You are on page 1of 9

Republic of the Philippines

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY


Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga

A. Course Code / Title : SOLMEN 113 – SOLID MESURATION

B. Module Number : Module 2 - Plane Geometry – Quadrilaterals and Polygons

C. Time Frame : September 27-October 1, 2021 ( 3 hours)

D. Description : This module will give ideas about quadrilaterals and polygons, to
understand things about the theorems, properties and formulas
to solve problems.

E. Objectives : At the end of these module, the learner should be able to:
1. Have a deeper understanding about theorems, properties,
formula relating to quadrilaterals and polygons.
2. Solve problems relating to quadrilaterals and polygons.

F. Contents :

I. Plane Geometry – Quadrilaterals

Area of Quadrilaterals:

1. Square – four sides are equal

����, � = �2
���������, � = 4�
��������, � = � 2

2. Rectangle

����, � = ��
���������, � = 2(� + �)
��������, � = �2 + �2

3. General Quadrilateral

Given diagonals d1 and d2 and included angle �

1
����, � = � �� ����
2 1 2

Given four sides a, b, c, and d sum of two


opposite angles:

����, � = � − � � − � � − � � − � − �������2 �

�+�+�+�
���� − ���������, � =
2

����� � + ����� � ����� � + ����� �


�= �� � =
2 2

Given four sides a, b, c, and d sum of two opposite angles B and D:

Divide the two area into two triangles, ∆��� and ∆���:
1 1
����, � = ������ + ������
2 2

4. Parallelogram

1. The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal,


and so also are opposite angles.
2. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each
other.
3. If two sides of a quadrilateral are equal and
parallel, then the other two sides are equal and
parallel, and the figure is a parallelogram.

Given diagonals d1 and d2 and included angle �

1
����, � = � �� ����
2 1 2

Given two sides a and b and one angle A:


����, � = ������

5. Rhombus

A rhombus is a parallelogram with four equal sides. The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each
other at an angle of 90°.

Given diagonal d1 and d2


1
����, � = � �
2 1 2

Given side a and one angles A:


����, � = �2 sin �

6. Trapezoid

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with two and only two of


whose sides are parallel.

1
���� = ��� �� ����� � ��������
2
1
�= �+� ℎ
2

Length of dividing line parallel to the two parallel sides of trapezoid:

��2 + ��2 � �1
�= ; =
�+� � �2

7. Cyclic Quadrilateral

A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral whose


vertices lie on the circumference of a circle.
����� � + ����� � = 180°
����� � + ����� � = 180°

���� = � − � � − � � − � (� − �)

�+�+�+�
���� − ���������, � =
2
8. Ptolemy’s Theorem

“For any circle quadrilateral the product of the diagonals equals the sum of the products
of the opposite sides.”

�1 �2 = � � + (�)(�)

Now, are you ready to solve problems regarding quadrilaterals? If yes, ready your calculator
and let’s start:

Problems:

1. The sides of a quadrilateral are 10m, 8m, 16m and 20m, respectively. Two opposite interior
angles have a sum of 225°. Find the area of the quadrilateral in sq.m.

Given:
� = 10�
� = 8�
� = 16�
� = 20�
��� �� ��� �������� ������ � = 225°

Required:
Area, A

Solution:
225°
�= 2
� = 112.5°

����, � = � − � � − � � − � � − � − �������2 �

�+�+�+�
���� − ���������, � =
2
10� + 8� + 16� + 20�
�=
2
� = 27�

�= 27� − 10� 27� − 8� 27� − 16� 27� − 20� − (10�)(8�)(16�)(20�)���2 (112.5°)


� = ���. �� ��. �

2. A window glass is 4 ft 2 in by 2 ft 10 in. Find its area.

Given:
� = 4�� 2��
� = 2�� 10��

Required:
Area, A

Solution:

Convert the length and width in feet or inches.


