`gq, kãv_©‡K cvVK‡ì Kv‡Q myLcvV¨ Q‡›ì m„wó Kiv|
MvpZi I aŸwbgvayh© m„wó Kiv |
D`vniY The beautiful bouquet blossomed There’s no place like home.
in the bright sun.
 Elegy (‡kvKMv_v): (30Zg wewmGm )

Elegy kãwU wMÖK Ô ElegosÕ I j¨vwUb Ô ElegiaÕ kã †_‡K DrcwË jvf K‡i‡Q hvi A_© n‡jv ‘Lament’ ev
†kvKµ›`b| cÖvPxb wMÖK I †ivgvb mvwn‡Z¨ we‡kl (cici †n·vwgUvi I †c›UvwgUvi Pi‡Y) GwjRxq Q‡›` iwPZ KweZv‡KB
elegy ejv n‡Zv| GwjwR wQj Foot song hv g~jZ hš¿ m½xZ| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b g„Z e¨w³ ev †kvKven NUbvi ¯§i‡Y Kwei
e¨w³MZ wejvcB Elegy wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| (The word elegy derived from the Greek ‘Elegos’ and the
latin word ‘Elegia’ which means lament. In ancient Greek literature it was foot song. In Greek
and Latin poetry, elgey refers to a special type of meter (Hexameters and pentameters). At
present elegy refers to a lyric poem of mourning for the death of an individual or lamenting
over a tragic event.)
GwjwR KveïxwZwU Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï A½ n‡jI wcÖqRb we‡qv‡M ev †kvKven †Kvb g„Zy¨ NUbvq Kve¨wejvc iPbvi aviv
c„w_exi me©‡`kxq mvwn‡Z¨B cÖPwjZ|
wKš‘ GB we¯§q †e`bv fvlvi ewntcÖKv‡k KZ bv êwPÎ¨gq! Ò In death we are all one but in our respones to
death how various!” GwjwR m¤ú‡K© K_vUv LyeB mv_©K| ZvB elegy-‡K ejv nq AvZ¥vi mvwnZ¨|
†hgb: Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï weL¨vZ elegy-i bvg wb‡¤œ †Ìqv n‡jv:
weL¨vZ GwjwR/‡kvKMv_v
Writers Elegy (‡kvKMv_v ) On the death of whom
Alfred Tennyson In Memoriam Arthur Henry Hallam
Edmund Spenser Astophel Sir Philip Sydney (Bswjk Kwe)
John Milton Lycidas (Pastoral Elegy) Milton’s Friend Edward King
Mathew Arnold Thyrsis Friend Arthur Hugh Clough
Mathew Arnold Memorial Verses Wordsworth, Byron, Goethe
Thomas Gray Elegy Written in a Country Fore Fathers
(Graveyard Poet) Churchyard (1751)
P.B. Shelley Adonais John Keats
W.H. Auden In memory of W.B. Yeats W.B. Yeats
GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi elegy n‡jv Pastoral Elegy ev ivLvwjqv ‡kvKMv_v| K¬vwmK¨vj ivLvwjqv ‡kvKMv_v Kv‡e¨ ïay
†kv‡Ki KweZv bq Ab¨vb¨ welqI ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
S.T.Coleridge- Gi g‡Z. ÒElegy is a form of poetry natural to the reflective mind A_©vr ms‡e`bkxj
g‡bi Mfx‡i AviI A‡bK welq Qvqv †dj‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: MÖvg¨ cÖK…wZ, †glcvj‡Ki Rxeb, AZxZ cyiv‡Yi RMr, kvk^Z
Rxeb BZ¨vw`| GLv‡b hvi g„Zÿ‡Z †kvKcÖKvk Kiv nq Ges †h †kvK cÖKvk K‡i Dfq‡KB †glcvjKiƒ‡c wPwÎZ Kiv nq|
Pastoral Elegy- Gi D™¢veK n‡jb cÖvPxb wmwmjxq Kwe w_IwµUvm| Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ †hgb †kvKMv_v i‡q‡Q evsjv
mvwn‡ZÏ †Zgwb †kvKMv_v i‡q‡Q |
†hgb:
Ò‡Zvgvwi Av‡jv‡Z iwe kwk R¦‡j,
Ze i~c gvayh© MM‡b f~Z‡j,
Ze ‡cÖg ivM Kwi‡Q civM
weKvwk ü`q Kzmyg `‡j| (kvwšÍ - Kv`w¤^bx †Nvl)
Avevi iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Zvui ‘¯§iY’ KweZvq wj‡L‡Qb-
ÒN‡i †gvi bvwn †Zvi †h Ag„Z im,
wek^ gv‡S cvB †mB nviv‡bv cik|Ó
Grammar: Elegy is a noun ; Plural – Elegies ;
Adjective: Elegiac .
 Oxymoron (we‡ivavj¼vi /wecixZvj¼vi)
Bs‡iwR oxymoron kãwU, MÖxK kã oxis Ges moros †_‡K 1657 mv‡j cÖ_gev‡ii gZ kãwU Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖPwjZ
n‡q‡Q| oxis " A_© sharp, keen, pointed" (avivj,Ávbx, Zxeª), Avi moros A_© "dull, stupid,
foolish"(Avnv¤§K, †evKv) | A_©vr Oxymoron Gi A_© `vuov‡jv - "sharp-dull", "keenly stupid", or
"pointedly foolish"
The word oxymoron is itself an example of an oxymoron. Oxymoron kãwU GKePb| Avi Gi enePb
nj Oxymora. Oxymoron Gi AvaywbK A_© `vuwo‡q‡Q - Ggb me kã¸”Q (mvaviYZ `yB kã) †h¸‡jv fxlYfv‡e
ci¯úi we‡ivax|
A_©vr, `ywU ci¯ci we‡ivax kã GKwU gvÎ Awfe¨w³‡Z Ave× K‡i GKwU avuavi fve Kí ˆZwi Kiv nq
Zv‡K oxymoron. e‡j|
mnR K_vq, Oxymoron nj ev‡K¨ cvkvcvwk eëüZ `ywU ci¯ci we‡ivax /wecixZ ag©x kã|
‡hgbt
He is irregularly regular in his attendence in the class.
Their love affair is an open secret .
Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ irregualarly regular GKwU Oxymoron | KviY e¨vcviUv hw` irregualar nq Zvn‡j regular
wKfv‡e n‡jv? Giv ci¯ci we‡ivax Ges kã `yBwU wecixZ A_© enb K‡i |
Ab¨ D`vniY :
He is a wise fool. GLv‡b wise fool ci¯ci we‡ivax |
AviI GKwU D`vniY w`‡j welqwU wK¬qvi n‡e All the politicians agreed to disagree. (Agreed &
disagree)
Their love affair is an open secret. (open & secret )
He is irregularly regular in his attendance his class (irregularly & regular )
Dc‡ii evK¨¸‡jv c‡o mn‡RB Abygvb Kiv hvq , kã¸‡jv ci¯úi we‡ivax | ZvB G¸‡jv oxymoron Gi D`vniY|
✓More examples:
➢ I am looking for the original copy of my certificate.
➢ Guest host, wise fool,
➢ O miserable abundance, O beggarly riches. (John Donne)
➢ And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true. ( Alfred Tennyson)
➢ I like a smuggler. He is the only honest thief. (Charles Lamb)
➢ Living dead.
➢ He is constructively destructive.
➢ Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate! (William Shakespeare)
➢ Great Depression .
➢ Alone in a crowd.
➢ It is a painful pleasure.
➢ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Oxymoron - Gi eënvi t

Kwe iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi Mv‡b wj‡L‡Qb -
ÒPi‡Y Zvi wbwLj fyeb bxie MM‡b‡Z
Av‡jv-Avuavi AvuPjLvwb Avmb w`j ‡c‡Z|
GZ Kv‡ji fq fvebv ‡Kv_vq ‡h hvq m‡i,
fv‡jvg›` fvOv‡Pviv Av‡jvq I‡V fÕ‡i,Ó
GLv‡b Av‡jv-Avuavi I fv‡jvg›` kãhyMj cvkvcvwk eëüZ `ywU ci¯ci we‡ivax /wecixZ ag©x kã| ZvB GwU
oxymoron Gi D`vniY|
Avevi Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg Zvui Ô cÖj‡qvjøvm Õ KweZvq wj‡L‡Qb-
➢ ÒH fvOv-Mov †Ljv †h Zvi Z‡e wK‡mi Wi?
‡Zviv me RqaŸwb Ki&|
ea~iv cÖ`xc Zz‡j ai&|Ó
Oxymoron ¸‡jv mvaviYZ Metaphysical poetry ‡Z eënvi Kiv nZ| GQvov eZ©gv‡bI KweZvq GUv eënvi
nq|
D`vniY:
A careless shoe-string, in whose tie
I see a wild civility → (Delight in Disorder, by Robert Herrick)
Oxymoron I Paradox-Gi cv_©K¨t (Distinction between Oxymoron & Paradox)
Basis for
Comparison Oxymoron Paradox
msÁv Oxymoron is a combination Paradox is a statement that hides a

of two contradictory terms. rational meaning.
(Oxymoron nj ev‡K¨ cvkvcvwk (Paradox n‡jv AvcvZ`„wó‡Z ci¯úiwe‡ivax
eëüZ `ywU ci¯úi we‡ivax kã ) ‡Kvb wee„wZ hvi g‡a¨ †hŠw³K A_© jywK‡q
_v‡K)
ci¯úi we‡ivax kã `ywU kã cvkvcvwk
kãMZ cv_©K¨ ci¯úi we‡ivax kã¸”Q |
e‡m |
Oxymoron is a description of
GUv Kx? Paradox is considered to be an action
a phrase, which is
that is contradictory.
contradictory.
cvVK g‡b PgKcÖ` cÖfv‡ei m„wó Kiv| cvVK‡ì g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv Ges bZzb
D‡Ïk¨ wPšÍvi D‡`ªK NUv‡bv|
D`vniY Truth is honey which is

I want to die young at a ripe old age.
bitter.
Grammar: Oxymoron is a countable noun ; Plural –Oxymorons, Oxymora;

Adjective: Oxymoronic ; Adverb: Oxymoronically.
 Simile (Dcgv) : (37 Zg wewmGm )
mvaviY ag© D†jøL K†i hLb †Kvb ev†K¨ `ywU wfbœ / weRvZxq e¯‘i gv†S mivmwi (Direct) Zyjbv Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K
wmwgwj (simile) e‡j| (A simile is a figure of speech that compares between two different /
dissimilar things in an explicit way / directly (mivmwi).
Simile- Gi c«avb ‰ewkó¨vewj:
1. `ywU wfbœ / weRvZxq wRwb‡mi gv‡S mivmwi (‰ewkó¨ D‡jøL K‡i) Zyjbv|
2. me©`vB as, as like as, as--as, as if, like, resemble, such.
3. mvwn‡Z¨ ÔwmwgwjÕ eënvi Gi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv e¨Äbv m„wó, Kvwe¨K ‡mŠ›`h© e„w× Ges cvVK‡ì Kv‡Q ‡Kvb eY©bv‡K
AwaKZi ¯úó Kiv|
‡hgb:
1. Her words are as sweet as honey. (Zvi K_v ‡hb gay‡Z gvLv)
e¨vL¨vt GB ev‡K¨ Words- ‡K Honey-Gi mv‡_ Zyjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB GwU Simile.
2. I wandered lonely as a cloud. (Avwg ‡hb wbtm½/GKvKx DÏ‡k¨nxbfv‡e/ BZ¯ÍZfv‡e GKLÛ ‡gNgvjvi g‡Zv
AvKv‡k D‡o Pwj|)
e¨vL¨vt GB ev‡K¨ Kwe wb‡R‡K GKLÛ ‡g‡Ni mv‡_ Zyjbv K‡i‡Qb| ZvB GwU Simile-Gi D`vniY|
e¨vL¨vt cÖ_g ev‡K¨ ‡g‡qi K_v‡K gayi mv‡_ Zyjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q ‡hLv‡b gayi ¯^vfvweK ‰ewkó¨ (wgóZv)-Gi D‡jøL Av‡Q|
GLv‡b `ywU wfbœ / ‰emv`…k¨ wRwb‡mi (‡g‡qi K_v I gayi) gv‡S mivmwi (‰ewkó¨ D‡jøL K‡i) Zyjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avevi
‡g‡qi K_v I gayi g‡a¨ GKUv wgj Av‡Q| Avi ‡m wgjwU nj Giv Df‡qB wgwó |
3| evsjv mvwn‡ZÏ simile (Dcgv) eënvi †`Lv hvq| bv›`wbKZvF× Gme Simile (Dcgv) Rxebvb›` `v‡ki KweZvq
we‡klfv‡e kbv³ Ki‡Z Abb¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
Rxebvb›` `v‡ki Ab¨Zg cvVKwcÖq KweZv ÔebjZv ‡mb- G e‡j‡Qbt
Ô...cvwLi bx‡oi g‡Zv ‡PvL Zy‡j bv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv ‡mb|Õ
GLv‡b `ywU wfbœ wRwbm cvwLi bx‡oi mv‡_ ‡Pv‡Li Zyjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kx A™¢yZfv‡e ‡f‡e‡Qb Kwe| cvwL ‡hgb Zvi wbR
evmvq kvwšÍ cvq, Avb›` cvq wVK ‡Zgwb ebjZvi ‡Pv‡L Avb›`, kvwšÍ| GB kvwšÍi ‡Pv‡Li K_vB AmvaviY e¨Äbvq Zy‡j
a‡i‡Qb ÔcvwLi bxoÕ Dcgvq|
4| Avevi Kwe Rxebvb›` `vk Zvui ÔivwÎw`bÕ KweZvq wj‡L‡Qb t
ÔGKw`b G Rxeb mZ¨ wQ‡jv wkwk‡ii g‡Zv ¯^”QZvq|Õ
GLv‡b Kwe Ôg‡ZvÕ kã eënvi K‡i Rxe‡bi ¯^”QZvi mv‡_ wkwk‡ii Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|
5| ÔZßkh¨v wcÖqvi gZb †mvnv‡M wN‡i‡Q †gv‡i|Õ
Ñ GLv‡b Dcgvb - wcÖqv , Dc‡gq - kh¨v, mvaviY ag© - †mvnv‡M wN‡i‡Q , mv`„këvPK kã - gZb|
6| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †hgb simile (Dcgv) eënvi †`Lv hvq †Zgwb †`Lv hvq evsjv Mv‡b|
‡hgbt IB `ywU †PvL †hb R‡j †dvUv cÙ
hZ †`wL Z…òv †g‡Ubv| → bRiæj Bmjvg evey |
GLv‡b MxwZKvi †hb kã eënvi K‡i `ywU wfbœ wRwbm ‡Pv‡Li mv‡_ cÙ dz‡ji Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|
7| ‡mvbv eÜyi gy‡Li nvwm ‡hb c~wY©gv kkx
nvwm‡Z nBjvg cvMj N‡i _vK‡Z w`jvbv → Avãyj Mdyi nvjx|
GLv‡b MxwZKvi Avãyj Mdyi Avjx †hb kã eënvi K‡i eÜyi gy‡Li nvwm‡K c~wY©gvi Pvu` (kkx) Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv
K‡i‡Qb|
✓More Examples:
➢The child shows the man as morning shows the day.(mKv‡ji m~h© †hgb wè‡mi cÖwZ”Qwe, †Zgwb
GKRb wkï GKRb cwic~Y© gvby‡li cÖwZ”Qwe )
➢The boy is as ferocious as dog.
➢Our soldiers are as brave as lions.
➢To follow knowledge like a sinking star.
➢Shimu's face is as bright as the moon.
➢My love is like a red rose.
➢Youth like summer morn.
➢You were as brave as a lion.
➢My heart is like an open highway.
➢My heart is like a singing bird.
➢He is as cunning as a fox.
➢Life is like a dream.
➢My love for you is as deep as the ocean.
wet `ªt GKB RvZxq e¯‘i ev wel‡qi g‡a¨ Zyjbv n‡j Simile n‡e bv|
‡hgbt
✓ Nazrul is like Shelley.
(GLv‡b `yÕRbB e¨w³ ev GKB ‰ewk‡óï, ZvB like _vKv m‡Ë¡I ZyjbvwU Simile n‡e bv| wKš‘ Nazrul is like
a lion/tiger. (GLv‡b Nazrul Ges lion/tiger kã `ywU GKB ‰ewk‡óï bq Ges Like-Gi D‡jøL Av‡Q, ZvB
ZyjbvwU Simile n‡e|)
Grammar: The noun simile can be countable or uncountable; Plural – Similes/Similia ;
 Metaphor (iƒcK) : (37 Zg wewmGm)

