RIIWHS302D Implement Traffic Management Plan LR

RIIWHS302D
Implement traffic management plan
Student Learning Resource
Student Name ________________________________________________

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date
LR RIIWHS302D Standard 1 1 1 Implement traffic management plan 01/07/2016 Page 2 of 234
Student Information
Purpose:
The purpose of this learning package is to help you understand the technical and theoretical
knowledge and associated skills of your selected trade area. This package contains a number
of learning and associated documents for this unit of competency. Please read all parts of this
package to ensure that you complete and manage the process correctly. This assessment tools
address the mandatory requirements of the unit of competency including, evidence
requirements, range statements and the required skills and knowledge to achieve the learning
outcomes indicated in the document. Performance criteria are described below. The contents of
this unit will contain some or all of the following as required:
ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
1 Plan1.1and Access, interpret and apply traffic management documentation and ensure the work
prepare to activity is compliant
implement
1.2 Obtain, read, interpret, clarify and confirm work requirements
traffic
managem 1.3 Identify, address and report potential risks, hazards and environmental issues and
ent plan implement control measures
1.4 Select and wear personal protective equipment appropriate for the work activity
1.5 Identify, obtain and implement traffic control signage and devices
1.6 Select, and check for faults, tools and equipment to carry out tasks
1.7 Identify, confirm and apply environmental protection requirements
1.8 Check the designated traffic controllers’ training and qualifications for currency
1.9 Advise traffic controllers of the traffic flow requirements
2 Set out 2.1 Select traffic guidance scheme to suit site conditions, traffic volumes and work activities
the traffic
2.2 Determine and ensure adherence to work schedule, maximum traffic delays, signals and
guidance
site communications
scheme
2.3 Ensure signs and devices are correctly positioned on the approaches to the work area
2.4 Ensure that signs and devices are positioned and displayed on each approach
2.5 Ensure signs and devices are positioned and displayed laterally
2.6 Ensure traffic is controlled effectively to protect the work crew
3 Monitor 3.1 Ensure traffic flow is monitored and effectiveness of guidance scheme determined
traffic
3.2 Monitor work activities and provide guidance to adjust scheme
guidance
scheme 3.3 Apply process for dealing with traffic controllers who fail to adhere to approved procedures
3.4 Apply procedures to deal with offending motorists
4 Close 4.1 Ensure traffic is controlled to protect work crew removing traffic control devices
down
4.2 Ensure signs are removed in sequence to provide maximum warning during removal
traffic
guidance 4.3 Ensure guidance scheme details are recorded and reported as required
scheme
4.4 Ensure incidents are recorded and reported as required
5 Clean up 5.1 Ensure work area is appropriately cleared

5.2 Ensure tools and equipment are cleaned, checked, maintained and stored

UNIT DESCRIPTOR
RIIWHS302D Implement traffic management plan
This unit covers the competency required to implement a traffic management plans in the civil
construction industry. It includes: planning and preparing; setting out, monitoring and closing
down the traffic guidance scheme; and cleaning up.
ASSESSMENT
Overall Assessment Requirements
The instructional outcomes required at the completion of this training are satisfactory for each
form of evidence resulting in competent. If you do not achieve the required outcomes of
competent, for this assessment you will be required to re sit a supplementary examination within
a reasonable time of the original examination date.
To achieve successful completion of this unit you should achieve a minimum of 3 forms of
assessment. Below are some of the forms of evidence that can be used.
1. Written Assessment
2. Third party reports (usually by your employer or supervisor)
3. Workshop/ On Site Activity (generally referred to as “Practical Assessment”)
4. Logbook Evidence (a record of the tasks you carry out for each unit)
Theory Examination
During the period of this learning you will be required to complete a written theory examination
to establish the level of understanding of technical content.
Self Checks
Self-checks are to be completed on pages provided when requested by your trainer. These
exercises are used mainly as a learning tool; they may form part of your overall assessment if
deemed necessary by your Trainer.
Verbal Questions
Verbal questions may be used and recorded to establish your level of knowledge of the
competencies of this learning package.
Practical Observation / Assessment
Practical may be assessed in either of the following formats: -
1. Practical observations will be undertaken in the workplace. Where the assessor observes the
student completing a task in the workplace the observation will be recorded in the observation
checklist.
2. Where a student is not able to undertake an activity in the workplace a simulated practical
activity will be setup by the assessor. (Refer to the practical exercises outlined in this Student
Learning Resource.) The observation checklist will be used to record the student’s
performances.
Where a student undertakes an activity in the workplace and the trainer is not able to be present
the employer / supervisor will confirm the activity on the Third Party Report. The student and
employer / supervisor will provide photographic evidence of the activity with an explanation of
the task undertaken.

The assessor will contact the student by phone or face to face to question the student about the
activity to confirm the students understanding and skills. The outcome of this contact will be
recorded in the Practical Assessment.
Log Book or Training Record Book
It is the responsibility and requirement for the learner to complete the training record based on
the on-the-job and structured training tasks received by the employer or Supervising Registered
Training Organisation (SRTO) or as indicated in the training plan, which may be produced to the
employer and SRTO at reasonable intervals of not more than 3 months. Log Book evidence
from your employer and other forms of evidence relating to this unit of competency will
contribute to the outcome of this learning package. If the required activity is not part of your
employer’s scope of activity you will be required to complete the skill learning process within a
simulated environment. Logbook evidence must reflect the “Elements” shown for this unit.
Results
A statement of Attainment may be printed for this unit if required, but in general your
achievement of this unit will be recorded and presented to you on completion of the entire
qualification. Your certificate will record all the units you have completed.
RPL and Acceleration
Recognition of prior learning is available to all students. This provides an opportunity for being
credited for previous learning. Acceleration provides an opportunity to reduce the allocated
learning hours for this unit of competency. There is a separate RPL kit for this process.
Methodology
This unit may be provided as a separate learning instruction or provided with other units of
competency in a practical or theoretical learning experience.
Due care
Every care has been taken to ensure that the information in this learning guide is correct, but
trainers are advised to check the currency and the relevance of the content to their own training
package.
Copyright protects this publication. Except for purpose permitted by the Copyright Act 1968,
reproduction, adaptation, electronic storage and communication to the public is prohibited
without prior written permission.
Pre-requisites
Pre-requisite units: No prerequisites are listed although the possession of a White Card would be
essential to enter any construction site including Civil Road Construction.
Feedback to the learner
The trainer will provide feedback to the learner on the progress of assessment
This learning package is intended for use by those completing the Competency Unit -
RIIWHS302D Implement traffic management plan as part of Basic Stream Skills within the
Civil Construction Skills Stream of the National Competency Framework.