1��
� = 4�� + 2�� 12��
25
�= ��
6
1��
� = 2�� + 10��
12��
17
�= ��
6
� = ��
25 17
�= �� ��
6 6
� = ��. ������

3. The diagonals of a rhombus are 10cm, and 8cm respectively. Its area is:

Given:
�1 = 10 ��
�2 = 8 ��

Required:
Area, A

Solution:
1
����, � = �1 �2
2
1
� = (10�� )(8��)
2
� = �����

4. The official distance between home plate and second base in a baseball diamond is 120ft. Find
the area of the official ball diamond and the distances between the bases. (The official ball
diamond is in the form of a square).

Given:
� = 120 ��

Required:
Distance between the bases and area, S and A

Solution:

Using Pythagorean Theorem, we can determine the side of the baseball field.
ℎ��������� 2 = ��� �� �ℎ� ������� �� ��� ����
�2 = �2 + �2
Note: consider the haft of diamond a right triangle. C, is the hypotenuse

(120��)2 = �2 + �2
14400��2 = 2�2
14400��2 2�2
=
2 2
7200��2 = �2
The area of square is�� , therefore the area of the baseball field is������� .

�2 = 7200��2
� = 7200��2
� = ��. �� �� (Distance between the bases.)

5. The vertical end of a trough has the following dimensions: width at top 1.3m, width at bottom
3.2 ft, depth 3.5 ft. Find the area of the end of the trough.

Given:
�� = 1.3�
�� = 3.2��
� = 3.5��

Required:
Area, A

Solution:

1
�= (�� + �� )(�)
2

Before we solve the area we should check the units, in this problem we need to convert
the width at the top from meter to feet. (1m = 3.28ft)

3.28��
�� = 1.3�
1�
�� = 4.264 ��
1
� = (4.264�� + 3.2��)(3.5��)
2
� = ��. ��� ���

II. Plane Geometry – Polygons

Area of Polygons

There are two basic types of polygons, a convex and a


concave polygon. A convex polygon is one in which no
side, when extended, will pass inside the polygon,
otherwise it called concave polygon.

The figure is a convex polygon.

1. Polygons are according to the number of sides. The


following are some names of polygons.

No. of sides Names


2 Digon
3 Triangle (trigon)
4 Quadrilateral (tetragon)
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
7 Heptagon
8 Octagon
9 Nonangon (enneagon)
10 Decagon
11 Undecagon (hendecagon)
12 Dodecagon
13 Tridecagon (triskaidecagon)
14 Tetradecagon (tetrakaidecagon)
15 Pentadecagon pentakaidecagon)
16 Hexadecagon (hexakaideacagon)
17 Heptadecagon (heptakaidecagon)
18 Octadecagon (octakaidecagon)
19 Enneadecagon (enneakaidecagon)
20 Icosagon
30 Triacontagon
40 Tetracontagon
50 Pentacontagon
60 Hexacontagon
70 Heptacontagon
80 Octacontagon
90 Enneacontagon
100 Hectogon
1000 Chilliagon
10000 Myriagon

2. Theorems in Polygons

1. The sum of the angles of a convex polygon of “n” sides is 2(� − 2) right angles.
2. The exterior angles of a polygon, made by producing each of its sides in succession,
are together equal to 4 right angles, or 360°.
3. Homologous parts of congruent figures are equal.

3. Sum of Interior Angles

The sum of interior angles � of a polygon of m sides is:

���, � = � − 2 � 180°
4. Sum of Exterior Angles

The sum of exterior angles � is equal to 360°

� = 360°

5. Numbers of Diagonals, D

The diagonal of a polygon is the line segment joining two non-adjacent sides. The
number of diagonals is given by:

�= (� − 3)
2
6. Regular Polygons

Polygons whose side are equal are called


equilateral polygons. Polygons with
equal interior angles are called
equiangular polygons. Polygons that are
both equilateral and equiangular are
called regular polygons. The area of a regular polygon can be found by considering one
segment, which has the form of an isosceles triangle.