mvaviY ag© bv K‡i hLb ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ `ywU wfbœ / weRvZxq wRwb‡mi gv‡S c‡iv¶fv‡e/iƒcKv‡_© Zyjbv Kiv nq, Zv‡K ejv
nq ‡gUv‡dvi (Metaphor.) (A Metaphor is a figure of speech that compares between two
different / dissimilar things in an implicit way / indirectly (c‡iv¶fv‡e) |
Metaphor- Gi c«avb ‰ewkó¨vewj:
1. `ywU wfbœ / wRwb‡mi gv‡S c‡iv¶fv‡e / iƒcKv‡_© (‰ewkó¨ D‡jøL bv K‡i ) Zyjbv|
2.GLv‡b as, as like as, as--as, as if, like, resemble, such BZ¨vwì D‡jøL bv|
3. mvwn‡Z¨ Õ‡gUvdiÕ eënvi Gi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv e¨Äbv m…wó ,Kvwe¨K ‡mŠ›`h© e„w× Ges cvVK‡ì Kv‡Q ‡Kvb
eY©bv‡K
AwaKZi ¯úó Kiv / cvVK‡ì g‡b c«fve m„wó Kiv|
‡hgbt
1. Av‡gwiKvi RvZxq Kwe Walt Whitman Zvui weL¨vZ “Song of myself” G GKwU kw³kvjx metaphor eënvi
K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb -
2. “The beautiful uncut hair of graves.” (Nvm n‡jv Ke‡ii my›ì ALwÛZ Pzj)
e¨vL¨vt GLv‡b Kwe `ywU wfbœ wRwb‡mi ga¨Kvi GKwU mvaviY ¸Y‡K KvíwbKfv‡e Abygvb K‡i Zyjbv K‡i‡Qb| Nvm Ges
Pyj `y‡Uv wfbœ welq| wKš‘ Kwei ‡Pv‡L Nvm nj Ke‡ii Pzj|
3. The girl lips were rosary. (‡g‡qwUi ‡VvuU ‡hb ‡Mvjv‡ci cvucwo)
e¨vL¨vt GB ev‡K¨ ‡g‡qwUi Lips -‡K Rosary - Gi mv‡_ c‡iv¶fv‡e Zyjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB GwU Metaphor.
4. But thy eternal summer shall not fade. (wKš‘ ‡Zvi gv‡Si wPi emšÍ (‡hŠeb) KL‡bvB nviv‡e bv )
e¨vL¨vt GB ev‡K¨ Kwe Zvi eÜyi ‡hŠeb- ‡K Summer (emšÍ-Gi mv‡_ c‡iv¶fv‡e Zyjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB GwU
Metaphor.
5. My life is a local bus. (Avgvi Rxeb n‡jv GKUv †jvKvj evm)
e¨vL¨vt GB ev‡K¨ life ‡K local bus Gi mv‡_ c‡iv¶fv‡e Zyjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov life Ges local bus kã `ywU
GKB ‰ewk‡óï bq, ZvB ZyjbvwU Metaphor n‡e|
6. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Metaphor -Gi eënvi t
Kwe Rxebvb›` `vk Zuvi weL¨vZ ÔebjZv ‡mbÕ KweZvq e‡j‡Qb -
ÒPyj Zvi K‡eKvi AÜKvi wew`kvi wbkv
gyL Zvi kªve¯Íxi KviæKvh©Ó
GLv‡b nvBcvi‡evwjK ‡gUvdi ev AZy¨³ iƒcK eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Kwe ebjZv †m‡bi Pzj‡K AÜKvi wew`kvi
wbkvi mv‡_ mivmwi Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| ebjZv †m‡bi gy‡Li Av`j kªve¯Íxi KviæKv‡h©i ‡mŠKh©c~Y©| IB jvBb`ywU‡Z GKB
m‡½ ‡gUvdi ev iƒc‡Ki ‡h KvR- ‡mB Zyjbvg~jK wPÎKí m…wó n‡q‡Q|
✓ More Examples:
➢ My life is local bus.
➢ Life is but a walking shadow.
➢ Revenge is a wild justce.
➢ Shall I Compare thee to a Summer’s Day?
➢ Life is a barren field.
➢ Love is a battlefield.
➢ He is the star of the family.
➢ The worldÕs a stage.
➢ You are my sunshine.
➢ The man is a mad dog.
➢ He drowned in a sea of grief.
➢ Laughter is the music of the soul.
➢ Time is money.
➢ But thy eternal summer shall not fade.
➢ Kisses are the flowers of affection.
wet `ªt GKB RvZxq e¯‘ ev wel‡qi g‡a¨ Zyjbv n‡j Metaphor n‡e bv|
‡hgbt Nazrul is Shelley. (GLv‡b `yÕRbB e¨w³ ev GKB ‰ewk‡óï, ZvB ZyjbvwU Metaphor n‡e bv|
wKš‘ hw` ewj, My life is a local bus. (GLv‡b life Ges local bus kã `ywU GKB ‰ewk‡óï bq,ZvB ZyjbvwU
Metaphor n‡e|)
Simile I Metaphor-Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨t (Distinction between Simile & Metaphor)
Basis for Simile Metaphor
Comparison
msÁv Similes make the comparison by Metaphors make the comparison
saying that something is like by saying that something is
something else. something else.
†Kvb wKQz †`L‡Z Ab¨ †Kvb wKQzi g‡Zv nq †Kvb e¯‘‡K hLb Ab¨ wKQzi mv‡_ KvíwbK
wgj Av‡Q)| Zzjbv Kiv nq (hvi mv‡_ †Kvb wgjB ‡bB)|
ms‡hvRK kã me©`vB as, as like as, as--as, as if, GLv‡b as, as like as, as--as, as if,
like, resemble, such Gi D‡jøL _v‡K| like, resemble, such BZ¨vwì D‡jøL
bv|
Zzjbvi aiY Direct / explicit (cÖZ¨ÿ) Indirect / Implicit (c‡iv¶)
GUv Kx? mKj simile-B †gUvdi | wKš‘ mKj ‡gUvdiB simile bq|
D‡Ïk¨ cvVK‡ì Kv‡Q ‡Kvb eY©bv‡K AwaKZi ¯úó cvVK g‡b c«fve we¯Ív‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_
Kiv| Zyjbvg~jK wPÎKí m„wó Kiv |
D`vniY ‘O my love’s like a red, red rose.’ ‘O my love is a red, red rose.’
(Robert Burns)
Simile I Metaphor-Gi g‡a¨ Av‡iv wKQz cv_©K¨:

Simile: The worldÕs like a stage.
wKš‘ Metaphor: The worldÕs a stage.
Simile: She is as innocent as an angel.
wKš‘ Metaphor: She is an angel.
Simile: Your eyes are like sunshine.
wKš‘ Metaphor: Your eyes are sunshine.
kU©KvU ‡UKwbK :
ev‡K¨ A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z as, as like as, as--as, as if, like, resemble, such _vK‡j ‡mUv simile nq|
Avi sentence G as, as like as, as--as, as if, like, resemble, such Gi D‡jøL bv _vK‡j Metaphor e‡j
a‡i wb‡Z nq|
Grammar: Metahor is a singular countable noun ; Plural – Metaphors ;
Adjective: Metaphorical ; Adverb: Metaphorically .
Periods of English Literature
1 2
The Middle English Period
The Old English Period 1066-1500
Or, The Anglo-Saxon
I. Anglo Norman Period 1066-1340
450-1066 II. Age of Chaucer - 1340-1400
III. Barren Age/Dark Age - 1400-1485
3 The Renaissance Period 4

1500-1660 The Neo-Classical Period
I. Preparation for Renaissance-1500-1558 1660-1798
II.Elizabethan Age -1558-1603 I. The Restoration Period - 1660-1700
III.Jacobean Age -1603-1625 II. The Augustan Age /Age of Pope - 1700-
IV.Caroline Age -1625-1649 1745
V.Common Wealth Period -1649- III. Age of Sensibility/Age of Johnson - 1745-
1660 1785/98
VI. Puritan Age-1620-1660
5 6
The Victorian Period

The Romantic Period
1832-1901
1798-1832 I. The Pre-Raphaclitics - 1848-1860
II.Aestheticism & Decadence 1880-1901
7 8
The Modern Period

1901-1939 The Post Modern Period
I. The Edwardian Period - 1901-1910 1939 - Present
II. The Georgian Period - 1910-1939
‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv:

GQvovI Avgv‡ì g‡b ivLv DwPZ †h, 1690 mvj †_‡K 1616 ch©šÍ mgqKvj‡K Age of Shakespeare ev
Shakespearian Age ejv nq|
Quick Memory Tips: OMR NRV MP
O ̶ Old English Period
M ̶ Middle English Period
R ̶ Renaissance Period
N ̶ Neo-Classical Period
R ̶ Romantic Period
V ̶ Victorian Period
M ̶ Modern Period
P ̶ Post Modern Period
ivRv ev ivwbi bv‡g †hme hy‡Mi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q

hy‡Mi bvg †h ivRv ev ivwbi bv‡g bvgKiY n‡q‡Q
Elizabethan Age (1558-1603) Queen Elizabeth I
Jacobean Age (1603-1625) King James I
Caroline Age (1625-1649) King Charles I
The Restoration Period (1660-1700) King Charles II
The Augustan Age /Age of Pope (1700-1745) Augustas (King of Italy)
The Victorian Period (1832-1901) Queen Victoria
The Edwardian Period (1901-1910) Edward VII
The Georgian Period (1910-1939) Gearge
Gearge V
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Zuvi Dcvwamg~n:
Father of English Essay (cÖe‡Üi RbK)
First Essayist in English Literature
Father of modern Prose (AvaywbK M‡`ï RbK)
Father of Empriricism (cÖ‡qvMev‡ì RbK)
Master of Aphorism & Terseness
Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
➢ Francis Bacon GKvav‡i Attorney General Ges Lord Chancellor `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
➢ wZwb GKRb Bs‡iR Courtier (statesman), lawyer and natural philosopher.
➢ wZwb 1584 mv‡j cvj©v‡g‡›Ui m`m¨ n‡qwQ‡jb Ges 1603 mv‡j Knight Dcvwa jvf K‡ib|
Zvui weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨Kg©:
➢ Essays  Of Studies
 Of Love
 Of Revenge
 Of Marrige & Single Life
 Of Plantation
 Of Truth
 Of Friendship
 Of Great Place
 Of Death
 Of Beauty
 Of Adversity
 Of Suitors
 The Advancement of Learning
 Novum Organum (A_©: New Method) (j¨vwUb fvlvq wjwLZ)
Of Studies Gi mvi-ms‡ÿc:
d«vwÝm †eKb‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ M‡`ï RbK ejv nq| d«vwÝm †eK‡bi “Ad ÷vwWmÓ cÖeÜwU Aa¨qb ev cvV wel‡q
iPbv K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b wZwb cvV¨vf¨v‡mi ¸iæZ¡, Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, mydj BZ¨vw` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| †eKb e‡j‡Qb
†h, e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b fvlvMZ gvayh©Zv Dbœq‡b cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| KviY GKRb gvbyl cv‡Vi gva¨‡gB wb‡R‡K AwfÁ
I weØvb K‡i Zz‡jb| †jLK GUvI †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †h, †Kvb ai‡bi welq cvV¨vf¨v‡m _vKv DwPZ Ges †Kvb welq¸‡jv
Gwo‡q Pjv DwPZ| wZwb AviI e‡jb, ÒSome books are tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few
to be chewed and digested.” A_©vr wKQz wKQz eB Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi ïay ¯^v` MÖnY Ki‡Z nq, wKQz wKQz eB bv ey‡SB
gyL¯Í Ki‡Z nq Ges wKQz wKQz eB ax‡i ax‡i MÖnY I AvZœ¯’ Ki‡Z nq|
wZwb g‡b K‡ib †h, kixi wVK ivLvi Rb¨ †hgb e¨vqvg Acwinvh© wVK †Zgwb Kv‡iv AvZœvi weKv‡ki Rb¨ cvV¨vf¨vm
Acwinvh©|
‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv:
➢Father of English Prose Francis Bacon we:`ª: Father of English Prose
➢Father of English Prose John Wycliffe cÖ‡kœ Alfred the Great ev John
➢Founder of English Prose Alfred the Great Wycliff Gi bvg bv _vK‡j Francis
 jÿbxq Zuvi AwaKvsk cÖe‡Üi bvg Of w`‡q ïiæ n‡q‡Q| Bacon mwVK DËi n‡e|
 Essay kãwU wZwbB cÖ_g eënvi K‡ib|
1. Who is an essayist? [Rbcªkvmb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK : 16]

a. J. S. Mill b. Charles Dickens
c. Francis Bacon d. W. H. Newman
2. Francis Bacon is a/an- [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb wkÿK : 03/ mve-‡iwR÷vi : 01]
a. Novelist b. Dramatist
c. poet d. Essayist
3. Who is called the father of English essays? [†eMg †iv‡Kqv wek^we`¨vjq (G-BDwbU) Kjv
mvgwRK weÁvb Abyl` : 10-11]
a. Francis Bacon b. Robert Browning
c. Ted Hughes d. O’ Henry
4. Who is considered to be the father of English prose? [†ijI‡q mnKvix Kgv‡ÛU : 00]
a. Francis Bacon b. King Alfred the Great
c. Henry Fielding d. Geoffrey Chaucer
5. Who wrote ‘Some books are to be tested, others to be swallowed and some few
to be chewed and digested’? [Rywbqi AwWUi : 11/ Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdmvi : 08]
a. Joseph Addison b. Francis Bacon
c. Dr. Johnson d. Charles Lamb
6. ‘Some books are to be tested, others to be swallowed and some few to be
chewed and digested’, said- [PÆMvg wek^we`¨vjq (B-BDwbU) : 05-06]
a. Joseph Addison b. Dr. Johnson
c. Charles Lamb d. Francis Bacon
e. Shakespeare
7. “Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, writing an exact man”
Who told it? [‡Uwjwfkb cª‡KŠkjx †MÖW-2) : 04/hye Dbœqb Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK : 94]
a. Chapman b. Frost
c. Hamlet d. Bacon
8. Bacon received education from---[RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i mnKvix ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v-03]]
a. Eton b. Oxford
c. Cambridge d. Trinity College
m¤¢ve¨ cÖkœvejx
9. “Novum Organum” is written by--
a. John Lily b. Thomas Nashe
c. Francis Bacon d. Richard Hooker
10. Who was the “Attorney General” and “Lord Chancellor”---
a. J.S. Mill b. Philip Sidney
c. Thomas More d. Francis Bacon
Answer key
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
c d a a b d d c c d
Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)

