Caballero, Nadyah Ginice B.

BSChE – III
October 30, 2021

Notes and Learnings – Assignment #1

Videos watched:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqVtGNQAC2E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w82aSjLuD_8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSpB3HivkhY

First Video – Atom and Electric Charge

o Everything in the universe is made of atoms.

o Atoms cannot be seen with the naked eye.
o Bohr model is a simplified model of the atom to understand it more.
o An atom is composed of a nucleus which consist of neutrons, protons and electrons.

Neutrons have no charge

Protons have positive charge
Electrons have negative charge

o The number of neutrons, protons and electrons an atom has can tell us what material it is
o Protons and Neutrons are positioned at the center of the atom while electrons circulate
around the nucleus in a constant motion
o Electrons are much lighter than the protons in the nucleus and can move very easy with
almost the speed of light
o Electrons move around the nucleus in circular orbits or shells - each shell can contain a
particular number of electrons
o The no. of electrons in the outer shell determines the reactivity of the atom or its tendency
to form chemical bonds with other atoms
o If the shell is full, then the atom is now stable and least reactive

Valence shell - outer shell. The electrons found in the outer shell are called valence electrons
Free electrons - moving electrons, the movement of the electrons depends on the material.
 o A material can be a conductor or an insulator

Conductors - allow free electrons to move freely throughout the solid. Most metals are conductors.

Insulators - limits the movement of the electrons, holding them tightly. Examples of Insulators are
glass and plastic.

o Atoms have neutral charge, therefore, they have the same number of electrons and
protons. With this, atoms have a net electric charge equal to zero.
o Net electric charge = 0
o The lowest possible energy level of the atom / called the ground state

Atoms have neutral charge, therefore, they have the same number of electrons and protons. With
this, atoms have a net electric charge equal to zero.

o The atomic charge can be change by gaining or losing some electrons.

If an atom gains electrons, then it becomes negatively charged.
If an atom losses electrons, then it becomes positively charged.

o Negative ion - negatively charged atom

o Positve ion - positively charged atom

Law of Conservation of Electric Charge

"You Can't Create a Net Electric Charge, instead Charge can only move from one place to
another"

- Electric Charge - the most important property of the protons and the electrons.
- Symbol of charge: q
- Unit of charge: Coulomb

- Elementary charge - the charge of a single electron, or proton. Denoted by the letter e.
- Protons = +e
- Electrons = -e
 - Charge of a single electron: -e = 1.6x10^-19 Coulombs
- number of electrons in one negative Coulomb of charge: -1C = 6.24x1018 electrons (same
value for protons but with a positive sign)

- Electric Current - the flow of electrons

- the movement of electric charge in a wire over a period of time
- Symbol for electric current: I
- I = C/s
- Ampere = unit of electric current

Second Video - Voltage

- Voltage - is what pushes electrons around a circuit

o Electrons will move randomly in any direction without voltage. With voltage, it
electrons will move in the direction causing current.

More voltage = more current

- Voltage can exist without current.

- Voltage = Potential Difference

- Unit: Volts represented by the letter "V"
- by Italian Physicist Alessandro Volta
- invented the voltaic pile

- Voltaic Pile - the first battery to provide a steady current

- Voltage - the pressure
- Volts - the units we measure the pressure in

- Voltmeter - a device that is used to measure the potential difference between two points.
- considered as a sub part of the multimeter
- Multimeter - is used to measure the voltage difference, current and resistance
 - One Volt - is the force required to drive one coulomb through a resistor of one ohm in one
second.
- 1 Coulomb = 6.242x1018

- Direct Voltage - the pressure it provides moves the electrons in a constant current in one
direction

- Alternating voltage - different type of electricity.

- electrons alternate between flowing forwards and backwards because the polarity of the
circuit is changing
- if plotted against time, the graph would exhibit a sine wave as it move forward and rises
to its maximum and then starts to decline

Why do different countries use different volatages?

- Majority of the world uses 220 to 240 volts but some countries use 110 to 127 volts.
-
- The difference of voltage use all over the world dates back to when electricity first started
being distributed. Back then, no standardization was implemented so each distribution
network has its own voltage and frequency for whatever their engineers felt was best.

Third Video – Power and Watt

- Power - is the rate at which energy gets supplied, or used up

- Unit: Watts
- 1 watt = 1 joule / second

- Voltage x Current = Power

or
- V2 / R = Power