Where:
� = ����
� = ����� ��������� �� �ℎ� ���� ���� �ℎ� ������
� = ������ �� �������������� ������
� = ������ �� ��������� ������, ���� ������ ����ℎ��
� = ������� �� �����

360°
�=

� 2 �
���� = � sin � = (� �)
2 2
���������, � = � (�)
�−2
�������� ����� = � = � 180°

360°
�������� ����� = � = � =

Now, are you ready to solve problems regarding polygons? If yes, ready your calculator
and let’s start:

Problems:

1. The polygons has 170 diagonals does. How many sides does it have?

Given:
� = 170 ���������

Required:
Number of Sides

Solution:

� = (� − 3)
2

170 ��������� = (� − 3)
2
170 (2) = �2 − 3�
340 = �2 − 3�
�2 − 3� − 340 = 0

By quadratic equation:
−�± �2 −4��
�= 2�
�=1
� =− 3
� =− 340
−( − 3) ± ( − 3)2 − 4(1)( − 340)
�=
2(1)
� = �� (������ �� �����)
� =− 17
2. One side of a regular octagon is 2. Find the area of the region inside the octagon.

Given:
x=2
n=8

Required:
Area
Solution:
Octagon = 8 sides
360°
�= 8
� = 45°
� �
���� = �2 sin � = (� �)
2 2

���� = (� �)
2
� = ����
� = ������ �� ��������� ������, ���� ������ ����ℎ��
� = ������� �� �����

Consider the shaded triangle in the figure, solve for r by tangent function.

1
tan 22.5 =

1
� = tan 22.5
� = 2.414 �����
8
���� = (2)(2.414)
2
���� = ��. ��� ��. �����

3. The corners of a 2 meters square area cut off to form a regular octagon. What is the length of the
sides of the resulting octagon?

Given:
S = 2 m (sides of the square)

Required:
Side if octagon. (x)

Solution
Let y be the side of the shaded triangles.
2= �+�+�
2 = 2� + �
2� = 2 − �
2� 2 − �
=
2 2
2−�
�=
2

�=1−
2
By Pythagorean Theorem:
�2 = �2 + �2
� 2 � 2
�2 = 1 − + 1−
2 2
2
�2 �2
� = 1−�+ + 1−�+
4 4
� 2
�2 = 2 − 2� +
2
�2
0 = 2 − 2� −
2
By quadratic equation:
−�± �2 −4��
�= 2�
1
� =− 2
� =− 2
�=2
−1
−( − 2) ± ( − 2)2 − 4 (2)
2
�=
−1
2
2
� = �. ��� ����� (����� �� �������)
� =− 4.828 �����

4. The sum of interior angle of a polygon is 2,520°. How many area the sides?

Given:
��� �� �������� ������ = 2,520°

Required:
Number of Sides, �

Solution:
���, � = � − 2 � 180°
2,520° = � − 2 � 180°
2,520° � − 2 � 180°
=
180° 180°
14 = � − 2
�� = �

5. The sum of the interior angles of a dodecagon is:

Given:
��������� = 12 sides

Required:
Sum of interior angles.

Solution:
���, � = � − 2 � 180°

���, � = 12 − 2 � 180°

���, � = ����°

Thanks for spending time for the lesson. I know you got tired while studying the module. You
are now about to dig in to the lesson more and submerge yourself into it. Please be reminded that
you only have 3 hours to complete the whole Module 2, so please manage your time properly.

“Honesty is the cornerstone of all success. Without honesty, confidence and ability to perform
shall cease to exist.”– Mary Kay Ash

G. REFERENCES

Printed Materials:

1. Solid Mensuration (2nd Edition) by: Kern and Bland


2. Engineering Mathematics (3rd Edition) by DIT Gillesania
3. Solid Mensuration Reviewer (Revised Edition) by Ricardo C. Asin

Online References:

1. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_geometry (for other figures)

You might also like