 Christopher Marlowe wQ‡jb †k·wcq‡ii c~e©m~wi †jLK (Predecessor)| wZwb Bsj¨v‡Ûi K¨v›Uvi‡ewi‡Z
†kK&mwcq‡ii R‡b¥i 2 gvm c~‡e© Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb Bs‡iwR we‡qvMvšÍK bvU‡Ki RbK wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ (Father of
English Tragedy)| wZwb GKRb University Wits wQ‡jb| Oxford ‡_‡K covïbv Kiv Christopher
Marlowe gvÎ 23 eQi eq‡m 1587 mv‡j cÖ_g bvUK ‘Tamburlaine, The Great’ iPbv K‡ib| 1593 mv‡j
30‡k †g, gvÎ 29 eQi eq‡m jÛ‡b GK mivBLvbvq cywj‡ki ¸ßP‡ii nv‡Z wZwb wbnZ nb|
Zuvi Dcvwamg~n:
Christopher Marlowe
➢ Father of English Tragedy (Bs‡iwR Uªv‡RwWi RbK)
➢ True Founder of English Drama
Zuvi weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨ Kg©:

➢Tamburlaine, The Great GwU Zuvi iwPZ cÖ_g mvwnZ¨ Kg©| †gvMj m¤ªvU eve‡ii c~e© cyiæl ivRv
(Tragedy) ˆZgyi js Gi Rxebx wb‡q †jLv| ‰Zgyi wKfv‡e mvaviY ivLvj †_‡K
GKRb `ytmvnwmK †hv×v n‡qwQ‡jb †mwU GB bvU‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
➢ Doctor Faustus (Tragedy) Full Name: The Tragical History of the Life and Death
of Doctor Faustus. GwU AwgÎvÿi Q‡›` (Blank verse) †jLv
GKwU morality play. Faustus GKRb Rvg©vb cwÛZ| ‡m Rvg©vwbi
DB‡UbevM© BDfvwm©wU‡Z covïbv K‡i| Doctor Faustus cÖwZwU
wel‡q AvqË K‡i‡Q| ‡m AvZ¥xq¯^Rb‡ì mnvqZv wb‡q ag©Z‡Ë¡
wc.GBP.wW AR©b K‡i| wKšÍy HwZn¨MZ Áv‡b wZwb mšÍó bq| ZvB AwZ
gvbexq ÿgZv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g ‡m cÖfvekvjx n‡q DV‡e| mg‡qi
weeZ©‡b †m kqZvb jywmdv‡ii `vm Mephistophilis Gi mvÿvr
cvq| Faustus Zuvi mxgvnxb ÿgZv jv‡fi Avkvq 24 eQ‡ii Rb¨ †m
jywmdvi Gi mv‡_ wb‡Ri i³ w`‡q Pzw³ K‡i| wZwb Avb›` Dc‡fv‡Mi
Rb¨ Mephistophilis Gi mvnv‡h¨ wMÖ‡mi Awb›`¨ my›ìx Helen ‡K
Dcw¯’Z K‡i Ges e‡j “Sweet Helen, make me immortal
with a kiss”| ax‡i ax‡i Pzw³i mgq †kl n‡q Av‡Q Ges wZwb
ev¯ÍeZv eyS‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖv_©bv Kivi †Póv K‡i wKšÍy mdj nqbv| †kl
mg‡q AvZ©bv` K‡i D‡V See, See, where Christ’s blood
stream in the firmament, One drop would save my
soul, half, a drop...... wKšÍy †m Ck^‡ii KiæYv jv‡f e¨_© nq|
kqZvb G‡m Zvi AvZ¥v wPiZ‡i bi‡K wb‡q hvq| Gfv‡e Doctor
Faustus wb‡RB wb‡Ri KiæY g„Zz¨ †W‡K Av‡b|
Satanic Figures:
➢ Lucifer- The ruler of hell & Master of
Mephistophilis
➢ Mephistophilis
Theme: Thirst for power
➢ Edward II (Tragedy) GwU GKwU Historical Play.
➢ The Jew of Malta (Tragedy) GB bvU‡Ki welqe¯Íy AmvaviY abwjáv| bvUKwU‡Z g¨vwKqvf¨vwj I
Full Name: The Famous Tragedy of †iu‡bmvi cÖfve i‡q‡Q| bvU‡Ki bvqK Bû`x ewYK Barabas
the Rich Jew of Malta. eû‡jvK‡K cÖZviYv K‡i ab mÂq K‡i| wKšÍy Ae‡k‡l Zvi wb‡R‡K
cv‡ci cÖvqwðZ Ki‡Z nq| G bvUK ‡_‡K †k·wcqi Zvi Ô`¨v gv‡P©›U
Ae †fwbmÕ wj‡L‡Qb e‡j avibv Kiv nq|
➢The Passionate Shepherd to His GwU Christopher Marlowe Gi GKwU Pastoral Poem.
Love (Poem)
➢ Dido, Queen of Carthage 1586 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Marlowe Gi cÖ_g bvUK|
1. Which of the following writers belongs to the Elizabethan period? [35 Zg wewmGm]
a. Christopher Marlowe b. Alexander Pope
c. John Dryden d. Samuel Beckett
2. Who, among the following playwrights, is Shakespeare’s contemporary? [ivRkvnx
wek^we`¨vjq (G-BDwbU) we†Rvo : 14-15]
a. Arthur Miller b. Christopher Marlowe
c. Samuel Beckett d. William Congreve
3. What is the full name of the tragedy ‘Dr. Faustus’? [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvwi
wkÿK : 06]
a. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus b. The Tragical of Doctor Faustus
c. The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus d. Doctor Faustus
4. ‘Dr. Faustus’ was written by- [MYc~Z© Awa`ß‡i DcmnKvix cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmwfj) : 10]
a. Ben Johnson b. W. Shakespeare
c. Christopher Marlowe d. John Webster
5. What is the main theme of Doctor Faustus? [M„nvqb I MYc~Z© gš¿Yvj‡qi Avevmb cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK : 06]
a. love b. thirst of power
c. jealously d. revenge
6. Christopher Marlowe Gi bvUK- [gnv wnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿‡Ki Kvhv©j‡qi Aaxb AwWUi : 14]
a. The murder in the Cathedral b. You Never Can Tell
c. Doctor Faustus d. Macbeth
7. “Choose the line which follows the line” and if these pleasures may thee move”
in “ The passionate Shepherd to his love”. [XvKv wek^we`¨vjq (N BDwbU) : 98-99]
a. Then bear with me and be my love
b. Come live with me and be my love
c. Let me be the passionate Shepherd to your love
d. Let me all pleasures to you now prove
8. In ‘The Passionate Shepherd to his Love’ the word that rhymes with ‘rocks’ is-
[XvKv wek^we`¨vjq (K BDwbU) : 00-01]
a. shocks b. locks
c. flocks d. mocks
9. ‘Come on and be my friend’ is a/an- [kÖg cwi`ß‡ii RbmsL¨v I cwievi Kj¨vb Kg©KZ©v : 09]
a. invitation b. Persuasion
c. provocation d. temptation
10. Who believed ‘Man is the maker of his fate’? [evsjv‡`k cjøx Dbœqb I mgevq wefvM gvV
Kg©KZ©v-13]
a. Franklin b. Dryden
c. Carlyee d. Marlowe
11. “The Jew of Malta’ was written by—
a. Swift b. G.B Shaw
c. Mark Twain d. Marlowe
12. ‘Doctor Faustus’s is the best work of?
a. James b. Marlowe
c. John d. Homer
Answer key
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
a b a c b c b c a d d b
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

 Birth: 23rd April 1564  Father: John Shakespeare
 Death: 23rd April 1616  Mother: Mary Shakespeare
 Wife: Anne Hathaway
 Birth Place: Stratford-upon-Avone, United Kingdom.
Zuvi Dcvwamg~n
➢ National Poet of England (Bsj¨v‡Ûi RvZxq Kwe) William Shakespeare
➢ King without Crown (gyKzUwenxb m¤ªvU)
➢ The Greatest Dramatist/Playwright (me©‡kÖô bvU¨Kvi)
➢ Bard of Avon (Gf‡bi PviY Kwe) (Avon GKwU b`xi bvg)
➢ The Greatest Superstar of the World (c„w_exi me©‡kÖô ZviKv)
➢ Father of English Drama (Bs‡iwR bvU‡Ki RbK)
➢ Poet of Human Nature (Dr. Samuel Johnson Zv‡K GB Dcvwa‡Z AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|)
➢ The Dazzling Sun (Lord Alfred Tennyson Zuv‡K GB Dcvwa †`b|)
William Shakespeare m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
➢ William Shakespeare Gi WvK bvg n‡jv The Swan of Avon.
➢ Shakespeare is known/famous mostly for his plays.
➢ He belongs to the Elizabethan Period.
➢ He belongs to the Elizabethan Period.
➢ He belongs to 16th Century.
➢ wZwb Iambic Pentameters (cuvP gvÎvi Q›`wewkó jvBb) cÖ‡qv‡M AwaKvsk bvUK iPbv K‡ib|
➢ ‡ckvMZ Rxe‡b Awf‡bZv †k·wcqv‡ii m½x mv_x‡ì wb‡q 1599 wLª. jÛ‡b Globe Theatre cÖwZôv K‡ib|
➢ Zuvi bvU‡K cuvP AsK wewkó Five Act ) Climax ‡`Lv hvq|
William Shakespeare Gi bvUK (Plays)
Shakespeare g~jZ Pvi ai‡bi bvUK wj‡L‡Qb|
 Tragedy -12wU  Tragi-Comedy -3wU
 Comedy -15wU  Historical Play -10 wU
William Shakespeare Gi Sonnet
 wZwb Shakespearean Sonnet Gi cÖeZ©K
 wZwb †gvU 154 wU m‡bU iPbv K‡ib| wZwb Zuvi m‡bU eÜz Earl of Southampton ‡K DrmM© K‡ib|
 Zvi m‡b‡Ui AšÍ¨wgj abab, cdcd, efef, gg .
➢ William Shakespeare Gi wKQz weL¨vZ KweZv
➢ A Lover’s Complaint ➢ Under the Greenwood Tree
➢ The Passionate Pilgrim ➢ Venus and Adonis Narrative Poem
➢ The Phoenix & the Turtle ➢ The Rape of Lucrece
GK bR‡i William Shakespeare Gi First, Last, Smallest & Largest Play:
➢ cÖ_g bvUK - Henry VI (Part-2) ➢ ‡kl bvUK - The Tempest
➢ ÿz`ªZg bvUK - Comedy of Errors ➢ `xN©Zg bvUK Hamlet
William Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨Kg© (Notable works)
Tragedies Comedies Historical Plays
 Hamlet  As You Like it  Henry IV, Part I
Notable Works of William Shakespeare
 King Lear  A Midsummer Night’s  Henry IV, Part II

Dream
 Macbeth  Measure for Measure  Henry V
 Othello  The Taming of the Shrew  Henry VI, Part I
 Romeo and Juliet  The Tempest  Henry VI, Part II
 Julius Caesar  All’s Well That Ends well  Henry VI, Part III
 Titus Andronicus  The Merchant of Venice  Henry VIII
 Antony and Cleopatra  Twelfth Night  King John
 Coriolanus  The Two Gentlemen of  Richard II
Verona
 Troilus and Cressida  The Winter’s Tale  Richard III
 Timon of Athens  Pericles, Prince of Tyre
 Cymbeline  The Merry Wives of
Windsor
 The Comedy of Errors
 Much Ado about Nothing
 Lover’s Labours Lost
Tragicomedy: UªvwRK‡gwW
Tragi-comedy a play or novel containing elements of both comedy and tragedy.(Tragi-comedy
n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡Yi bvUK ev Dcb¨v‡m hv‡Z Uªv‡RwW I K‡gwW Df‡qi welqe¯‘ Avi Avw½‡Ki wgkªY _v‡K|)
William Shakespeare Tragi-comedy –3 wU
I. The Merchant of Venice
II. Measure for Measure
III. All’s Well That Ends well
Notable female characters in Shakespeare’s Plays

