RIIHAN308D Load and Unload Plant LR V1

RIIHAN308D
Load and unload plant
Student Learning Resource
Student Name ________________________________________________

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date
LR RIIHAN308D NVR Standard 15.5 2 1 Load and Unload Plant 19/08/2014 Page 2 of 103
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Student Information
Purpose:
The purpose of this learning package is to help you understand the technical and theoretical
knowledge and associated skills of your selected trade area. This package contains a number of
learning and associated documents for this unit of competency. Please read all parts of this
package to ensure that you complete and manage the process correctly. These assessment
tools address the mandatory requirements of the unit of competency including, evidence
requirements, range statements and the required skills and knowledge to achieve the learning
outcomes indicated in the document. Performance criteria are described below. The contents of
this unit will contain some or all of the following as required:
Unit outlines / Performance Criteria
Self-Checks are self-tests for the student. These have in general been extracted from
this learning resource.
ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

1. Plan and 1.1Access, interpret and apply load handling documentation and ensure compliance the
prepare to
work activity is compliant
load and
unload 1.2Obtain, read, interpret, clarify and confirm work requirements
plant
1.3Identify and address potential risks, hazards and environmental issues, and implement
control measures
1.4Select and wear personal protective equipment appropriate for work activities
1.5Identify, obtain and implement signage and barriers and ensure the loading/unloading site
is made safe and isolated from general traffic flow
2. Load the 2.1Confirm the dimensions and capacity of the float/trailer to safely carry the plant item
plant
2.2Select tools and loading equipment, check for serviceability/faults and rectify or
report, verbally or in writing, prior to commencement
2.3Confirm preparation of the plant for transportation has been completed
2.4Place and secure loading aids
2.5Confirm loading procedure with operator and/or guide before loading commences
2.6Move the plant item onto the trailer/float and halt at the designated position
3. Unload the 3.1Confirm the unloading procedure with operator and/or guide before unloading commences
plant
3.2Place and secure unloading aids, including ramps, in accordance with the trailer/float
specifications
3.3Slacken securing devices and remove in a sequence which optimises safety
3.4Move the plant item off the trailer/float and halt at the designated position
3.5Stow loading aids including ramps, bridging materials and securing devices
UNIT DESCRIPTOR
RIIHAN308D Load and unload plant
This unit covers loading and unloading plant in the resources and infrastructure industries.
It includes planning and preparing, loading plant, and unloading plant. Licensing,
legislative, regulatory and certification requirements that apply to this unit can vary
between states, territories, and industry sectors. Relevant information must be sourced
prior to application of the unit.

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ASSESSMENT
Overall Assessment Requirements

The instructional outcomes required at the completion of this training are satisfactory for each
form of evidence resulting in competent. If you do not achieve the required outcomes of
competent, for this assessment you will be required to re sit a supplementary examination
within a reasonable time of the original examination date.
To achieve successful completion of this unit you should achieve a minimum of 3 forms of
assessment. Below are some of the forms of evidence that can be used.
1. Written Assessment
2. Third party reports (usually by your employer or supervisor)
3. Workshop/ On Site Activity (generally referred to as “Practical Assessment”)
4. Logbook Evidence (a record of the tasks you carry out for each unit)
Theory Examination
During the period of this learning you will be required to complete a written theory
examination to establish the level of understanding of technical content.
Self Checks
Self-checks are to be completed on pages provided when requested by your trainer. These
exercises are used mainly as a learning tool; they may form part of your overall assessment
if deemed necessary by your Trainer.
Verbal Questions
Verbal questions may be used and recorded to establish your level of knowledge of the
competencies of this learning package.
Practical Observation / Assessment
Practical may be assessed in either of the following formats: -
• Practical observations will be undertaken in the workplace. Where the assessor observes the
student completing a task in the workplace the observation will be recorded in the
observation checklist.
• Where a student is not able to undertake an activity in the workplace a simulated practical
activity will be setup by the assessor. (Refer to the practical exercises outlined in this Student
Learning Resource.) The observation checklist will be used to record the student’s
performances.
Where a student undertakes an activity in the workplace and the trainer is not able to be
present the employer / supervisor will confirm the activity on the Third Party Report. The
student and employer / supervisor will provide photographic evidence of the activity with an
explanation of the task undertaken.
The assessor will contact the student by phone or face to face to question the student about
the activity to confirm the students understanding and skills. The outcome of this contact will
be recorded in the Practical Assessment.

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Log Book or Training Record Book
It is the responsibility and requirement for the learner to complete the training record based
on the on-the-job and structured training tasks received by the employer or Supervising
Registered Training Organisation (SRTO) or as indicated in the training plan, which may be
produced to the employer and SRTO at reasonable intervals of not more than 3 months. Log
Book evidence from your employer and other forms of evidence relating to this unit of
competency will contribute to the outcome of this learning package. If the required activity is
not part of your employer’s scope of activity you will be required to complete the skill learning
process within a simulated environment. Logbook evidence must reflect the “Elements”
shown for this unit.
Results
A statement of Attainment may be printed for this unit if required, but in general your
achievement of this unit will be recorded and presented to you on completion of the entire
qualification. Your certificate will record all the units you have completed.
RPL and Acceleration
Recognition of prior learning is available to all students. This provides an opportunity for
being credited for previous learning. Acceleration provides an opportunity to reduce the
allocated learning hours for this unit of competency. There is a separate RPL kit for this
process.
Methodology
This unit may be provided as a separate learning instruction or provided with other units of
competency in a practical or theoretical learning experience.
Due care
Every care has been taken to ensure that the information in this learning guide is correct, but
trainers are advised to check the currency and the relevance of the content to their own training
package.
Copyright protects this publication. Except for purpose permitted by the Copyright Act 1968,
reproduction, adaptation, electronic storage and communication to the public is prohibited
without prior written permission.
Pre-requisites
Pre-requisite units: None
Feedback to the learner
The trainer will provide feedback to the learner on the progress of assessment
This learning package is intended for use by those completing the Competency Unit
RIIHAN308D Load and unload plant as part of Basic Stream Skills within the Civil
Construction Skills Stream of the National Competency Framework.

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Preparation for Moving Plant
SAFETY EQUIPMENT
Safety Equipment needed when tiling floors includes, but limited to:
Steel capped boots or steel capped rubber boots - Shoes should be quality shoes that
have steel caps in the toe. There are types for most occasions including working on the
ground, below ground in trenches or on the roof. Safety shoes protect you from objects
falling onto the front of your feet. Shoes need to be a quality product that can flex
sufficiently when you are required to climb ladders or similar. Do not wear thongs or open
foot-ware as you can easily receive serious damage to your feet. Most building sites will
ban such practices
Safety glasses
Always use for cutting tiles - Eye protection is a must where there is a chance of getting
something caught in your eyes. Far worse than this is the chance that something may
pierce your eye. It is recommended that people wear quality protective safety glasses all
of the time. They may also be lightly tinted for sun protection. These are not expensive
and can look quite fashionable. Once again, many people take this advice far too lightly
and only wish they had listened when told of the dangers. Other forms of eye protection
are available including full face shields.
Ear protection
Hearing protection is essential where ever excessive noise is being created i.e. more than
70 decibels. Circular saws that cut brick, timber, tiles and other materials create a noise
level that can permanently damage your hearing. This is a long-term process and after
many years working in the industry, permanent damage occurs. Many people take this far
too lightly and after years in the industry you may have wished that you listened to early
warnings. By then it is too late. The earplugs shown above offer excellent protection and
these reduce the noise down to an acceptable level. Earplugs can reduce the noise level
20 to 35 decibels. It is best to have suitable protection that offers safe reduction. It is not
wise to make it impossible to hear any noise as this can become dangerous. Your trainer
will demonstrate their correct use.

Kit RIICCM205D NVR Standard 15.5 1 002 Carry out manual excavation 26/11/2013 Page 6 of 103
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PPE is one of those items that someone is going to keep reminding you that you must use.
Eventually it will be left to you to automatically fit your PPE when it is appropriate to do so.
When considering buying PPE, select items that are quality products that fit comfortably
and are convenient to use.
Protection location Description
Body clothing Suitable clothing
Feet protection Safety shoes
Hearing protection Ear muffs or ear plugs
Eye protection Full face shields or safety eye glasses or goggles
Head protection Comfortable Safety helmets
Lung or breathing protection Dust masks, chemical, gas and fine particle filtering respirators.
Hand Gloves Wear, heat and chemical resistant types
There are many good safety stores available and at the end of the day it is up to you to look after
yourself. Do not blame others for your own bad habits.
PPE Items
The following describes a range of PPE that you should be prepared to wear.
Clothing
Sensible clothing that protects from the sun and is tough enough to resist annoying
scratches. It should not be very loose or baggy as loose clothing can get caught on
obstacles or in machinery. It should not be skin tight as some circulation of air is
recommended. Sun-safe, breathable heavy-duty cotton materials are recommended for
general purpose clothes in the construction industry.
Hand Protection
Gloves are available for many duties that are hard on the hands. The range includes
general-purpose gloves, gloves for heat protection, gloves for chemical protection, and
many others.
You should not be afraid to wear gloves simply because you may be considered soft.
Ignore such remarks and protect yourself from bad cuts and chemicals attack etc.

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Mouth or Breathing Protection
Breathing dust, fumes and chemical vapours are all possible while working in the
construction industry. From simple dust masks to more complex breathing masks are
available. What is needed for the job may depend on the type of job being performed. If
in doubt it may be necessary to consult your employer or read the material safety data
sheet that is available. More information is provided on this topic later. Above are masks
for dust, mist and fume protection
Skin Protection
Other types of PPE are available and should be seriously considered as part of the tool kit.
Sun creams min factor 30+ and Extended brims for hard hats or Protective creams etc.
Each of the PPE displayed above are only a sample

and a very wide range of each of the PPE items is
possible. It is important to make your selection
carefully because if you are not protected properly,
you may suffer lifelong consequences.
Safety
Safety at work is an issue that concerns everyone; employers, employees, their families
and the community.
Working around trucks is a major cause of injury in the transport and storage industry.
To assist workers to work safely and to come home safely the Working Around Trucks
guidance material has been produced. It provides practical and straight-forward
information on how to manage the risks of injury associated with working around trucks.
This guidance material has been produced by industry for industry. Transport and
Storage Industry Sector Standing Committee members who are industry leaders
developed this material to support Workplace Health and Safety Queensland’s
preventative activities. The committee members are dedicated to making the transport
and storage industry safer, their expertise and knowledge bring valuable employer,
employee and union input to the development of industry safety solutions.
The growth of a diverse economy powered by bright ideas contributes to Queensland
as a strong state. This guidance material for working around trucks is one of the bright
ideas. The vision is for industry, supported by Workplace Health and Safety
Queensland to implement the practical solutions to ensure workers make it home safely.

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Working around trucks – loading and unloading
Vehicles and mobile plant, moving in and around workplaces, have the potential to
cause occupational injuries and deaths in workplaces in Australia.
Reversing, loading, unloading and pedestrian movement are the activities most
frequently linked with workplace vehicle accidents.
Traffic and pedestrian movement at workplaces should be designed, planned and
controlled so that pedestrians and vehicles can circulate safely.
Improving workplace traffic safety, in addition to reducing work-related injuries, can
also improve workplace efficiency and productivity.
Workplace vehicle hazards may occur during:
• Pedestrian movement at workplaces and coming into contact with mobile equipment
• Vehicles or plant reversing and manoeuvring
• Arrivals and departures
• Loading and unloading
• Hitching and unhitching trailers
• Mounting or dismounting from vehicles
• Securing loads, and
• Maintenance work
Most at risk from vehicles at workplaces are people who work with, or interface with
vehicles and mobile plant, such as:
• Cars
• Vans
• Forklifts
• Trucks
• Semi trailers and trailers
• Tractors
• Loaders
• Buses, and
• Utilities.
Other people at risk may include other workers, management, self-employed
people, customers or visitors at workplaces.
Risk assessment
Employers are required by law to carry out regular risk assessments, identify hazards,
assess the risk of injury or harm, review workplace procedures regularly and consider
means of controlling or reducing these risks.
Risks must be controlled according to the hierarchy outlined in the Workplace Health and
Safety Act 1995 (the Act):
• Eliminating vehicle or pedestrian movement where possible, or removing the
need for reversing
• Substituting unsafe vehicles, loading facilities, road signage or road surfaces with
safer ones.
• Isolating vehicles from pedestrians or vice versa
• Minimising by engineering controls (e.g. pedestrian barriers, handrails, separate
access doors for pedestrians and vehicles, speed limiting vehicles).

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• Applying administrative controls, such as:
! Providing education, training, supervision and safe work procedures on vehicle
! Movement at workplaces
! Ensuring a robust documented induction process takes place within the
workplace before workers commence work
! Restricting pedestrian access in certain areas, or at certain times
! Enforcing appropriate site speed limits
! Preventing reversing in certain areas, or at certain times
! Providing designated parking for work and private vehicles
! Monitoring risks to ensure they remain as low as possible.
• Using personal protective equipment (PPE), such as safety boots, helmets and
reflective high-visibility garments. PPE is the lowest level of control.
• Monitoring the effectiveness of safety changes and safe work procedures through
regular inspections, checks and record keeping.
1. PERMITS
Before commencing to transport any machine the question must be asked, are permits
required?
Points to consider are:
• Over dimension:
! Height;
! Width; and
! Length.
• Weight of the combined load

The regulations governing the dimensions and mass of loads may vary between States
and Territories.
Written applications for permits can be made by completing an application for a Permit for
a Vehicle to Exceed the Statutory Mass and/or Dimension Limits.
This must be lodged with the State or Territory Road Traffic Authority and is processed in
order of receipt.
It is important to allow time for the permit to be processed. Plan movements in advance.

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There are three general types of permits. These are:
• Over Dimension.
• Excess Mass.
• Over Dimension Combined with Excess Mass.
Permits are classified in accordance with the level of control required over:
• Times of travel.
• Route selection.
• Operating conditions.
PERMIT CLASSIFICATIONS
• Trip
A trip permit is issued for a single trip of a specific vehicle carrying a load over a specific
route. The permit will either require the trip to take place on a specific day or days or on
any day or days within a given time period up to a maximum of one month.
• Period
A period permit is issued to cover frequent trips of a specific vehicle carrying the same
load or load type on a specific route. Period permits are issued for time periods of up to
twelve months.
• Zone
A zone permit is issued to cover frequent trips of a specific vehicle carrying the same load
or load type within a defined zone. Zone permits are issued for time periods of up to
twelve months.
• Combined Period and Zone Period
A zone permit is only issued if all routes within the zone under consideration are suitable
for the operation proposed. Therefore it is often appropriate to combine a zone permit with
a period permit, to allow travel through an adjacent zone in which all roads may not be
suitable.
• General Conditions
All permits are issued subject to general conditions, which are printed on the back of the
permit document:
Conditions to note are:
< The permit shall be carried by the driver of the vehicle at all times and be
produced when requested by an Inspector appointed under the Act, or a police
officer.
< The permit may be cancelled or revoked at any time.

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< The permit is issued on the express condition that the limitations specified shall
not be exceeded.
< The exemption shall operate only with respect to the vehicle, loads, routes and
time specified, and does not relieve the owner and/or driver of the duty to
observe all other provisions of the Road Traffic Act and Regulations.
• General Considerations
< Times of travel.

< Routes.
< Escort operating guidelines.
< Escort requirements by other Authorities.
< Speed limits.
< Warning signs.
< Flags, delineators and flashing yellow lights.
< Use of headlights.
< Clearances from other Authorities.
2. IDENTIFYING HAZARDS AND THEIR NEGOTIATION
Power Grader
HAZARDS PRECAUTIONS
1. Height of grader Check route, determine minimum clearance
available - if necessary remove canopy, exhaust
pipe or any other component exceeding the limit.
2. Width of grader Angle grader blade to reduce overall width to within
legal limit, otherwise remove blade.
3. Forward and Locate front wheels against gooseneck. Lower

Rearward blade onto deck of trailer. Restrain grader with
movement individual chains and tensioners at front and rear.
The drawbar and front axle bolster are ideal anchor
points.
4. Sideways Restrain with chains and tension on each side.
movement Where necessary provide special anchor points on
grader frame to facilitate side restraint.
5. Movement of Restrain with independent individual lengths of
blade which is chain, prevent movement forward, rearward and
detached sideways.
On graders with articulation always place the articulation lock pin in place to prevent any
unnecessary movement.
NOTE: Where graders are to be transported considerable distances or over rough

roads, it is recommended that the tyre and rim assemblies be removed to
prevent bounce effects which are induced by road surface irregularities and the
large pneumatic tyres. Under severe conditions this bounce may snap
restraining chains otherwise the method of restraint illustrated is recommended.

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3. Pre-Start Checks
IMPORTANT: Check for “Do Not Operate” tag on machine. If a tag has been placed
on the machine the, person whose name appears on the tag must be
contacted for further instruction.
DO NOT START the machine and Under No Circumstance is the tag to be removed,
unless instructed to do so by the person who placed the tag.
Figure 1 "DO NOT OPERATE" TAG

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4 Walk Around Inspection
Engine Compartment
* Check engine oil level;

* Inspect for fluid leaks;
* Clean any grass, sticks or leaves, and
* Check fan belt tension and condition of radiator hoses.
Radiator
* Inspect guard and clean off any debris build up; and
* Check coolant for level and condition.
NOTE: Refer to the operator’s manual if adding radiator coolant as the mixing of
different coolants may have a chemical reaction.
CAUTION: Do not remove radiator cap when the engine has been running as hot
steam can cause serious injury.
Hydraulic System
* Check oil level - do not overfill as the oil will expand when hot;
* Inspect hoses for leaks, condition and loose fittings;
* Inspect hydraulic rams for leaking seals, and damage or wear, and
* Check pins and bushes for wear.
Air Intake System
* Check pre-cleaner bowl and clean if required;

* Check air restriction indicator - if indicator is in the red then the air cleaner needs
replacing or cleaning; and
* Clean air cleaner if required - clean in accordance with manufacturer’s specifications.
Attachments
* Inspect for damage, excessive wear and check pins for security and conditions.
* Check cutting edges for wear and bolts for security; and
* Check teeth (if fitted) for wear and security.
Covers and Guards
* Inspect for damage, loose nuts and bolts.
Oil Leaks
* General inspection of machine for any visible oil leaks.
Structure
* Inspect for any damage, loose nuts and bolts and structural cracks.