Traffic Management for
Construction or Maintenance
Work
Code of Practice 2008
Workplace Health and Safety

Queensland Department of
Justice and Attorney-General

This Queensland code of practice was preserved as a code of practice under section 284 of
the Work Health and Safety Act 2011.
This code was varied by the Minister for Education and Industrial Relations on 27 November
2011 and published in the Queensland Government Gazette on 2 December 2011.
This preserved code commences on 1 January 2012.
PN11191
© The State of Queensland (Department of Justice and Attorney-General) 2011

Copyright protects this document. The State of Queensland has no objection to this material
being reproduced, but asserts its right to be recognised as author of the original material and
the right to have the material unaltered.
The material presented in this publication is distributed by the Queensland Government as an
information source only. The State of Queensland makes no statements, representations, or
warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this publication, and
the reader should not rely on it. The Queensland Government disclaims all responsibility and all
liability (including, without limitation, liability in negligence) for all expenses, losses, damages and
costs you might incur as a result of the information being inaccurate or incomplete in any way, and
for any reason.

1. Introduction
This Traffic Management for Construction or Maintenance Work Code of
Practice is an approved code of practice under section 274 of the Work Health
and Safety Act 2011 (the Act).
An approved code of practice is a practical guide to achieving the standards of
health, safety and welfare required under the Act and the Work Health and Safety
Regulation 2011 (the Regulation).
A code of practice applies to anyone who has a duty of care in the circumstances
described in the code. In most cases, following an approved code of practice
would achieve compliance with the health and safety duties in the Act, in relation
to the subject matter of the code. Like regulations, codes of practice deal with
particular issues and do not cover all hazards or risks which may arise. The health
and safety duties require duty holders to consider all risks associated with work,
not only those for which regulations and codes of practice exist.
Codes of practice are admissible in court proceedings under the Act and
Regulation. Courts may regard a code of practice as evidence of what is known
about a hazard, risk or control and may rely on the code in determining what is
reasonably practicable in the circumstances to which the code relates.
Compliance with the Act and Regulation may be achieved by following another
method, such as a technical or an industry standard, if it provides an equivalent or
higher standard of work health and safety than the code.
An inspector may refer to an approved code of practice when issuing an
improvement or prohibition notice.
How is the code organised
In providing guidance, the word ‘should’ is used in this Code to indicate a
recommended course of action, while ‘may’ is used to indicate an optional
course of action.
This Code also includes various references to provisions of the Act and Regulation
which set out the legal requirements. These references are not exhaustive. The
words ‘must’, ‘requires’ or ‘mandatory’ indicate that a legal requirement exists and
must be complied with.
Who has duties?

A person conducting a business or undertaking has the primary duty under
the Act to ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, that workers and other
persons are not exposed to health and safety risks arising from the business or
undertaking.
Officers, such as company directors, have a duty to exercise due diligence to
ensure that the business or undertaking complies with the Act and Regulation. This
includes taking reasonable steps to ensure that the business or undertaking has
and uses appropriate resources and processes to provide and maintain a safe work
environment.
Workers have a duty to take reasonable care for their own health and safety and
that they do not adversely affect the health and safety of other persons. Workers
must comply with any reasonable instruction and cooperate with any reasonable
policy or procedure relating to health and safety at the workplace.

Consulting workers
Consultation involves sharing of information, giving workers a reasonable
opportunity to express views and taking those views into account before making
decisions on health and safety matters.
The Act requires that you consult, so far as is reasonably practicable, with
workers who carry out work for you who are (or are likely to be) directly affected
by a work health and safety matter.
If the workers are represented by a health and safety representative, the
consultation must involve that representative.
You must consult your workers when proposing any changes to the work that
may affect their health and safety.
Consulting, cooperating and coordinating activities with other duty holders
The Act requires that you consult, cooperate and coordinate activities with all other
persons who have a work health or safety duty in relation to the same matter, so
far as is reasonably practicable
Sometimes you may share responsibility for a health and safety matter with other
business operators who are involved in the same activities or who share the same
workplace. In these situations, you should exchange information to find out who is
doing what and work together in a cooperative and coordinated way so that all risks
are eliminated or minimised as far as reasonably practicable.
Further guidance on consultation is available in the Work Health and Safety
Consultation, Coordination and Cooperation Code of Practice.
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this code is to assist persons to manage workplace health and
safety risks posed by traffic to workers and other persons while construction or
maintenance work is occurring on, or adjacent to, roads.
1.2 What is this code of practice about?
This code of practice:
● provides information about some of the hazards and risks associated
with traffic management for construction or maintenance work
● provides information on traffic control measures
● clarifies the roles and responsibilities of traffic controllers and associated
persons, and
● provides recommendations for training in the application of the Manual of
Uniform Traffic Control Devices Part 3 (MUTCD Part 3) for persons associated
with construction or maintenance work on, or adjacent to, a road.
1.3 Scope of application
This code applies to traffic management for construction or maintenance
work on, or adjacent to, a road.
The following examples are provided as a guide, and should not be
considered as an exhaustive list.