Plays Female Characters
King Lear Cordelia, Goneril, Regan
The Taming of the Shrew Bianca Minola
Antony and Cleopatra Cleopatra
Othello Desdemona
As You Like It Rosalind, Celia
Hamlet Gertrude, Ophelia
The Merchant of Venice Portia
Romeo and Juliet Juliet
A Midsummer Night’s Dream Hippolyta, Titania, Hermia, Helena
Macbeth Lady Macbeth
Quick Memory Tips
William Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ 7wU Uª¨vwRwW g‡b ivLvi Dcvq:
RJ HAMKO
R Romeo & Juliet
J Julious Caesar
H Hamlet
A Antony and Cleopatra
M Macbeth
K King Lear
O Othello
GK bR‡i William Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ Uªv‡RwWmg~n:
Uªv‡RwWi bvg cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨
Hamlet ‘Hamlet’, Shakespeare Gi RbwcÖq GKwU Revenge Tragedy (cÖwZ‡kvag~jK
we‡qvMvšÍK bvUK) GwU †k·wcq‡ii me©e„nr Tragedy.
welqe¯Íy: n¨vg‡jU KZ…©K wcZvi g„Zzï cÖjw¤^Z cÖwZ‡kv‡ai cÖ‡PóvB G bvU‡Ki g~j welqe¯Íy|
Main Characters:
Hamlet → Protagonist (bvqK) Rvg©vwbi D‡UbevM© wek^we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ wQ‡jb|
Claudius → Hamlet- Gi PvPv| Claudius n‡jb G Uªv‡RwWi Antagonist.
Gertrude → Hamlet- Gi gv|
Ophelia → Ophelia n‡jv Hamlet-Gi †cÖwgKv|
Polonius → Claudius Gi Dc‡`óv Ges Ophelia I Laertes Gi evev |
Kvwnbx ms‡ÿc:
bvqK Hamlet ‡Wbgv‡K©i hyeivR| fv‡jvevmvi g‡ZvB ü`qevb bvqK †m| bvwqKv Ophelia-
i cÖwZ Zvi fv‡jvevmv KgwZ wQ‡jv bv| Zvi PvPv Claudius Zvi evev‡K nZ¨v K‡i ivR¨ `Lj
K‡i Ges Zvi gv‡K we‡q K‡i| G‡Z n¨vg‡jU cÖPÛ nZvkvq fzM‡Z _v‡K|
gv‡qi cÖwZ wei³ n‡q Hamlet e‡jwQ‡jv-
“Frailty (noun),thy name is woman.” → ‡n Qjbvgqx (webóKvix), †Zvgvi Aci
bvg bvix| GK iv‡Z n¨vg‡j‡Ui wcZvi †cÖZvZ¥v Avwef~©Z n‡q Zv‡K Zvi nZ¨vKvixi Rvbvq|
n¨vg‡jU cÖwZ‡kva MÖn‡Y Zrci nq Ges K¬vwWqvm‡K m‡PZbfv‡e ch©‡eÿY K‡i wbwðZ nq †h
†mB Zvi wcZvi nZ¨vKvix| wKšÍy †m cÖwZ‡kva MÖn‡Y Kvj‡ÿcY Ki‡Z _v‡K| Polonius
(c‡jvwbqvm) ivRvi mv‡_ lohš¿ K‡i n¨vg‡jU‡K Bsj¨v‡Û nZ¨v Ki‡Z Pvq|
me‡k‡l Ophelia cvwb‡Z Wz‡e, Hamlet Gi gv Gertrude welcv‡b, Claudius Hamlet
Gi nv‡Z Ges Hamlet Zvi wcÖqZgv Ophelia-i fvB Laertes we‡qvMvšÍK cwiYwZ †b‡g
Av‡m `ywU AwfRvZ cwiev‡i|
GKB KiæY Kvwnbx wek^‡K Rvbv‡Z †eu‡P wQ‡jv ïay Horatio.
“To be or not to be that is the question” –Hamlet.
wet `ªt Hamlet Gi kvwãK A_© †QvU MÖvg (A Small village that doesn’t have its
own church) .
King Lear bvUKwU William Shakespeare Gi GKwU weL¨vZ Uªv‡RwW|

welqe¯Íy: GKRb J×Z¨ ivRvi KiæY Kvwnbx G bvU‡Ki g~j welqe¯Íy|
Main Characters:
King Lear → Protagonist (bvqK) Ges Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv|
Goneril → myweav‡fvMx Ges wek^vmNvZK| King Lear Gi eo †g‡q|
Regan → myweav‡fvMx Ges wek^vmNvZK| King Lear Gi ‡g‡Sv †g‡q|
Cordelia → myweavewÂZ wKšÍy wek^¯Í| King Lear Gi †QvU †g‡q|
Edmund → LjbvqK (Antagonist) .
Kvwnbx ms‡ÿc:
weª‡U‡bi `vw¤¢K ivRv Lear ‡`k kvm‡bi `vqfvi †_‡K gyw³ ‡c‡Z Zvui ivR¨‡K wZb Kb¨v
(Goneril, Regan , Cordelia) Gi g‡a¨ fvM K‡i w`‡Z ‡P‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ AvMgyn~‡Z©,
wZwb hvPvB Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb ivRKb¨viv Zuv‡K †K KZUyKz fvjev‡m| ZvB ivRv avivevwnKfv‡e
wZb †g‡q‡K cÖkœ Ki‡j eo †g‡q Goneril Ges †g‡Sv †g‡q Regan Zv‡ì PvUz ev‡K¨ ivRv‡K
mš‘ó K‡i Ges †gvU m¤úwËi wZb fv‡Mi `yB fvM AR©b K‡i| wKšÍy †QvU †g‡q Cordelia-i
Rev‡e ivRv mšÍyó n‡Z cvi‡jbbv| Cordelia-i Reve wQ‡jv “I love your majesty,
according to my word, no more no less”| Ggb DË‡i ivRv Cordelia ‡K Zuvi
cÖvc¨ m¤úwË †_‡K ewÂZ K‡ib| Cordelia Gi mv‡_ d«v‡Ýi ivRvi Av‡M †_‡KB we‡qi K_v
cvKvvcvwK wQ‡jv Ges d«v‡Ýi ivRv mewKQz ‡R‡b ï‡b Zv‡K we‡q K‡i France wb‡q G P‡j
hvq| cieZx©‡Z eo †g‡q Goneril Ges Regan, Gloucester Gi A‰ea mšÍvb Edmund
Gi cÖ‡ivPbvq King Lear ‡K ivR¨ †_‡K ‡ei K‡i †`q| NUbv cÖev‡n mK‡ji g„Zy¨ nq Ges
Goneril Gi ¯^vgx Duke of Albany I Gloucester Gi ‰ea mšÍvb Edgar iv‡Rï `vwqZ¡
MÖnY K‡i| Gfv‡eB ivRv‡K Zvi Rxeb w`‡q fz‡ji cÖvqwðË Ki‡Z n‡qwQj|
Ae‡k‡l ivRvi Dw³- “I am a man, more sinned against than sinning”. (Avwg
hZUv Aciva K‡iwQ Zvi †P‡q Avgvi mv‡_ †ewk m‡qwQ|)
Macbeth Macbeth n‡jv William Shakespeare Gi me‡P‡q †QvU Uªv‡RwW bvUK|

welqe¯Íy: Scottland Gi ivRv Duncan Gi nZ¨vi c~e© Ges cieZx© NUbvcyÄx G bvU‡Ki g~j
welqe¯Íy|
Main Characters:
Macbeth → Protagonist- ivRv WvbKv‡bi cÖavb †mbvcwZ|
Lady Macbeth → Macbeth Gi ¯¿x|(PZz_© WvBbx ejv nq|)
King Duncan → Scottland Gi ivRv|
Malcon → ivRvi cyÎ|
Witches → wZb WvBbx/hv`yKix| bvU‡Ki GB wZbRb WvBbx e‡jwQ‡jv Macbeth GKw`b
Scottland Gi ivRv n‡eb|
Macduff → ivRvi Gi exi| Macduff Gi nv‡Z Macbeth civwRZ I wbnZ n‡qwQ‡jb|
Kvwnbx ms‡ÿc:
Scottland Gi ivRv Duncan Gi Ab¨Zg †mbvcwZ wQ‡jv Macbeth| Zvi ¯¿x Lady
Macbeth hv‡K PZz_© WvBbx ejv nq| ivRv WvbKvb GKevi wbR B”Qvq AvwZ_¨ MÖnY K‡ib
Macbeth Gi cÖvmv‡`| ‡mUv wQ‡jv cÖPÛ `~‡h©v‡Mi ivZ| Gw`‡K wZb WvBbx Rvbvq †h,
Macbeth B n‡e K‡Wv iv‡Rï ivRv| WvBbx‡ì GB fwel¨r evbx Lady Macbeth Gi
g‡a¨ D”PvKv•Lvi Rb¥ †bq| Macbeth Zuvi ¯¿xi cÖ‡ivPbvq gnvb ivRv WvbKvb‡K nZ¨v K‡i|
G Lei †c‡q WvbKv‡bi `yB cyÎ Malcon I Donal Bain cvwj‡q hvq †m iv‡ZB| Macbeth
wmsnvm‡b Avmxb n‡jb| Gfv‡e WvBwb‡ì 2q fwel¨r evbxI mwZ¨ nq| wKšÍy Lady Macbeth
Zvi K…ZK‡g©i Aby‡kvPbv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z gvbwmK fvimg¨ nvwi‡q ‡d‡j Ges memgq †`L‡Z cvq
Zvi nvZ i‡³ jvj n‡q Av‡Q| ZvB g„Zz¨ kh¨vq Ny‡gi ‡gv‡n e‡j D‡Vb- “Here is still the
smell of blood. All the perfume of Arabia will not sweeten this little
hand”. (Avgvi nvZ GL‡bv i‡³ iwÄZ n‡q Av‡Q| Avi‡ei mg¯Í myMwÜI Avgvi †QvU nvZ‡K
cweÎ Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv|) GiB gv‡S cjvZK cyÎØq (Malcon & Donal Bain) wd‡i Av‡m
Ges wdwdi AwacwZi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q Macbeth ‡K Avµgb K‡i| Macduff Macbeth-
‡K nZ¨v K‡i| Ae‡k‡l Malcon Zvi wcZvi wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ nq| Avi Gfv‡eB
Macbeth Gi D”PvKv•Lvi Rb¨ Macbeth wb‡Ri aŸsm e‡q Av‡b Ges UªvwRK wn‡iv‡Z
cwiYZ nq|
Othello Othello n‡jv William Shakespeare Gi GKwU UªvwRK Play.
welqe¯Íy: m‡›`n I ¯^v_©ciZv| (Fatal consequence of doubt)
Main Characters:
Othello → Protagonist, ‡fwb‡mi †mbvcwZ| wZwb GKRb Christian Moor.
Desdemona → Othello-i bvwqKv|
Iago → Bqv‡Mv G bvU‡Ki LjbvqK| GKmgq Othello-i wek^¯Í mnPi wQ‡jb|
Emilia → Emilia n‡”Q Iago’s wife I †WmwW‡gvbvi mnPi|
Cassio → Cassio wQ‡jb Othello-i †jdU¨vb‡›U|
Kvwnbx ms‡ÿc:
bvqK Othello Zvi wcÖqZgv Desdemona ‡K fv‡jvevmvi wb`k©b¯îƒc (Token of Love)
GKLvbv iægvj (Handkerchief)w`‡qwQ‡jv| wKšÍy Villain Bqv‡Mv (Iago) GB AK…wÎg
fv‡jvevmvi kÎæ n‡q ùvov‡jv| NUbvµ‡g iægvjwU Bqv‡Mvi n¯ÍMZ nq| Avi GB my‡hv‡M †m
Desdemona Gi weiæ‡× ciKxqvi Awf‡hvM Av‡b| wKš‘ Desdemona cÖwZ Othello-
Gi AK…wÎg fv‡jvevmvi ìæb †m G Awf‡hvM †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb| d‡j †m Zvi wcÖqZgv ¯¿x
Desdemona ‡K nZ¨v K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z Emilia iægv‡ji G inm¨ D‡b¥vwPZ Ki‡j Othello
cÖK„Z NUbv Rvb‡Z †c‡i cÖPÛ Aby‡kvPbvq AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i| cwiYv‡g Bqv‡Mv `xN© hš¿Yv ‡fvM
K‡i| †h hš¿Yv g„Zzï †P‡qI fqsKi|
Romeo and wek^ weL¨vZ Bs‡iR †jLK, William Shakespeare Gi KvjRqx Love Tragedy n‡jv
Juliet ‘Romeo and Juliet’.
bvUKwU Romeo I Juliet Gi fvjevmvi Mí wb‡q wbwg©Z| cÖ_g `k©‡b †cÖ‡g cov `yÕRb ZiæY-
ZiæYx Zv‡ì `yÕcwiev‡ii `xN©w`‡bi eskxq †ilv‡iwl‡K D‡cÿv K‡i, bvbv gvbwmK msk†qi
ga¨ w`‡q weevn eÜ‡b Ave× nq| ‡ivwgI‡K Rywj‡q‡Ui g„Zyï wg_¨v msev` w`‡j ‡ivwgI
AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i| GKBfv‡e Rywj‡qU‡K †ivwgIi g„Zzï wg_¨v msev` w`‡j †mI AvZ¥nZ¨v K†i|
G †hb GK Agi ‡cÖg Kvwnbx| ZvB c„w_ex‡Z hLbB †cÖ‡gi Rb¨ Z¨vM-wZwZÿvi K_v ejv nq,
mevi Av‡MB D‡V Av‡m G hyM‡ji bvg|
Antony and Mark Antony wQ‡jb ‡ivgvb ‡Rbv‡ij| Awb›`¨ my›ìx wgkixq ivwb wK¬I‡cU«v ‡ivgvb m¤ªvU
Cleopatra Rywjqvm wmRv‡ii mv‡_ ‡c«‡gi eÜ‡b Ave× wQ‡jv| wmRv‡ii g…Zÿi ci wK¬I‡cU«vi mv‡_ G¨v›Uwb
Mfxi cªY‡q Rwo‡q c‡o| kw³kvjx I HwZnvwmK PwiÎ `y'wUi gv‡S G Agi ‡c«g AvKl©Yxq
fv‡e Zy‡j G‡bwQ‡jb Shakespeare Zvi hv`yKix ‡jLwbi gva¨‡g| ivRKxq NvZ-cªwZNvZ,
Rq-civRq D‡c¶v K‡i Zviv we‡q K‡i| GK mgq hy‡×i gq`v‡b G¨v›Uwbi g‡bvej fvO‡Z
wK¬I‡cU«vi g„Zzï ¸Re Qov‡bv nq| G¨v›Uwb wb‡R‡K e¨_© mve¨¯Í K‡i AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i| Gw`‡K
¸Re Qov‡bv nq G¨v›Uwb hy×‡¶‡Î civwRZ n‡q‡Q Ges weRqx ivRv wK¬I‡cU«v‡K Aa© Dj½ K‡i
Mvavi wc‡V Pwo‡q ‡jvKvj‡q ‡Nviv‡e| Pig Acgv‡b wK¬I‡cU«v ‡MvLiv mv‡ci Kvgo MÖnY K‡i
AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i| `vmxi mn‡hvwMZvq Wygy‡ii dy‡ji mv‡_ Sywo‡Z ‡MvLiv mvc Avbv‡bvi eë¯’v
K‡iwQ‡jv wK¬I‡cUªv|
Shakespeare G Rb¨ e‡jwQ‡jv,“Great love demands great sacrifices A_©vr m~ÿè
‡cÖ‡g `ytL ‡ewk|Ó
Julius Caesar 46 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã ‡ivgvb mgªvU Julius Caesar ‡K wb‡q iwPZ Shakespeare Gi G Abe`¨
bvUK Julius Ceasar. G bvU‡Ki LjbvqK Pwi‡Î wQ‡jv Julius Ceasar Gi cvjK cyÎ
wek¦vmNvZK Brutus hvi nv‡ZB Zvi g„Zz¨ nq|
Julius Caesar c‡¤úB bMix Rq K‡i Avmvi ci Zvi ¯¿x Calpurnia Zv‡K wb‡q `y:¯^cœ †`‡L
Ges Zv‡K cvj©v‡g‡›Ui Awa‡ek‡b †hvM`vb bv Ki‡Z Aby‡iva K‡i| Caesar cÖ_‡g ivwR n‡jI
c‡i wZwb e‡jb “Cowards die many times before their deaths, but the valiant
never taste of death but once.” (fxiæiv g„Zzï Av‡M evi evi g‡i wKšÍy ex‡iiv g‡i
GKevi|) c‡i cvj©v‡g‡›U Julius Caesar ‡hvM`vb Ki‡j lohš¿Kvix‡ì Øviv wbnZ nb|
Timon of GwU Shakespeare Gi GKwU Amgvß (38 Zg) bvUK| wZwb GwU †kl Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
Athens cÖavb PwiÎ: Timon, Alcibiades, Apemantus
GK bR‡i William Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ K‡gwWmg~n:
K‡gwWi bvg cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨
As you like it GwU GKwU †ivgvw›UK K‡gwW bvUK| GB bvU‡K Orlando Ges Rosalind Gi †cÖ‡gi
Kvwnbx bvbv êwPÎ¨gq NUbvi ga¨ w`‡q iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q|
Main Characters:
Oliver → Oliver wQ‡jv Orlando Gi eo fvB|
Orlando → Orlando wQ‡jv Duke Senior Gi eÜz Sir Rowland De Boys Gi
†Q‡j|
Duke Senior → eo ivRv|
Duke Frederick → ‡QvU ivRv|
Rosalind → Duke Senior Gi GKgvÎ Kb¨v|
Celia → Duke Frederick Gi GKgvÎ Kb¨v|
welqe¯Íy: Love at first sight.
Kvwnbx ms‡ÿc:
eZ©gvb Duke Frederick (‡d«WvwiK) B‡Zvg‡a¨ Zvi eo fvB Duke Senior ‡K
wbe©vwmZ K‡i| Arden R½‡j AvkÖq †bIqv Duke Senior Gi mv‡_ †h‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jv Zvi
GKgvÎ Kb¨v Rosalind. wKšÍy Duke Frederick Gi Kb¨v Celia Rosalind ‡K A‡bK
fvjvevm‡Zv e‡j Duke Frederick Zv‡K Celia Gi mv‡_ ivRcÖvmv‡` †i‡L †`q|
Aciw`‡K Orlando Zvi eo fvB Oliver Gi Kv‡Q ivR kvm‡b Zvi cÖvc¨ AwaKvi PvB‡j
Oliver Zv w`‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq Ges wewfbœfv‡e Zv‡K nZ¨vi lohš¿ Ki‡Z _v‡K| bvbv
bvUKxqZvq Orlando ‡ckv`vi gywó‡hv×v Pvj©m‡K civwRZ K‡i cyi¯‹vi `vex Ki‡j Duke
Frederick Zv‡K cyi¯‹vi ewÂZ Kivi c‡iI wZi¯‹vi K‡i| bvU‡Ki †k‡l Duke Senior
wb‡Ri ivR¨ wd‡i cvq Ges Orlando- Rosalind, Oliver- Celia, Silvius-Phebe,
Touchstone- Audrey ci¯úi RywU eÜ‡b Ave× nq|
Merchant of GwU GKwU Tragi-Comedy.
Venice Main Characters:
Antonio → Protagonist, BZvjxi †fwbm bMixi GK ewYK|
Bossanio → Antonio-Gi eÜz
Portia → Bossanio-Gi ¯¿x|
Shylock → G bvU‡Ki wf‡jb Ges GKRb Bû`x my`‡Lvi|
Jessika → Shylock-Gi †g‡q|
welqe¯Íy: Bû`x Shylock Gi kvw¯Í|
Kvwnbx ms‡ÿc:
Antonio ‡fwb‡mi GKRb m¤ú`kvjx eëmvqx| Zvi eÜz Bossanio Zvi †cÖwgKv Portia
‡K we‡q Ki‡Z Antonio Gi Kv‡Q UvKv avi Pvq| wKšÍy ZvrÿwYKfv‡e UvKv w`‡Z AcviM
Antonio wbiæcvq n‡q Kov my`‡Lvi wbôzi Shylock Gi Kv‡Q UvKv avi ‡bq| Shylock
G my‡hv‡M Pzw³ Kwi‡q †bq wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ avi cwi‡kva Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j †m Antonio
Gi eyK †_‡K 1 cvDÛ gvsm †K‡U †b‡e| Gw`‡K AvKw¯§K `yN©Ubvq Antonio Gi mKj
RvnvR Wz‡e †M‡j UvKv cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© nq †m| ZLbB gvgjv Vz‡K †`q Shylock. eyw×gZx
Portia AvBbRxex iƒc aviY K‡i Shylock ‡K Antonio Gi eyK †_‡K GK we›`yI
i³cvZ bv NwU‡q wVK 1 cvDÛ gvsm †K‡U wb‡Z e‡j| †h‡nZz Pzw³c‡Î i³cv‡Zi welqwU
D‡jøL wQ‡jv bv ZvB Shylock ‡K mZK© Kiv nq| nZf¤^ I wbiæcvq Shylock G k‡Z©
gvsm †K‡U wb‡Z e¨_© n‡j wePv‡i †n‡i hvq| DcišÍy Shylock Gi weiæ‡× cwiKwíZfv‡e
Antonio ‡K nZ¨vi Awf‡hvM G‡b Zvi mg¯Í m¤úwË ev‡Rqvß Kiv nq|
Robert Frost (1874-1963)