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Batteries
* Inspect electrolyte level;

* Check condition and security; and
* Check cleanliness of terminals and cell cap vents.
Transmission
* Inspect for leaks; and

* Check fluid level - check operators manual for procedures as there may be a different
procedures for both hot and cold checks.
Brakes
* Check fluid levels (if applicable); and

* Close air tanks taps (if air operated system).
Tyres
* Check tyre pressures (as per manufacturer’s specifications);

* Inspect outer casing for any damage or excessive wear; and
* Check wheel nuts for security.
Fuel
* Check levels.
Steps and Hand Rails

* Inspect condition and cleanliness.
Lights/Electrical
* Insect for broken lenses and bulbs; and.
* Check for damaged or broken wiring.
Isolation Switch
* (If fitted) turn it on.
5 MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING
Statistics have shown that falling is one of the major causes of personal injury.
Hand Holds and Steps

* Always use the handholds and steps that have been provided by the manufacturer for
safe entry and exit.
Three Points of Contact
* Keep three points of contact (both hands and one foot or both feet and one hand) at
all times and always face the machine for safe entry or exit.

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Controls
* DO NOT use controls as hand holds for entry or exit.
Jumping
* DO NOT jump on or off any machine and NEVER mount or dismount a moving
machine.
Wet/Slippery Conditions
* Be careful when conditions are wet or slippery and ensure all steps and platforms are
free of mud and scrape boots before mounting the machine.
Cabin Procedure
* Windows
* Clean all windows and mirrors and inspect for any damage.

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* Operators Compartment
* Keep clear of any rubbish, tools and chains etc.;
* The operator must have unrestricted access to all foot and hand controls; and
* Keep compartment and controls clean at all times.
* Seat Belts
* Check for cleanliness and condition;
* Inspect seat belt clip and buckle for correct operation; and
* Seat belts must be worn where fitted.
NOTE: Replace the seat belt if it does not operate properly or if it is damaged, worn or
deteriorated.
* Seat
* Inspect seat for security and condition;
* Check seat adjustment for operation and adjust for operator comfort;
* Operators must be able to fully depress the foot controls with back against the seat.
• Doors and Windows (if fitted)
• Secure all doors and windows to prevent damage when travelling and
operating. They form an integral part of the ROPS structure.
• Instrument Panel
• Inspect for broken gauges and warning lights; and
• Test panel lights for correct operation by holding down test switch (refer to
operators manual for procedure).
IMPORTANT: Before operating any machine the operator MUST read the operators
manual for any instructions on special checks, inspections relating to the
particular machine.
NOTE: If damage or faults are found during the ‘walk around inspection’ they should be
reported to the supervisor and or repaired before commencing work.

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6. Start up Procedure
IMPORTANT: Always be seated when starting the machine.
Seat Belt
• Wear a seat belt when you operate a machine fitted with a Roll-Over Protection
Structure (ROPS) to minimise the chance of injury in the event of a roll over.
• Seat belts must be worn when travelling on the road to comply with State or
Territory Regulations.
Park Brake
• Check that park brake is engaged.
Levers and Controls
• Check that transmission control lever is in neutral position and safety locks on
(if fitted) all attachment controls are in the hold position.
Throttle Control
• Check that the throttle control or accelerator pedal is pushed past any detent
that may be fitted and is in the low idle position.
Starting the Engine
• Turn the ignition switch to start the engine, if it fails to start within approximately
10 seconds allow the starter to cool down and try again. In cold conditions Pre-
heating may be required. (refer to operators manual for procedures on using
Glow Plugs).
Gauges
• Check all gauges for correct operation;

• If the oil pressure gauge does not indicate the recommended operating
pressure, shut the machine down and have it checked.
7. AFTER START CHECKS
Warm Up
• Allow the engine and components to warm up to operating temperature for

approximately 5 minutes before operating;
• During this period operate all attachment controls checking for correct
operation, unusual noises and any vibrations; and
• Re-check all gauges and warning lights for correct operation.
Safety Check
• Ensure the area is clear of all personnel and equipment before moving.

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8. MOVING THE MACHINE
Procedure
• Raise all lowered attachments, release park brake;

• Check that the direction of travel is clear; and
• On entering or leaving a confined space, sound the warning device to warn any
personnel of the machine movement.
Steering
There are basically three methods of steering available to the grader operator:
• Straight as with a rigid frame, using only the front wheels and wheel lean for
steerage.
• Articulation used in conjunction with the front wheels and wheel lean. This has
the advantage of smaller diameter turns.
• Crab Steer or offset steering is used where it is an advantage to have the rear
tandems offset from the front wheels while travelling in a straight line. It
generally has three main uses.
Check brakes and steering for correct operation before moving onto roadways and into
operating cycles.
Turning
For general turning the only control required is the steering wheel. This however limits the
turns to a very large radius. To improve the turn radius the operator can, lean the front
wheels and articulate the frame. Ensure the differential lock is not engaged.
For a forward turn, lean the front wheels into the turn and articulate the frame in the
direction of the turn.
Figure 2 FORWARD TURN
For a backward turn, lean the front wheels to the outside of the turn and articulate in the
direction of the turn.

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Figure 3 BACKWARD TURN
NOTE: There is a danger of running over the blade with the rear wheels on articulated
turns. Care should be taken to have the blade square so the heal is a long way
from the rear tyre.
U-Turn
If the area permits, then the grader can perform a U-turn. This type of turn is faster than a
“T.” Or 3 point turn and causes less wear and tear on both the operator and the machine.
Shown Figure 26 are the steps to perform a U-turn to the left, to perform a U-turn to the
right repeat the procedure reversing all directional commands. All implements should be
raised prior to attempting any turns. To perform a left hand U-turn, veer away from the turn
then:
" Turn left, lean front tyres into the turn then articulate to the left.
• Approximately half way through the turn the articulation should be reversed.
This should be timed so that the machine will “crab” over to be parallel with the
run that has just been completed. It may also be possible to do a normal “U.”
turn, with full articulation, and then straighten the frame.
• Finally the articulation is centred, the lean on the front tyres is removed and the
steering centred.
This will now have placed the machine parallel with the last run ready to continue with the
grading.

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9. Parking the machine
Select a Safe Place to Park
* Park on level ground;

* Keep well clear of emergency exits and allow clear access to fire fighting
equipment and refuelling points;
* Don’t restrict access to private property or obstruct through traffic;
* If left on site or roadway provide barricades, lights and warning signs; and
* Avoid parking under trees (limbs could fall and damage the machine)
Attachments
* Lower all raised attachments; and

* Place all attachment control levers in the neutral or hold position.
Transmission
* Place the transmission and forward reverse levers into the neutral position and
apply any safety locks.
Park Brake
* Apply park brake.
NOTE: Refuelling should be carried out at the end of the shift (this will reduce
condensation in the fuel system by keeping the tank full overnight). It is
therefore important to refuel before parking or park in a position that allows
refuelling to be carried out by a mobile tanker. Refer manufacture’s
recommendations for refuelling procedures.

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10. SHUT DOWN PROCEDURE
Idle Down Time
* All machines should be idled down for 3 to 5 minutes to allow the heat to dissipate
evenly through the engine;
* Turbo charged machines must be idled down for 3 to 5 minutes to allow the
turbo to cool and slow down while still being lubricated (if engine is turned off
without idling down the turbo will continue to spin at a high speed without the
bearing being lubricated causing damage to the turbo); and
* Idle at low revs for 30 seconds and shut the engine down.
* During the idle down period checks can be made on the hydraulic lines and
connections for any damage or leaks (tighten connections if loose);
* Check for any structural damage or oil leaks that may have developed during
the day; and
* Check any oils that can be checked with the engine running (hot checks).
Documentation
Complete any documentation that is required such as - fuel used, engine hours and any
defect reports that need to be submitted.
Engine Shut Down
* Before leaving the cab shut the engine down;

* Remove the key;
* Relieve the pressure in the hydraulic lines by moving the attachment control
levers;
* Lock the cab and any other lockable caps or panels;
* Turn off the isolation switch (if fitted); and
* Drain any air tanks (if applicable).

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11. TIE DOWN POINTS
Suggested Methods of Restraint
• Forward or Rear Movement
The machine should be restrained by chains and binders at the front and rear of the
grader, usually on the drawbar at the rear and the towing hook at the front.
Figure 4 METHODS OF RESTRAINT
Serviceability of Chain and Attachments
When assessing the serviceability of chains and attachments, if any of the following
conditions exist, the chain or attachment should be replaced:
• Any link weakened by wear, damage or corrosion which reduces its diameter by
more than 10%.
• Any bent, twisted, stretched or collapsed link.
• Any link repaired by welding (except when approved by original manufacturer),
or any unsuitable repair link.
• A knot in any portion of the chain.
• Any attachment (turnbuckle, load binder, grab hook, etc.) weakened or
prevented from functioning by wear, damage or corrosion.
• Using Chains and Tensioners
• Chains, load binders and turnbuckles should be checked before use and only
undamaged and fully functioning equipment should be used for restraining loads.

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• Chains should not be knotted. Twisted chains should be straightened out.
• Chains should be specially protected over sharp edges or rough surfaces.
• Chains should not be joined with wire or bolts or with joining links which do not
match the strength of the chain.
• Transport chain is not suitable for lifting purposes and should not be used for any
lifting.
Figure 5 CHAINS AND TENSIONERS

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• If chain is used for towing heavy vehicles, it should be thoroughly inspected after
use, and discarded if stretched or other wise damaged. An 8mm transport chain
is not suitable for towing a semi-trailer prime mover.
• Lever type load binders (dogs) can effectively tension chains to the high levels
required for increasing friction between the load and vehicle.
• Lever load binders vary in their manufacturer’s rated capacities up to 5.9 tonnes,
and are not suitable for use with 13mm and 16mm grade chain for restraining
heavy equipment. In such cases, load-rated turnbuckles or ratchet load binders
should be used.
• When placed vertically, lever load binders should be applied with the lever
rotating downward to tension the chain.
• The operator should ensure that the lever is not obstructed and is locked in the
correct over centre position after tensioning the chain. If there is a possibility of
the chain
• Becoming loose because of a shifting or settling load, the lever should be secured
to the chain by, for example, tie wire or the loose end of the chain.
• When releasing chain tensioned by a fixed lever load binder, extreme care should
be taken to prevent injury from the rotating lever, which can release suddenly and
unexpectedly.
Do’s and Don’ts
* Do make sure you have enough lashings and that they are in good condition and
strong enough to secure your load.
* Do make sure that tie-down lashings are as near to vertical as possible.
* Do make sure that direct lashings attached to loads on wheels are not near
vertical.
* Do attach lashings at tie rail support points.
* Do check and re-tighten the lashings or other restraining devices as required.
* Do use lashing protectors on sharp edges.
* Do use wedges and chocks to block your load.
* Do make sure that lose bulk loads cannot fall or be blown off your vehicle.
* Do use a vehicle that is built strong enough for the job.
* Do take extreme care when releasing a fixed lever load-binder.
* Don’t use faulty equipment.
* Don’t attach chains or webbing between tie rail supporting points.
* Don’t tie down loads onto greasy or dirty steel decks.
* Don’t stand over and push down on a load-binder.
Responsibility
It is the responsibility of the person in charge of the loading and the driver to ensure that
loads are properly restrained by the vehicle structure and attachments, and by the load
securing equipment.
It is the responsibility of the owner, the driver and the person in charge of the loading to
ensure that a vehicles load restraint structures and attachments, and the load securing
equipment are serviceable and functional.

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It is the responsibility of the owner, the driver and the person in charge of the loading to
ensure that a vehicles load restraint structures and attachments, and the load securing
equipment are strong enough for their application.
On articulated machines, locking devices must be utilised to prevent articulation, and

residual hydraulic pressure should be relieved by operating steering controls at least twice
with the engine stopped.
Vehicle and equipment parking brakes should be applied for transport. The manufacturers
recommendations regarding the positioning of transmission controls should be followed
when restraining vehicles and equipment for transport.
Loose objects that could move controls during transport, should not be left in vehicles or
equipment.
Large dynamic forces can be generated in lashings by heavy vehicles or equipment

bouncing on their tyres or suspension during a journey. Bouncing can be reduced by
applying additional vertical lashings at each wheel. The lashings should have a
manufacturers rating of at least half the weight of the load and should be fully tensioned.
Locking suspension units, tying the machine down onto blocks or removing wheels, where
appropriate, for transport will also prevent bouncing. In some cases, one end of the
machine can be left unblocked to prevent blocking timbers becoming dislodged from
flexing of the truck or trailer.
Where the mobile equipment is wider than 2.5 metres, a widening low loader, outrigger or
extensions should be used for maximum support. At least 75% of the normal contact area
of equipment tyres or tracks should be supported on the vehicles loading deck. Any
unsupported tyre or track should not project more than 150mm beyond the vehicle deck or
extension.
Lashing Points
Manufacturers should provide lugs or lashing points on vehicles and equipment to enable
them to be properly secured for transport.
Front and rear towing brackets are convenient lashing points. One lashing passing around
the towing pin is not as effective in preventing sideways movement as two separate
lashings attached to the pin.

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12. DRIVING MACHINE ON PUBLIC ROAD/ON SITE
When driving the grader on public roads ensure the blade is 300-400mm above ground,
and within confines of machine, rippers are raised and locking pin is engaged on
articulating frame. Check lights (i.e. indicators and brake lights) and travel with strobe
light on if fitted, obey all traffic regulations and travel at a safe speed. Place the blade so
that the toe end is to the left side of the machine, i.e. not towards on coming traffic.
Select a path between two points on site so that obstacles and hazards are minimised.
When travelling on site select a safe route to minimise going around obstacles and
hazards.
13. SAFE LOADING AREAS

Loading
Always use a guide when loading a machine onto a float.
Make sure that the transporter is parked in a safe place to enable loading to take place
without danger to the equipment or personnel.
When the transporter is positioned on a roadway it is important to ensure that through
traffic has ample warning of restricted access.
Do not position float on corners or over the crest of a hill where approaching traffic has
little time to react to the situation.
Place warning signs well in advance of the loading area and have flashing lights operating.
Check that the load platform is in good condition before loading and that the tie down
points are not damaged and are sufficient for the load being carried.
14. POSITION ON FLOAT

Loading Machine on Transporters
The transporter must be parked in a safe area on firm level ground with all park brakes
and supporting jack in position. The loading platform should be clear of all debris.
When loading the grader, the operator must line it up straight with the loading ramps and
approach in low gear following the directions of the appointed guide.
As the machine is driven onto the float or trailer the operator should ensure blade is high
enough to clear the pivot point of ramp or carrying platform.

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Once on the float the machine is driven forward as far as possible and the blade and
rippers lowered.
The machine must be restrained by chains in a manner, which minimises its movements
during transport.
The machine should be shut down with all brakes and locks applied. Before moving it is
important to secure the rain cap on the exhaust to prevent air being sucked down the
exhaust and causing damage to the turbo.
15. UNLOADING
When Unloading Machine Off Float
Always use a guide when unloading the machine.
Make sure float is parked on level ground and in a safe place to enable unloading to take
place without danger to equipment or personnel.
Do not position the float on corners or over the crest of a hill where approaching traffic has
little time to react to the situation.
Place warning signs well in advance of the unloading area, and have flashing lights
operating.
Lift the blade and rippers to clear pivot point on the float and watch the guide at all times.

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Traffic management
Traffic routes
All traffic routes, manoeuvring areas and yards should be:
• Safe for both vehicles and pedestrians at the workplace
• Wide enough for the largest vehicle using them
• One-way if possible, with adequate passing space around stationary vehicles
• Clearly signposted to indicate restricted parking, headroom, speed limits,
vehicle movement and other route hazards
• Surfaced with bitumen, concrete or other suitable material, and well drained
• Free from steep gradients as far as possible (gradients that cannot be avoided
should be clearly signposted, and plant should only operate on gradients if
specifically designed to do so - use manufacturer’s instructions as a guide)
• Designed and controlled to ensure safe vehicle movement
• Well maintained
• Free from obstructions, grease or slippery substances
• Free from damage to surfaces
• Immediately cleaned or cleared following substance spills or falls from vehicles
• Adequately lit, particularly junctions, buildings, plant, walkways and vehicles routes, and
• Designed to avoid extreme light variation (e.g. Drivers moving from bright sunlight
into dull light or vice versa).
Vehicle operators exposed to hazardous sun glare should be provided with suitable
protection (e.g. broad-brimmed hats, UV-rated eyewear, sunscreen, long-sleeved shirts
and long trousers).

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Clear road markings and signage should alert vehicle operators to:
• Speed limits
• Sharp bends
• Junctions
• Pedestrian crossings
• Vehicle crossings
• Blind corners
• Steep gradients, and
• Roadwork’s
Pedestrian and mobile plant interaction
The safest way to protect pedestrians is to:

• Eliminate the requirement for people and plant to operate at the same level (e.g.
design the hazard out by building raised loading docks in new facilities)
• Provide separate footpaths or walkways and eliminate pedestrian traffic where
vehicles and mobile plant operate
• Install pedestrian barriers (e.g. inward opening gates) at building entrances and
exits to prevent pedestrians walking in front of vehicles
• Make traffic routes wide enough for safety where separating pedestrians and mobile
plant is not possible
• Mark traffic routes (e.g. paint directional lines on the floor or ground)
• Provide separate access ways for vehicles
and pedestrians into buildings or
enclosures, and
• Provide vision panels in pedestrian
doors entering vehicle areas.
Workplaces where pedestrians have to

cross vehicle routes should have:
• Clearly visible ground markings and signs
• Clear pedestrian and vehicle visibility
• Adequate lighting, and
• Established and communicated right-of-way rules.
Prevent Accidents near Traffic
Most machinery is not made for street or highway travel or at least not for long distances.
To be safe, load onto a trailer or low loader and transport to job sites. When the machinery
needs be moved short distances on a public roadway, keep the following safety tips in
mind.
• Lock attachments in the transport position.
• Observe all traffic signals, signs and rules.
• Mount a Slow Moving Vehicle (SMV) emblem on the back to indicate the loader is
moving at a speed less than 25 mph
• Use caution at intersections. Allow faster moving vehicles to go first. Make sure you
have enough time to get through safely, without interrupting traffic flow.