Construction work includes:
● Building a new road
● Repairing a road
● Resealing or resurfacing a road
● Resheeting a gravel road
● Laying drainage pipes
● Repairing footpaths, and
● Excavation and landscaping associated with the previous activities.
Maintenance work includes:

● mowing the median strip of a road
● trimming trees on a median strip or footpath
● undertaking work on underground or overhead services or utilities.
The code does not apply to activities performed by persons that do not relate to
construction or maintenance work, such as:
● police officers performing rostered duty, overtime or special duties
● the driver of a tow truck retrieving a broken down vehicle
● a garbage truck driver picking up rubbish
● or a taxi carrying passengers.
1.4 Legislation
In order to understand relevant workplace health and safety requirements for work
associated with construction or maintenance work on roads, a person must consider
and understand the following legislation:
● Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (the Act)
● Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (the Regulation)
● Electrical Safety Act 2002
● Electrical Safety Regulation 2002
● Transport Operations (Road Use Management) Act 1995
- s 72a Way to install official traffic sign
- s 166(2) Official traffic sign approvals
● Transport Operations (Road Use Management-Accreditation and Other
Provisions) Regulation 2005
● How to Manage Work Health and Safety Risks Code of Practice
● Hazardous Manual Tasks Code of Practice
● Plant Code of Practice
● Tunnelling Code of Practice
● Managing Noise and Preventing Hearing Loss Code of Practice Code of Practice
● Concrete Pumping Code of Practice
● Mobile Crane Code of Practice
● Tower Crane Code of Practice
● Tilt-up and Pre-Cast Construction Industry Code of Practice
● Formwork Code of Practice

2. Construction and maintenance work
2.1 Introduction
The Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (the Regulation) defines construction work
on, or adjacent to, a road, as high risk construction work. A project that involves
construction work where the cost is more than $250 000 is a construction project. A
person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) that commissions a construction
project is the principal contractor for the project. However, this person may choose to
appoint another PCBU as principal contractor for the construction project and authorise
that person to have management or control of the workplace and to discharge the duties of
a principal contractor. The principal contractor has additional requirements under the
Regulation to those of a PCBU conducting high risk construction work. The information
contained in this section will assist principal contractors and PCBUs to identify these
requirements.
2.2 Principal contractors for construction projects
The following list of requirements is not exhaustive, and reference should be made to the
Act and the Regulation for all the duties of principal contractors. As a principal contractor
is also a PCBU, the principal contractor must also comply with the duties of a PCBU.
Principal contractors performing construction work on roads or road-related areas must:
● Prepare a written WHS management plan, in accordance with the Regulation before
work on the project starts
● Ensure that each person who is to carry out construction work in connection with the
project is informed about the WHS management plan
● Keep a copy of the WHS plan for the project in accordance with the Regulation
● Take all reasonable steps to obtain a copy of the safe work method statement relating
to high risk construction work before the high risk construction work starts.
The preparation of a traffic management plan or traffic guidance scheme, in accordance
with the requirements and recommendations of the MUTCD Part 3, should form part of, or
an attachment to, the WHS management plan.
2.3 PCBUs for construction work
A PCBU for high risk construction work must ensure a safe work method statement is
prepared for the work. The safe work method statement is a written statement prepared
by, or under the direction of, the PCBU, that in part:
● Identifies work that is high risk construction work
● Specifies hazards relating to high risk construction work and risks to health and safety
associated with those hazards
● Describes the measures to be implemented to control the risks
(example of a control measure to be used - the relevant person will, when working on
or near a road, comply with the mutcd part 3), and
● Describes how the control measures will be implemented, monitored and reviewed.
A safe work method statement for high risk construction work may be a generic safe work
method statement prepared for workplaces, where the activity is to be performed in the
same way, in the same or similar circumstances. As traffic controllers are performing high
risk construction work, a safe work method statement must also be prepared for that work.
Reference should also be made to the Regulation that outlines the requirements for safe
work method statements. A sample safe work method statement for work on, or adjacent
to, a road, is contained in Appendix 2.