Zuvi m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
➢ Robert Frost wQ‡jb Av‡gwiKvi †kÖô Kwe I RvZxq Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ GKRb|
➢ Zuv‡K ejv nq Nature Poet, Regional Poet.
➢ KweZvq wZwb 4 evi cywjrRvi cyi¯‹vi †c‡qwQ‡jb|
Robert Frost
Zvui weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨Kg©:
Poems  The Road not Taken
 Mending Wall
 Home Burial
 Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
 A Boy’s Will
Zuvi weL¨vZ Dw³:
Source (Drm) Quotation (Dw³)
Stopping by Woods ➢ “But I have promises to keep,
on a Snowy Evening And miles to go before I sleep.”(wKš‘ Avgvq kc_ iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e,
†h‡Z n‡e eû`yi Nywg‡q covi Av‡M, h‡Z n‡e eû`yi ‡kl we`v‡qi Av‡M)
Robert Frost Gi Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Gi mvi-ms‡ÿc: Stopping by

Woods on a Snowy Evening KweZvwU Robert Frost Gi GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv hv 1923 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq|
G‡Z Kwei cÖK…wZ ‡cÖ‡gi PvB‡Z Kweg‡bi D”PgvM©xq `vk©wbKZviB cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q †ewk| evwn¨Kfv‡e KweZvwU GKwU Lye
mij KweZv| †hLv‡b †`Lv hvq Kwe GKw`b mÜ¨vq †Nvovq P‡o ågY Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Mfxi GK Ai‡Y¨ †_‡g e‡bi g‡a¨
ZzlvicvZ †`L‡Qb| Kwe bxi‡e gy» n‡q e‡bi †mŠ›`h© Dc‡fvM Ki‡ZwQ‡jb| ebI Zv‡K _vKvi Rb¨ cÖjyä KiwQj|
BwZg‡a¨ †QvÆ †NvovwU Mjvi M›Uv evwR‡q Zv‡K Pjvi K_v g‡b Kwi‡q †`q| wKšÍy c‡ivÿ‡YB wZwb `vwqZ¡‡ev‡ai Uv‡b
‡mLv‡b _vK‡Z cv‡ibbv| Kwe fv‡eb Rxe‡bi †kl w`b ch©šÍ bq eis Zvi Av‡MB Zv‡K Zvi Dci Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨
cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡mB ch©v‡q hvIqvi Av‡M Kwe g„Zÿ‡KI cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i‡Qb, ZvB wZwb B”Qvi ZxeªZv cÖKv‡k ‡kl
evK¨wU cybt D”PviY K‡i‡Qb Kwe ievU© d«÷| Kwei fvlvq-
“The woods are lovely, dark and deep (e‡b hZ myi, fq Avi wbieZv)
But I have promises to keep, (Avwg ivLeB †mm‡ei `vqe×Zv)
And miles to go before I sleep, (†h‡Z n‡e eû `~‡i Nywg‡q covi Av‡M
And miles to go before I sleep.” (†h‡Z n‡e eû `~‡i †kl we`v‡qi Av‡M|)
1. ‘Mending Wall’ KweZvwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 01]
a. William Shakespeare b. William Wordsworth
c. Robert Frost d. Henry Longfellow
2. Robert Frost is a poet of- [mnKvix _vbv /Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi : 16]
a. USA b. England
c. Ireland d. Scotland
3. ‘But I have promises to keep, and miles to go before I sleep’ was written by- [kªg
Awa`ß‡ii Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿb ey¨‡ivv Dc-mnKvix cwiPvjK : 01]
a. T. S. Eliot b. W. B. Yeats
c. Robert Frost d. Ted Hughes
4. ‘The doctor put him in the dark of the either’ Who wrote the line? [Bmjvgx
wek^we`¨vjq (we-BDwbU) : 17-18]
a. Matthew Arnold b. P. B. Shelley
c. Robert Frost d. Robert Browning
5. “No more to build on there. And they, since they were not the one dead, turned
totheir affairs.” These lines are written by: [Bmjvgx wek^we`¨vjq (wm-BDwbU) : 17-18]
a. S. T. Coleridge b. W. H. Auden
c. D. H. Lawrence d. Robert Frost
6. ‘The light tongues talking aloud’ in Tree at my window’ are- [XvKv wek^we`¨vjq (N-
BDwbU) : 98-99]
a. The wind rustling the leaves and twins b. The birds singing
c. The sound of the sash being lowered d. The sound of the rain
7. Who has written ‘Fire and Ice’? [†eMg †iv‡Kqv wek^we`¨vjq (G-BDwbU) : 16-17]
a. T. S. Eliot b. Robert Frost
c. Arthur d. John Keats
8. In ‘Tree at My Window’, ‘Inner weather’ refers to- [XvKv wek^we`¨vjq (L-BDwbU) : 97-
98]
a. the speaker’s mental state b. the condition indoors.
c. the wind in the tunnel d. room temperature.
9. In ‘Tree at My Window’ the line ‘Fate had her imagination about her’ is
preceded by the line- [XvKv wek^we`¨vjq (L-BDwbU) : 96-97]
a. Mine with inner weather b. Your head so much concerned
with outer
c. That day she our heads together d. And all but lost
10. “The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep.
And miles to go before I sleep
And miles to go before I sleep.” [Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vjq (wm-BDwbU) : 15-16]
a. Mahatma Gandhi b. Robert Kennedy
c. Robert Frost d. John Keats
Answer key
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
c a c c d a b a b c
Quoatatons from Drama /Poetry of different ages
BCS mn AwaKvsk cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvq weL¨vZ Bs‡iR Kwe, mvwnwZ¨K Ges gbxlx‡ì Dw³i Dci cÖkœ n‡q _v‡K|
Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ cÖPzi †Kv‡Ukb i‡q‡Q, hv mswÿß cwim‡i †Ìqv m¤¢e bq| William Shakespeare Gi †jLv †_‡K
me‡P‡q †ewk †Kv‡Ukb cvIqv hvq| GQvovI Francis Bacon, Marlowe, Pope, Shelley, Keats,
Wordsworth, Coleridge , John Donne cÖgyL mvwnwZ¨‡Ki weL¨vZ Dw³¸‡jvi Dci we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|
ZvB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K‡ì weL¨vZ Dw³ evsjv A_©, DrmMÖš’ I Dw³Kvixi bvgmn ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI
Quotations from Different Discipline bv‡g Avjv`v Av‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|
William Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ Dw³
Source (Drm) Quotation & quoter (Dw³ I Dw³Kvixi bvg )
King Lear ➢ “I am a man more sinned against than sinning.” (Avwg hZUv Ab¨vq
K‡iwQ Zvi †P‡q †ewk m‡qwQ|) – King Lear
➢ “My love is richer than my tongue.” (Avgvi fv‡jvevmv gy‡L †evSv‡bv
m¤¢e bq|) – Cordelia, Lear’s younest daughter
N.B: It is an example of hyperbole.
➢ “Nothing will come of nothing.” (KviY webv Kvh© nq bv)
– Speech of Lear to Cordelia
➢ “How sharper than a serpent’s tooth it is to have than thankless
child! ” (AK…ZÁ mšÍvb mv‡ci wel `vu‡Zi †P‡qI Zxÿè) – King Lear
➢ “When we are born, we cry that we are come to this great stage
of fools.” ( ‡evKv‡ì wekvj i½g‡Â G‡m covq Rb¥‡ZB Avgiv Kuvw`| )
–King Lear
Hamlet ➢“Frailty (noun), thy name is woman”.(‡n Qjbvgqx (webóKvix), †Zvgvi
Av‡iK bvg bvix) – Prince Hamlet
➢“There is nothing good or bad but thinking makes it so.” (fv‡jv ev
g›` ej‡Z c„w_ex‡Z wKQzB †bB, wPšÍvB †Kvb wKQz‡K fv‡jv ev g›` evbvq)
– Prince Hamlet
➢ “Brevity is the soul of wit” (msw¶ßZv iwmKZvi cÖvY / msw¶ßZv
eyw×gËvi g~j) – Polonius to Claudius
➢ “To be or not to be that is the question.” (GB Dw³wU Øviv gvbe g‡bi
wm×všÍnxbZvi ewn:cÖKvk N‡U‡Q|) – Prince Hamlet
N.B: It is an example of soliloquy.
➢ “A little more than kin, less than kind” (AvZ¥x‡qi †P‡q GKUy ‡ewk
Ges mvayi Zzjbvq Kg) – Prince Hamlet
➢ “When sorrows come, they come not single spies but in
battalions.” (wec` KLbI GKv Av‡m bv) –Claudius to Gertrude
➢ “There are more things in heaven and earth.” (¯^M© I c„w_ex‡Z Av‡iv
A‡bK wRwbm i‡q‡Q Avgv‡ì ¯^cœ I `k©‡b) – Prince Hamlet
➢ “I must be cruel only to be kind;
Thus bad begins and worse remains behind.” (Aek¨B Avwg wbôzi
n‡ev `qvjy nIqvi Rb¨; Zv bv n‡j g›` ïiæ n‡e, g›`Zi i‡e wc‡Q) – Hamlet
➢ “Give every man thine ear, but few thy voice; Take each man's
censure, but reserve thy judgment.”(cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki K_v ‡kvb, wKš‘ Aí
†jv‡Ki mv‡_ e‡jv; cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Aby‡hvM †kvb wKš‘ P‡jv Avcb wePv‡i|)
– Polonius to his son, Laertes
Romeo and Juliet ➢“If love be blind, It best agrees with night.” (hw` fvjevmv nq AÜ,
Z‡e ivwÎi mv‡_ wgZvwjB me‡P‡q fvj) – Juliet
➢“It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.” (GUv nq c~e©, hw` Rywj‡qU nq m~h©)
– Romeo
➢“For you and I are past our dancing day.”(Zywg Ges Avwg Avgv‡ì
‡mvbvjx w`b cvi K‡i G‡mwQ) – Capulet
➢“Tempt not a desperate man.” (fvev_©t hw` Zzwg Db¥v` gvbyl‡K wei³ K‡iv,
Z‡e Zzwg hv cÖZ¨vkvi †P‡q †ewk k³ cÖwZwµqv †c‡Z cv‡iv) – Romeo
➢“ What light through yonder window breaks.” (A`~‡ii Rvbvjv Mwj‡q
Af‚Zc~e© Av‡jv †hb wVK‡i c‡o) – Soliloquy of Romeo to Juliet
Julius Caesar ➢“Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never
taste of death but once.” (fxiæiv givi Av‡M evi evi g‡i wKš‘ mvnmxiv
g‡i GKevi|) – Julius Caesar to Calpurnia
N.B: It is an example of Paradox .
➢“Veni, Vidi, Vici”(Avmjvg, †`Ljvg, Rq Kijvg ) – Julius Caesar
N.B: It is an example of Climax.
King Henry ➢“Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. ” (gyKzU cwiwnZ e¨w³ kvwšÍ‡Z
Nygv‡Z cv‡i bv / ‡h wk‡i gyKyU _v‡K ‡m wki ¯^w¯Í‡Z _v‡K bv|)
– King Henry
➢ “Men of few words are the best men.” (¯^ífvlx gvbylB DËg gvbyl)
– Speech of Boy in Henry V
➢“A man can die but once.” (ïaygvÎ GKeviB g‡i gvbyl, Kvcy‡li Aw¯ÍZ¡ †hb
dvbym) – Feeble
Twelfth Night ➢“Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have
greatness thrust upon them.” ( †KD †KD L¨vwZgvb n‡q Rb¥vq, †KD †KD
L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i Ges Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Dci L¨vwZ Pvwc‡q †`qv nq|)
– Malvalio
➢“All’s well that ends well (that).” (‡kl fvj hvi me fvj Zvi)
–Helena, scene iv
➢“ If music be the food of love, play on” (hw` ev`¨ nq fvjevmvi Lv`¨,
Z‡e evRvI) – Duke Orsino
➢“ Love sought is good but unsought is better.” (fv‡jvevmv Luy‡R †bIqv
fv†jv wKš‘ bv PvB‡Z cvIqv Av‡iv fv‡jv) – Olivia
A Midsummer ➢“ The course of True love never did run smooth.” (mwZ¨Kvi fvjevmvi
Night’s Dream c_ KLbI gm„Y nq bv) – Lysander to Hermina
➢“ Love Looks not with the eyes but with mind.” (hvi mv‡_ hvi g‡R
gb, wKev nvwo wKev †Wvg ) – Helena
➢“My soul is in the sky.”(gZ©¨ †Q‡o gg AvZœv K‡i ¯^‡M© weiv‡R )- Pyramus
As You Like It ➢“All the world's a stage
And all the men and women are merely players.” (mgMÖ c„w_exUvB
i½gÂ Ges mKj bi-bvix G g‡Âi Awf‡bZv-Awf‡bÎx|) – Jaques
➢“Sweet are the uses of adversity”. (‡h ‡Kv‡bv `y‡h©v‡MI Kj¨vY wbwnZ _v‡K
/ K‡ói dj wgwó nq|) – Duke Senior
➢ “To the last gasp with truth and loyalty.” (mZ¨ Ges AvbyM‡Zï mv‡_B
†kl wbtk^vm Z¨vM Kiv ) – Adam
➢ “I’ll have no husband, if you be not he.” (Avgvi †Kvb ¯^vgx _vK‡e bv,
hw` bv ZzwgB †m nI) – Rosalind to Orlando
➢“ Love is merely a madness.”( fv‡jvevmv DòZv Qvov wK wKQz! Av‡eMx ü‡`
avIqv †bq wcQy !! ) – Rosalind
Sonnet 18 ➢“ And every fair from fair sometime declines
By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimmed;”
(Avi cÖwZwU †mŠ›`h©B GKmgq a‡m hvq wcÖqZgv, `yN©Ubvµ‡g wKsev cÖK…wZi A‡gvN
wbq‡g|)
Measure for ➢“The miserable have no other medicine but only hope.” (‡Kej
Measure Avkv Kiv Qvov nZfvM¨‡ì Avi †Kvb Jlya bvB|) – Claudio
➢“Some rise by sin and some by virtue fall.” (cv‡c Kv‡iv DÌvb ,Avevi
c~‡Y¨ Kv‡ivi cZb nq|) – Escalus to Angelo
Macbeth ➢“Fair is foul, and Foul is Fair.” (me fv‡jv fv‡jv bq,Avevi Lvivc ‡_‡KI
fv‡jv wKQy nq|) – Three witches
N.B: It is an example of alliteration.
➢ “Life’s but a walking shadow.” (Rxeb GKwU Pjgvb Qvqv Qvov wKQzB bq)
– Macbeth
➢“Here is still the smell of blood. All the perfumes of Arabia will
not sweeten this little hand.” (GL‡bv Avgvi nv‡Z i‡³i NªvY i‡q †M‡Q|
mgMÖ Avie Rvnv‡bi myevm Avgvi †QvU nvZ‡K myevwmZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv)
– Lady Macbeth
N.B: It is an example of hyperbole.
➢“Life is a tale, told by an idiot.” (Rxeb GKwU wb‡e©v‡ai ejv Mí)
– Macbeth
N.B: It is an example of metaphor.
➢ “There’s daggers in man’s smiles.”( gvby‡li nvwmi g‡a¨B †Qviv Av‡Q)
–Donalbain to Malcolm
➢“Your face, my thane is as a book, where man may read strange
matters.”(Avcbvi gyLB eB‡qi g‡Zv, †hLv‡b Avwg co‡Z cvwi A™¢z` wKQz
welq) – Lady Macbeth
N.B: It is an example of simile.
The Tempest ➢“Awake, dear heart, awake, Thou has slept well. Awake.” (‡R‡M
DV, wcÖq n`q, †R‡M IV| Zzwg fvj Nywg‡q‡Qv| †R‡M IV) – Prospero
➢“Good wombs have borne bad sons.”( f`ª gwnjv Lvivc mšÍv‡bi Rb¥
w`‡q‡Q) – Miranda
➢“Your tale, sir, would cure deafness.”(m¨vi,Avcbvi Kvwnbx wK ewaiZv
wbivgq Ki‡e) – Miranda
➢“I am your wife if you will marry me.”(Avwg †Zvgvi ¯¿x, hw` Zywg Avgv‡K
we‡q Ki) – Miranda to Ferdinand
➢“I would never want any companion in the world but you.”(Avwg
Avcbv‡K Qvov we‡k^ Avi †Kvb mnPi PvB bv) – Miranda
➢“ Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows.”(`y`©kv gvbyl‡K
iyp ev¯ÍÍvi mv‡_ cwiPq Kwi‡q †`q|) – Trinculo
The Merchant of ➢“All that glitters is not gold.” (PK PK Ki‡jB †mvbv nq bv)
Venice – Prince Morocco to Portia
➢“Love is blind, Lovers cannot see.” (fvjevmv AÜ, †cÖwgK Zv †`L‡Z
cv‡i bv) – Jessica
➢“It is a wise father that knows his own child.”(wZwb weÁ wcZv whwb
Zvi mšÍvb m¤ú‡K© AewnZ) – Launcelot
All’s Well That ➢“ Love all, trust a few, do wrong to none.” “(mKj‡K fv‡jvev‡mv, Aí
End’s All K‡qKRb‡K wek^vm K‡iv, Kv‡iv cÖwZ Ab¨vq K‡ivbv )
– Countess of Roussillon
Othello ➢“ She loved me for the dangers I had passed.” (‡m fv‡jv‡e‡m‡Q Avgvi
wec`msKzj w`b¸‡jv hv Avwg AwZµg K‡iwQjvg) – Othello
➢“And I loved her that she did pity them.” (Ges Avwg Zv‡K
fv‡jv‡e‡mwQjvg KviY Avgvi wec`msKzj w`b¸‡jvi cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj wQ‡jv )
– Othello
➢“I am one whom loved not wisely but too well.” (Avwg GgbB GKRb
hv‡K Mfxifv‡e fv‡jvevmv hvqbv wKš‘ fv‡jvfv‡e fv‡jvevmv hvq) – Othello
Antonio and ➢“My Salad days, when I was green in Judgment.” (Avgvi cig w`b
Cleopatra wQ‡jv hLb wePvi Avgvi c‡ÿ wQ‡jv ) – Cleopatra to Julius Caesar
Timon of Athens ➢“We have seen better days.”( wPiKvj Avgv‡ì `yie¯’v wQj bv) – Flavius
N.B: (This same quotation appears in As You Like It, Act II,
sc. VII )
➢“Life is an uncertain voyage.” (Rxeb n‡jv AwbðqZvgq ågY) –Timon
A Special Chapter ( GKwU we‡kl Aa¨vq)