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• Do not drive at night unless the loader is equipped with lights as required by state law.
• Meet WZTM requirements e.g. highly-visible warning cones & traffic controllers to alert
oncoming traffic when working near a public roadway. Locate flaggers and cones far
enough ahead of the work site so drivers have time to slow down.
• The machinery operator and the flagger should wear highly visible, reflective clothing.
• Do not park the loader on a public roadway. It creates a hazard for you and motorists.
Park away from the road on a level surface if the loader must be left at a job site.
• Check the operator's manual for instructions before hauling the loader on a trailer.
Safety Messages and Signs

Manufacturers put important safety messages on each piece of equipment and in the
operator's manual. It is critical to read, understand and follow all safety messages.
Many safety messages use the words Caution, Warning and Danger to get your
attention. Following are safety messages and their meanings. Each of these signs will
have a written message, and perhaps a picture, about an unsafe condition. Below the well-
known stop bat traffic controller.
CAUTION means you need to be careful. Follow the directions on the sign or you could get hurt.
WARNING is more serious and means you need to follow the directions on the sign or you
could be badly hurt or killed.
DANGER is the most serious safety message. If you don't follow the directions, you will be
seriously injured or killed.
Safety Concerns
Employers need to pay special attention to safety concerns if they have workers who are
in roadwork zones or other areas where they can be exposed to the risk of injury, or even
death, from the movement of construction vehicles and equipment and passing motor
vehicle traffic.
Workers who operate construction vehicles or equipment can be injured by overturns,
collisions or being caught in running equipment. And stop-go bat operators and other

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workers on foot are exposed to the risk of being struck by passenger traffic or construction
equipment if they are not visible to motorists or equipment operators.
Falls, electrical, struck-by and caught-between are common hazards for workers involved
in road work zones. Many people are injured each year in crashes in these areas.
Project managers can use a Traffic Management Plan (TMP) to coordinate the flow of
construction vehicles, equipment and workers who are operating in close proximity within
the activity area, so that the safety of workers can be ensured.
The project supervisor can evaluate the effectiveness of the temporary traffic control setup
by walking or riding the job looking for skid marks, damaged barricades and other
evidence of near misses.
Temporary traffic control devices - such as signage, warning devices, barricades and
crash barriers used consistently throughout the work zone - can also help reduce injuries.
These should be set up before construction begins.
In residential construction, large vehicles on small lots present special hazards for workers
and home owners, especially during remodelling or making additions. A ground guide
should help move big vehicles that have limited views.
Always remember before commencing work on any job site all safety
signs and barricades must be in place. It’s your life that could be
in danger as well as that of your mates.

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SIGNAGE REQUIREMENTS
A “Traffic Management Plan”
Most signage requirements will be accessed from The Manual of Uniform Traffic Control
devices (MUTCD), Australian standards or variations to those standards as approved by the
appropriate Authorities (depending on the circumstances) NOTE: The Manual of Uniform
Traffic control Devices is Based on Australian Standards A.S 1742.3 Traffic Control Devices
for Work on Roads In the “Traffic Management Plan” details would include:-
Background of the works - Location

Traffic safety
Type of work
Volume of traffic
Standards for signage and any variations
Construction/excavation activities
Traffic management
Speed restrictions
Special traffic management
Illustrations of locations
Illustrations of traffic signage (mutcd or equivalent)
2.1 GENERAL
Careful consideration should be given to the signing of the work site, no matter how brief the
occupation of the site may be. This should include-
(a) Provision of adequate warning of changes in surface condition and the presence of
personnel or plant engaged in work on the road;
(b) Adequate instruction of road users and their guidance safely through, around or past the
work site; and
(c) Protection of workers.
Four important basic principles to be observed are as follows:
(i) Signs and devices should be used in a standard manner and be appropriate to the
conditions at the work site.
(ii) Signs and devices should be erected and displayed before work commences at a work site.
(iii) Signs and devices should be regularly checked and maintained in a satisfactory condition.
(iv) Signs and devices should be removed from a work site as soon as practicable.
However, appropriate signs should remain in place until all work (including loose stone
removal and line marking following bituminous surfacing) has been completed.
Similar principles should be applied to the signing of emergency road hazards, where possible.
Type Title Standard Issue Ref Release date

Kit RIIHAN308A NVR Standard 1 Versi
003 Load and Unload Plant 05/02/2014 Page 34 of 103
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2.2 PLANNING
2.2.1 Levels of planning
Some measure of planning is required for all road works protection or traffic guidance
schemes. It will normally take place at one of three levels, as follows:
(a) Short-term and mobile works not involving road closure planning in these cases should
comprise the development of procedures and the provision of appropriate sets of signs
and devices to cover all of the routine tasks the workers will encounter. The procedures
should be documented by means of work methods statements supported if necessary by
standard plans showing, for example, the processional order and separation distances of
items in a mobile works gang.
(b) Works involving relatively simple part-roadway closures
Planning in these cases should comprise a minimum requirement to sketch the protective
devices and delineation required on a road construction or similar plan, and to prepare a
list of devices required for the job. A reference to a diagram or figure or similar
standardized illustration may be substituted for the sketch or plan provided it matches
adequately the situation.
(c) Works involving complex traffic arrangements or staging, or both Planning in these
cases should comprise the preparation of a fully documented traffic guidance scheme
providing the following:
(i) Plans showing temporary traffic paths, their delineation and the position of traffic control
or warning devices.
(ii) On multi-stage works, a separate set of plans for each stage.
(iii) Details of after-hours traffic arrangements, on separate plans if they cannot be

adequately incorporated into the above.
(iv) All necessary instructions for the installation, operation, between-stage rearrangement
and ultimate removal of devices at the conclusion of the job. It is essential to prepare such
plans well before the job starts or before the start of the stage to which they apply, so that
there is enough time to obtain any special devices or approvals needed.
2.2.2 Planning procedure
Planning at all levels requires a procedure to be followed whereby all essential aspects of
the plan are considered in an ordered way. The following matters should be considered in
turn and incorporated into the plan if relevant:
(a) Traffic demand determination of the capacity required to accommodate traffic
demand at an acceptable level of service and convenience to road users.
From this is determined the amount of road space which must remain open and where
applicable, the times of day during which greater amounts of road space are needed to
handle higher traffic volumes, e.g. urban peak periods (see Clause 4.11).
(b) Traffic routing
Selection of the appropriate means of routing traffic at the site, i.e. through, around or past
the site or a combination of these (see Clause 4.12), and ensuring that all required traffic
movements are provided for.
(c) Traffic control

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Determination of the need for traffic control, i.e. by traffic controller, traffic signals (portable
or permanent), police or other means.
(d) Other road users
Determination of the need to make provisions for road users other than vehicular traffic,
including:
(i) Pedestrians, including people with disabilities where appropriate.
(ii) Bicycles.
(iii) School children.
(iv) Local residents.
(v) Emergency vehicles.
(e) Special vehicle requirements determination of the need to provide for vehicles such as:
(i) Buses, including stops and terminals.
(ii) Over-dimensional vehicles, i.e. vehicles which, together with their load, are wider or
longer than a legal limit vehicle.
(iii) Restricted vehicles, i.e. vehicles which, although within legal limits, are permitted to
use only specified routes
2.2.3 Risk management
Risk management entails the identification and analysis of all safety risks likely to arise
during
Roadwork’s including the setting up, operating, changing and ultimate dismantling of a
traffic guidance scheme, followed by the determination of appropriate measures to
mitigate those risks. The process is
Appropriate at two levels as follows:
(a) When preparing standardised procedural statements for the conduct of minor
routine and mobile works.
(b) When preparing traffic guidance schemes for more extensive or complex works
where site specific risks will assume importance.
In each case the process should be carried out by first identifying all the safety risks likely
to arise, evaluating them in terms of likelihood of occurrence and adverse consequences
using historical data, experience or other means.
The proposed procedural statement or traffic guidance scheme should then be checked in
detail to ensure that adequate means of controlling or reducing those risks found to be
significant, are in place.
More detail on the management of risk is given in AS/NZS 4360.

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2.3 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
2.3.1 General
Depending on circumstances, movement of traffic may be achieved in one of the following

ways:
(a) Through the work area by intermingling with workers or plant.
(b) Past the work area by means of a delineated path alongside but clear of the work area.
(c) Around the work area by a detour which may be via a side track, or an existing road.
Figure 2.1 illustrates the various components of a typical work site. A summary of the
requirements for signing and delineation of each component is given in Clause 4.1. It is
essential that at any work site, all of these components which are relevant in a particular
case are identified and the appropriate treatment applied.
2.3.2 Safety and convenience
In order to achieve minimum disruption and inconvenience to road users, only the
minimum practicable length and width of a road should be closed off at any time.
Capacity requirements should be provided for.
Work schedules should be arranged to minimise-
(a) Disruption of established traffic movements and patterns;
(b) Interference with traffic at peak movement periods and at night, weekends,
holiday periods or other special events; and
(c) Interference with public transport services.
Signs and devices should not direct a motorist to disobey a law unless an authorised
person is present to direct traffic. If traffic control will be extremely difficult, it may be
desirable to seek help from the local Police.
Requirements of a traffic guidance scheme to provide for the safety of workers are
specified in Clause
2.4.3.

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2.3.3 Traffic through the work area
Passage of traffic through a work area should only be permitted where both the traffic and
the work can be adequately controlled. Traffic controllers or traffic signals shall be
employed as necessary to slow traffic on the immediate approach to an active work area,
to stop traffic for short periods when required for the movement of plant or other
operations, or to control single line flow. A guide vehicle may be needed to lead traffic
along the desired path and to control its speed. Controllers should also be provided if
necessary to control the movement of plant within the trafficable area.
2.3.4 Traffic past the work area
This will be the normal method of traffic management at sites where complete elimination
of traffic from the site is not required. Traffic paths past the work area shall be clearly
delineated. At long-term works, if the travel path substantially deviates from normal, as far
as practicable, original pre-works delineation including pavement markings and raised
pavement markers (RPMs) shall be obliterated if they are likely to misdirect drivers
negotiating the site.
2.3.5 Traffic around the work area (side-tracks and detours)
When it is not practicable to allow traffic through or past the work area, it may be catered
for by means of either a detour using existing roads or a specially constructed side-track.
Requirements and recommendations for the operation of side-tracks, detours and
temporary crossovers on divided roads, are given in Clause 4.12.
2.3.6 Night conditions
Where work at a site extends for more than a single work shift or is to be performed at
night, the following requirements and recommendations for operating or securing the site
at night apply:
(a) Wherever practicable, any part of the normal roadway which is closed during the day
and can be opened at night should be opened if by so doing either travel conditions or
safety, or both for night traffic, can be improved.
(b) Temporary traffic route lighting through a works site may be required in high-volume,
high-speed rural areas if there is a substantial deviation of the travel path from normal,
and in urban areas where the path through the site could be difficult to follow. The
existence of extraneous lighting, especially glare sources, should be taken into account
when assessing the need for work site lighting (see Clause 2.4.3).
(c) Uncontrolled single lane operation shall not be permitted except for very short lengths
under naturally low-speed, low-volume conditions such as in residential streets, and where
adequate lighting is provided.
2.3.7 Provision for pedestrians and bicycles
Where pedestrians, including people with disabilities, have to move through, past or
around a work site or to cross the road within a work site, they shall be provided with and
directed to suitably constructed and protected temporary footpaths and crossing points, or
formal pedestrian crossings, or refuges if warranted. Such facilities shall meet the
requirements of Clause 2.3.8.

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Bicycle or shared paths separate from vehicular traffic paths should be provided through,
past or around the work area whenever there is a bicycle demand and the volume of
vehicles or bicycles, or both, is too great for bicycles to be safely accommodated within
vehicular traffic paths. Bicycle paths, where provided, should be at least 1.2 m wide, one-
way, or 2 m wide, two-way. Shared paths, where provided, should be at least 2 m wide,
one-way or 3 m wide, two-way. Both should have an alignment and surface condition
suitable for riding.
2.3.8 Temporary footpaths and pedestrian crossing
Where footpaths or pedestrian crossings have been temporarily relocated, requirements

and recommendations for the temporary facilities are as follows:
(a) The width should be not less than 2 m, with an absolute minimum of 1 m at local
constrictions.
(b) Where pedestrian traffic has been diverted onto an existing roadway the pedestrian
path may be separated from vehicular traffic by a mesh fence, provided that -
(i) The clearance to the delineated edge of the traffic lane is at least 1.2 m and the speed
limit is 60 km/h or less; or
(ii) The clearance to the delineated edge of the traffic lane is less than 1.2 m and the
speed limit is 40 km/h or less.
Where these requirements cannot be met or where observance of the speed limit is likely
to be poor (85th percentile speed more than 10 km/h above the speed limit) a safety
barrier (see Clause 3.10.2) should be provided.
NOTE: The channeling of pedestrians and bicycle traffic using lightweight modules
is subject to the requirements of Clause
3.10.1(c).
(c) Surfacing should provide for prams, strollers and wheelchairs, and for the visually
impaired.
(d) Lighting should be not less than the level provided on the original footpath or crossing.
Lighting to AS 1158.4 should be provided if the associated works reduce either the sight
distance to, or the prominence of, the crossing.
(e) Crossings should be located as near as practicable to established pedestrian routes,

and should be to the same standard as regards width and surface smoothness as the
crossings they replace, including provisions for the visually impaired.
(f) Crossings should be signalized if the crossings they replace were signalized.

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2.4 DEVICE REQUIREMENTS
2.4.1 Selection and use
This Manual specifies the minimum number of signs and devices required-
(a) To provide advance warning;
(b) To guide traffic through, around or past the work area; and
(c) To minimise the possibility of confusion and misinterpretation of the

intended instructions.
Advance warning signs and devices should allow adequate time for correct response
under the anticipated worst conditions (see Clause 4.2.1). All approaches to the work
area, including any side roads, shall be considered. Approval for erection or removal of
regulatory traffic control devices shall be obtained from the Department of Main Roads or
local government, as appropriate. Authorities shall use standard signs wherever a
suitable sign for the purpose exists. However, there will be instances where there is no
suitable standard sign. In such cases, the sign developed shall comply with the format
requirements specified in Clause 3.2, and approval of the Director-General of Main
Roads shall be obtained for such non-standard signs prior to erection.
2.4.2 Delineation
The travelled path on the approaches and past the work area shall be delineated so as
to properly define which part of the roadway is available to road users, or the path that
traffic is required to follow, under all reasonably expected weather and atmospheric
conditions, day or night as applicable.
Delineation should be considered for both long and short range purposes. The former
should provide drivers approaching the work site with an advance view of the site
indicating the general location and direction of the trafficable path, whilst the latter should
guide drivers through the works once they have entered the work area or side track.
Long range delineation should begin to provide advance guidance at the start of the
work site. Short range delineation should indicate a continuous path for at least D(where
D = 60 to 80) metres in front of the vehicle. Although all forms of delineation will
contribute to both functions, long range delineation will be mostly achieved by effective
side-mount, above-pavement devices. Short range will usually rely on a combination of
retro reflective line marking and other pavement based devices, and above pavement
devices such as traffic cones and bollards.
2.4.3 Night conditions

Signs shall be either retro reflective or floodlit. Delineating devices shall comprise or
incorporate retro reflectors flashing lamps may be used to draw attention to certain
advance signs (see Clause 3.11). Flashing lamps shall not be used for delineation.
Pavement markings through the work site shall be retro reflective. This may be achieved
by means such as reflectorizing paint using drop-on beads, retro reflective preformed
materials or raised retro reflective pavement markers.
NOTE: The use of steady or ripple lamps has been deleted from this Part of the Manual.

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Hazards or barriers may require floodlighting to make them more conspicuous Care
should be taken that floodlighting, undimmed illuminated flashing arrow signs, matrix
type variable message signs and other similar devices do not cause disability glare for
approaching drivers.
Except in an emergency, floodlighting should not be provided by use of vehicle

headlights.
Signs required being fluorescent by day and retro reflective at night, e.g. the Workers
(symbolic) sign, shall have a sign face background comprising combination
fluorescent/retro reflective material.
Signs and equipment e.g. Workers (symbolic) sign and high visibility clothing worn by
traffic controllers, which comprise combination fluorescent/retro reflective material do not
require illumination i.e. floodlighting.
Further requirements for the use of temporary delineators are given in Clause 3.9.2.
2.4.4 Size of signs
Where alternative sizes are given for a particular sign in Section 3, unless otherwise
specified, the smaller signs are considered adequate for low-volume, low-speed roads.
The use of the next largest sign is recommended on high-speed, or high-volume roads,
or both. Where a third or fourth alternative size is given it is normally for use on freeways
and roads of similar standard. It is possible in constrained circumstances that smaller
signs are required, or special designs may need to be developed.
2.4.5 Adjustment to existing devices
Existing signs and traffic control devices which are inappropriate for, or conflict with, the
temporary work site situation shall be covered, obliterated or removed.
For regulatory traffic control devices, prior approval shall be obtained from the
Department of Main Roads or local government, as appropriate.
2.4.6 Safety barriers
The use of safety barriers may be required for situations where any of the following are
cause for concern and safe clearance between moving traffic and the hazard cannot be
achieved:
(a) Hazardous traffic conflicts (e.g. head-on collisions).
(b) Collisions with hazardous fixed objects, or falls into excavations close to
the travelled path.
(c) The safety of workers and plant on site (see Clause 4.3).
(d) The separation of temporary footpaths, shared paths or bicycle paths

from vehicular traffic paths (see Clause 2.3.8).

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Requirements and recommendations for the selection, positioning and end treatment of
safety barriers are given in Clause 3.10.2.
2.4.7 Vehicle size and load restrictions
Where the width, height or load-carrying capacity of the roadway or structure is to be

temporarily reduced during works, the appropriate authority should be informed in
advance so that arrangements may be made to divert traffic which would exceed the
temporary limitations.
The authority should also be advised when the restriction is removed so that all traffic
can resume use of the roadway or structure.
Possible ground clearance problems for long, low vehicles should also be made known.
2.5 INSTALLATION
2.5.1 Condition of devices
Individual signs and devices should be examined before installation to ensure that they
are in good condition and are effective. The following checks are required:
(a) Mechanical condition Items that are bent, broken or have surface damage should
not be used.
(b) Cleanliness Items should be free from accumulated dirt, road grime or other
contamination.
(c) Colour of fluorescent signs Fluorescent signs whose colour has faded to a
point where they have lost their daylight impact should be replaced.
Signs required to be effective at night should be checked for reflectivity as soon as

possible after installation.
Those whose retro reflectivity is degraded either from long use or surface damage
should be replaced. Night-time effectiveness can best be checked by viewing the signs
by vehicle headlights in dark conditions.
Functional inspections are also required, see Clause 2.5.5.
2.5.2 Positioning of devices

Signs and devices should be positioned and erected so that-
(a) They are properly displayed and securely mounted (see Clause 3.3);
(b) They are within the line of sight of the intended road user;
(c) They cannot be obscured from view, either by vegetation or parked cars;
(d) They do not obscure other devices from the line of sight of the intended road user;
(e) They do not become a possible hazard to workers, pedestrians or vehicles; and
(f) They do not deflect traffic into an undesirable path.
Signs and devices should generally be placed 1 m clear of the travelled path.

