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MODULE 2 Plane Geometry Quadrilaterals and Polygons
MODULE 2 Plane Geometry Quadrilaterals and Polygons
D. Description : This module will give ideas about quadrilaterals and polygons, to
understand things about the theorems, properties and formulas
to solve problems.
E. Objectives : At the end of these module, the learner should be able to:
1. Have a deeper understanding about theorems, properties,
formula relating to quadrilaterals and polygons.
2. Solve problems relating to quadrilaterals and polygons.
F. Contents :
Area of Quadrilaterals:
����, � = �2
���������, � = 4�
��������, � = � 2
2. Rectangle
����, � = ��
���������, � = 2(� + �)
��������, � = �2 + �2
3. General Quadrilateral
1
����, � = � �� ����
2 1 2
����, � = � − � � − � � − � � − � − �������2 �
�+�+�+�
���� − ���������, � =
2
Divide the two area into two triangles, ∆��� and ∆���:
1 1
����, � = ������ + ������
2 2
4. Parallelogram
1
����, � = � �� ����
2 1 2
5. Rhombus
A rhombus is a parallelogram with four equal sides. The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each
other at an angle of 90°.
6. Trapezoid
1
���� = ��� �� ����� � ��������
2
1
�= �+� ℎ
2
��2 + ��2 � �1
�= ; =
�+� � �2
7. Cyclic Quadrilateral
���� = � − � � − � � − � (� − �)
�+�+�+�
���� − ���������, � =
2
8. Ptolemy’s Theorem
“For any circle quadrilateral the product of the diagonals equals the sum of the products
of the opposite sides.”
�1 �2 = � � + (�)(�)
Now, are you ready to solve problems regarding quadrilaterals? If yes, ready your calculator
and let’s start:
Problems:
1. The sides of a quadrilateral are 10m, 8m, 16m and 20m, respectively. Two opposite interior
angles have a sum of 225°. Find the area of the quadrilateral in sq.m.
Given:
� = 10�
� = 8�
� = 16�
� = 20�
��� �� ��� �������� ������ � = 225°
Required:
Area, A
Solution:
225°
�= 2
� = 112.5°
����, � = � − � � − � � − � � − � − �������2 �
�+�+�+�
���� − ���������, � =
2
10� + 8� + 16� + 20�
�=
2
� = 27�
Given:
� = 4�� 2��
� = 2�� 10��
Required:
Area, A
Solution:
3. The diagonals of a rhombus are 10cm, and 8cm respectively. Its area is:
Given:
�1 = 10 ��
�2 = 8 ��
Required:
Area, A
Solution:
1
����, � = �1 �2
2
1
� = (10�� )(8��)
2
� = �����
4. The official distance between home plate and second base in a baseball diamond is 120ft. Find
the area of the official ball diamond and the distances between the bases. (The official ball
diamond is in the form of a square).
Given:
� = 120 ��
Required:
Distance between the bases and area, S and A
Solution:
Using Pythagorean Theorem, we can determine the side of the baseball field.
ℎ��������� 2 = ��� �� �ℎ� ������� �� ��� ����
�2 = �2 + �2
Note: consider the haft of diamond a right triangle. C, is the hypotenuse
(120��)2 = �2 + �2
14400��2 = 2�2
14400��2 2�2
=
2 2
7200��2 = �2
The area of square is�� , therefore the area of the baseball field is������� .
�2 = 7200��2
� = 7200��2
� = ��. �� �� (Distance between the bases.)
5. The vertical end of a trough has the following dimensions: width at top 1.3m, width at bottom
3.2 ft, depth 3.5 ft. Find the area of the end of the trough.
Given:
�� = 1.3�
�� = 3.2��
� = 3.5��
Required:
Area, A
Solution:
1
�= (�� + �� )(�)
2
Before we solve the area we should check the units, in this problem we need to convert
the width at the top from meter to feet. (1m = 3.28ft)
3.28��
�� = 1.3�
1�
�� = 4.264 ��
1
� = (4.264�� + 3.2��)(3.5��)
2
� = ��. ��� ���
Area of Polygons
2. Theorems in Polygons
1. The sum of the angles of a convex polygon of “n” sides is 2(� − 2) right angles.
2. The exterior angles of a polygon, made by producing each of its sides in succession,
are together equal to 4 right angles, or 360°.