Titles of famous literary figures ( weL¨vZ mvwnwZ¨K‡ì Dcvwa )
Figures Titles /Pioneers
Aeschylus ➢ The Father of Tragedy
Alexander Pope ➢ Mock- Heroic Poet
Ben Johnson ➢ The Father of English Comedy
Christopher Marlowe ➢ The Father of English Tragedy
➢ The Father of Black verse
Caedmon ➢ First known Poet in English
Coleridge & Wordsworth ➢ The Father of Romanticism
Dr. Samuel Johnson ➢ The father of English Dictionary
Edmund Spenser ➢ The Poet’s poet (Attributed by Charles Lamb)
➢ The Child of Renaissance
➢ The Bridge between Renaissance and Reformation
Edgar Allen Poe ➢ The Father of English Short Story
➢ The Father of English Mystery play
Emerson ➢ The Seneca of America
Francis Bacon ➢ The Father of English Essay/ Natural Philosopher
Francesco Petrarch ➢ The Father of Sonnet (Italian)

Geoffrey Chaucer ➢ The Father of English Literature
➢ The Father of English Language
➢ The Morning Star of the Renaissance
➢ The Father of English Poetry
➢ The First National Poet
George Bernard Shaw ➢ The Greatest modern dramatist
Henry Fielding ➢ The Father of English Novel
Homer ➢ The Father of Epic Poetry
➢ The Blind Poet
Henrick Ibsen ➢ The Father of Modern theatre
James Joyce ➢ Master of Stream Consciousness
John Milton ➢ Epic poet
➢ The Blind Poet of England
➢ The Great Master of verse / Blank verse.
➢ Master of the Grand style
John Dryden ➢ Father of English Criticism
John Keats ➢ Poet of Beauty
➢ Poet of Sensuousness
➢ Chameleon Poet
James Joyce ➢ Father of English Stream of Conscious Novel
John Wycliffe ➢ The Father of English Prose
➢ First Translated Bible into English
➢ The Morning Star of the Reformation
John Donne ➢ Metaphysical poet
➢ Poet of Love
Jonathan Swift ➢ Master of English Satire
Jane Austen ➢ Anti-Romantic in Romantic age
King Alfred the Great ➢ The Founder of English Prose
Lord Byron ➢ The Rebel Poet
Lord Alfred Tennyson ➢ The Representative of the Victorian Era
Lindley Murray ➢ The Father of English Grammar
Nicholas Udall ➢ The First English Comedy Writer
Nissim Ezekiel ➢ The Father of Modern Indian English Poetry
P. B. Shelley ➢ The Revolutionary Poet
➢ Poet of hope and regeneration
Robert Browning ➢ The Father of Dramatic Monolgue
Robert Burns ➢ The Bard of Ayrshire (Scotland)
Rabindranath Tagore ➢ Indian National Poet
Samuel Johnson ➢ The Father of English one Act Play
➢ The Father of English Dictionary
➢ The Compiler of first English Dictionary
Sigmund Freud ➢ A Great Psycho-Analyst
Samuel Taylor Coleridge ➢ The Poet of Supernaturalism
➢ Opium Eater
Sir Thomas Wyatt ➢ The Father of English Sonnet
Thoams Kyd ➢ The father of Revenge Tragedy
Venrable Bede ➢ The Father of English Learning/History
V.I. Lenin ➢ Most Translated Author of the World
William Shakespeare ➢ Bard of Avon
➢ The Father of English Drama
➢ Poet of Human Nature.
➢ Sweet Swan of Avon
➢ The Bard
William Caxton ➢ Father of English Press
William Wordsworth ➢ The Poet of Nature
➢ The Worshipper of Nature
➢ The High Priest of Nature
➢ The Lake Poet
➢ Poet of Childhood
Wordsworth, Coleridge, ➢ Lake Poets
Southey
William Blake ➢ Both a poet and a painter
➢ Precursor of Romanticism
➢ The Mystic Poet
Walt Whitman ➢ National Poet of America
William Hazlitt ➢ Critic’s Critic
Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï weL¨vZ Elegies (‡kvKMv_v)

Elegy (‡kvKMv_v) Elegy Writers On the death of hvi g„Zz¨‡Z †jLv
In Memoriam Alfred Tennyson Arthur Henry Hallam eÜy †nbwi njvg †h gvÎ 22
[40th BCS] eQi eq‡m gviv hvq, GwU
wjL‡Z 17 eQi (1833-
1850) jv‡M|
Elegy Written in a Thomas Gray The fore Fathers _gvm †MÖ Gi c~e©cyiæl‡ì
Country (Graveyard Poet) (c~e©ciy æl) g„Zz¨‡Z ev ÷K cW‡MR bvgK
Churchard MÖv‡g kvwqZ‡ì Rb¨
(Published in 1751
)
Astophel Edmund Spenser Sir Philip Sydney m¨vi wdwjc wmWwbi g„Zz¨‡Z
In memory of W.H. Auden W.B. Yeats B‡qUm Gi g„Zz¨‡Z

W.B. Yeats
Lycidas John Milton Milton’s Friend wgë‡bi eÜz GWIqvW© wKs Gi
(Pastoral Elegy) Edword King g„Zz¨‡Z
Adonais [37th BCS] P.B. Shelly John Keats Rb KxUm Gi g„Zz¨‡Z
Thyrsis Friend Arthur Hughs eÜz Av_©vi wnDR Õm g„Zz¨‡Z

Clough
Rugby Chapel Mathew Arnold Arnold’s Father g¨v‡_v Avib‡ìi wcZvi
g„Zz¨‡Z
Memorial Verses Wordsworth, Byron, IqvW©mIqv_©, jW© evqib,
Gate M¨v‡U G‡ì g„Zz¨‡Z
Heroic Stanzas on John Dryden Cromwell µgI‡q‡ji g„Zz¨‡Z

the Death of
Cromwell
1.When Lilacs last Walt Whitman President Abraham ‡cÖwm‡W›U Aveªvnvg wjsK‡bi
in the Dooryard (USA RvZxq Kwe) Lincoln g„Zz‡Z
Bloomed
2.Oh Captain! my
Captain!
Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï weL¨vZ gnvKve¨

Writers Epics
Alexander Pope The Rape of the lock (Mock-epic)
Homer The Iliad, The Odyssey
John Milton Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained
Lord Byron Don Juan
P. B. Shelley Adonais
Anonymous Beowulf, Epic of Gilgamesh
Dante Alighieri The Divine Comedy
Edmund Spenser The Faerie Queen
Ezra Pound The Cantos
Ferdousi Shah Nama
Ovid Metamorehoses
Sir Walter Scott Ivanhoe
Virgil Aeneid
1. "Paradise Lost' is a/an- [DBBL Officer: 07]

a. short story b. epic poem
c. play d. lyrical poem
2. The epic 'Odyssey' was written by- [IBBL (PO):13]
a. Milton b. Tennyson
c. Homer d. Shakespeare
3. Beowulf is a- sutra fafantom of -
a. A Tregedy b. Comedy
c. Elegy d. Epic
4. Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock' is a-
a. tragedy b. mock epic
c. satire d. social satire
5. 'Faerie Queen' is a/an-
a. Play b. Short story
c. epic d. novel
6. "Paradise Regained" is an epic by-
a. John Keats b. P. B. Shelley
c. John Milton d. William Blake
7. "Paradise Lost" is an epic written by-
a. Homer b. Tagore
c. Dante d. Milton
8. Homer's "Illiad" is a/an-
a. Novel b. Drama
c. Epic d. Epilogue
Answer Key
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
b c d b c c d c
wKQz bvix mvwnwZ¨‡Ki ZvwjKv (A List of Some Women Writers)

