Republic of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Lab 1:

Chemical Safety

In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirement In

Chemistry for Engineers
College of Engineering

SUBMITTED BY:

PELINIA, Alyson M.
NEO, Celine B.
EVANGELISTA, Mariel
GAVILAN, Natalia Paula Y.

NOVEMBER 2021
 1.) Nitrogen

a.) Composition

nonmetallic element of Group 15 [Va] of the periodic table.

b.) Usual country of origin

It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. 

c.) Uses

Nitrogen is used in the chemical industry to prevent oxidation or other deterioration of products, as an
inert diluent of a reactive gas, as a carrier to remove heat or chemicals, and as a fire or explosion
inhibitor. Liquid nitrogen is used for freeze drying and refrigeration systems in the food business, while
nitrogen gas is utilized to prevent deterioration due to oxidation, mold, or insects. For reactions that
require the exclusion of oxygen and moisture, elemental nitrogen can be used as an inert atmosphere.

d.) Transportation Methods

Nitrogen can be transported into aquatic systems from airborne, surface and underground. Agricultural
sources of N can arrive in surface water via airborne dust from wind erosion and through gaseous
transport of NH3 volatilized from livestock manure or from some fertilizer materials. Surface sources of N
from agriculture are perhaps the best understood, and N delivered with eroded soil sediments is a major
source.

e.) Storage and Handling

Liquid nitrogen should only be kept in containers with loose fitting lids (Never seal liquid nitrogen in a
container). As the liquid boils, a tightly sealed container will build up pressure and may explode within a
short period. Cryogenic liquids should never be handled in non-insulated vessels. Only well-ventilated
areas should be used to store liquid nitrogen (do not store in a confined space). Only use containers that
have been approved. Containers that are impact resistant and can endure extremely low temperatures
should be used. At these temperatures, materials like carbon steel, plastic, and rubber become brittle.

f.) Health hazards

When liquid nitrogen vaporizes, it expands 695 times its original volume and has no odor or color. As a
result, if enough liquid nitrogen is evaporated to lower the oxygen percentage below 19.5 percent, there is
a risk of oxygen shortage, which could result in unconsciousness. If oxygen shortage is severe, death may
follow. When utilizing cryogens indoors, handlers must ensure that the room is sufficiently ventilated to
avoid asphyxiation risks.

g.) GHS
 h.) NFPA Diamond

2.) Oxygen

a.) Composition

Oxygen (O), nonmetallic chemical element of Group 16 (VIa, or the oxygen group) of the periodic table.

b.) Usual country of origin

Oxygen was discovered about 1772 by a Swedish chemist, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who obtained it by
heating potassium nitrate, mercuric oxide, and many other substances.

c.) Uses

Production of steel, plastics, and textiles, brazing, welding, and cutting of steel and other metals, rocket
propellant, oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight, and diving are all
examples of common uses of oxygen.

d.) Transportation methods

Oxygen gas is a potent oxidant that accelerates the burning of a wide range of materials. Oxygen
cylinders should be handled with caution since contact between oil and high-pressure oxygen has resulted
in serious explosions. On connections to an oxygen cylinder or a gas line transporting oxygen, oil or
grease should never be used. All combustible materials are incompatible with oxygen, hence it should be
stored separately.

e.) Storage and Handling

Never let oil, grease, or other flammable materials come into contact with oxygen cylinders, valves,
regulators, or fittings. When working with oxygen, follow all compressed gas general handling
guidelines. Because pneumatic equipment typically contains flammable lubricants, oxygen should not be
used as a substitute for compressed air. Liquid oxygen can cause an explosion when it comes into contact
with numerous organic molecules. In storage, oxygen cylinders must be kept at least 20 feet away from
any flammable gas or combustible material, or separated by a non-combustible 5-foot wall with a fire
rating of at least one half hour.

f.) Health hazards

Every human being requires oxygen to breathe, yet, as with so many other things, too much of it is
harmful. Lung injury can develop when a person is exposed to excessive levels of oxygen for an extended
period of time. Lung injury occurs when you breathe 50-100 percent oxygen at normal pressure for an
extended length of time. Those who work in jobs that require frequent or possibly high exposures to pure
oxygen should have their lung function tested both before and after starting work. Because oxygen is
normally kept at very low temperatures, protective clothing is required to prevent bodily tissues from
freezing.

g.) GHS

h.) NFPA Diamond

3.) Argon

a.) Composition
Argon (Ar), chemical element, inert gas of Group 18 (noble gases) of the periodic table, terrestrially the
most abundant and industrially the most frequently used of the noble gases.

b.) Usual country of origin

The British scientists Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay extracted argon gas from air in 1894. It is
colorless, odorless, and tasteless.

c.) Uses

When an inert atmosphere is required, argon is commonly utilized. It is employed in the synthesis of
titanium and other reactive elements in this way. Fluorescent tubes and low-energy light bulbs include
argon. Argon gas and mercury are frequently found in low-energy light bulbs. Argon is used to fill the
area between the panes of double-glazed windows. To protect the rubber and reduce road noise, luxury
car tyres may contain argon.

d.) Transportation Methods

Argon is shipped compressed in steel cylinders. Leakage may occur through improperly secured stoppers.

e.) Storage and Handling

To avoid falling or being knocked over, cylinders should be stored upright with the valve protection cap
in place and tightly secured. Do not drag, roll, slide, or drop cylinders to avoid physical damage.
Temperatures in the storage compartment should not exceed 125°F (52°C). Separate the cylinders that are
full and those that are empty.

f.) Health hazards

Excessive concentrations can cause dizziness, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, and death when
inhaled. Errors in judgment, confusion, or loss of consciousness can all lead to death if self-rescue is not
possible. When oxygen levels are low, unconsciousness and death can happen quickly and without
warning.

g.) GHS

h.) NFPA Diamond

 4.) Arsine

a.) Composition

Compound of the elements arsenic with hydrogen

b.) Usual country of Origin

Germany
c.) Uses
There is a lot of uses for Arsine. It is a noticeably poisonous gas, this is generated upon publicity of
arsenic-containing ores to acids, it's far a product of refining of non-ferrous metals. And also it is used
extensively within the manufacture of microchips.

d.) Transportation Methods

You have to use a protective clothing and equipment it’s a suit when entering an area with an unknown
place or when entering an area where the concentration of the contaminant is unknown, and it requires
specific skills developed through training and experience. While shipping, you have to check if the
container is perfectly sealed. It must be handled with care to avoid accident.

e.) Storage and Handling

The barrels of arsine ought to be put away and utilized in a ventilated gas cabinet or a rage hood.
Combustible gas barrels in capacity must be isolated from oxygen barrels by a remove of 20 feet or a non-
combustible 5-foot divider with a fire rating of at slightest one half hour.

f.) Health hazards

•Type of hazard:

Explosion Hazard

•Health Hazard:

Gastrointestinal upset, anemia, and damage to lungs, kidneys, liver, nervous system, heart, and blood-
forming organs.

g.) GHS
 h.) NFPA Diamond

5.) Phospine

a.) Composition

It is made industrially from white phosphorus by hydrolysis with an alkali

metal hydroxide or an aqueous acid–catalyzed disproportionation reaction.

b.) Usual country of Origin

Hawaii

c.) Uses

It is usually used in a semiconductor industry to make phosphorus into silicon crystals. And it is also
used as a fumigant, a polymerization initiator and as an intermediate for the preparation of several flame
retardants.

d.) Transportation Methods

You have to use a protective clothing and equipment it’s a suit when entering an area with an unknown
place or when entering an area where the concentration of the contaminant is unknown, and it requires
specific skills developed through training and experience. While shipping, you have to check if the
container is perfectly sealed. It must be handled with care to avoid accident.

e.) Storage and Handling

You have to put it on a well-sealed Postcosecha Metal Silos.

f.) Health hazards

•Type of Hazard:
Explosion Hazard

•Health Hazard:
Nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea, thirst, muscle pain, difficulty breathing, and fluid in the lungs.

g.) GHS

h.) NFPA Diamond

6.) Silane

a.) Composition

SiH4

b.) Usual country of Origin

In German 1857, the German chemists Heinrich Buff and Friedrich

Woehler discovered silane.

c.) Uses

Silanes are used in some fiberglass and composites to improve mechanical strength, and electrical
properties. We can find it in paints, inks and coatings to increase its resistance to abrasions as well as
increased adhesion, thermal stability and crosslinking.

d.) Transportation Methods

In order to delivered a Silane, it requires a delivery tubing be double contained depending on the
concentration of the silane thus it must be properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in
condition for shipment and can be shipped by truck.
 e.) Storage and Handling

The silane can be stored in the area where temperatures should not exceed 125ºF (52ºC) and should be
free from combustible materials and from ignition sources. Storage should be away from heavily traveled
areas and emergency exits. For handling silane coupling agents should be well ventilated. Avoid
inhalation of the vapor and contact with the vapor.

f.) Health hazards

It may cause Thermal Burns

g.) GHS

h.) NFPA Diamond

7.) Ammonia

a.) Composition

NH3
b.) Usual country of Origin

In German 1909, by German Chemist Fritz Haber and Carl

Bosch via the catalytic reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen at
high temperature and pressure.

c.) Uses

80% of the ammonia produced is used in agriculture as fertilizer. It is also used as a refrigerant gas, for
purification of water supplies, and in the manufacture of plastics, explosives, textiles, pesticides, dyes and
other chemicals.