2.4 PCBUs for maintenance work
The PCBU is not required to complete safe work method statements for work other than
construction work on roads or road-related areas, but is still required to manage the health
and safety of their workers.
A PCBU has a duty to ensure the health and safety of workers, so far as is reasonably
practicable. PCBUs also have the same duty of care to any other people who may be at
risk from work carried out by the business.
The How to Manage Work Health and Safety Risks Code of Practice provides practical
guidance for persons who have duties under the Act to manage risks to health and safety.
2.5 Workers and other persons
Workers and other persons at a workplace also have the following duties at work under
the Act:
● To take reasonable care for their own health and safety and that of others who may be
affected by their actions or omissions
● To comply and cooperate with any reasonable instructions given by the pcbu and any
reasonable policy or procedure of the pcbu to comply with the act or regulation.
3. Risk management
3.1 Introduction
The most obvious hazard to persons undertaking construction work or maintenance activities on,
or adjacent to, a road, is the risk of death or injury resulting from coming into contact with vehicular
traffic or moving plant. Appropriate control measures for these risks are outlined in sections 4-7 of
this code. In addition, there are other hazards and risks identified in section 8 of this code that may
be relevant to the work.
Nonetheless, the risk management process outlined in the Regulation and the How to Manage
Work Health and Safety Risks Code of Practice must be followed in order to identify all hazards
and risks.
3.2 Risk management
Risk management involves the identification and analysis of all hazards likely to arise
during work on roads, including the setting up, operating, changing and ultimate
dismantling of a traffic guidance scheme, followed by the determination of appropriate
measures to manage exposure to the risks. The process is appropriate at all levels of
planning and operation, including when preparing:
● Standardised plans and procedures for the conduct of minor routine and mobile work, and
● Traffic guidance schemes for more extensive or complex work, where site-specific risks will
assume importance.
In each case, the process should be carried out by first identifying all the hazards likely to
arise, and evaluating them for the likelihood of occurrence and adverse consequences,
using historical data, experience or other means. The proposed procedural statement or
traffic guidance scheme should then be checked in detail to ensure that adequate means
of controlling or reducing those risks found to be significant, are in place.
4. Traffic management
4.1 Introduction
In busy built-up areas, speeding motorists, cyclists, pedestrians and workers all interact
with construction vehicles, heavy equipment, attenuator trucks and road pavers within the
road construction site. In more remote areas, it is not uncommon for a road worker to be
working alone, often not visible, protected only by traffic cones and speed signs.
There are numerous ways to control the risks associated with working on roads or road-
related areas. Following are some examples of a number of traffic control measures that
may be considered:
● Road closures
● Footpath closures
● Detours
● Signing
● Traffic controllers.
When considering control measures such as road or footpath closures, advice and
approvals should be obtained from relevant authorities, including the local council, where
the work is to be conducted, or the Queensland Police Service.
4.2 Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices Part 3 (MUTCD Part 3)
The MUTCD Part 3 provides the technical background and guidance for the placement of
temporary traffic control signs and devices used at road works. The MUTCD Part 3 also
provides standard diagrams for traffic guidance schemes across a range of work activities
and worksites. Selection processes are provided that use tables of key site information
including:
● Lane configuration
● Traffic volume
● Approach speed
● Type of work.
These selection processes are used to guide a principal contractor or relevant person to
select the most appropriate traffic guidance scheme for a particular situation. However, it
should be noted that the traffic guidance schemes provided in the MUTCD Part 3 may not
be appropriate for every situation, and it may be necessary to design a scheme that is
suitable for the individual worksite in question.
4.3 Responsibilities
There is a primary duty to provide a safe workplace environment that minimises the risk of
injury to workers within, or adjacent to, the work area. Principal contractors or PCBUs
responsible for construction or maintenance work, in accordance with the MUTCD Part 3,
need to be aware of their responsibilities for the potential for injury to road users, or
damage to property, as a result of this work.
It is the responsibility of a principal contractor or PCBUs, in accordance with the MUTCD
Part 3, to ensure that:
● All signs and traffic control devices for construction work or maintenance activities are
erected, and
● The placement of speed restriction signing and protective barriers are erected.
Steps should be taken to warn the public of adverse conditions, and to guard, delineate,
and, where necessary, illuminate work, which may pose a hazard to road users. Care
should also be taken to avoid, wherever possible, long delays or detours which may cause
unnecessary inconvenience to road users. Principal contractors and PCBUs carrying out
construction or maintenance work on roads that require the use of a traffic guidance
scheme should:
● Be mindful of their responsibility to provide a safe workplace for personnel and plant
under their control, and safe and convenient travelling conditions for road users
● Ensure that all personnel at a worksite are aware of their responsibilities, and that
traffic controllers are appropriately trained and informed of their duties, and
● Be familiar with, and act in accordance with, the provisions of the MUTCD Part 3.

4.4 Planning
Careful consideration should be given to the signing of the worksite, no matter how
brief the occupation of the site may be. This should include:
● Protection of workers
● Provision of adequate warning of changes in surface condition, and the
presence of personnel or plant engaged in work on the road
● Adequate instruction of road users and their safe guidance through, around
or past the worksite, and
● Safe access and egress to and from the worksite.
Five important basic principles, to be observed, are as follows:

(i) Signs and devices shall be appropriate to the conditions at the worksite, and
shall be used in accordance with the MUTCD Part 3, unless a risk
assessment by a competent person indicates that an alternative
arrangement is satisfactory.
(ii) Signs and devices shall be erected and displayed before work
commences at a worksite.
(iii) Signs and devices shall be regularly checked and maintained in a
satisfactory condition.
(iv) Signs and devices shall be removed from a worksite as soon as practicable.
However, appropriate signs should remain in place until all work (including
loose stone removal and line marking following bituminous surfacing) has
been completed.
(v) Records shall be kept of all work’s signing and delineation at roadway or part-
roadway closures.
An example of a road signing checklist is outlined in Appendix 3.
4.5 Traffic plans

A variety of standard plans/diagrams are provided for selection in the MUTCD
Part 3, designed to illustrate the application of traffic control devices as they
apply to various worksite situations and circumstances.
These diagrams indicate the appropriate positions of the signs and devices
required to guide traffic safely around, through or past the worksite. Worksite
situations that are not specifically covered by a diagram should be designed
according to the principles outlined in the MUTCD Part 3. Refer to Appendix 4 for a
sample standard diagram (Traffic Guidance Scheme).
Plans should be prepared for:

● Short-term and mobile work. Planning in these cases should comprise the
development of procedures and the provision of appropriate sets of signs and
devices to cover all of the routine tasks the workers will encounter.
● Work involving relatively simple part-roadway closures. Planning in these
cases should comprise a minimum requirement to sketch the protective devices
and delineation required on a road construction or similar plan, and to prepare a
list of devices required for the job.
● Complex traffic arrangements. Planning in these cases should comprise:
- Plans showing temporary traffic paths, their delineation and the position of
traffic control or warning devices, or on multi-stage works, a separate set of
plans for each stage
- Details of after hours traffic arrangements, on separate plans, if required, and
- All necessary instructions for the installation, operation, between-stage
rearrangement and ultimate removal of devices at the conclusion of the job,
planned well before the job starts, or before the start of the stage to which
they apply, so that there is enough time to obtain any special devices or
approvals needed.
All essential aspects of traffic plans are to be considered in the following
order, and incorporated into the plan, if relevant.
4.5.1 Traffic demand
Determine the capacity required to accommodate traffic demand at an acceptable
level of service and convenience to road users and to decide on the amount of road
space which must remain open, and where applicable, the times of day when
greater amounts of road space are needed to handle higher traffic volumes (e.g.
urban peak periods).
4.5.2 Traffic routing

Select the appropriate means of routing traffic at the site, i.e. through, around or
past the site, or a combination of these, and ensuring that all required traffic
movements are provided for.
4.5.3 Traffic control

Determine the need for traffic control by:
● Traffic controller
● Traffic signals (portable or permanent)
● Police
● Other means.
4.5.4 Other road users
Determine the need to make provisions for road users, other than vehicular traffic,
including:
● Pedestrians, including people with disabilities, where appropriate
● Bicycles
● School children
● Local residents
● Emergency vehicles.
4.5.5 Special vehicle requirements

Determine the need to provide for vehicles, such as:
● Buses, including stops and terminals
● Over-dimensional vehicles (e.g. Vehicles which, together with their load, are
wider or longer than standard)
● Restricted vehicles (e.g. Vehicles which, although within legal limits, are
permitted to use only specified routes).
Depending on circumstances, movement of traffic may be achieved in one of the
following ways:
● Through the work area, by intermingling with workers or plant
● Past the work area by means of a delineated path alongside, but clear of the
work area, and
● Around the work area by a detour, which may be via a side track, or an existing road.

5. Roles and responsibilities of traffic controllers and associated persons
5.1 Function of a traffic controller
The function of a traffic controller is to direct traffic in a way stated in the following:
● Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices Part 3 (MUTCD Part 3)
● Traffic Controller Accreditation Scheme – Approved Procedure (TCASAP)
● Transport Operations (Road Use Management – Accreditation and Other
Provisions) Regulation 2005 (TORUM Regulation).
A traffic controller shall direct traffic at and/or through a worksite, or other event
in a manner specified in the approved operating procedure for the safety of all
road users and road workers.
5.2 Responsibilities of a traffic controller
Accredited traffic controllers are required to operate at the highest standards and
to comply with the statutory conditions of their appointment.
A traffic controller must:
● Maintain a zero percent blood/alcohol concentration while performing traffic
control functions
● Not perform traffic control functions while adversely affected by a drug
or other medication causing functional impairment
● Not direct traffic through a worksite, unless the worksite has an approach
speed of 60 km/hr or less, as specified in the mutcd part 3
● Ensure that the traffic controller ahead/prepare to stop sign is erected correctly,
at the beginning of the shift, and direct traffic at and/or through a worksite, or
other event as specified in the approved operating procedure for traffic
● Only use equipment specified in the mutcd part 3 to direct or divert traffic
through a worksite, and
● Ensure that the traffic controller ahead/prepare to stop sign is removed
when work is suspended throughout a shift, or completed for the day.
Mobile phones should not be used in any circumstances while directing traffic
control operations.
To remain a traffic controller, a person must:
● Carry out the functions of a traffic controller as specified in this code of practice
and the TCASAP
● Comply with the conditions and responsibilities outlined in this code of practice
and the TCASAP
● Carry their Queensland Transport issued Traffic Controller Accreditation
Scheme accreditation identity card at all times while working as a traffic
controller
● Present their accreditation identity card, upon request, to any:
- Police Officer
- Queensland Transport Inspector
- Workplace Health and Safety Queensland Inspector
- Department of Main Roads Auditor
- Department of Main Roads Safety Officer/Coordinator
- Supervisor
- Person in control of the workplace where the traffic controller is working.

-
● Comply with the dress code provisions outlined in the TCASAP
● Be polite and courteous at all times when interacting with other road users as
part of their duties, and
● Renew their accreditation by the expiry date after having completed an
approved traffic controller refresher training course delivered by an approved
traffic controller training provider.
5.3 Responsibilities of PCBUs who employ traffic controllers
PCBUs who employ traffic controllers must use only accredited traffic controllers to
perform traffic control duties.
PCBUs who employ traffic controllers must not ask a traffic controller to do
anything that may cause the person to:
● Breach the statutory conditions of their appointment/accreditation
● Breach the conditions of appointment stated in the person’s instrument of
appointment
● Breach the terms and conditions of the tcasap
● Breach the requirements of this code of practice, and
● Operate in unsafe conditions.
PCBUs who employ traffic controllers should ensure that workers not only have the
required accreditation to perform traffic control duties, but they also have sufficient
experience to operate safely and efficiently in the traffic control area in which they
are allocated.
5.4 Responsibilities of approved traffic controller training providers

Traffic controller training providers are approved by the Department of Transport
and Main Roads to deliver traffic controller training.
Approved traffic controller training providers are responsible for:
● Delivering the Department of Transport and Main Roads approved traffic
controller training course
● Assessing traffic control competencies of course attendants
● Certifying that training requirements have been met
● Maintaining a register of course attendees, and
● Maintaining the original course assessments for auditing purposes.
The Department of Transport and Main Roads may conduct random and triggered
desktop and onsite audits of approved traffic controller training providers, to
ensure that contracted traffic controller training is delivered to an acceptable
standard.
If, as a result of a Department of Transport and Main Roads audit or investigation,
it is considered that the standard of training and/or delivery methods fail to meet
accepted industry standards, the Department of Transport and Main Roads may
initiate proceedings against the approved traffic controller training provider, to show
cause why their contract to deliver traffic control training should not be terminated.
Where it is proven that the standard of training and/or delivery methods fail to meet
accepted industry standards, the Department of Transport and Main Roads may
terminate an approved traffic controller training provider’s contract to deliver traffic
controller training courses.