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In rural areas, where signs are to be mounted on posts for long-term works, they should
normally be erected 1.5 m minimum above the level of the nearest edge of the travelled
path to the underside of the sign.
In urban areas where signs are mounted on posts for long-term works adjacent to a
footpath, or where vehicle parking may occur, they should be erected a minimum of 2.2
m above the level of the kerb or footpath to the underside of the sign, to reduce
interference from parked vehicles.
Where neither pedestrians nor parked vehicles have to be considered, e.g. on a traffic
island or median, the height given for rural roads may be more appropriate.
Signs mounted on portable supports used for short-term operation (see Clause 3.3)
should generally be located and erected as follows:
(i) In rural areas - on the road shoulder.
(ii) In urban areas - behind the kerb if visible to oncoming traffic and not obstructing
traffic; otherwise, on the pavement as near as practicable to the kerb, without the sign
becoming obscured.
Where an instruction sign (e.g. see Clauses 3.5 and 3.6) and a road condition sign (see
Clause 3.7)would normally be required at the same location, the former shall take
precedence and the latter should be positioned at the best alternative location. The need
to erect signs on both sides of the roadway on high-speed, high-volume roads, or on
multilane roads or at curved alignments, should be considered. The visibility of a sign
can be affected by deep shade, the direction of the sunlight, background conditions
(including lighting) and oncoming headlights. These factors should be considered when
signs and devices are erected to ensure that they can be clearly seen at all times.
2.5.3 Sequence of erection

Before work commences, signs and devices at the approaches to the work area should
be erected in accordance with the installation plan in the following sequence:
(a) Advance warning signs.
(b) All intermediate advance and positional signs and devices required in advance of the
taper or start of the work area.
(c) All delineating devices required to form the taper including the illuminated flashing
arrow sign at the end of the taper where required.
(d) Delineation past the work area or into a side track.
(e) All other required warning and regulatory signs.
A vehicle displaying a vehicle mounted warning device as specified in Clause 3.12.1(b)

or (c) as appropriate shall be used in advance of the taper position to protect workers
setting out or retrieving the taper, or reinstating it if displaced or knocked out. Signs and
devices that are erected before they are required should be covered by a suitable
material. The cover should be removed immediately prior to the commencement of work.

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NOTE: These signs should be covered with opaque materials. Open weave materials
such as hessian are not suitable as the retro reflective performance of the sign is not
sufficiently inhibited when viewed at night using vehicle headlights. Covering signs with
black or dark coloured plastic materials can result in excessive temperature and
moisture cycling which may damage the sign. Best results are obtained by using a
dense fabric that allows entrapped moisture, e.g. condensation, to dissipate in a natural
manner. Covered signs should be inspected at night to ensure that they are not visible
and hence do not provide conflicting messages to drivers. When signs are only partially
covered, care should be taken to ensure that adhesive tapes are not applied directly to
the reflective sign face as damage to the sign face will result from adhesive ageing.
Signs should also be checked in unusual weather conditions including high winds for
loss or disturbance of the covering.
2.5.4 Orientation of sign
Signs should face towards approaching traffic approximately at right angles to the line of
sight from the driver to the sign. At curved alignments, the sign should be placed
approximately at right angles to the line of sight of a motorist 50 m in advance of the
sign.
2.5.5 Inspection
When the erection of the signs and devices is completed and the condition of devices
has been checked in accordance with Clause 2.5.1, supervisory personnel should carry
out a functional inspection before and after opening to traffic.
This inspection should be carried out at the normal traffic speed, along the travelled
path, and past all of the signs and devices. The same inspection should be carried out at
night with dipped headlights. If the arrangement is considered confusing or
unsatisfactory, it should be adjusted and inspected again. A similar functional inspection
should be carried out after any change is made to the arrangement.
2.5.6 Publicity
Depending on the complexity of the traffic guidance scheme and the length of time it is to
operate, it may be necessary to erect special signs to inform the public of the traffic
guidance scheme.
NOTE: It may also be advisable to implement a publicity campaign using printed material
and local media, particularly the radio.
2.6 OPERATION
2.6.1 Daily routine
An example routine for the operation of a work site, including the keeping of records of
any incidents which might have ongoing consequences, is given in Appendix A.
2.6.2 Layout variation

It is most important that signs and devices, for which the temporary or permanent need
no longer exists, be covered (see Note to Clause 2.5.3) or removed.
Additional appropriate signs and devices should be introduced as changed

circumstances or road conditions dictate and any changes should be noted on daily work
sheets or in a diary (see Paragraph A2(a) Appendix A).
Any work site which is long-term and at which work is not being carried out continuously
shall, in addition to the signs and devices required to protect the work area on a
continuing basis, e.g. overnight and at weekends, have the Workers (symbolic) sign (see

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Clause 3.4.4) erected on each approach to each location within the site whenever
workers are actually on site at the location
The latter signs shall be removed at the end of the shift (except where multiple shifts are
involved), or when the workers leave the site.
A change of speed limit may also be required in conjunction with the placement or
removal of the Workers (symbolic) sign (see Clause 4.3).
2.6.3 Maintenance of devices
Ineffective signs and devices shall be replaced by similar items in good condition, if they
cannot be made effective by cleaning or repairing. Signs and devices which are no
longer in good condition should be either refurbished to new condition or replaced. Non-
repairable signs should be destroyed so that they are not inadvertently reused.
2.6.4 Use of high visibility clothing

All personnel shall wear high visibility clothing while on or adjacent to the travelled path,
or in other potentially hazardous areas, e.g. on or adjacent to construction haul roads
(see Clause 3.16.5).
2.6.5 Closures and delays

There may be occasions when there is no alternative to the complete closure of a road.
Delays to traffic should be minimised with a desirable maximum delay of about 15 min. If
the delay is expected to be longer, the method of working should be altered or a detour
or side track provided. If the delay is longer than 15 min because of an unexpected
event, e.g. plant breakdown, the supervisor should inform the traffic controllers of the
delay and should give an estimated time to be relayed to the public. If traffic queues
become too long, consideration should be given to either finding a suitable detour or
otherwise re-routing traffic. Advice should also be given to emergency services.
2.6.6 Work site records

Records should be kept of all work site signing and delineation. Appendix A and
Appendix B provide example procedures for this purpose.
2.7 REMOVAL
It is most important that the relevant signs and devices be removed or concealed from
view as soon as any activity is completed or a hazard ceases to exist.
Parking areas
Onsite parking, if provided, should enable separation between work and private
vehicles. Private vehicles should be parked away from busy work areas where
possible.
Walkways leading to and from parking areas should be:
• Safely surfaced
• Clearly marked
• Adequately lit
• Unobstructed
• Signposted, and
• Separated from vehicle routes.

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Workers and customers, who bring private vehicles to workplaces, should be provided
with, and comply with:
• Specified safe routes
• Clear safety signs at parking areas
• Clear speed limit signs, and
• Information and instruction on safe driving on workplace routes.
Loading bays and platforms
Loading bays should be situated in safe and suitable locations where vehicles can
be manoeuvred easily, and near tarping areas.
Where practicable, they should be protected from adverse weather conditions, and
should be subject to a risk assessment and safe work procedures.
Raised loading platforms should be:
• Provided with safe access, egress and safe bays for people working at ground level
• Clearly marked along the edges
• Fitted with rails on the non-loading side, to reduce the risk of someone falling off the
edge, and
• Fitted with raised wheel-stop edges to prevent vehicles, such as forklifts and
trolleys, rolling over the edge.
Reversing
Reversing accidents are a major cause of workplace injury and damage to vehicles,
equipment and premises.
Most reversing accidents can be avoided by:
• Removing the need for reversing (e.g. With drive-through loading and unloading systems)
• Minimising the need for reversing (e.g. By reorganising loading and unloading procedures)
• Providing clearly marked reversing areas visible to drivers and pedestrians
• Excluding non-essential personnel from the area
• Ensuring signallers wear high-visibility clothing and their signals can be clearly seen
• Using radios and other communication systems
• Ensuring drivers have another person to direct them if they cannot see clearly
behind before reversing
• Ensuring visiting drivers are familiar with workplace routes and reversing areas
• Providing larger reversing areas
• Placing fixed mirrors at blind corners
• Fitting refractive lenses on rear windows to help drivers see ‘blind spots’
• Fitting reversing alarms to plant, and
• Using flashing reversing lights on vehicles, especially if workplace noise is too loud
for reversing alarms to be heard.
To reduce risks when reversing, keep rear vision mirrors, fixed safety mirrors and
windscreens clean and in good repair, and reversing alarms in working order, loud
enough to be heard above other work noises.

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Injuries can occur when people at ground level assist in hitching trailers or trailed
implements to semi trailer cabs, tractors and other prime movers. Safe procedures should
ensure there is a clear form of communication between the operator and the hitcher. To
prevent parked prime movers and trailers rolling, they should be parked:
• On level ground, preferably in a designated parking area
• With brake firmly applied and in gear, and
• With wheels chocked.
Any raised attachments, such as slashers or rotary hoes on tractors, should be lowered
to the ground, and the engine stopped and the key removed.
Forklift instability – the risks
Forklifts can overturn as a result of:

• Travelling with forks raised and no load
• Turning sharply
• Travelling across an incline or uneven ground
• Travelling with a raised load
• Carrying a load forwards down a slope
• Carrying an unevenly balanced load, and
• Braking hard when loaded.
Overturning and tipping
Overturning is a leading cause of death involving forklifts, accounting for one in six
deaths. When an operator jumps, or is thrown from an overturning forklift, more often
than not they end up trapped under the overturned forklift causing a fatality.
Research identified 10 key concerns in relation to forklift stability:

1. Most rollovers involve unladen forklifts, making the truck more unstable than a
laden forklift with the load being carried low.
2. When operators apply the brakes on a laden forklift, they easily lose stability.
3. Even when stationary, forklifts have a small stability safety margin (i.e. 30-50% at
rated load with the load down and 15-20% with a fully elevated load and mast
vertical).
4. Manufacturer’s information should always detail if the forklift’s working capacity has
been restricted by stability tests relating to (lateral) overturning, or (longitudinal)
tipover.
5. Manufacturers should include vital information, such as the forklift’s capacity at full
forward tilt of the mast and at maximum load elevation, in their sales information.
6. Uneven flooring, particularly with a height difference in excess of 20 mm across the
front wheels, can seriously impact on a forklift’s stability when carrying its rated load at
full height.
7. When undertaking high lifts, particularly over four metres, dual-wheel forklifts should
always be used.
8. When driving with a raised load, or a raised empty load carriage, a forklift may become
‘dangerously’ unstable.
9. Loads attached to a forklift or suspended from a jib attachment are more likely to result
in a full forward tip over when braking.
10. Forklifts can easily overturn if they make contact with overhead structures.

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Lift capacity, the maximum load supported by the lift, and vertical lift travel are
the most important forklift specifications to be considered in order to prevent
forklift instability incidents.
Employers can help minimise effects of forklift instability by:
• Establishing appropriately sized pedestrian exclusion zones - the speed travelled and
type of load carried will impact on the size of the exclusion zone
• Designing all new workplaces to ensure pedestrians and forklifts are completely
separated
• Ensuring seatbelts are fitted and correctly worn
• Installing intelligent systems preventing forklifts being started unless a seatbelt
is fastened
• Purchasing forklifts with speed limiting devices
• Removing incentives that may encourage forklift operators to drive too quickly
• Reducing the speed limit around the workplace
• Using forklifts with a greater capacity for a given load
• Using dual-wheeled forklifts that provide an extra margin of safety in lateral stability
when lifting loads above 4.5 metres
• Requiring suppliers to provide detailed information on all stability limitations, capacities
at different lift height and lift positions, and how the limiting capacity was obtained
• Buying forklifts with a slightly higher capacity than needed at the workplace
• Looking for stability-enhancing features when buying a forklift
• Hiring a forklift that suits the workplace environment, and
• Negotiating a good deal with your supplier – get a safer forklift for your money.
Load carrying
When carrying loads on a forklift, take into consideration the following:
• Forklifts are heavy even without a load and just like heavy vehicles,
(e.g. dump trucks) they are dangerous when not used correctly.
• Forklifts can still cause injury even when travelling at low speeds. At higher speed,
and fully laden, the risk is even greater.
• Forklift operators must ensure each load is carried, lowered and set down, in
compliance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and company procedures.
• A forklift’s capacity is the maximum weight it can safely carry at a specified
load centre.
• Load capacity data plates are a useful tool, allowing manufacturers to detail the load
each forklift can safely lift.
• The rated capacity of a forklift must always be noted and never exceeded. Marked
weight, a weight gauge or scale can be used to weigh loads. Ensure they do not exceed
the forklift’s capacity.
• Overloading can damage the forklift, as well as present additional health and safety
risks to operators and pedestrians in the workplace.
• Together with the weight, the shape and size of a load affects the way it should
be lifted.
• When a load is raised, the forklift is less stable. Tilting forwards or backwards with a
raised load will also affect stability.
• Driving with a raised load is a dangerous practice, which can lead to tipping,
particularly if the forklift is being driven at speed, around a corner or over an uneven
surface.
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Load handling
Check the load before starting the engine:
• If it’s not placed correctly, reload it
• Make sure the load is within the forklift load limit listed on the load capacity data plate
• If it’s particularly long or wide, check if you need to take an alternative route
• If pallets are damaged, remove them, and
• Ensure pedestrians are not present while operating a forklift.
This can easily happen if you do not follow the rules, there are hundreds of similar pictures on the net
where operators were not as cautious as they should have been. In fact quite a few died or were seriously
injured.
Safety tips for forklift operators

The following are safety tips to ensure safe forklift operation:
• Where fitted, seatbelts must be worn and speed limits and stop signs obeyed.
• Avoid turning when negotiating grades, ramps and inclines.
• Slow down and sound the horn when approaching an intersection or corner.
• When getting off a forklift, ensure the parking brake is set, the forks are lowered
and controls are neutralised.
• Passengers must not ride on a forklift unless there is an additional seat, footrest
and seatbelt.
• Raising people on forks or pallets is a prohibited work practice.
• Order picking platforms must have guard rails to prevent falls. If it is possible for a
person to extend their body over the guard or step from the platform, then a safety
harness should be provided. The harness must be attached to a strong anchor point. A
risk assessment should be conducted to determine the type of travel restraint system, or
fall prevention system, suited to the activity and workplace environment.
• Use maintenance work platforms, with a meshed-in work area securely attached to
the forks to raise people performing minor maintenance tasks.
• Platforms should not be used by workers who have not completed the necessary safety
training. These platforms should only be attached to a complying designated forklift,
with a load capacity data plate stating attachments that may be used. To use a forklift

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with a maintenance work platform, it must have tilt levers locked out, and restricting
hydraulic valves fitted.
• Implement safe work procedures to ensure anyone on a work platform who is raised in
a forklift can be rescued if an incident or breakdown occurs.
• Train workers on how to act if an incident should occur.
• If a side or forward tip over occurs, operators should not jump; instead they should stay
in the cabin, hold on firmly and stay with the forklift leaning in the opposite direction of
the overturn.
• A properly adjusted seatbelt will keep you safely in the cabin during an overturn.
Know the workplace
All employers must provide safe workplaces for workers, and any visitors to the workplace.
All workers and employers have a responsibility to ensure forklifts are used in a safe
manner. New workplaces should be designed to provide separate zones for pedestrians
and forklifts. Before operating a forklift, the workplace should be assessed to ensure it is
safe, and its conditions present no apparent risk of injury to a person, or damage to
equipment or loads.
Following is an example of a checklist that can be expanded to reflect individual forklifts

and their operating environment. Use the checklist to ensure the forklift can be operated in
a safe and efficient manner, minimise forklift-related injuries, and ensure any inefficient or
dangerous forklift practices are rectified.
Workplace checklist
Before operating a forklift, it is important to be familiar with the area of operation.
This can be done by taking a walk around and assessing the site to identify any hazards
that may impact on the safe operation of a forklift and report any identified hazards to the
supervisor.
To ensure the safe operation of a forklift at the site, check:

• Pedestrian exclusion zones are marked
• Ground surfaces are even and clear of obstruction
• Pedestrian and vehicular traffic
• Restricted and poorly ventilated spaces
• Lighting conditions and noisy machines
• Uneven floors, ramps and railway tracks
• Overhead doorways, fittings, power lines and obstructions
• Wet and dry areas
• Loading docks
• Storage racking, and
• Forklift operating paths.

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Traffic management plan
A traffic management plan is essential to address many of the risks associated with the
use of forklifts in the workplace. To reduce the risks of forklift-related incidents, traffic
management plans should effectively separate powered mobile plant, such as forklifts,
from pedestrians, including truck drivers. Safety of pedestrians is one of the most
important aspects of a workplace traffic management plan.
The preferred way to develop a traffic management plan is to:

• Identify any hazards
• Assess the risks that may be caused by people coming into contact with a hazard, and
• Put in place risk control measures to eliminate or minimise risks.
Consultation is central to developing a traffic management plan supported by all

workplace parties. Workplace health and safety representatives (WHSRs), forklift
operators, other workers and employers should all play a part. This will result in:
• More informed decisions
• A boost in job satisfaction and morale
• An improved commitment to workplace health and safety, and
• Fewer workplace injuries.
When identifying risk control measures consider the source of the risk and develop
practical, workable controls. Controls may include:
• Developing efficient routes
• Monitoring traffic flows
• Reducing frequency of interaction with hazards
• Substituting a forklift with other suitable load shifting equipment, and
• Eliminating the risk altogether, where possible.
Once risk controls are in place, they must be regularly reviewed to gauge their effectiveness.
An effective traffic management plan can use a range of devices, including:

• Pedestrian and forklift exclusion zones
• Safety zones for truck drivers
• Safety barriers
• Containment fences
• Reduced speed limiting devices (e.g. smart forklifts), and
• Signage.
All those at the workplace, including visitors, must be advised of the site’s traffic
management plan.