3. Homologous parts of congruent figures are equal.
���, � = � − 2 � 180°
4. Sum of Exterior Angles
� = 360°
5. Numbers of Diagonals, D
The diagonal of a polygon is the line segment joining two non-adjacent sides. The
number of diagonals is given by:
�
�= (� − 3)
2
6. Regular Polygons
Where:
� = ����
� = ����� ��������� �� �ℎ� ���� ���� �ℎ� ������
� = ������ �� �������������� ������
� = ������ �� ��������� ������, ���� ������ ����ℎ��
� = ������� �� �����
360°
�=
�
� 2 �
���� = � sin � = (� �)
2 2
���������, � = � (�)
�−2
�������� ����� = � = � 180°
�
360°
�������� ����� = � = � =
�
Now, are you ready to solve problems regarding polygons? If yes, ready your calculator
and let’s start:
Problems:
1. The polygons has 170 diagonals does. How many sides does it have?
Given:
� = 170 ���������
Required:
Number of Sides
Solution:
�
� = (� − 3)
2
�
170 ��������� = (� − 3)
2
170 (2) = �2 − 3�
340 = �2 − 3�
�2 − 3� − 340 = 0
By quadratic equation:
−�± �2 −4��
�= 2�
�=1
� =− 3
� =− 340
−( − 3) ± ( − 3)2 − 4(1)( − 340)
�=
2(1)
� = �� (������ �� �����)
� =− 17
2. One side of a regular octagon is 2. Find the area of the region inside the octagon.
Given:
x=2
n=8
Required:
Area
Solution:
Octagon = 8 sides
360°
�= 8
� = 45°
� �
���� = �2 sin � = (� �)
2 2
�
���� = (� �)
2
� = ����
� = ������ �� ��������� ������, ���� ������ ����ℎ��
� = ������� �� �����
Consider the shaded triangle in the figure, solve for r by tangent function.
1
tan 22.5 =
�
1
� = tan 22.5
� = 2.414 �����
8
���� = (2)(2.414)
2
���� = ��. ��� ��. �����
3. The corners of a 2 meters square area cut off to form a regular octagon. What is the length of the
sides of the resulting octagon?
Given:
S = 2 m (sides of the square)
Required:
Side if octagon. (x)
Solution
Let y be the side of the shaded triangles.
2= �+�+�
2 = 2� + �
2� = 2 − �
2� 2 − �
=
2 2
2−�
�=
2
�
�=1−
2
By Pythagorean Theorem:
�2 = �2 + �2
� 2 � 2
�2 = 1 − + 1−
2 2
2
�2 �2
� = 1−�+ + 1−�+
4 4
� 2
�2 = 2 − 2� +
2
�2
0 = 2 − 2� −
2
By quadratic equation:
−�± �2 −4��
�= 2�
1
� =− 2
� =− 2
�=2
−1
−( − 2) ± ( − 2)2 − 4 (2)
2
�=
−1
2
2
� = �. ��� ����� (����� �� �������)
� =− 4.828 �����
4. The sum of interior angle of a polygon is 2,520°. How many area the sides?
Given:
��� �� �������� ������ = 2,520°
Required:
Number of Sides, �
Solution:
���, � = � − 2 � 180°
2,520° = � − 2 � 180°
2,520° � − 2 � 180°
=
180° 180°
14 = � − 2
�� = �
Given:
��������� = 12 sides
Required:
Sum of interior angles.
Solution:
���, � = � − 2 � 180°
���, � = 12 − 2 � 180°
���, � = ����°
Thanks for spending time for the lesson. I know you got tired while studying the module. You
are now about to dig in to the lesson more and submerge yourself into it. Please be reminded that
you only have 3 hours to complete the whole Module 2, so please manage your time properly.
“Honesty is the cornerstone of all success. Without honesty, confidence and ability to perform
shall cease to exist.”– Mary Kay Ash
G. REFERENCES
Printed Materials:
Online References: