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Culture Documents
Structure
Quick
Review:
We
have
talked
about
the
3
states
of
matter;
their
transformations
and
characteristics.
Matter
is
anything
that
has
mass
and
occupies
space.
All
matter
is
made
of
up
particles
which
can
exist
in
the
3
states
mentioned
above.
But
what
evidence
do
we
have
that
matter
exists?
The
following
terms
give
us
evidence
of
matter:
1. Crystals
have
regular
shape
–
For
example
look
at
a
single
grain
of
common
salt.
All
crystals
of
the
same
substance
have
straight
edges,
flat
surfaces
and
the
same
shape.
This
suggests
that
particles
of
crystals
are
arranged
in
regular
repeated
rows.
3. Dilution
–
Think
of
when
you
mix
sweet
and
dandy
mauby
syrup
with
water;
you
can
add
a
lot
of
water
and
the
solution
will
still
retain
a
colour.
A
better
example
would
be
to
that
given
in
no.
2
above
when
a
small
crystal
of
potassium
manganate
(VII)
is
dissolved
in
a
beaker
of
water.
The
fact
that
the
solution
retains
a
colour
although
diluted
a
1000x
times
suggests
that
the
crystal
is
made
up
of
many
tiny
particles.
• A
compound
is
a
substance
composed
of
two
or
more
different
types
of
elements
bonded
together
chemically
in
fixed
proportions
and
in
such
a
way
that
their
properties
are
changed.
They
are
not
easily
separated
and
new
chemical
properties
have
been
formed.
• A
mixture
consists
of
two
or
more
substances
(which
can
be
elements
or
compounds
etc.)
which
are
brought
in
close
contact
with
each
other
in
varying
proportions
but
they
don’t
react.
Mixtures
are
easily
separated
by
physical
means
(i.e.
a
fruit\salad
mixture).
There
is
no
change
in
chemical
properties.
Look
up
separation
techniques.
www.cxctutor.org
or
www.cxctutor.com
Atomic
Structure
and
Configurations
An
element
is
a
pure
tangible
substance
that
cannot
be
split
into
anything
simpler
by
any
chemical
process.
We
split
elements
into
2
categories:
metal
and
non-‐metal.
However they are made up of molecules and molecules can be split into individual atoms.
A
molecule
is
the
smallest
uncharged
part
of
an
element
or
compound
which
can
exist
on
its
own.
E.g.
Oxygen
gas
can
only
exist
as
the
molecule
O2
and
Water
is
the
molecule
H2O.
An
atom
is
the
smallest
characteristic
part
of
an
element
that
can
take
part
in
chemical
reactions.
MaZer
Elements
Molecules/Compounds
Atoms
So
in
order
of
size:
Sub-‐atomic Particles:-‐
• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons
Nuclear symbols:-‐
Atomic number: -‐ this is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; the symbol is: Z.
Neutron number: -‐ the number of neutrons in the atom is symbolised by N.
Mass
number:
-‐
the
total
number
of
protons
and
neutrons
within
the
nucleus
of
an
atom;
the
symbol
is:
A.
A = Z + N
The
atomic
number
and
mass
number
of
one
atom
of
an
element
can
be
included
with
the
symbol
of
the
element:
Example: -‐
23
Na
represents
1
atom
of
the
element
sodium:
11
Mass
number
=
23