d.) Transportation Methods

Ammonia is almost invariably transported in the liquid state; therefore, it must either be compressed or
refrigerated or some combination of the two, It is usually transported as a pressurized liquefied gas by
railway in tank cars, by highway in tanker trucks, in agricultural areas in nurse tanks, and also via
pipelines traversing through populated areas.
 e.) Storage and Handling

Any type of ammonia container should be stored in a cool, dry, temperature stable environment generally
around 60-70 ˚F (15-50 ˚C) also be kept out of direct sunlight and securely mounted on either containers
or chained to a wall (cylinders). Use NH3-rated goggles and gloves and be fully clothed long sleeve shirt
and pants to safely handle ammonia.

f.) Health hazards

Ammonia can irritate and burn the skin, mouth, throat, lungs, and eyes that may even lead to death. The
level of exposure depends upon dose, duration, and work being done.

g.) GHS

h.) NFPA Diamond

8.) Germane

a.) Composition

GeH4
b.) Usual country of Origin

In German 1886, Clemens Alexander Winkler discovered Germane

c.) Uses

Germane is used in the semiconductor industry for the epitaxial growth of germanium or chemical beam
epitaxy because of its thermal lability.

d.) Transportation Methods

The equipment used for transporting Germane must be sealed tightly and make sure there are no leakage,
since Germane is highly flammable and toxic by inhalation. Must be classified and has label.

e.) Storage and Handling

Germane may be pyrophoric, do not store with other flammable products and keep storage area separate
from work areas. While handling germane, use mask and PPE and the electrical equipment should be
non-sparking or explosion-proof also avoid incompatibles such as oxidizers and bromine.

f.) Health hazards

The substance may affect the blood. This may result in destruction of blood cells and kidney impairment,
it may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns,
severe injury and/or frostbite.

g.) GHS

h.) NFPA Diamond

9.) Hydrogen

a.) Composition

It consists the same number of protons and electrons binds by electrostatic force, it is also a gas diatomic
molecule.

b.) Usual country of Origin

London, England

c.) Uses

It can be used in producing hydrologic acid as well as rocket fuel. Can also be used in welding,
hydrogenation of fats and oils, hydrodealkylation, hydrocracking, hydrodesulphurization and in the
production of methanol.

d.) Transportation Methods

To be able to transport hydrogen a pipeline is needed from the point of production to the point of use
which a cryogenic liquid tanker trucks or a gaseous tube trailer stored and deliver this substance.
 e.) Storage and Handling

Storage
-Store in well-ventilated place

Handling
- do not breathe the gas
- avoid eating, drinking in a place where hydrogen is present
- avoid places with minimal ventilation

f.) Health hazards

Type of Hazards

-Explosion Hazard
- Health Hazard
> Can cause irritation to the skin and suffocation when inhaled.

g.) GHS

h.) NFPA Diamond

10.) Helium

a.) Composition

An inert gas that consists the same number of protons and neutrons.

b.) Usual country of Origin

London, England and Sweden

c.) Uses
It is an inert gas used for welding, in rocket propulsion, in meteorology, in cryogenics.

d.) Transportation Methods

Delivered by strapping helium tanks to a wheeled cart or dolly.

e.) Storage and Handling

Storage
-Close valve after use or when empty
- Don't puncture or incinerate the container

Handling
- Don't breathe the gas
-Avoid eating and drinking in a place where helium is present.

f.) Health hazards

- Health Hazard
> Vapors may cause dizziness or unaware asphyxiation

g.) GHS

h.) NFPA Diamond

References:

[1] nitrogen | Definition, Symbol, Uses, Properties, Atomic Number, & Facts | Britannica. (2021). In
Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/nitrogen

[2] Liquid Nitrogen Handling | Environmental Health and Safety. (2011). Uiowa.edu.
https://ehs.research.uiowa.edu/liquid-nitrogen-handling#:~:text=Only%20store%20liquid%20nitrogen
%20in,insulated%20vessels%20containing%20cryogenic%20liquids.

[3] oxygen | Discovery, Symbol, Properties, Uses, & Facts | Britannica. (2021). In Encyclopædia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/oxygen

[4] Oxygen | Office of Environmental Health and Safety. (2021). Princeton.edu.

https://ehs.princeton.edu/chemical-specific-protocols/oxygen

[5] argon | Properties, Uses, Atomic Number, & Facts | Britannica. (2021). In Encyclopædia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/argon-chemical-element

[6] arsine | chemical compound | Britannica. (2021). In Encyclopædia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/arsine

[7] Annis, P. C. (2016). Stored Grain: Invertebrate Pests. Encyclopedia of Food Grains, 110–116.
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-394437-5.00188-1

[8] Agata Blaszczak-Boxe. (2015, January 23). Facts About Hydrogen. Livescience.com; Live Science.
https://www.livescience.com/28466-hydrogen.html

[9] helium | Definition, Properties, Uses, & Facts | Britannica. (2021). In Encyclopædia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/helium-chemical-element