Adrienne Rich* Anita Desai*
Anne Bronte Arundhati Roy*
Charlotte Bronte* Christina Georgina Rossetti
Doris Lessing Elizabeth Barret Browning*
Emily Bronte* Florence Nightingle
George Eliot* Jane Austen*
J. K. Rowling Monica Ali
Malala Yousufzai Pearl S. Buck
Sylvia Plath Sheikh Hasina
Toni Morrison* Tahmima Anam*
miKvi KZ…©K wbwl× MÖš’mg~n (Banned books by Government)
Writers/Authors Writing Years
Adolf Hitler Mein Kempf (my Struggle) 1925
Aldus Huxley Brave New World 1932
Alexander Campbell The Heart of India 1958
Allen Ginsberg Howl 1955
Aristophanes Lysistrata 411 BC
Bertrand Russell Unarmed Victory 1963
Bret Easton Ellis American Psycho 1991
Dan Brown The Da vinci code 2003
Daniel Defoe Moll Flanders -
Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales 1387
George Orwell Animal Farm 1945
Gustavo Flaubert Madame Bovary 1856
Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852
Henry Miller Tropic of Cancer 1934
James Joyce Ulyssess 1922
John Milton Areopagitica 1644
John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath 1939
Mary Shelley Franenstein 1818
Nadine Gordimer Burger’s Dauther, July’s 1979, 1981
People
Noam Chomsky Year 501:The Conquest 1993
Continues
Salman Rushdie The Satanic Verses 1988/1899
V.S. Naipaul An Area of Darkness 1964
Vladimir Nabokov Lolita 1955
Voltaire Candida 1759
William Powell The Anarchist Cookbook 1971
KwZcq Bs‡iwR MÖ‡š’i evsjv Abyev`

Writer's Name Books Bangla Version Bengali Writers
William Comedy of Errors åvwšÍ wejvm Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi
Shakespeare Taming of the Shrew gyLiv igYx ekxKiY gybxi †PŠayix
The Merchant of fvbygwZ wPËwejvm niP›`ª †Nvl
Venice
Romeo and Juliet wPËnviv
Aesop Fables K_vgvjv Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi
Chambers Rudiments of †ev‡av`q
Knowledge
De Quincy Confessions of an KgjvKv‡šÍi `ßi ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq
English Opium Eater
Ovid Heroids exiv½bv Kve¨ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
Greek Mythology Apple of Discord cÙveZx
Thomas Hardy A Pair of Eyes M„n`vn kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq

Harriet Beecher Uncle Tom's Cabin bxj `c©Y `xbeÜy wgÎ
Stowe
T. S. Eliot Journey of the Magi Zx_©hvÎx iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
Edgar Allan Poe To Hellen ebjZv †mb Rxebvb›` `vk
Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels Mvwjfv‡ii mdibvgv Aveyj gbmyi Avng`

Emest Hemingway The Old Man and the `¨ Iì g¨vb GÛ `¨ d‡Zn jv‡nvbx
Sea mx
Sophocles Oedipus Rex Bw`cvm ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb
KwZcq evsjv MÖ‡š’i Bs‡iRx Abyev`

evsjv MÖš’ iPwqZv Bs‡iwR Abyev` Abyev`Kvix
MxZvÄwj iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Song Offerings Rabindranath Tagore
bKkx Kvu_vi gvV| Rmxg DÏxb The Field of E. M. Millford
Embroidered Quilt
bxj `c©b `xbeÜy wgÎ The Indigo Planting gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
Mirror
jvjmvjy ˆmq` IqvjxDj-vn Tree Without Roots
Amgvß AvZ¨Rxebx e½eÜy †kL gywReyi The Unfinished Aa¨vcK dKiæj Avjg
ingvb Memories
National Poets in English Literature of Different Countries

National Poets Country
Kazi Nazrul Islam Bangladesh
Geoffrey Chaucer (1st) England
William Shakespeare
Lord Byron Greek
W.B. Yeats Ireland
Goethe Germany
Virgil Latin
Pablo Neruda Canada
Dante Italy
Victor Hugo France
Sheikh Saadi Persian
Alexander Pushkin Russian
Tulsidus Hindi
Ghalib Urdu
Octavio Paz Mexico
Henry Lawson Australia
Robert Burns Scotland
Edwin Morgan
Robert Frost
Emily Dickenson American
Walt Whitman
Homer Greece
Dionysios
Rabindranath Tagor India
Pauline Johnson Canada
Chinua Achebe Nigeria
Allama Muhammad Iqbal Pakistan
mvwnwZ¨K mn‡hvMx I Zuv‡ì mvwnZ¨Kg (Literary Collaborators & their works)

Name of Collaborators Works
William Worsworth and S.T.Coleridge Lyrical Ballads ***
T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound The Waste Land
P.B.Shelley and Mary Shelley Frankenstein
Thomas Norton & Thoams Sacville Gorboduc ***
R.L.Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne The Wrong Box
Joseph Addison and Richard Steele The Spectator ***
Joseph Conrad & Ford Madox Ford The Inheritors
Henry Howard and Thomas Wyatt Tottles Miscellany
Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï ivRKwe (Court Poets of England)

Poet Laureate n‡jb †Kvb †`‡ki mfvKwe| ‡MÖU weª‡U‡b, †h mKj Kwe‡ì ivR m¤§vbbv †Ìqv n‡Zv A_©vr, ivRv
wKsev ivwb KZ…©K wbhy³ ivR m¤§vwbZ Kwe‡ì Court Poets of England ejv n‡Zv| Poet Laureate †ì KweZvq
RvZxq Rxe‡bi cÖwZdjb †`Lv hvq| Zuviv RvZxq Rxe‡bi we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`b D`&hvc‡bi Rbª KweZv iPbv K‡ib|
(The poet laureate is the official poet of a country. In Great Britain, a poet appointed for life
as an officer of the royal household, formerly expected to write poems in celebration of court
and national events is called court poet of England.)
wb‡¤œ Zvu‡ì bvg I ZvwjKv †Ìqv n‡jv:
Year Names
1617 Ben Jonson **
1670 John Dryden **
1689 Thomas Shadwell
1785 Thomas Walton
1787 Thomas Gray
1813 Robert Southey
1843 William Wordsworth ***
1850 Lord Alfred Tennyson ***
1896 Alfred Austin
1913 Robert Bridge
1930 John Masefield
KwZcq †jL‡Ki bv‡gi c~Y©iæc (Elaboration of the names of some writers)

Short Names Elaboration of the Names
A.C. Bradley Andrew Cecil Bradley
D.H. Lawrence David Herbert Lawrence
E.M. Forster Edward Morgan Forster
F.R. Leavis Frank Raymond Leavi
G.B. Shaw George Bernard Shaw
H.G. Wells Herbert George Wells
J.K. Rowling Joanne Kathleen Rowling
J.M. Synge John Millington Synge
O’ Neill Eugene O’Neill
P.B. Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley
R.L. Stevenson Robert Louis Balfour Stevenso
R.K. Narayan Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayanswami
S.T.Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge
T.S. Eliot Thomas Stearns Eliot
W.H. Auden Wystan Hugh Auden
W.B.Yeats William Butler Yeats
wKQz †jL‡Ki QÙbvg I cÖK„Z bvg (Pen name and Real name of some writers)
Pseudonym/Pen Name(QÙbvg) Real Name (cÖK„Z)
Acton Bell Anne Bronte
Boz Charles Dickens
Brynjolf Bjarme Henrik Ibsen
Captain Hercules Vinegar Henry Fielding
Currer Bell Charlotte Bronte
Ellis Bell Emily Bronte
Elia Charles Lamb
Forncois Marie Arouet Voltaire
George Orwell Eric Arthur Blair
George Eliot Mary Ann Evans
Joseph Conrad Jozef Teoder Konrad Nalecz Korzeniowski
Lee G.B. Shaw
Maxim Gorky Alexei Maximovich Peshkov
Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens
O’ Henry William Sydney Porter
Pearl S. Buck Pearl Sydenstricker Buck (Sai Zhenzhu )
weL¨vZ ivRbxwZwe` I †jLKMY (Famous Politicians and Writers )

Writer Book
Nelson Mandela Long Walk to Freedom
Adolf Hitler Mein Kamph
Mahatma Gandhi My Experiments with Truth
Jawaharlal Nehru Discovery of India
Bill Clinton My Life
APJ Abul Kalam Wings of Fire
Barack Obama The Audacity of Hope
Sir Winston Churchill: (30 November 1874-24 January 1965) was a British Politician
and Nobel Laureate who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1951 to
1955. He was widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the 20 th century.
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953 was awarded to Winston Churchill for his mastery of
historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted
human values.
Zuvi m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
➢ Winston Churchill wQ‡jb hy³iv‡Rï mv‡eK cÖavbgš¿x|
➢ GKRb ivRbxwZwe` n‡qI 1953 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb|
➢ hy³iv‡óªi miKvi 1953 mv‡j Zv‡K “An honorary citizen of the USA” Dcvwa †`q|
➢ Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖ‡Üi bvg: “History of the Second World War”
A List of Nobel Laureate in Literature
➢ Poet Laureate A_©- weª‡U‡bi ivRKwe|
➢ myBwWk weÁvbx Avj‡d«W †bv‡ej (1833-1896) Gi †bv‡ej Gi bvgbymv‡i GB cyi¯‹v‡ii
bvgKiY Kiv nq| 1901 mvj †_‡K 5 wU wel‡q cyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb Kiv n‡Zv| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b
6wU wel‡q cyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb Kiv nq| 1969 mv‡j †_‡K A_©bxwZ‡Z cyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb ïiæ nq|
➢ Home country of Nobel Prize-Sweden
➢ Nobel Prize qas initiated in the year-1901.
➢ Award of Nobel Prize in Literature was started from the year-1901.
➢ The first Nobel prize in Literature was awarded to – Sully
Prudhomme(1901) .
➢ The first woman Nobel Prize winner in Literarture – Selma Lagerlof (1909) .
➢ Rabindranath Tagore got Nobel prize for Song offerings – 1913.
➢ In which year Winston Churchill received the Nobel Prize in Lireature- 1953.
wet `ªt ‡bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cÖZ¨vL¨vb (Rejection of Nobel Prize):

✓ divwm Aw¯ÍZ¡ev`x `vk©wbK, bvU¨Kvi, mvwnwZ¨K I mgv‡jvPK Rüv cj mv‡Î (Jean Paul Sartre) 1964 mv‡j
mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf Ki‡jI †¯^”Qvq wZwb G cyi¯‹vi cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib|
✓ ivwkqvb Kwe I mvwnwZ¨K †evwim †c‡im‡ÎvbK (Boris Pasternak) 1958 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf
Ki‡jI miKv‡ii Pv‡c wZwb G cyi¯‹vi cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib|
mvwn‡Z¨ ‡bv‡ej weRqx‡ì msw¶ß ZvwjKv (Some Nobel Prize Winners in Literature)
Year Laureate Country Famous works

1901 Sully Prudhomme France Stances et Poèmes, La Justice, Le
Bonheur
1907 Rudyard Kipling U.K The Jungle Book, Kim, Soldiers
Three, Limits and Renewals
1913 Rabindranath Tagore India Gitanjali: Song offerings
1923 W.B. Yeats Ireland The Lake Isle of Innisfree , Easter ,
Sailing to Byzintium
1925 G. B. Shaw Ireland Man and Superman, Arms and the
Man, Caesar and Cleopatra
1932 John Galsworthy UK Forty Poems
1936 Eugene O'Neill USA
Desire Under the Elms , The Hairy
Ape, Long Day’s Journey into Night
1938 Pearl S. Buck USA The Good Earth, Dragon Seed
1948 T. S. Eliot UK (Born-USA) The Waste Land , Gerontion
1949 William Faulkner USA The Sound and the Fury
Absalom
1950 Bertrand Russell UK Road to Freedom
Marrriage and Morals
1953 Winston Churchill UK History of the Second World War
1954 Ernest Hemingway USA The Sun Also Rises

A Farewell to Arms
1957 Albert Camus France The stranger , The Outsider
1958 Boris Pasternak Soviet Union Doctor Zhivago, Childhood

1969 Samuel Beckett Ireland Waiting for Godot, End Game
1976 Saul Bellow Canada Seize the Day ,
1983 William Golding UK Lord of the Flies,The Pyramid
1986 Wole Soyinka Nigeria The Road, The Lion and the Jewel
1991 Nadine Gordimer S.Africa The Conservationist
1993 Toni Morison USA The Bluest Eye, Beloved
1995 Seamus Heaney Ireland Human Chain, Punishment
2001 V.S. Naipaul UK In a Free state, The Enigma of Arrival
2005 Harold Pinter UK The Caretker, No Man’s Land

2006 Orhan Pamuk Turkey The Museum of Innocence
2007 Doris Lessing UK The Golden Norebook
2008 J.M. G.Clezio France The Prospector , The African
2009 Herta Muller Germany Nadirs,The Passport,

The Hunger Angel
2010 Mario Vargas Peru Death in the Andes ,The Time of the
Llosa Hero, The Bad Girl,
2011 Thomas Transtromer Sweden The Half- Finished Heaven
2012 Mo Yan China
2013 Alice Munro Canada
2014 Patrick Modiano France
2015 Svetlana Alexievich Belarus
War’ Unwoamnly Face, Zinky Boys,
2016 Bob Dylan USA -----
2017 Kazuo Ishiguro Japan An Artist of the Floating World
2018 2018 mv‡j myBwWk m`m¨‡ì †hŠb †K‡j¼vwi I Avw_©K Awbq‡gi Kvi‡Y mvwn‡Z¨ KvD‡K cyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb
Kiv nqwb|
2019 Peter Handke Australia A Sorrow Beyond Dreams , Across
2020 Louise Elisabeth Gluck USA The Triumph Of Achilles
KwZcq weL¨vZ mvwnwZ¨K I Zuv‡ì MÖš’ (Some Famous Litterateurs and their Books)
Name of Books Writers Name of Books Writers
A Mid-Summer W. Shakespeare Utopia Sir Thomas More
Night's Dream
Antony and W. Shakespeare Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe
Cleopatra
As You like it W. Shakespeare The Battle of the Jonathan Swift
Books
A Farewell to Ernest Hemingway Crime and Dostoyevsky
Arms Punishment
A passage to India E.M. Forster Mother Maxim Gorky
A Golden Age Tahmima Anam The Wealth of Adam Smith
Nations
Death of a W. Shakespeare Gulliver's Travels Jonathan Swift
President
David Copperfield Charles Dickens India Wins Abul Kalam Azad
Freedom
Das Capital Karl Marx Iliad Homer
Hamlet W. Shakespeare The Solitary Reaper W. Wordsworth
Julius Caesar W. Shakespeare The Daffodils W. Wordsworth
King Lear W. Shakespeare Men and Women Robert Browning
Living History Hillary Clinton My life Bill Clinton