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Developing a traffic management plan
Devise a plan to separate pedestrians and forklifts. Forklift movements, braking distance,
stability, environment, height of load and the type of load being handled must be
considered when introducing pedestrian and forklift exclusion zones.
The optimum is to eliminate forklifts or substitute them with more pedestrian-friendly load
shifting equipment. Workplaces should also be designed to eliminate, or at least
minimise, pedestrian access to areas where forklifts operate. This can be done by:
• Studying the frequency of forklift and pedestrian interaction and identifying areas
where they come into conflict
• Clearly marking ‘No Go’ exclusion zones for pedestrians and forklifts
• Erecting barriers to protect marked pedestrian walkways and designated forklift
operating areas
• Providing designated pedestrian crossings, such as boom gates and
overhead walkways
• Implementing and enforcing procedures, such as clearly indicating when pedestrians
and forklifts must give way to each other
• Displaying clear warning and traffic management signs
• Using proximity devices to trigger signals, boom gates, warning signs and
other ‘smart’ Technologies
• Ensuring forklift warning devices and flashing lights are functioning at all times
• Ensuring pedestrians wear high-visibility clothing (e.g. reflective vests), and
• Ensuring all forklifts have high-visibility markings and that the workplace is well lit.
The diagram below is an example of a traffic management plan for truck loading/unloading
in the workplace.

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Pedestrian exclusion zone
Designate exclusion zones for pedestrians and forklifts. A pedestrian exclusion zone
has been established for a distance of three metres around the forklift, plus an
additional allowance for the nature of the load and the speed travelled. Forklift
movements within this zone are
stopped before pedestrians enter. If a pedestrian is within three metres of a forklift,
employers must do a risk assessment and introduce suitable risk control measures.
Forklifts should be prohibited or minimised around tea rooms, time clocks, cafeterias,
amenities and entrances.
Pedestrian walkways must be clearly marked. Installing physical barriers ensures

workstations are separated from forklift travel areas. Audio warnings are just as
important as visual ones. Use a mix of high volume alarms, horns and flashing lights
to warn pedestrians of
approaching forklifts. Flashing lights are imperative in areas with high levels of
ambient workplace noise.
Use overhead dome mirrors to improve the safety of pedestrians and forklift
operators at intersections and blind corners. Avoid placing bins, racks or storage
units in areas that could obstruct a forklift operator’s view.
Crushing is the most common form of forklift-related injury sustained by pedestrians.

Even when travelling at low speeds, forklifts present significant risk to the safety of
pedestrians. Half the pedestrians killed were crushed by forklifts that were barely
moving. Too often, safe forklift practices are only introduced in a workplace after a
worker has been killed or injured. Don’t wait until a forklift-related death or injury
takes place before implementing forklift and pedestrian exclusion zones.
Safety zone for driver
The driver must be in full view to a forklift operator. All loading or unloading activity
must stop if the driver cannot be seen, or needs to enter an exclusion zone to
inspect a load. Alternatively, if it is safe to do so, the system of work can allow the
driver to stay in the truck cabin during loading and unloading.

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Bollards/witches hats/paint
Bollards marking the perimeter of the pedestrian exclusion zone must be installed.
Forklifts
Only one forklift should operate at any one time in the pedestrian exclusion zone.
Reducing risks
Simple safety practices, such as maintaining and obeying speed limits, observing
stop signs, slowing down and sounding the warning device (horn) at intersections,
still apply.
Once a task is complete, forklift operators should ensure the forklift is parked, shut
down and secured in line with traffic procedures and the manufacturer’s
recommendations. Ensure the key is removed from the ignition.
Employers, WHSRs, forklift operators and other workers all have a part to play in
ensuring safe forklift practices are observed. Small changes in behaviour can deliver
significant safety improvements.
Action must be taken now to eliminate injuries and save lives.
Safe forklift operating procedures are often disregarded once an operator has
gained a certificate of competency. A certificate of competency provides an operator
with skills to operate a forklift safely; however, induction into a new workplace, or
changed environments, unfamiliar forklifts and safe work procedures, is a must.
To be able to operate a forklift, the operator must:

• Be trained in safe forklift procedures and the operator’s manual
• Hold a relevant certificate of competency
• Lower the load before moving or turning
• Move with the forks as close to the ground as possible, and
• Lower the forks, apply the park brake, close the gas cylinder valve and remove
the ignition key when leaving a forklift unattended.
Policies, procedures and legal requirements
All workplaces should have policies and procedures in place that ensure all
workplace parties involved in forklift operations have a clear understanding of how
they can make the workplace safer. Workplaces should also have policies and
procedures on:
• Hazard identification
• Risk assessment
• Risk control
• Purchasing of machinery, and
• Incident reporting and investigation
For further information see:

http://www.deir.qld.gov.au/workplace/law/codes/riskman/index.htm

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As part of policies and procedures in any workplace, an induction should be
conducted for all new workers, to ensure that they are familiar, not only with the
machinery they are required to operate, but the surroundings and procedures
associated with that workplace. This induction should include casual and permanent
workers.
A good induction process should consist of, but not limited to, the following:
1. Introduction to the worksite
2. Site security procedures
3. Site layout and plan
4. Injury and incident reporting procedures
5. HR policies and procedures
6. WHS regulations
7. Evacuation procedures
8. Hearing conservation
9. Working at heights regulations
10. Safe work procedures
11. Introduction into site operating procedures, and
12. Forklift safety.
Selecting a suitable forklift
Each workplace is different. Before purchasing, hiring or leasing a forklift, be aware

of what forklift safety and ergonomic design features are best suited to your
workplace. This can be the most effective way of avoiding safety problems and
minimising operator injuries.
If a forklift is needed to work in a flammable or explosive atmosphere, ensure it
suits this purpose by referring to the manufacturer’s recommendations. If forklifts
are required to be used in poorly ventilated areas, ensure it is electric. WHSRs,
operators and other affected workers should be consulted when purchasing new
machinery. They are best placed to provide advice on good safety features and
practices.
Incident reporting
All safety incidents involving forklifts must be promptly reported to a supervisor.

Workplaces should encourage a culture of incident reporting. Immediate reporting
allows immediate changes to be made to fix the cause of the incident and prevent
similar occurrences. Reporting allows all associated hazards to be identified,
procedures to be reviewed and risks to be assessed. Consultation ensures
effective risk controls are identified and maintained.
Incidents can be caused by a wide range of factors. Each incident must be

investigated before the cause can be determined.
Consultation
Employers need to consult with WHSRs and workers about all aspects of
workplace health and safety, including putting safe forklift practices in place.

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Usually workers know their work environment better than anyone else.
Consultation with workers will:
• Lead to identifying practical risk solutions
• Ensure workers have a sense of ownership of any safety changes, and
• Encourage workers to observe, maintain and include improved forklift safety
practices as part of their daily work routine.
Remote sites – safety procedures
The following safety procedures ensure safety around trucks is maintained and
adhered to when working remotely at customer sites:
• Carry out a risk assessment on site and keep with the business where the
forklift is being operated, including original quotes for work to be carried out
• Provide all drivers with a copy of site safety procedures and risk assessments
and make sure they acknowledge receipt of these, and
• Conduct tool box talks about any new sites and any identified issues.
Record keeping
Keep copies of the risk assessment about the site in the transport/dispatch office.
All drivers must be provided with copies of site procedures that were developed for
the site/s
Notification by new client
Notify clients/s of safety requirements, including:

• Carrying out a risk assessment
• Requesting provision of safe work procedures in relation to working around trucks
• Providing copies of safety inductions for the truck drivers, and
• Making a traffic management plan of the site available to drivers.
If there has been no information provided by the client then:

• The supervisor must provide a safety inspection checklist to be completed by the driver
• The driver must complete all relevant questions and note any additional hazards
that may be present and provide on return to home site, and
• A copy of the safety inspection list must be provided to the client.
Risk assessment
Where the customer is unable to provide a risk assessment or safe work

procedures for working around trucks then:
• The company supervisor and the customer must ensure a risk assessment is conducted
• The risk assessment must be completed prior to any work being conducted on the site, &
• If high risk areas are identified, then no work should be completed until
measures are taken to reduce or eliminate the risk

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Safe work procedures for a remote site
Safe work procedures should include, but are not limited to:
• Accessing the site
• Parking trucks safely
• Ensuring documentation is in a safe place
• Providing adequate light
• Unloading procedures clear and defined
• Damage reporting procedure available, and
• Reporting incidents and near misses.
Slips, trips and falls

Every workplace needs to be examined, so that all slips, trips and falls hazards are
identified. To assist in determining exactly where slips, trips and falls have
happened, or are likely to happen, there are three easy steps to follow:
1. Inspect the premises. Developing a slips, trips and falls checklist may be
helpful in identifying the sources of typical hazards in a specific workplace.
Make a list of the locations of concern. For each location, record anything
that could be high risk.
2. Consult with workers. Ask workers for their input, as they will know about any
potential risks from their experience of doing the task. Helpful information will be
in records of previous risk assessments. (see Appendix 1 for a sample forklift
operator’s daily checklist).
Pay particular attention to the following:

• Floors and grounds
• Housekeeping and cleanliness
• Cleaning and maintenance methods
• Lighting
• Stairs, ramps and sloping surfaces
• Walkways
• Tasks being undertaken, and
• Footwear.
High risk areas are:

• Wet, oily or slippery floors
• Uneven or sloping surfaces
• Work areas where lifting and carrying tasks, and some other manual
tasks, such as pushing and pulling, are performed
• Where the pace of work causes people to walk quickly or run
• High pedestrian traffic areas
• Where there are constant changes to workplace conditions, such as building sites
• Unfamiliar locations, and
• Accident locations that have not been secured and cleaned up.

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3. Check records, including incident and injury reports, near miss reports, workers'
compensation claims, and workplace inspection checklists.
Control measures
A control measure can be a process, procedure or action put in place to eliminate or minimise
the risk posed by specific hazards. Control measures for risks identified should be developed
and implemented in consultation with workers and attention given to hazard identification and
risk controls in unfamiliar locations (e.g. when workers work off-site, or at clients’ homes or
offices).
Workplace design
Changing the workplace design can eliminate many hazards that can cause slips, trips and
falls. Design and build workplaces with safety and comfort in mind. When new facilities are to
be built, or existing facilities upgraded, it is an opportunity to avoid many common hazards by
identifying potential slips, trips and falls hazards. In consultation with workers, analyse the
tasks to be done by workers and the circumstances in which they will be done. Plan and
discuss the movement paths of people and materials with architects and workers.
Design should consider:

• Cords, leads, cables and power boards
• Lighting
• Floor surfaces, and
• Work functions.
Some design controls to eliminate hazards include:

• Providing power, telephone, computer and other equipment services from ducts in the
floor or from the ceiling, eliminating the need for cords on the floor
• Ensuring adequate lighting for work areas, floors, stairs and passageways
• Installing floor surfaces suitable for the work area, such as high friction tiles with deep
profiles for draining wet areas, and
• Ensuring there is adequate storage space to keep materials out of work and traffic areas.
Flooring
The following tips will help improve floor surfaces and minimise the risk from slips, trips and
falls:
• Consider the slip resistance of the floor surface (see Appendix 2 for information about
floor surfaces and coverings).
• When the flooring itself is identified as a hazard, and installing new flooring is not
reasonably practicable, there are a number of floor treatments that are designed to be
used on existing flooring. This is a less expensive option than installing new flooring.
However, this would be false economy if the treated floor is not sufficiently improved.
• Use treatments that substantially increase the surface roughness of the flooring. Be sure
a floor treatment doesn’t introduce a new hazard.
• Minimise changes in the floor level. If levels must change, install ramps rather than steps.
• Avoid sudden changes in floor surface texture, where possible. If such changes do occur,
ensure good lighting and visual cues are in place.

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• When footwear in the workplace cannot be controlled (e.g. where the public have
access), an effective strategy must be put in place (e.g. installing softer flooring,
such as thicker vinyl, cork or carpet). Increasing the roughness of surfaces can
increase the slip resistance of floors. For example, concrete finished with a steel
trowel is much smoother and therefore more slippery than concrete finished with
a wooden float, or with a broom. Products that increase the surface friction will
need to be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications.
Stair design
Key points to consider are:
• Ensure the proportions of the stair treads are the same throughout a flight of stairs.
• Apply non-slip edges (nosings) to improve safety on stairs and help give visual
definition to the edge of the stairs. Metal nosings applied to carpeted stairs should
have ample taper to blend smoothly with the carpet to prevent heels catching in
the back edge of the nosing.
• Provide clear visual cues for the start and finish of the stairs, ample lighting
above the stairs, and a tread pattern that does not reduce the visual definition
of the edge of each individual step.
• Provide handrails.
For further information, refer to the Building Code of Australia and AS 1657 Fixed
platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders - Design, construction and installation.
Ramp design
Install ramps instead of stairs, if there is space to make the change in level, without
too great a slope. The following should be taken into consideration when installing
ramps:
• Ensure the slope of a ramp conforms to the appropriate Australian Standard and
Building Code of Australia specifications. The maximum ramp slope should be 1
in 8, or 1 in 14 if people with disabilities will need to use the ramp.
• Apply flooring with greater slip resistance on ramps than that used on level flooring.
• Provide clear visual cues for the start and finish of the ramps, ample lighting
above the ramp, as well as a suitable tread pattern in the flooring.
• Provide handrails on ramps, as for stairs, and provide kerbs of at least 100 mm
high on both sides to prevent trolleys running off the edge.
Lighting
Ensure both internal and external stairways and walkways are well lit. Lighting levels
should accommodate changes in conditions, such as transitions from closed to open
areas. For further information, refer to the AS1680 series on interior and workplace
lighting.
Drainage
When installing drainage, consider the following:
• Provide a means of containing and draining water, or other fluids, at
machines or processes as required.
• If there is a substantial amount of fluid, provide channels in the floor covered by gratings.
Use gratings as flooring if the work task is very wet and/or greasy.

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• Surfaces should be slip resistant and not introduce a trip hazard with uneven surfaces.
Duckboards, for example, may not be suitable because of uneven surfaces.
• Flooring that needs to be washed, or that will be wet at times, should be graded
to drainage points to minimise pooling of water. The location of drains should be
as close as possible to any source of liquid, and there should be adequate
drainage points provided to avoid excessive changes in floor level due to grading.
• Use moulded floor tiles with deep profiles for draining fluids, especially if the
edges of the patterns are sharp. High-pressure water sprays may be needed
for cleaning the tiles. Build up of hardened grease or dirt can make high profile
tiles ineffective.
Machinery and equipment
Before placing any machinery or equipment, consider the following to prevent slips,
trips and falls:
• Carry out regular maintenance and inspection of production machinery for signs of leaks.
Prevent machines spraying out liquids by adjusting or enclosing the machine.
• Contain liquids on the floor that may have come from production machinery. These
can be contained to a small area surrounding the machine, by using a metal tray
or a low concrete wall. Ensure the containment area is effective, well-drained and
does not introduce
further hazards.
• Put measures in place to deal with water from leaking pipes or condensation
from air conditioning/refrigeration units in cold rooms. This can be a serious
problem as pools of water can freeze on the floor.
• Use absorbent material rolls or flat sheets around the machine. Replace when
they become soaked with fluid.
• Install exhaust systems to remove dusts or vapours that can settle on floors.
• Support electric cords and pneumatic hoses for air tools overhead to keep
them off the floor.
• Avoid the use of extension cords, where possible, by using battery-powered tools.
• Ensure work and traffic areas are clearly defined and marked.
• Carry out regular site clean-ups to remove rubbish.
• When moving materials by hand or by trolleys that are pushed, ensure
materials are not stacked high so the view of the floor ahead is obscured.
• Maintain three points of contact when accessing or exiting forklift and truck cabins
(e.g. two hands and one foot or two feet and one hand) and use ladder and/or
steps where they are provided.
Weather
Wet weather increases the risk from slips, trips and falls. To prevent this from
occurring:
• have absorbent flooring materials set into the floor at entrances to stop
rainwater, snow and mud being walked indoors
• provide leak proof receptacles at entrances to buildings for leaving wet umbrellas,&
• provide leak proof plastic bags at entrances if wet umbrellas have to be carried.

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Spills
Every drop of oil can contaminate a million drops of water
If spills occur in the workplace:

• Ensure workplace policies and procedures for cleaning up spills clearly identify
who is responsible for isolating and cleaning up the spill without delay
• Ensure all staff is appropriately trained and instructed in the spills clean-up procedures
• Ensure easy access to equipment and materials for cleaning up spills - use
absorbent materials that do not leave a residue
• Transport and carry substances in appropriate containers to avoid spills - use lids
or covers where necessary, and
• Use alternative containers if poor packaging causes spills.
External environments
External environments may also cause slips, trips and falls. Consider the
following:
• Uneven path sections are a common hazard, where the edge of one section is
above or below the surface of an adjacent section and can be difficult to see
• Uneven or sloping ground surfaces can be avoided or levelled
• Lay path sections on a stable base material, which will prevent them from tilting
over time, and
• Housekeeping is needed where there are constant changes to workplace
conditions, such as building sites.
Vegetation
Vegetation, such as moss on external paths, can be slippery, particularly in wet
and shaded areas. Use commercial products to effectively remove these
contaminants. Tree roots, leaf litter and wet grass can present slips, trips and falls
hazards. Good maintenance can reduce these risks.