6. Training and accreditation
6.1 Introduction
Where legislative requirements dictate that a licence or accreditation is required to
perform a specific activity, a person must comply with those requirements. All other
people who are required to perform duties associated with road works should have
suitable training to perform those duties.
6.2 General construction safety induction training
All PCBUs and workers doing construction work in Queensland must have
successfully completed a general construction safety induction training course,
recognised by Queensland law. All workers should be also be provided with site-
specific induction for the workplace before they start construction work.
6.3 Level of MUTCD Part 3 training
Workers working on, or adjacent to, a road should be provided with training in
the basic application of the MUTCD Part 3.
Persons required to design and/or implement a traffic management plan should be
trained in the advanced application of the MUTCD Part 3, provided by approved
training providers.
Persons required to audit traffic management plans and/or road worksites, should
be trained in the advanced application of the MUTCD Part 3 and auditing
processes provided by approved training providers.
7. Record keeping
7.1 Records
Supervisory personnel engaged in construction or maintenance work which
requires the use of a traffic guidance scheme, should keep the following records:
● Daily records of the sign arrangement, or traffic guidance scheme should be
kept in a diary or in work sheets. Special attention should be given to recording
the installation, alteration and removal of all regulatory signs and devices,
including speed restriction signs. For short-term construction or maintenance
work, reference to the diagram number(s) in the MUTCD Part 3, which
generally applies to the layout used, or to a documented procedure, will
usually be sufficient. The records should include the hours of operation and
surface condition of the road. Any significant changes or additions to, the signs
and devices included in the relevant diagram(s) should also be noted.
● In the case of accidents, either witnessed or reported, involving the public or
from which legal proceedings might arise, the actual type, size and location of
signs and devices in use at the time of the accident should be recorded, and the
sign arrangement photographed for subsequent reporting. Details of the actual
width and condition of the travelled path and weather conditions should also be
recorded.
7.2 Daily routine tasks
The following sets out recommended procedures and guidelines for the daily
routine tasks and inspections required for the overall safety and smooth operation
of a traffic guidance scheme.

7.3 General
Supervisory personnel should establish a daily routine, allocating specific tasks to
workers and supervisors, so that:
● Loss of production time is minimised
● Plant operations are not disrupted
● Signing at all times is adequate for the safety of workers and traffic, and
● The surface of the travelled path is maintained in a satisfactory condition.
A supervisor’s role in this routine procedure is coordination, inspection and

correction.
7.4 Before work starts
The following routine should be undertaken before work starts each day:
● Inspect all traffic signs and devices and make a note of signs out of place or
damaged during the night, for subsequent rectification
● Inspect all water-ballasted safety barrier or containment fence modules and
make a note of any out of position modules, low water levels and damaged
modules, for subsequent rectification, and
● Check for safety and effectiveness by an inspection drive through job after
adjustments have been made to the traffic management provisions for the day,
and make a record of the signs erected and their locations.
7.5 During work hours
The following routine should be followed while work is in progress:
● Periodically drive through the worksite to check that all signs, markings and
delineation devices, as seen by other road users, are satisfactory and in their
correct position
● Attend to any minor problems, as they occur
● Move personnel clear of the work area during work breaks (e.g. Tea breaks);
park plant clear of traffic lanes, and remove from view or cover inappropriate
signs such as traffic controller ahead/prepare to stop or workers (symbolic), if
workers leave the site or cannot be seen
● Instruct traffic controllers to remain on the job and relieve them as
necessary, where there are traffic hazards, or where only one lane is open
to traffic
● Reposition barriers, signs and tapers as necessary (e.g. Adjust the length of
single lane traffic operation, as necessary, to keep it to a minimum), keep
records of changes made, and the time these occurred, and
● Coordinate maintenance of the travelled path with other job operations.
7.6 Closing down at the end of the day
The following action is required at the end of the day’s work:
● Carry out pre-closedown inspection, allowing time for urgent
maintenance to the travelled path
● Remove traffic controller ahead/prepare to stop, workers (symbolic) and other
inappropriate signs
● Affix and light lamps on advance signs, if appropriate
● Drive through the worksite to confirm that signs and devices are in position and
operating before leaving the site, and
● Record any changes that have been made to the previously recorded sign
arrangement or traffic guidance scheme.

7.7 After hours
During the hours when work is suspended:
● Make arrangements for workers to check lamps after dark and to maintain
the lamp system during weekends and holidays
● Provide after hours contact so that arrangements can be made to replace
damaged signs, delineators or barriers
● Ensure that a record is kept of signs found damaged, missing or out of place
(and their location) at night, weekend or holiday inspections, and
● Carry out periodic after dark inspections on low headlight beam to ensure that
all devices are visible and working properly.
8. General hazards and risks
8.1 Introduction
This section illustrates some of the general hazards and risks that may be
encountered while performing construction or maintenance work on, or adjacent to,
a road.
8.2 Working in low light or at night time
Workers required to work at night, or in low light, may be exposed to a number
of risks including:
● Being struck by moving vehicles
● Slipping, tripping and falling.
Examples of controlling the hazards and risks when working at night or in low light
include:
● Having at least two workers working at any time
● Providing additional lighting
● Wearing fluorescent and/or retro reflective clothing including vests and gaiters.
8.3 Sun and heat
People who spend a lot of time in the sun risk developing:
● Skin cancer
● Other skin disorders
● Eye injuries
● Heat stress
● Heat-related illnesses.
Every workplace should carry out its own assessment of sun exposure, identify
tasks that place workers at risk, and control workers’ sun exposure.
Heat stress occurs when heat is absorbed from the environment faster than the
body can get rid of it. Several factors may contribute to heat stress, such as the:
● Type of work activity
● Surrounding air temperature/humidity level, and
● Physical condition of the individual.
Some examples of controlling exposure to sun and heat are:
● Wearing personal protection (e.g. Sunscreen, sunglasses, and suitable clothing)
● Taking precautions and setting time limits spent working in the sun during
summer’s highest risk time – between 9 am and 3 pm
● Reorganising work schedules so that outdoor tasks are done early in the
morning or late in the day

● Rotating or job-share tasks that involve direct sun exposure
● Implementing easy ‘sun smart’ policies, such as a directive that workers drive with
their vehicle windows up between 9 am and 3 pm
● Planning the work around the movement of the sun, (e.g. Do outdoor work on the
western and northern side of a building in the morning, and work on the eastern and
southern sides in the afternoon)
● Taking rest or meal breaks in shady areas
● Drinking plenty of cool water
● Adjusting the workload gradually when starting or returning to work in hot
conditions; generally, the process takes about a week
● Wearing specialised liquid or air-cooled clothing in extreme conditions
● Screening workers for heat tolerance
● Following a doctor’s advice before working in hot conditions if you are on any
medication such as:
- Sedatives
- Tranquilisers
- Antidepressants
- Amphetamines
- Antispasmodics
- Diuretics
- Medication affecting blood pressure, and
● Having a plan in place for treating heat affected workers.
Information on sun safety and heat stress is available on www.worksafe.qld.gov.au.
8.4 Fatigue
Fatigue is mental or physical exhaustion that prevents a person functioning normally.
However, fatigue is more than just feeling tired or drowsy.
Fatigue is caused by prolonged periods of physical and/or mental exertion without enough
time to rest and recover. The level of fatigue varies and depends on factors such as:
● Workload
● Length of shift
● Previous hours and days worked
● Time of day or night worked.
The effects of fatigue include:
● A decrease in performance and productivity
● An increase in the potential for incidents and injuries to occur.
Examples of controlling risks associated with fatigue include:
● Limiting shift work to core duties that must be completed at night
● Redesigning work practices so routine administrative tasks are minimised for night
shift workers
● Scheduling later start times, so that the worker has a maximum nights sleep before
starting work, but without affecting the night shift workers
● Scheduling low risk work during periods of high fatigue
● Scheduling complex tasks to be performed only during the day
● Providing sufficient supervision, particularly during periods of high fatigue, and
especially for hazardous work
● Having contingency plans to remove fatigued workers from work activities, where
there is a considerable risk to workplace health and safety
● Having effective emergency responses in place
● Implementing strict controls and procedures for workers performing
hazardous work during high fatigue periods
● Rotating jobs particularly for repetitive tasks, or work that involves heavy
physical demands
● Providing workers with information on the symptoms of fatigue, and
● Encouraging all workers to identify the early signs of fatigue in workmates.
Information on fatigue is available on www.worksafe.qld.gov.au.
8.5 Slips, trips and falls
There are a number of factors that can contribute to the risk of slips, trips and falls,
including:
● Contaminants
● Floor surfaces
● Cleaning
● Obstacles and other trip hazards
● Environment
● People and activity
● Footwear.
It is usually a combination of these factors that create the risk of a slip or trip. Slips
usually occur when there is a loss of grip between the shoe and the ground surface. This
commonly occurs when there is a contaminant between the shoe and the surface.
Trips occur when a person’s foot hits a low obstacle in the person’s path, causing a loss
of balance. Often the obstacle is not easily visible or noticed.
Examples of controlling risks associated with slips, trips and falls include:
● Removing slip and trip hazards at the design stage
● Limiting access to high risk areas
● Marking clearly any changes in ground surface
● Implementing good housekeeping practices, such as clear access ways and prompt
spills management
● Wearing suitable footwear
● Providing adequate control measures for people working on steep batters, and
● providing adequate lighting for the task.
Information on slips, trips and falls can be found in the Workplace Health and Safety
Queensland Guide to preventing slips, trips and falls available on www.worksafe.qld.gov.au.
8.6 Noise
Excessive noise is unwanted sound which may damage a person’s hearing. Excessive
noise is made up of two parts – the period of time you are exposed to the noise and the
loudness of the noise. Continuous noise exposure above 85 decibels during an eight-
hour day is considered to be excessive noise.
A noise assessment should be carried out when workers and others may be exposed
to excessive noise levels. The general aim of a noise assessment is to:
● Identify all people likely to be exposed to excessive noise
● Obtain information on noise sources and associated work practices
● Check the effectiveness of measures taken to reduce noise exposure
● Choose appropriate personal hearing protectors for persons exposed to risks from
excessive noise, and
● Define hearing protection areas at work.