Leviathan Thomas Hobbes The Discovery of Jawaharlal Nehru
India
Macbeth W. Shakespeare Doctor's Dilemma G.B. Shaw
Othello W. Shakespeare The Rainbow D.H. Lawrence

Paradise lost John Milton Pleasant and G.B. Shaw
Unpleasant
The Merchant of W. Shakespeare The Ring and the Robert Browning
Venice book
Twelfth Night W. Shakespeare Sons and Lovers D.H. Lawrence
The Tempest W. Shakespeare Animal Farm George Orwell
Romeo and Juliet W. Shakespeare Man and Superman G.B. Shaw
On The Origin of Charles Darwin A Brief History of Stephen Hawking

Species Time
War and Peace Leo Tolstoy Arabian Nights Sir Richard Burton
Rip Van Winkle Washington Irving Asian Drama Gunnar Myrdal
Shahnama Firdausi Politics Aristotle
Satanic Verses Salman Rushdie Poverty and Amartya Sen
Famines
The God of Small Arundhuti Roy Rape of Bangladesh Anthony Mascarenhas
Things
The Pilgrim’s John Bunyan Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen
Progress
The Republic Plato Mein Kempf Adolf Hitler
The Wings of Fire A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Brick Lane Monica Ali
The Spirit of Islam Sayed Amir Ali Disarming Iraq Hans Blix
Ivan Hoe Walter Scott Jungle Book Rudyard Kipling
The Good Earth Pearl S. Buck Aeneid Virgil
Main theme / subject matter of Some Famous Literary Pieces
Authors Works Main theme

Alexander Pope The Rape of the Lock ➢ A mirror to the 18th century
aristocratic social life.
➢ The vanities and idleness of 18th-
century high society.
Anita Desai Games at Twilight ➢ The dream of a child and child
psychology.
➢ Fantasy verses reality
Ben Jonson Volpone ➢ Study of avarice.
William Congreve The Way of the World ➢ A vivid description of the life-style of
upper class of society of Restoration
Period.
William Thackeray The Vanity Fair ➢ Negative efficacies of human being.
Christopher Dr. Faustus ➢ Thirst for power
Marlowe ➢ Renaissance spirit, indomitable thirst
for knowledge desiring for worldly
power and success violating God's
supremacy.
The Jew of Malta ➢ A study of lust for wealth
Great Expectations ➢ High expectation of a poor village boy

Pip and trying to establish himself in
high position in the London city.
Charles Dickens David Copperfield ➢ Autobiographical touch

A Tale of Two Cities ➢ The main theme of this novel is French
Revolution.
➢ A true picture of lives in the two
capitals, London and Paris.
Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre ➢ Struggle of a girl in a hostile society.
Daniel Dofoe Robinson Crusoe ➢ Sea journey of Robinson Crusoe and
trying to survive in a lonely Island.
D.H. Lawrence Sons and Lovers ➢ Autobiographical novel including the
theme of Oedipus complex.
Edgar Allan Poe The Tell-Tale Heart ➢ Conscience is the greatest law/court.
Passage to India ➢ The clash of the culture between the
English and the Indian. The clash
E.M. Forster between Hindus and Muslim.
My Wood ➢ The possession of property and its
effects on human minds .
Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights ➢ The revenge story of two families.
Edmund Spenser The Faerie Queene ➢ The fight between good and evil.
Moral and spiritual allegory.
Personal and political allegory
F.M. Dostoevski Crime and Punishment ➢ A story of salvation through suffering.
George Orwell Animal Farm ➢ Negative feelings and activities of
colonialism.
Shooting An Elephant ➢ British imperialism
➢ The influence of colonialism and its
evil effects in ruling the natives.
George Eliot Silas Marner ➢ The story of a cloth weaver by the

name of Silas Marner.
G.B. Shaw Arms and the man ➢ The false concept of heroism in War
and a false concept of love.
Man and Superman ➢ The clash between knowledge and
ignorance .
➢ The nature of the women, sex,
marriage, freedom of thinking, life force.
Geoffrey Chaucer Canterbury Tales ➢ Picture of 14th century society.
The Nun's Priest Tale ➢ Beast fable.
John Dryden Absalom and Achitophel ➢ Political satire in England.

Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness ➢ Colonialism and miseries of the
affected people.
John Milton Paradise Lost ➢ To justify the ways of God to man.
Samson Agonistes ➢ The tragic death of Samson who is the
name of a Biblical hero.
John Webster The Duchess of Malfi ➢ Picture of a decadent society.
Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels ➢ Humor, comic, fun and political satire.
Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice ➢ Money, love, marriage. Social status
and worldly success.
Lord Byron Don Juan ➢ Satirical epic regarding political and
economic conditions of different
countries in Europe.
Maxim Gorky The Mother ➢ The plot of the novel is based true
events of the May Day.
P.B. Shelley Ode to Skylark ➢ The power of nature to inspire and
delight the human spirit.
Ozymandias ➢All things of great and small will perish.
Robert Herrick To Daffodils ➢ Shortness of human life.
Sir Philip Sidney An Apology for Poetry ➢ Defence of poetry against allegations
by some detractor of his
contemporaries.
Sir Thomas Melory Morte D'Arthur ➢ The heroic deeds of King Arthur and
his knights as well as their achievement
in various spheres.
S.T. Coleridge The Rime of the ➢ Crime, sin, punishment and
Ancient Mariner redemption.
Saul Bellow Seize the Day ➢ The futility of human relation in the
capitalist society of America.
William I Wandered Lonely as a ➢ We can find solace in nature.
Wordsworth Cloud
Some Famous Characters in English Literature
Authors Literary Works Nature Important Characters
Hamlet Play, Hamlet, Ophelia, Claudius,
Tragedy Gertrude, Horatio, The Ghost,
Guildenstern
Romeo and Juliet Tragedy Montague, Romeo, Capulet,
Juliet
William King Lear Play, King Lear, Goneril, Regan,
Shakespeare Tragedy Cordelia, Edgar
Macbeth Play, Macbeth, Lady Macbeth(Most
Tragedy Powerful lady of Shakespeare),
Duncan (king), Banquo, Three
Witches, Macolm, Donalbain,
Macduff, The three Witches
Measure for Play, Tragi- Vientio, Angelo, Isabella, Juliet,
Measure comedy Lucio, Claudio, Mariana
Merchant of Play, Shylock, Portia, Antonio,

Venice Comedy Bassanjo, Jessica
Othello Play, Othelo, Desdemona, Cassio,

Tragedy Lago, Michael, Duke of Venice,
Rodrigo
The Tempest Play, Alonso, Prospero, Miranda,
Comedy Ferdinand, Caliban, Ariel
Twelfth Night Play Viola, Sebastian, Duke Orsino,
Olivia
Julious Ceasar Play Brutus, Culpurnia, Antony,
Octavius
As you like it Comedy Orlando, Celia, Oliver, Duke

Senior, Charles Jaques
Christopher Doctor Faustus Play Faustus, Mephistopheles,

Marlowe Lucifer, Cornelius, Good Angel,
Bad Angel
G.B. Shaw Arms and the Man Play Captain Bluntschli, Raina
Petkoff, Catherine Petkoff,
Loucka, Nicola
Homer The Iliad Epic Achilles, Hector, Helen, Paris,
Agamemnon, Odysseus, Priam,
Menelaus, Nestor, Patroclus,
Cassandra, Aegisthus,
Watchman .
E.M. Forster A Passage to India Novel Adela, Dr Aziz, Ronny, Heaslop,
Prof Godbole, Cyril Fielding,
Stell Moore, Turton, Callender
Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe Novel Robinson Crusoe, Friday, Xury
Sophocles Oedipus the King Play Oedipus, Laius, Jocasta, Teirsias,
Creon
John Milton Paradise Lost Epic Adam, Eve, Satan, Raphael,
Michael
Lord Byron Don Juan Poem Don Juan, Donna Inez, Donna
Julia, Don Alfonso
Ernest A Farewell to Novel Lieutenant Frederic Henry,
Hemingway Arms Catherine Barkley, Helen
Ferguson, Lieutenant Rinaldi
Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre Novel Jane Eyre, Edward Rochester,
Georgian Reed, Bertha Mason,
Helen Burns
Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights Novel Catherine Earnshaw, Cathy
Linton, Edgar Linton, Heathcliff,
Lockwood
Jane Austen Pride and Novel Elizabeth Bennet, Mr. Darcy,
Prejudice Jane Bennet, Charles Bingley
Samuel Backett Waiting for Godot Play Vladimir, Estragon, Pozzo,
Lucky
George Bernard Man and Play Tanner, Ann, Actavius Robinson,
Shaw Superman Ramsden
Great Expectations Novel Pip, Joe, Estella
Charles Dickens A tale of Two Novel Dr. Marlette, Jerry Cruncher,
Cities Sydney Carton
Oliver Twist Novel Oliver Twist, Fagin, Bill Sikes
Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness Novel Marlow, Kurtz, Manager
BPSC Standard-15 Model Tests

Model Test-01
1. Who wrote “A thing of beauty is a joy forever.”?
a. William Wordsworth b. John Keats
c. P B Shelley d. William Shakespeare
2. ‘A Voayge to Lilliput is written by –
a. Thomas Hardy b. S.T. Coleridge
c. Lord Byron d. Jonathan Swift
3. “Youth like summer morn and brave” is an example of --.
a. Metaphor b. Personification
c. Simile d. None
4. Who is the father of modern English Poetry?
a. Cynewulf b. Geoffrey Chaucer
c. Robert Browning d. None of the above
5. Of the following authors, who wrote an epic?
a. John Milton b. Jane Mansfield
c. William Cowper d. Christopher Marlowe
6. Which of the following was not a Romantic poet – ?
a. Tennyson b. William Wordsworth
c. Shelley d. Keats
7. “King Lear” is –
a. Play b. a novel
c. an essay d. a poem
8. What is an Allusion?
a. A kind of old poem b. Literature about children
c. A kind of reference d. A kind of science fiction
9. Who is the author of “Jane Eyre”?
a. Jane Austen b. Charlotte Bronte
c. Virginia Woolf d. Doris Lessing
10. Who is called the “Bard of Avon”?
a. Edmund Spenser b. William Shakespeare
c. Lord Byron d. None of the above
11. Which is the best piece of work by Chaucer?
a. The Utopia b. Canterbury Tales
c. The Faerie Queen d. The Paradise lost.
12. William Shakespeare was born in –
a. 1616 b. 1716
c. 1516 d. 1564
13. The main theme of the poem “ I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.” Is – .
a. Nature exists human imagination b. Nature is harmful for human being
c. Nature is beautiful d. We can find solace in nature
14. “Heart of Darkness” is written by-
a. Joseph Conrad b. James Joyce
c. R.S. Eliot d. Charles Dickens
15. Find the odd- one –out
a. The Sound and the Fury b. As I Lay Dying
c. A View from the Bridge d. Light in August
Answer Key
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
b d c b a a a c b b b d d a c

BCS Preliminary Question Analysis (English Literature Step-01)

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A Gateway to English Literature  S M Shamim Ahmed

BCS Preliminary Question Analysis (English Literature Step-01)

BCS Preliminary Question Analysis (English Literature) According to new

1. Which of the following ages in literary history is the latest?

6. Who wrote ‘Beauty is truth, truth beauty’?

16. ‘Gitanjali’ of Rabindranath Tagore was translated by —

 Allegory (iƒcKag©x iPbv/ cÖwZKvkªqx Kvwnbx)

Grammar: Singular countable noun; Plural – Allegories ;

 Assonance (¯^ivYycÖvm; aŸwbmv`„k¨; ¯^imv`„k¨)

Alliteration I Assonance-Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

wK‡mi Consonants Vowels

 Elegy (‡kvKMv_v): (30Zg wewmGm )

➢ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Oxymoron - Gi e¨envi t

msÁv Oxymoron is a combination Paradox is a statement that hides a

D`vniY Truth is honey which is

Grammar: Oxymoron is a countable noun ; Plural –Oxymorons, Oxymora;

 Metaphor (iƒcK) : (37 Zg wewmGm)

Simile I Metaphor-Gi g‡a¨ Av‡iv wKQz cv_©K¨:

3 The Renaissance Period 4

The Victorian Period

The Modern Period

‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv:

ivRv ev ivwbi bv‡g †hme hy‡Mi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

 Essay kãwU wZwbB cÖ_g e¨envi K‡ib|

1. Who is an essayist? [Rbcªkvmb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK : 16]

Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)

Zuvi weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨ Kg©:

William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

 King Lear  A Midsummer Night’s  Henry IV, Part II

Notable female characters in Shakespeare’s Plays

King Lear bvUKwU William Shakespeare Gi GKwU weL¨vZ Uªv‡RwW|

Macbeth Macbeth n‡jv William Shakespeare Gi me‡P‡q †QvU Uªv‡RwW bvUK|

K‡gwWi bvg cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨

Robert Frost (1874-1963)

Robert Frost Gi Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Gi mvi-ms‡ÿc: Stopping by

A Special Chapter ( GKwU we‡kl Aa¨vq)

Francesco Petrarch ➢ The Father of Sonnet (Italian)

Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i weL¨vZ Elegies (‡kvKMv_v)

In memory of W.H. Auden W.B. Yeats B‡qUm Gi g„Zz¨‡Z

Thyrsis Friend Arthur Hughs eÜz Av_©vi wnDR Õm g„Zz¨‡Z

Heroic Stanzas on John Dryden Cromwell µgI‡q‡ji g„Zz¨‡Z

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1. "Paradise Lost' is a/an- [DBBL Officer: 07]

wKQz bvix mvwnwZ¨‡Ki ZvwjKv (A List of Some Women Writers)

Writers/Authors Writing Years

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Thomas Hardy A Pair of Eyes M„n`vn kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq

Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels Mvwjfv‡ii mdibvgv Aveyj gbmyi Avng`

KwZcq evsjv MÖ‡š’i Bs‡iRx Abyev`

National Poets in English Literature of Different Countries

mvwnwZ¨K mn‡hvMx I Zuv‡`i mvwnZ¨Kg (Literary Collaborators & their works)

Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i ivRKwe (Court Poets of England)

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weL¨vZ ivRbxwZwe` I †jLKMY (Famous Politicians and Writers )

A List of Nobel Laureate in Literature

wet `ªt ‡bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cÖZ¨vL¨vb (Rejection of Nobel Prize):

Year Laureate Country Famous works

1954 Ernest Hemingway USA The Sun Also Rises

1958 Boris Pasternak Soviet Union Doctor Zhivago, Childhood

2005 Harold Pinter UK The Caretker, No Man’s Land

2009 Herta Muller Germany Nadirs,The Passport,

King Lear W. Shakespeare Men and Women Robert Browning