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Housekeeping and cleaning
Cleaning procedures must be reviewed regularly. Good housekeeping involves
scanning the workplace for hazards, such as:
• Grease build up, spills and low objects
• Newly cleaned and wet areas where people may walk, and
• Untidy and cluttered work areas.
To ensure that housekeeping and cleaning are performed to an appropriate

standard:
• Allow sufficient time for staff to carry out these tasks and routines.
• Implement policies and safe work procedures in consultation with workers.
• Train all relevant workers in appropriate policies and procedures, as well as in the
safe use of chemicals and substances.
• Define the cleaning tasks, including appropriate sequencing of the work, so
that the cleaners themselves are not put at risk by walking unnecessarily
over wet surfaces.
• Ensure cleaning tasks are undertaken at an appropriate time and not during
high traffic and busy periods, preferably outside normal work hours. If this is
not possible, set up barriers and warning signs to keep people off the affected
areas, or provide alternative routes for pedestrians if the usual route is being
cleaned.
• Use cleaning agents and detergents, according to the manufacturer’s directions.
Consult manufacturers of cleaning products about suitable materials,
equipment and procedures for minimising slipperiness, while still doing an
effective cleaning job. For the safe use of cleaning products, refer to the
manufacturer’s information on the product label, the workplace register of
hazardous substances, and the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the
product.
• Avoid build up of polish and other materials on floors (excess polish may be
transferred to footwear and become a hazard elsewhere).
• Maintain dry conditions where polished floors are used.
• Finish wet cleaning processes by vacuuming up solutions or mopping dry, to
minimise the time the floor is wet.
• Remove hardened grease from tiled kitchen floors, in order to benefit from any
slip resistant texture of the tiles. This may require strong cleaning chemicals that
should be thoroughly rinsed off with clean water. High-pressure water sprays
may be necessary for cleaning profiled tiles.
Training staff
All workers should have a good understanding of slips, trips and falls hazards in their
workplace. This understanding should be developed through induction and ongoing
training sessions. Training should also be discussed as a part of the consultation
arrangements in the workplace. Training workers is essential to ensure control
measures are maintained and used. All workers play a part in maintaining good
housekeeping and cleanliness. Workers must be trained to report any hazards to
their supervisor and/or the person responsible for workplace health and safety.

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The training topics should include:
• How to recognise slips, trips and falls hazards, and the part workers can
play in minimising them.
• What action to take in the case of spills, covering procedures to clean up
spills, and immediate action to take to warn others.
• The importance of regular floor surface cleaning, maintaining housekeeping and
procedures for preventing slips, trips and falls hazards. Cleaning staff should be
trained on the methods required and control procedures, such as restricting
access and using appropriate signage during cleaning to warn of slippery floors.
• Information on the correct use of cleaning products, which can be found on the
product label, or from manufacturers' recommendations.
• The importance of cleaning footwear regularly to remove material trapped
between the treads.
Signage
Signage should be used to:
• Alert people to surfaces that are wet following recent cleaning or spills, and
• Indicate procedures, such as specific footwear required for certain locations,
especially for visitors to the workplace.

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Footwear
Wear the most appropriate footwear for the job and work environment. Refer to the
workplace policy on footwear. Risk assessments should include the use of footwear
as a control measure, where necessary.
General purpose work footwear should have the following characteristics:

• Slip resistant sole material
• Good tread pattern
• Rounded heel edge with good area of contact (avoid raised heels with
small contact area)
• Cushioned sole, and
• Close, but comfortable fit.
Checking that control measures are adequate
Risk assessments and control measures must be reviewed regularly, or

whenever there is evidence that the existing risk assessment is no longer valid.
Review workplace control measures in consultation with workers when:

• An incident involving a slip, trip or fall occurs (even if it is a near miss)
• Changes to the premises or nature of the work are proposed, and
• New equipment or work practices are introduced.
Make any necessary changes to prevent a recurrence. Consider the following

points when reviewing controls:
• Are the cleaning methods for any of the floors and paths fully specified and recorded?
• Are all cleaning staff aware of the required methods and quality standards?
• Are all staff trained in the procedures for dealing with spills?
• Are all workers wearing the required personal protective equipment (PPE)?
• Have any changes been made to floors, requiring new risks to be assessed?
All managers and supervisors should be aware of their accountability for hazards
relating to slips, trips and falls, including:
• Floor quality
• Cleaning
• Housekeeping
• Machinery and equipment
• Lighting
• Ramps
• Stairs, and
• Drainage.

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Manual tasks
Manual tasks are more than just lifting or carrying an object. They also include:
• Lifting
• Lowering
• Pushing
• Pulling
• Carrying
• Moving, and
• Holding or restraining any object, animal or person.
Manual tasks can include a wide range of activities, such as pulling a lever,
restraining an animal, or holding and operating a power tool.
Research has identified five ‘direct’ risk factors related to manual tasks that can
cause or contribute to musculoskeletal disorders. These are:
• Forceful exertions
• Working postures – awkward and static
• Repetition
• Duration, and
• Vibration.
These risk factors outlined in the Manual Tasks Code of Practice 2000 directly
stress the body and cause injury. One of these risk factors must be identified in
the task in order for a risk of injury to exist. However, the more risk factors
identified the greater the risk.
Forceful exertions put high levels of stress on muscles and body tissues. This
includes force exerted by the body or force impacting on the body. Examples include
lifting a very heavy or awkward load from the ground (e.g. lifting a person or a 40
kilogram cement bag), or force to the lower limbs resulting from jumping out of a
vehicle.
Working postures
Awkward postures are postures where joints are at or near the extreme of their
movement, (e.g. your head bent to the side so your ear is by your shoulder).
Exposure to awkward postures can cause damage to the muscles and other
tissues when they occur in combination with forceful exertion, another awkward
posture (e.g. back bent and twisted), repetitive action, or if held for a prolonged
period.
Static or fixed postures such as prolonged sitting or standing can sometimes be
more fatiguing than tasks that require moderate movement. Your body has to work
hard to hold the posture (leading to quicker muscle fatigue), putting greater stress on
other tissue and giving your body less flexibility to deal with unexpected changes.
Awkward postures are often caused by poorly designed work area(s), tools,
equipment or work practices.
Repetition and duration involves making the same type of movement over and over
(e.g. frequent lifting or working on a production line) or holding a position for a long
time. There are even greater risks when repetition is combined with awkward
postures, forceful exertions, fast movement, and/or cold conditions.

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The work cycle is the time taken to perform the task once without interruption. Tasks
involving short cycle times of less than 30 seconds and performed for more than one
hour are considered to be a risk, because the same muscles and other soft tissues
are being used continuously.
Duration is the amount of time a person is exposed to a risk factor (e.g. vibration,
awkward postures) without a break. Long periods of activity increase the strain
and wear and tear on the body. Duration may be considered a significant risk factor
when a task is performed continuously for one hour or longer.
Vibration
Exposure to continuous or high intensity vibration is a concern as it increases the
strain and wear and tear on the body.
There are two sources of vibration exposure according to the contact points between
the body and the vibrating equipment:
• Hand/arm vibration can be caused by vibrating hand tools such as grinders,
drills and circular saws, particularly if they are not properly maintained or not
appropriate for the task. It can result in fatigue, pain, numbness, tingling,
decreased sensation in the fingers, hand and arm.
• Whole body vibration commonly results from sitting or standing on work
surfaces that vibrate such as trucks, forklifts, tractors or platforms. It is
associated with general discomfort and lower back pain.
For further information on manual tasks see:
Sprains and strains in the transport and storage industry:
http://www.deir.qld.gov.au/pdf/whs/sprains_strains_transport_factsheet2005.pdf
Sprains and Strains:
http://www.deir.qld.gov.au/pdf/whs/sprains_strains_booklet2005.pdf
Preventing manual tasks injuries
Workers' compensation statistics show that one-third of all occupational injuries in
Australia occur during manual tasks. This injury rate has not been reduced by
traditional approaches, which concentrated on correct lifting techniques, and saw
the weight of an object as the only source of danger. The most successful approach
is a systematic one, which aims to ‘design out' the whole range of possible causes
of injury during manual tasks. Workers and their WHSRs should be involved in this
process.
Common causes of manual task injuries include:
• Lifting gates
• Pulling taut liners curtains
• Handling freight (including overuse injuries which develop over time), and
• Restraining loads (use of ‘dogs’ and chains).
Common manual task injuries include:
• Strains and sprains
• Hernias
• Disc herniation’s, and
• Aggravation of degenerative conditions.

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Personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Gloves
• Helmets
• Wrap around/UV safety glasses
• High-visibility garments
• Wrist guards
• Steel-capped safety footwear
• Long-sleeved shirts and long trousers
• Hearing protection, and
• Sun protection.
Work at height
• Use tarp spreaders, and

• Use fall arrest equipment.
Maintenance and reporting
Preventing injury by:

• Reporting damaged equipment
• Implementing preventative/scheduled maintenance routines, and
• Conducting pre-start inspections.
SIGNAGE APPROPRIATE TO CIVIL CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

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Work instructions
When planning any work you must take into account your duty of care obligations and the policy
and procedures of your workplace. You must make sure your conduct is safe and does not
place others at risk. For example, you may need to cordon off an area where you will be working
or put up a sign to warn others about the type of work being done. The requirements will be in
your work instructions for the job.
them. Things can go wrong if you don’t understand instructions properly.
The following is an example of a basic work instruction that could be given for digging a trench
for the laying of a 20-metre pipeline.
This triangle shape is the symbol for

caution. The exclamation mark in the
centre means Pay Attention. In some
instances, the triangle-shaped sign will
show a picture. Other times, words
explain why the sign is used.
Take Control of Your Own Safety
Faulty Equipment
The most common causes of electrocution in the civil construction industry are:
• Faulty electrical tools
• Working with/near equipment that people think is off or 'dead' but is actually on or 'live'
Electric shocks happen when a person becomes part of an electrical circuit and the current
flows through their body.
Incidents with electricity are usually caused by a lack of experience, training or supervision,
broken equipment or dangerous work conditions.
How can you keep safe?

• Plan and discuss the job with your boss
• Make sure you are supervised at all times by a qualified worker
• Regularly check and clean the tools that you use
• Switch off appliances at the power point before you pull out the plug. Electrical equipment
can still partially operate without being plugged in due to stored energy. When you turn off
the main power supply, just leave the equipment switched on for a while to release the
stored energy
• Limit damage to electrical cords by keeping them off the ground
• Use equipment properly. Check instructions and follow them
• Use the correct earthing equipment
• Don't overload power boards with lots of electrical appliances
• Follow the lock, isolate, tag, test and check system when cleaning or fixing equipment
• Report any breakdowns or faulty equipment to your boss
Your boss should provide residual current devices (RCDs) or safety switches to reduce the risk
of electric shock and electrocution if you need these devices.

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Environmental Hazards
Objectives
1. Identify environmental hazards.
2. Recognize treatment and first aid for exposure to environmental hazards.
All workers in Australia are committed to observing and practicing environmental management in
all aspects of their job and in undertaking activities in compliance with all statutory legislation and
other legal requirements.
Environmental protection on the building site

Environmental protection begins at the building site with the air workers have to breathe.
They should be protected from any fumes from construction machinery, as well as fumes from
building waste or materials which need to be carefully separated and properly recycled or
disposed of when the job is complete, the soil should be treated as a valuable asset and left
unpolluted.
Queensland's Environmental Protection Agency (abbreviated to EPA) was for some time a
separate department of the Queensland Government, and, following 2009 State elections,
became a part of the Government's larger Department of Environment and Resource
Management
This part of the Department of Environment and Resource Management's role is to manage
climate change and protect the environment on behalf of the Queensland Government [2] To
achieve this the section aims to
• provide Conservation and Environmental Services: including a Queensland Parks and
Wildlife Service to manage the Queensland's protected area estate; plus Environmental
Services to assist manage development, business, and industry;
• promote Sustainable Futures: including planning for climate change; encouraging
environmental sustainability, supporting environmental innovation, and developing
strategies and policies to achieve an environmentally sustainable future; and
• achieve organisational Performance and Capability: including building a "robust" scientific
base to government policy and decision making, and valuing people and accumulating
knowledge within the organisation.

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Whether they are large, medium or small, building sites, engineering works and demolition
works can be a significant source of noise, vibration, dust and fumes. Traffic movements of
men, machinery, materials and waste can add to these problems.
Good project management should ensure that these pollution impacts are properly assessed
and have mitigation plans. By agreement of site operating hours, the types of plant and
equipment in use, mitigation measures for noise and dust emissions and HGV routes to and
from the site, the general public can be protected from unnecessary inconvenience and
disturbance.
In practice, smaller building sites where "prior consent" has not been sought can cause
problems to immediate neighbours.
Common Hazards
• Cave in of ground
• Collapse of Trench walls
• Instability of adjoining structures
• Contaminated environment
• Contact with services
• Inrush of water
• Hazardous atmosphere
• Falling loads
• Placement of loads
• Hazardous materials
• Falls
• Dust
Water is fundamental to our health, our way of
life and our environment. It underpins growth
in population and our economy – and these
are critical to Australia’s future prosperity.
There are 14 major river catchments and many
sub-catchments in South East Queensland.
The largest is the Brisbane River catchment
which flows directly into Moreton Bay. The
combined catchment area of the creeks and
rivers flowing into Moreton Bay is 21,220 km².
Any pollution up stream has a follow on effect
downstream. It is imperative that all workers
are aware of the need to keep water ways
unpolluted.
Heat Stress – Your work environment can be deadly!

You can become seriously ill or die if you do not take the proper precautions while working in
high temperatures and humidity. Heat can reduce physical performance, as well as mental
alertness, causing more accidents.
Heat Facts
• You are more likely to suffer from a heat related illness on humid days.
• If you are not used to working in the heat, you are more likely to suffer from a heat related
illness. It can take your body anywhere from 5 days to 2 weeks to be acclimated to working
in the heat. It is recommended that new workers, who begin in hot, humid weather, start out
by working half of the normal time and workload on the first day and then build up to a
complete day by the end of the week.

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• You are more vulnerable to heat illness if you have suffered in the past.
• During the course of the day, you can produce as much as 5 to 10 litres of sweat. Replenish
this fluid by drinking liquids so that you do not suffer from a heat related illness.
Environmental protection requirements are identified from the project environmental
management plan, confirmed and applied to the allocated task
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
WHY DO WE NEED ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS?
We need environmental controls to protect the receiving environment not just on a small
scale but on a global scale as well.
Environmental controls on site are those structures or monitoring systems put in place to
minimise the impacts of construction activities.
Deciding which to use depends on the reasons why controls may be needed.
• Waste control
• Hazardous materials
• Water quality (erosion and sediment control)
• Cultural heritage management issues
• Air quality
• Noise
• Flora and fauna
WHAT THE LAW SAYS

GENERAL
There are many legal requirements you must follow in order for the construction process to
precede without damage to the environment. Legislation includes Acts and Regulations, which
are mandatory, codes of Practice, Advisory Standards, and Guidelines, which are non-
mandatory but may be cited in mandatory Acts and Regulations.
The tiers of Government are:
• Federal or Commonwealth Legislation (the Environmental Protection & Biodiversity
Conservation Act 1999)
• State & Territory Legislation (Environmental Protection Act 1994 and Water Act 2000)
• Local Government Legislation (Development Approvals, Material Change of Use,
Environmentally Relevant Activities)

In Queensland, the principal law is the Environmental Protection Act (1994) and the
administering Authority is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Common Law is where a precedent has been set in a Court of Law, not through an Act of
Parliament (also known as Case Law). Two examples of Common Law are:
• Rights of Neighbours – causing undue interference with use of land or damage.
• Rights of Protection – requires obligations to be met to provide adequate safety standards.
MOST RECENT LEGISLATION UPDATES RELATING TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND

QUEENSLAND
Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003:
New legislation, which includes changes to regulate impacts and disturbances to significant
Aboriginal areas or objects. Definition of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage has been amended and is:
“anything that is –
a) A significant Aboriginal area in Queensland; or
b) A significant Aboriginal object; or
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c) Evidence of archaeological or historical significance, of Aboriginal occupation of an area
of Queensland.”
It also includes the following new provisions:
• Duty of Care (section 23) which carries a penalty for Individuals of $7500, and for
Corporations $75000.
• Unlawful Harm (section 24) which carries a penalty of $7500 or 2 years imprisonment.
• Prohibited excavation, relocation and taking away (section 25).
• Unlawful possession of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage (section 26).
Water Regulation 2002:
Permits and approvals required for development, which affects water access or impacts on
water (e.g. canal developments). Environmental Protection Act 1994 and Integrated Planning
Act 1997 outline the required ERA’s and Development Approvals.
Common Law Obligations regarding Prevention of Vandalism, Fire or Flooding:
A duty of care exists on managed land to prevent foreseeable events to provide Due Diligence
for the public and your employee’s safety. Contractor must prevent consequential air pollution,
water pollution, and unlawful discharges to the sewer, noise pollution and other environmental
offences by taking preventative actions to deal with foreseeable acts of vandalism or natural
events. For example, properly maintain and protect through fencing, roofing, contouring, fire
breaks, locked gates etc. any liquid storage tanks or other plant and equipment exposed to the
elements or to mischief from vandals.
DETAILS FROM THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT 1994
Due Diligence
Due diligence is:
1. A defence under the Environmental Protection (EP) Act to protect the workforce and the
companies they work for against prosecution
2. A duty of care from individuals and companies to prevent or minimise environmental harm
3. "Taking all reasonable and practical steps to prevent or minimise environmental harm by
establishing and maintaining a system to ensure compliance with the EP Act". Taking all
reasonable and practical steps to prevent or minimise environmental harm by establishing and
maintaining a system to ensure compliance with the EP Act".
4. Where there is an obligation to provide a level of care through expected standards (e.g.
record keeping demonstrating compliance with legal obligations, contractor responsibilities such
as obtaining an Environmentally Relevant Activity (ERA) permit to undertake an ERA activity.)
GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL DUTY
Every person has a duty not to carry out any activity that will cause or is likely to cause
environmental harm unless all reasonable and practicable measures have been taken to
prevent or minimise the harm (S36). It is important to understand that under this Act, a person
can be found guilty of an offence before any actual harm is caused.
Duty to Notify Environmental Harm

Any person who becomes aware that serious or material environmental harm will be caused or
is likely to occur (unless it is authorised or an emergency direction) must notify their employer or
the relevant authority as soon as possible (S37). The maximum penalty for not notifying
environmental harm is $6 000. Project employees should notify their Supervisor as soon as
possible if they have any concerns.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION POLICIES
Environmental policies have been established under the EP Act for air, water noise, and waste
management. Some examples are as follows.
Air – failure to comply with an air quality abatement notice (S19 Air Policy). Penalty is $2500.

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Water –
1) Rubbish, wastewater, concrete, pesticides, oil, etc., cannot be released into a roadside
gutter, drain or body of water, or be placed in a position where it could be released (S31 of 136).
The penalty varies between $1200 and $1500.
This may include an unprotected stockpile of topsoil or mulch close to a creek.
2) Storm water that results in a buildup of mud or silt in drains. Sand, silt, or mud may not be
deposited or placed where it could wash into a gutter or drain (S32 Water Policy). The penalty is
$1200. This may include washing a vehicle on the roadside or in a driveway.
Noise –
Failure to comply with a noise abatement notice (S23 Noise Policy), the penalty is $2500. Under
the new Noise Policy, any audible noise outside normal working hours is a nuisance and is an
offence under the EP Act. This means a contractor cannot work on a Sunday or public holiday
at any time, or any weekday including Saturday, before 6.30am or after 6.30pm without prior
approval from a regulatory authority.
• Waste Management –
The EP (Waste Management) Regulation 2000 imposes fines for littering and waste dumping.
Fines range up to $1,500 for littering, then from around $3000 (less than 200 litres) to up to
$12,375 if over 200 litres for illegally dumping waste.
The penalties stated above are an indication only and may change according to circumstances.
ENVIRONMENTAL OFFENCES
The fines quoted are for individuals. For companies the fine is five to ten times greater.
• Unlawful environmental harm – any act or omission that causes material or serious
environmental harm or a nuisance is unlawful, unless it is authorised or an emergency (S119).
• Environmental nuisance – (not trivial or negligible in nature) the penalty is $10,000 or $50,000
if willful (S123). Some examples include noise, dust and odour exceeding the limits.
• Material environmental harm – the maximum penalty is $50,000. If the harm is willful, the fine
is $100,000 and up to two years imprisonment (S120). Examples include land contamination
and/or improper waste disposal.
• Serious environmental harm – the maximum penalty is $100 000. If the arm is willful, the fine
is $250 000 and up to five years imprisonment (S120). Examples would include a major oil spill
in waterways and/or dumping toxic material.
• Offences against environmental protection policies – a person must not willfully contravene an
environmental protection policy. Penalties range up to $100,000 (S124).
• Prescribed contaminants – contaminants prescribed by an environmental policy must not be
placed in a position where they could cause serious or material environmental harm or
environmental nuisance (S126) or be released into the environment except when directed by an
authorised person’s emergency direction (S125). The maximum penalty is $10,000.
WHAT LARGE COMPANIES LIKE LEIGHTON IS DOING TO IMPROVE THE
ENVIRONMENT? Here is an example.
Leighton is committed to implementing and maintaining an Environmental Management System
in accordance with the requirements of AS/NZ ISO 14001 (International Standard Quality
Assurance for the Environment). This includes the following specific to each project:
• Leighton Branch Environmental Policy:
- Sets out obligations and company requirements. The Leighton Environmental Policy applies to
all employees and their subcontractors
• Leighton Branch Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
A separate EMP is required for each project and considers the specific environmental impacts
of the project:
• Legal requirements

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• Identification of all environmental impacts
• Controls for all significant impacts
• Emergency response for critical activities
• Clear authorities and responsibilities
• Monitoring programs for all controls
• Audits, management review and corrective action
• Records of all activities, e.g., training and communications.
Included in the EMP are a series of Project Instructions (PI) and Process Control Plans (PCP).
These documents are specific to each project and activity, and detail the required environmental
controls including responsibilities. These documents are administered by Project Management.
Civil Construction is striving to be a leading example of environmental management in the
construction industry. Achieving certification to ASNZ 14001 also gives Leighton certain
commercial advantages such as being able to undertake contracts, which specify this as a
requirement. Environmental protection Acts and Regulations
• Environmental Protection Act 1994
• Environmental Protection Regulation 1998
• Environmental Protection (Waste) Policy and Regulation 2000
• Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 1997
• Environmental Protection (Noise) Policy 1997
• Environmental Protection (Air) Policy 1997
• National Environment Protection Council (Queensland) Act 1994
• Queensland heritage Act 1992
• Queensland Heritage Regulation 2003
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT 1994

THIS ACT IS TO PROTECT QUEENSLAND'S ENVIRONMENT WHILE ALLOWING FOR
DEVELOPMENT THAT IMPROVES THE TOTAL QUALITY OF LIFE, NOW AND IN THE
FUTURE, IN A WAY THAT MAINTAINS ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES ON WHICH LIFE
DEPENDS. THIS APPROACH IS TERMED 'ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT'.
Environmental Protection Regulation 1998
One of the main functions of the Environmental Protection Regulation 1998 is to list all the
environmentally relevant activities, their level and the annual fee.
Environmental Protection (Waste) Policy and Regulation 2000
The Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Policy 2000 (Waste EPP) and the
Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Regulation 2000 co-ordinate and clarify waste
management practices in Queensland and provide improved environmental safeguards. The
legislation commenced on 1 July 2000.
Developed with local government and industry input, the legislation will benefit the Queensland
community through safer disposal practices, and cost savings achieved by improved planning
and management of waste services. It provides clarification for waste contractors, waste
generators, local governments and the general community.
EPP summary The Waste EPP provides a strategic framework for managing wastes in
Queensland. It does this by establishing a preferred waste management hierarchy and various
principles as the basis for waste management. The waste hierarchy moves from the most
preferred — waste avoidance, to re-use, recycling, and energy recovery, through to waste
disposal, the least preferred
Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 1997
This has the purpose of achieving the object of the Environmental Protection Act 1994 in
relation to Queensland waters.
The purpose is to be achieved by providing a framework for—

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• Identifying environmental values for Queensland waters;
• Deciding and stating water quality guidelines and objectives to enhance the environmental
values;
• Making consistent and equitable decisions about Queensland waters that promote efficient
use of resources and best practice environmental management; and
• Involving the community through consultation and education, and promoting community
responsibility
• Environmental Protection (Noise) Policy 1997
relation to Queensland's acoustic environment. To achieve the object, the policy—
• Identifies environmental values to be enhanced or protected;
• Specifies an acoustic quality objective; and
• Provides a framework for making consistent and fair decisions that best protect Queensland's
acoustic environment, resolving disputes about noise issues, developing noise management
programs involving government entities, industry groups and the community, making accurate
and consistent noise assessments, and providing customers with important information about
noise.
• Environmental Protection (Air) Policy 1997
relation to Queensland's air environment.
To achieve the object, the policy—
• Identifies environmental values to be enhanced or protected;
• Specifies air quality indicators and goals to protect the environmental values; and
• Provides a framework for making consistent and fair decisions about managing the air
environment and involving the community in achieving air quality goals that best protect
Queensland's air environment.
Queensland Heritage Act 1992
This provides for the conservation of Queensland's historical cultural heritage. It requires all
involved in its administration to achieve the retention of the cultural heritage significance of the
places and objects to which it applies and the greatest sustainable benefit to the community
from those places and objects consistent with the preservation of their cultural heritage
significance.
Queensland Heritage Regulation 2003
This sets out the details of forms approved by the Minister, fees in a schedule, and states the
details that must accompany an application to enter a place in the heritage register, an
application for a certificate of immunity from registration and a application for an exemption
certificate.
PREPARING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS

This guideline provides information on the purpose and content of an environmental
management plan (EM plan) and how to prepare one as part of an environmental impact
assessment (EIA). This guideline provides guidance on how to undertake effective EIA.
1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this guideline is to provide clear and comprehensive advice on the scope, role
and content of environmental management plans (EM plans) for managing environmental
impacts of proposals in Queensland.
The intended audience consists of developers, planners, environmental management
professionals, community stakeholders and decision makers.
This document describes the role of the EM plan in environmental impact assessment (EIA) and
planning for ecologically sustainable development (ESD) within the framework of existing
legislation and environmental management policies. Appendix A provides a summary diagram
for developing an EM plan.

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It should be noted that this guideline does not apply to mining, exploration, petroleum or gas
projects, as the Environmental Protection Act 1994 (EP Act) specifies particular requirements
for EM plans for the mining industry.
2. Why EM plans are useful
EM plans are a useful vehicle for integrating and implementing the environmental management
commitments, conditions, and statutory requirements that development proposals may or must
observe. EM plans are developed by proponents during a proposal’s planning and design
EM plans facilitate ESD and integrated decision-making they are:
• Able to form the basis for consultation and negotiation of outcomes;
• Flexible
• Comprehensive in that they may address all relevant environmental management issues
• Able to be updated; and.
• A tool for promoting accountability
They promote self-regulation and integration of environmental management issues into planning
and operations they may address all relevant environmental management issues, can be
drafted in a consultative manner, and may incorporate regulatory requirements. They can also
be the focus of stakeholder input.
3. Purpose of EM plans
An EM plan provides life-of-proposal control strategies in accordance with agreed performance
criteria for specified acceptable levels of environmental harm. EM plans may specify all affected
environmental values, all potential impacts on environmental values, mitigation strategies,
relevant monitoring together with appropriate indicators and performance criteria, reporting
requirements and, if an undesirable impact or unforeseen level of impact occurs, the appropriate
corrective actions available.
The aims of an EM plan are to provide:
(1) Auditable proponent commitments to practical and achievable strategies and design
standards
(performance specifications) for the management of a proposal to ensure that environmental
requirements are specified and complied with;
(2) An integrated plan for comprehensive monitoring and control of impacts;
(3) Local, State and Commonwealth authorities, stakeholders and the proponent with a common
focus for
approvals conditions and compliance with policies and conditions;
(4) The community with evidence that the environmental management of a project is
acceptable.
4. Attributes of EM plans
EM plans may have the following attributes:
• Integration of the various regulations pursuant to a development approval in an ordered,
flexible and integrated format that is auditable by the proponent and administering agency;
• Integration of the terms of operational approvals, such as licences, with the provisions of
planning and land use development approvals; • translation of the studies and scientific reports
from the EIS into achievable management strategies; •
• Facilitation of developer planning for protection of the environment; and consistency with, and
forming part of, a company’s EMS (term used by International and British Standards: ISO 14001
and BS 7750) or Integrated Environmental Management System (term used in the EP Act) or
Quality Assurance system (business term).
Appendix A shows how an EM plan may be developed to incorporate these attributes.
5. How EM plans relate to EIA
EM plans may relate to the various stages of planning for a proposal including development
assessment, post approval operations and proposal decommissioning.

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EIA incorporates development of an EM plan and is an established process for: ensuring that
proponents take primary responsibility for protection of the environment that may be affected by
their proposal. This responsibility may be expressed in the EM plan as commitments forming a
basis for statutory decisions on whether a proposal
should proceed. The EM plan may be an integral part of a statutory approval; • including
community views in the assessment and decision making processes.
The EM plan provides a summary of the likely environmental impacts and how they will be
managed; and determining the basis for ongoing environmental management and monitoring,
should the proposal proceed. The EM plan is the planning document that may be used and
updated during the operational phase.
6. Content and format of EM plans
An EM plan contains clear commitments, framed in a way that enables assessment of the
extent to which the commitment has been met. The commitments should be auditable.
An effective EM plan should be structured to address the key elements of the environmental
management
Notes:
(1) The EIA process provides the background information on environmental values and likely
level of impacts.
(2) The EM plan consists of one or a number of elements to address specific management
issues, each of which includes the above components.
(3) The EM plan provides many components of an EMS as described by the ISO 14000 series.
(4) The acceptable EM plan may be given effect by relevant licences and permits required by
legislation.
The recommended structure of each element of the EM plan is:
Element/issue: Aspect of construction or operation to be managed (as it affects environmental
values).
Operational policy: The operational policy or management objective that applies to the element.
Performance criteria: Measurable performance criteria (outcomes) for each element of the
operation.
Implementation strategy: The strategies, tasks or action program (to nominated operational
design standards) that will be implemented to achieve the performance criteria
Monitoring: The monitoring requirements to measure actual performance (i.e. specified limits to
pre-selected indicators of change).
Auditing: The auditing requirements to demonstrate implementation of agreed construction and
operation environmental management strategies and compliance with agreed performance
criteria
Reporting: Format, timing and responsibility for reporting and auditing of monitoring results.
Corrective action: The action (options) to be implemented in case a performance requirement is
not reached and the person(s) responsible for action (including staff authority and responsibility
management structure).
Appendix A - EM plan development process Issue of significance
Predicted impact and what magnitude?
Comparison with standards/guidelines
Controls proposed
Who, when, how?
Monitoring responsibilities
Who, when, how?
Controls proposed
Who, when, how?
Monitoring responsibilities
Who, when, how?

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Reporting/auditing responsibilities
Who, when, to whom?
Corrective action required
Review of EM plan
An EM plan is reviewed and periodically updated to reflect knowledge gained during the course
of operations and to reflect new knowledge and changed community standards (values).
Changes to the management plan may be developed and implemented in consultation with
relevant authorities and stakeholders.
Scope of EM plan
EM plan elements
The EM plan should address the environmental impacts of the project, as determined from the
EIS, likely approval conditions, and an assessment of environmental risk. These are likely to be
as listed below (others may be warranted as a result of the EIS):
a) Construction phase
Issues may include:
• Noise; • traffic;
• Dust; • lighting;
• Weed and pest management; • other social disruption;
• Vibration; • air quality
• Water quality; • erosion and sedimentation;
• Acid sulfate soils; • flora and fauna;
Guideline
Preparing environmental management plans
• Land contamination • emergency situation management;
• Cultural heritage; • waste and site cleanup;
• Rehabilitation; • visual amenity;
• Setting; • recording and reporting of complaints
• Management of natural and World Heritage values;
• Environmental induction/environmental training
• Fire management; • effluent disposal;
• Training in EM plan requirements for construction workers;
• Demand on community services and facilities; and
• Impacts on community cohesion due to the increased workforce.

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b) Operational phase
Issues may include:
• Noise; • flora and fauna;
• Air quality; • waste management;
• Water quality; • vibration
• Weed and pest management • visual amenity;
• Setting or location; • landscape and character maintenance;
• Recording and reporting of complaints; • traffic management and monitoring;
• Erosion and sedimentation control; • rehabilitation;
• Safety; • emergency situation management
• Fire management; • effluent disposal;
• Contingency plan for evacuation; • tourism;
• Visitor management plans
• Management of natural and world heritage values;
• Greenhouse gas and adaptation to climate change
• Ongoing training for all levels of staff regarding general environmental duty and
environmental management;
C) Decommissioning phase
Issues may include:
• Air quality; • water quality;
• Sediment and erosion control; • weed and pest management;
• Waste management; • visual amenity;
• Noise; • vibration;
• Flora and fauna; • waste and site cleanup;
• Safety; • contingency plans for evacuation;
• Removal of structures
• Landscaping, revegetation, stabilisation and rehabilitation;
• Management of natural and world heritage values;
associated with the development; and
• Recording and reporting of complaints
• Fire management; • land contamination;
• Emergency situation management;
Sediment and Erosion Control
Introduction
There are two parts to an effective water quality management strategy for an urban
development. The first phase involves the installation of erosion and sediment control
measures during construction, when the sediment export potential is at its greatest. The
second phase of a management strategy involves the construction of treatment trains to
improve the quality of post development runoff.
Sediment research, points to the following water quality and ecological processes in
Australian waters:
Systems heavy in suspended solids, with adsorbtion of nutrients, metals and pesticides
attached to surfaces of suspended solids.
Turbidity associated with suspended solids blocking light and adsorbing solar radiation that
exacerbates temperature stratification in water bodies.
Low organic carbon levels and a high proportion of refractory carbon, limiting microbial-
driven nutrient release.
Highly variable flows, with significant events driving major exports of pollutants, followed
by extended period of low flows.
Sediments as the major store of pollutants, and the moderator of water quality in the water
column.
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Poor mixing of water caused by periods of low flow and high temperatures, creating sharp
temperature gradients.
Poor mixing conditions depressing oxygen transfer, exacerbating sediment nutrient
release processes.
Time-based interception, storage and remobilisation of flow constituents, often associated
with land use and management practices.
Trophic systems, affected by sunlight extinction limiting photosynthesis, and variable flows
(water levels) limiting plant habitats (biomass).
Large civil works and building sites in fully developed inner city areas can provide
challenges in controlling storm water pollution. There is increased risk of sediment
pollution where building materials such as sand, fill material and topsoil are delivered and
temporarily stored on pavements and roadsides.
Other threats arise when concrete conveying pumps, delivery tubes, hoses, trucks and
delivery bins are washed out. This acidic, heavily polluted, sediment causes severe
problems in storm water systems and kills aquatic organisms. Litter, pesticides, acid
washes, paints, solvents and construction adhesives also pose risks.
Clearing and earthmoving increases erosion by as much as 40,000 times the rate
occurring in undisturbed sites. Many states and regions have legal requirements for
erosion and sediment control. These laws have been supplemented by national storm
water guidelines.
Soil Conservation
The key protector of soils is vegetation. Erosion is generally high wherever the vegetation
has been disturbed and rainwater is concentrated. The problem increases as 'marginal'
lands are developed as urban centres grow. Most land degradation associated with urban
development results from erosion by water, salinity and acid sulphate soils. Wind is a
factor on sandy soils in exposed coastal zones.
The damage from poor conservation practices is easily recognisable. However,
environmental damage tends to accumulate slowly. It is often only after scientific evidence
brings to light the loss of flora and fauna species that community concern is raised and
action is taken.
Soil erosion has particular consequences for aquatic environments, causing:
• Degradation of marine habitats.
• Increased turbidity in streams and water bodies.
• Increased salinity on land and in water bodies.
• Increased frequency and damage caused by
flooding.
• Reduced aesthetic values of bush land and water
bodies.

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Soil Loss
Storm water managers and designers can calculate the anticipated soil loss which is likely
to occur during development, and use this information to take protective measures to
contain the problem. These calculations can assist in assessing the erosion risk, selecting
controls, sizing of sediment and retarding basins, and provide comparative catchment
analysis.
Sediment Traps
Sediment traps are temporary control measures used to retain coarse suspended
particles. Finer particles and soluble materials pass through them. Sediment traps are
easy to construct, relatively inexpensive and easily moved as construction work proceeds.
The most common forms of sediment traps are straw bales and sediment fences using
geotextile fabrics.
Brush and Straw Mulches

A variety of innovative proprietary methods have been developed by organisations
specialising in soil erosion protection. Commonly these systems are spray applied, use
organic materials, and are bound with emulsions which slowly degrade. These systems
generally use brush or straw, and can be applied at controlled thicknesses, depending
upon the slope and erodibility of the soil.
Erosion Blankets and Geo-Textiles
Soil protection can be 'rolled out' in the form of organic blankets and synthetic woven geo-
textiles. These are generally installed to allow permanent establishment of vegetation
using prepared tube stock and semi advanced tree cover. This form of soil erosion control
is generally used where there is possible high velocity flows, such as creek and stream
bank protection.

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Wind Erosion
Wind erosion can cause soil particles to become airborne and then settle out as dust
where it will be washed into storm water systems in the next downpour. In Australia,
intense rainfall immediately after bushfires can result in the flow of large sediment and
organic ash loads into water bodies.
Vegetation Stabilisation
Vegetation stabilisation can reduce potential soil loss by reducing raindrop impact, storm
run-off velocity and wind erosion. Techniques include:
Sub-soil Drainage
Sub-soil drainage systems can take a variety of forms. Common types are:
• Rubble drains.
• Perforated or slotted pipes.
• Strip drains with a cellular core wrapped in a geo-textile filter fabric.
Sub-soil drainage can be used to assist with storm water surface flow management and
infiltration control. It can improve the environment for growing protective vegetation and
improve soil stability on steep slopes. Sub-soil drainage is increasingly being used in
Water Sensitive Urban Design to underlay grassed swales in streetscapes and carry storm
water to settling and reuse treatment ponds and wetlands.
Different sub soil drainages

Street Sweeping/Vacuum Cleaning
Traditionally, street sweeping as a treatment-based control measure for removing litter and
reducing overall heavy metal loads and coarse sediments, has not been a very cost
efficient management system. However, recent technical advances in vacuum suction
cleaning have made it more competitive. In the future, pollution on some high use freeway
and road systems may require vacuum cleaning to protect sensitive local water bodies, if
other measures cannot be designed in or retrofitted.
Storm water runoff from road surfaces is one of the many contributors to the non-point
source pollution load. Tiny particles are proving difficult to capture in current storm water
pollution devices. The storm water load contains significant quantities of heavy metals,
which are a threat to aquatic environment

15.5 19/082013
Environmental Policy – Typical Company Statement
As General Manager of Company I am conscious of the potential damage caused by
activities in the workplace impacting on the human and global environment.
We the managers and workers of Company have an obligation to ensure the work we do is
managed and prevented from causing damage. To do this we must:
Ensure the required Environmental licensing is registered and current for all involved
activities undertaken at that workplace.
Ensure the Environmental Impact Management Plan (IMP) required, is developed,
registered and followed by the project of initiation.
Ensure the physical environmental controls are managed to prevent a breach of:
1. Erosion and sediment control 4. Environmental noise and vibration and
2. Flora and fauna waste 5. Contaminated land management
3. Culture and heritage
We must also comply with:
The Queensland Environmental Protection Legislation.
Company environmental policies, standards and procedures
I require all managers, supervisors and forepersons
To conduct an environmental risk assessment to identify the levels of risks present or
potential in the workplace and implement the most appropriate controls to manage out the
risks.
To report and investigate all breaches and non-conformances to the agreed policies,
standards and procedures.
I therefore empower all workers to install and maintain the selected controls, given the
environmental conditions present or pending, to prevent Environmental damage
To identify, nominate and implement innovative solutions:
For controlling spills into the environment
For recycling of waste products, particularly environmentally harmful waste generated by
or as a result of our work.
For conservation of scarce and cultural resources, its water, lands, ecosystems and
historical places.
For reducing environmental damage to or impact on the continuing health, wellbeing and
productivity of individuals.
As a result of our diligence in controlling environmental harm, I believe we will:
Protect Queensland’s environment whilst delivering quality work to our clients;
Demonstrate to our clients our commitment to development that improves the total quality
of life, both now and in the future, in a way that maintains the ecological processes on
which life depends (“ecologically sustainable development”)

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Often flooding will add to environmental resources damage. The release of oils, diesel fuel
and other chemicals due to flooding can have increased and significant impact in the
environment. Anticipation of such events by workers and management aided by such things
as the BOM site, radio news updates and other weather reports will help minimize this
impact, and enable workers to move machinery to higher ground.
Flooding in Toowoomba is seldom but can occur if drains are not kept clear
Don’t let this happen on your job site dig by hand its much safer & Dial before you dig 1100

15.5 19/082013
This triangle shape is the symbol for then report them. If you have questions, stop
caution. The exclamation mark in the and ask your supervisor before you continue.
centre means Pay Attention. In some
instances, the triangle-shaped sign will Concentrate on working safely.
show a picture. Other times, words
explain why the sign is used. Sometimes you may be tempted to take risky
shortcuts. Remember that an accident can
Take Control of Your Own Safety leave you permanently injured or cut your life
Objective short. For your safety and the safety of those
1. List the two most commonly reported around you, do not take unnecessary risks.
causes of death of workers. No deadline is so pressing you can't take the
2. Interpret the meaning of commonly time to do your work safely.
posted warning signs. Additional Precautions
Greatest Dangers to Life Do not work if you are tired or have taken
In construction projects, either for an drugs or alcohol. If you are on medication,
individual project, or a major Civil contractor, discuss with your doctor or pharmacist if you
workers use all types excavation tools and are capable of carrying out your job safely.
machinery. This construction work involving $180,000 fine for trench collapse
digging in trenches is especially dangerous 2 workers seriously injured digging a
because it can involve overhead work and trench. Ensure all excavated soil is at
the possibility of falling objects. It comes as least 1.5 metres from the trench
no surprise that these objects can be very

! A farming/grazing
Report any missing company
or damaged safety equipment was fined
to your supervisor
heavy if they are made of cement, ceramic, $180,000 by the NSW Industrial Court after a
or even steel. If there is an unfortunate trench collapsed and seriously injured two
accident and these objects fall serious and workers. The Court noted that the company
catastrophic injuries can occur. These had failed to comply with relevant Codes of
catastrophic injuries can result in serious Practice and a WorkCoverNSW guide relating to
bodily injury or even death. trenches.
Two workers were laying concrete pipes in the
Fortunately there are ways to prevent falling trench. The Court found that the trench was
object accidents including properly securing not shored, battered or adequately benched at
the construction area. It is also important to the time. After being dug, it was then widened
post warning signs during construction to to give the workers easier access to the pipes,
alert passer-by’s. In some situations, fences but the extra soil dug up was dropped too close
to one side of the trench.
and barricades will help keep moving
This placed extra stress on the wall and caused
machinery and other possible dangers away it to collapse. Some of the soil contained silt
from the excavation. and was not stable, but that was not obvious
If you have been injured falling objects it is from initial visual inspections. However, the
Code of Practice identified this as a possible
important to first receive the necessary
hazard to be aware of.
medical treatment and then an experienced The Safety Procedure includes:
construction accident lawyer can discuss
your legal rights with you. If you have been Safety measures
hit by a falling tools someone has been 1. Keep a well-stocked, up-to-date first aid kit
negligent and you have the right to in an accessible area.
compensation from either the construction 2. Always wear appropriate protective gear.
site owner, the contractor, or possibly the Train workers thoroughly
manufacturer of the machinery. Your site is a workplace and you are
responsible for the health and safety of
Help Yourself workers and visitors. Inexperienced workers
Safe work habits are important. Here are are much more likely to be injured in job site
three actions you can take to be safe on the accidents. You can prevent injuries in many
job site. ways:
Learn all you can. • Supervise inexperienced workers at all
Pay attention to safety instructions on your times.
job site and if you see unsafe work practices

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• Make sure your workers are thoroughly Many safety messages use the words
trained in equipment operation and safety. Caution, Warning and Danger to get your
• Keep all equipment in good repair. attention. Following are safety messages and
• Warn workers of potential hazards and their meanings. Each of these signs will have
insist they use equipment safely. a written message, and perhaps a picture,
• Only allow a worker to perform a task about an unsafe condition. Below the well
when you are confident they can handle it. known stop bat traffic controller. Who should
• Keep visitors well away from operating be used on large sites where deliveries of
machinery such as grinders and wet saws many truckloads of tiles and materials may
and warn them of potential hazards. occur.
Protect children from accidents CAUTION means you need to be careful.
Children account for one in seven job site Follow the directions on the sign or you could
related fatalities and children under the age get hurt.
of sixteen account for one in four job site
related deaths. You can protect children from Clean Up
harm in many ways: All too often construction sites are left in a
mess and are very dangerous to work around.
• Warn children of the hazards and make There are some simple things that can help
them aware of safety issues. decrease the amount of injuries and in turn
• Always remove keys or power from keep the site cleaner and safer for those
machinery. working around it. Here are some guidelines
• Make sure that equipment storage areas in keeping your construction site clean and
are securely locked and inaccessible. safe during a home remodel
• Don’t leave tools unattended.
Draw up an emergency plan
An emergency plan is vital. Some
suggestions include:
• Ensure easy access to a suitable and well-
stocked first aid kit.
• Make sure at least one person on the job
site is trained in first aid.
• Keep emergency numbers and correct
addresses next to the telephone.
• Plan routes to the nearest hospital.
• Regularly talk through your emergency
plan with other workers.
Where to get help Construction sites that are not kept clean are
Your doctor the frequent cause of workplace incidents
1. In an emergency, always call triple zero and work injuries. Often these types of
(000) For an ambulance incidents can be easily be prevented just by
cleaning up the construction site. A clean site
Remember makes jobs more efficient and safe.
Ensure that everyone working on the job is
thoroughly familiar with operating procedures Scraps and off cuts that come from
and safety requirements for all tools and construction come in all shapes and sizes, so
machinery they use. it can be a hassle to clean up. Also as
workers are busily working packaging gets
Safety Messages and Signs
removed and then just thrown on the ground.
Manufacturers put important safety
This creates tripping and slipping hazards. If
messages on each piece of equipment and
the ground is covered then it also makes
in the operator's manual. It is critical to read,
other potential problems hard to see. When
understand and follow all safety messages.
the site is not cleaned up, no one cares

15.5 19/082013
about leaving garbage where it drops. This • the next day will start clean and safe and
is extremely dangerous! ready for work.
Just by carefully making sure that the job site
is clean is one of the easiest ways to improve
the safety of the workers during the job.
When the workplace isn't continually kept
clean then this creates incidents waiting to
happen.
It is easy to keep a construction site clean
during. The problem is that far too often
workers are careless about the mess that is
made. Cleaning up on the job means
•
cleaning up scrap material, trash and debris •
and putting it in the appropriate containers,
and making sure the containers are emptied
regularly. Also proper storage of materials
and equipment will help to make a clean and
safe work site.
All waste should be recycled where

possible.
Here are some other key things you can do
to help keep your construction site clean and
safe during the life of the job:
• Don't handle materials multiple times.
Have one person take it and throw it out
to ensure others aren't dropping pieces
as they walk.
• Minimize how far workers have to take
the materials to where they are being
used.
• Make sure that materials can easily pass
to where they need to go. Keep all
walkways and paths clear.
Accidents happen quickly so take the time to
• Clean all equipment during the day and plan any loading or unloading of plant.
especially at the end of the day to ensure

15.5 19/082013
Self Checks
RIIHAN308A Load and unload plant

Question 1. What would you inquire about before proceeding with machine transport?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 2. List 3 points you would consider?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 3. Where would you lodge a permit application?

_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 4. List the 3 general permit types?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 5. List the 3 things that affect permit classification?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 6. List 3 of the general conditions that are printed on the back of the permit
document?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

19/082013
Question 7. List 5 other general considerations of permit issue?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Identifying Hazards & their Negotiation

Question 8. In regards to the power grader hazard identification, List 3 and explain the process
of negotiation for each?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

19/082013
Question 9. What would you do in the preparation of the grader for transportation over rough
roads and considerable distance?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Pre-Start Checks
Question 10. Under what circumstances can the Do Not Operate Tag be removed?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 11. When should Pre-Start Checks be conducted?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Walk Around Inspection

Question 12. Outline 3 things you would inspect in your walk around inspection. List what you
are inspecting for in each case?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

19/082013
Question 13. If you have a large oil leak visible from the transmission during inspection, what
processes do you put in place?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Mounting and Dismounting

Question 14. Outline the correct procedure for mounting and dismounting a machine?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 15. Before operating any new machine that the operator isn’t familiar with, what must
be done?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Start up Procedure
Question 16. Outline 5 things of importance during a machine start up procedure?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
After Start Checks

Question 17. List the warm up and safety check procedure?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Moving the Machine

Question 18. List the procedure for moving the machine?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

19/082013
Parking the Machine
Question 19. Outline all the requirements for parking a machine?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 20. When should refuelling be carried out? What other things should be considered
before parking the machine?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Shut Down Procedure

Question 21. Why do you let a machines engine idle down for a period of time?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 22. List 3 thing you could check during this idle down period?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

19/082013
Question 23. What documentation should be completed at the end of shift and engine shut
down?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 24. After shutting down the engine and before leaving the cab, List 5 things you
should do?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Tie Down Points

Question 25. Where should the machine be restrained by chains and binders?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 26. List 5 conditions that would render a chain or attachment unsuitable for use?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

19/082013
Tie Down Points
Question 27. List 4 types of chain tensioners?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 28. When selecting chains to secure the machine, what 2 things would you consider?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 29. Who is responsible for ensuring the load is secured correctly?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 30. After loading a articulated machine what extra precautions would you take?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 31. List 4 things you would check or do after loading the machine?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

19/082013
Question 32. List 4 things you wouldn’t do when securing a machine?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Question 33. If equipment is wider than 2.5m, List some things you could do to still safely
transport the machine?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Tie Down Points

Question 34. Describe how you would lash a machine using the towing bracket? Sketch if
necessary.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Driving Machine on Public Road/On Site

Question 35. Describe how you would prepare the machine and precautions that you would
take to drive the machine on a public road?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

19/082013
Safe Loading Area
Question 36. Describe a safe loading area?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Position of Machine on the Float

Question 37. Describe how you would position the machine on the float? Outline all points in
this process.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Unloading the Machine off the Float

Question 38. Describe the unloading procedure of the machine from the float? Outline all points
in the process.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

19/082013
Practical Exercise 1
Complete the Job Safety Analysis on the last page for a site where you will be required
to load and unload a particular piece of plant. Write in some of the hazards below before
attempting the JSA. Hazards can be selected collectively as a team.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

19/082013
Having completed your JSA carry out a prestart check on your piece of plant before attempting
to start the machine for loading
Plant Inspected
Organisation:
Depot Location:
Inspected By:
Manufacturer:
Model No:
Serial No:
Description Yes No N/A Comments

Risk assessment completed ! ! !
Operators manual available ! ! !

Log book available ! ! !
Engine oil is at correct level ! ! !
Sufficient and correct fuel is in tank ! ! !
Air filter is clean and in good condition ! ! !
Cutting blades where appropriate are in good condition ! ! !

Sufficient cord is attached to head ! ! !
Spark plug has correct gap ! ! !
Spark plug lead is in good condition ! ! !
Fuel lines are in good condition ! ! !
Fuel tap is operatable and turned on ! ! !
Accelerator cable is attached correctly and moving freely ! ! !
Choke lever working correctly ! ! !
Starter cord is not frayed and attached securely ! ! !
Exhaust outlet is covered with a protective guard ! ! !
Start / Stop switch operational ! ! !
Equipment is in an operational / non-operational condition
Inspection Verified By:
Name: Signature: Date:

19/082013
Having completed the JSA and prestart checks and taking into account any TMP under the
watchful eye of your trainer load your piece of equipment onto its trailer, float or truck and
demonstrate the correct application of all chains and tensioners to their anchor points. You
should ensure that all tensioners, rachets or lever binders are correctly tightened and that the
load is correct for transportation. In the case that it is a wide or oversized machine you should
also demonstrate the correct paperwork for the transport. You should make note below of the
procedures you carried out, a small diagram of your chains and tensioners is required.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

19/082013
Job Safety Analysis
Student Name : Student Signature:
Project : Trainers Name:
Location : Date : Accepted : Yes ! No !

Procedure - List of steps Possible Hazards – What things can happen or go wrong, also Safety Control – How can I stop or minimize these
Risk Risk
in doing a Job on a site. what hidden dangers are there on this Job Site? things happening or going wrong or injuries occurring?
Signature Trainer / Site Leader_____________________________________ Signature Building Supervisor___________________________________

19/082013
19/082013
Job Safety Analysis – Risk Matrix
Consequence
1 2 3 4 5
Likelihood
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
A (Almost Certain) 11 16 20 23 25
B (Likely) 7 12 17 21 24
C (Possible ) 4 8 13 18 22
D (Unlikely) 2 5 9 14 19
E (Rare) 1 3 6 10 15
Low Medium High Extreme

19/082013
19/082013

RIIHAN308D Load and Unload Plant LR V1

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Load and unload plant

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ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date

Overall Assessment Requirements

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date

Protection location Description

Body clothing Suitable clothing

Feet protection Safety shoes

Hearing protection Ear muffs or ear plugs

Eye protection Full face shields or safety eye glasses or goggles

Head protection Comfortable Safety helmets

Hand Gloves Wear, heat and chemical resistant types

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date

Each of the PPE displayed above are only a sample

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date

• Weight of the combined load

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date

• Combined Period and Zone Period

Conditions to note are:

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date

< Times of travel.

2. IDENTIFYING HAZARDS AND THEIR NEGOTIATION

3. Forward and Locate front wheels against gooseneck. Lower

NOTE: Where graders are to be transported considerable distances or over rough

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date

Figure 1 "DO NOT OPERATE" TAG

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date

* Check engine oil level;

Air Intake System

* Check pre-cleaner bowl and clean if required;

Covers and Guards

* Inspect for damage, loose nuts and bolts.

* General inspection of machine for any visible oil leaks.

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date

* Inspect electrolyte level;

* Inspect for leaks; and

* Check fluid levels (if applicable); and

* Check tyre pressures (as per manufacturer’s specifications);

Steps and Hand Rails

* (If fitted) turn it on.

5 MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING

Hand Holds and Steps

Three Points of Contact

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date

* DO NOT use controls as hand holds for entry or exit.

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date

• Doors and Windows (if fitted)

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date

IMPORTANT: Always be seated when starting the machine.

• Check that park brake is engaged.

Levers and Controls

Starting the Engine

• Check all gauges for correct operation;

7. AFTER START CHECKS

• Allow the engine and components to warm up to operating temperature for

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date

• Raise all lowered attachments, release park brake;

Figure 2 FORWARD TURN