Examples of controlling noise in the workplace are:
● Obtaining specifications relating to noise level emissions from the suppliers of
plant so appropriate levels of noise protection can be provided
● Redesigning machinery power sources to give quiet speed regulation
● Repairing loose and rotating parts, replacing worn bearings and gears,
and regular maintenance
● Reducing noise at the source, where appropriate, by adding:
- Noise barriers
- Noise enclosures
- Vibration isolation mountings
- Laggings
- Mufflers
- Silencers
● Organising schedules, so noisy work is done during a particular part of the shift,
or when as few people as possible are present
● Notifying people in advance when noisy work is to be carried out to limit their
exposure to it, and
● Providing hearing protection for workers.
Information on noise can be found in the Managing Noise and Preventing Hearing Loss at
Work Code of Practice available on www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au.
8.7 Recycled water
Water is used on roads and road-related areas for various purposes, including
dust control and filling plastic traffic barriers during construction work and
maintenance activities.
Workplaces usually obtain water for various processes from the drinking water
(potable water) supply mains. However, workplaces may also obtain water from
a variety of non- potable water sources including:
● Recycled water from sewage and waste water treatment plants
● Stormwater storages, including from dams, creeks, and rainwater tanks
● Greywater from showers and laundries
● Industrial processes, and
● Agricultural irrigation (e.g. Run-off water).
The quality of non-potable water will vary, depending on its source and the
level of treatment applied and may contain biological hazards, such as:
● Bacteria
● Viruses
● Protozoa
● Helminths (e.g. Worms)
● Chemical and metal residues.
Information on recycled water can be found in the Guide to the workplace use of non-
potable water including recycled waters’ available on www.worksafe.qld.gov.au.
Non-potable water, including recycled water, is considered to be a substance

under the Work Health and Safety Act 2011. Under the Act, manufacturers,
suppliers and users of non- potable water in a workplace have a duty to prevent
death, injury or illness being caused by the substance (i.e. non-potable water).

8.8 Inclement weather
Provided work is arranged to minimise hazards associated with wet weather,
and safe systems of work are followed, work at construction workplaces can
continue safely. The main factors which affect safe construction work in wet
weather are:
● Slippery, wet floor surfaces, steps and footholds
● Excavations caving in
● Electrical hazards - wet electrical cords, cables, sockets, power points
and power equipment
● Slippery tools, handles and other hand grip surfaces
● Reduced manual dexterity in some tasks
● Lightning strikes during thunderstorms, and
● Contamination from flooded sewerage systems.
If the weather is excessively cold, workers may be affected by reduced feeling and
function in the hands or feet, which could lead to inattentiveness and distraction,
increasing the risk of unsafe practices.
Wet, windy or cold weather does not necessarily make construction work
unsafe, provided safe systems of work can be implemented. These can include:
● Monitoring weather forecasts, so alternative tasks can be planned a day or
more ahead, and
● Ensuring all electric cables are raised to a safe height above the ground.
When planning long-term jobs, consider programming work, which could be
affected by rain, for drier months.
Special note should be made of the consequences that can result from lightning
strikes during thunderstorms. These lightning strikes have the ability to cause
death or serious injury to workers caught out in the open, especially to those
workers interacting with metal objects. A prime example is the traffic controller
holder a metal stop/go sign that can act as a lightning conductor.
Information on lightning protection can be found in AS/NZS 1768:2007.
8.9 Hazardous manual tasks
The Hazardous Manual Tasks Code of Practice provides practical guidance to PCBUs
on how to manage the risk of musculoskeletal disorders arising from hazardous manual
tasks in the workplace. It applies to all types of work and all workplaces where manual
tasks are carried out.
Manual tasks include activities requiring a person to:
● Grasp
● Manipulate
● Strike
● Throw
● Carry
● Move (lift, lower, push, pull)
● Hold or restrain an object, load or body part.
Examples of controlling risks associated with hazardous manual tasks include:
● Bending at the knees when lifting objects
● Obtaining the assistance of another worker
● Modifying the handling task.
Information on hazardous manual tasks can be found in the Hazardous Manual Tasks Code
of Practice available on www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au.

Appendices
Appendix 1: Dictionary
Associated persons means a PCBU or approved traffic controller training
provider of a traffic controller.
Authorised officer means a person who holds an appointment as an authorised
officer under Part 2 Section 20 of the Transport Operations (Road Use
Management) Act 1995, i.e. police officer, officers and employees of the public
service as appointed by the Chief Executive, other persons prescribed under a
regulation.
Competent person means, for performing an inspection or other task for a control
measure, a person who has acquired, through training, qualifications or experience,
the knowledge and skills to do the task in a safe way including knowledge of:
(a) Relevant Australian Standards; and
(b) Relevant codes of practice; and
(c) Other relevant legislation.
Construction work is defined in the Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011.
Daytime means any time between sunrise and sunset on the same day,
providing there is sufficient daylight to see a person or vehicle clearly at a
distance of 150 metres.
During hours of darkness means the period between sunset on a day and
sunrise on the next day, or when a person or vehicle in natural light cannot be
seen clearly at a distance of 150 metres.
Duty holder means a person who has a duty under Part 2 of the Work Health and
Safety Act 2011.
High risk construction work is defined in the Work Health and Safety
Regulation 2011.
Must means a mandatory condition.
MUTCD Part 3 means the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices Part 3. This
is the document administered by the Department of Main Roads outlining
principles of signing at road works, describing signs and devices used to effect
traffic guidance, planning and designing traffic guidance schemes, including the
installation, operation and removal of traffic guidance schemes.
Night time means during hours of darkness.
Principal contractor for construction work is defined in the Work Health and
Safety Regulation 2011.
Road includes:
(a) a bus way under the Transport Infrastructure Act 1994; and
(b) an area that is:
(i) open to or used by the public and is developed for or has as one of its uses,
the driving or riding of motor vehicles, whether on the payment of a fee or
otherwise; or
(ii) dedicated to public use as a road; and
(c) a road-related area; but
(d) does not include an area declared under regulation not to be a road.

Road-related area means:
(a) An area that divides a road; and
(b) A footpath or nature strip adjacent to a road; and
(c) An area that is not a road and that is open to the public and designated for use
by cyclists or animals; and
(d) An area that is not a road and that is open to or used by the public for driving,
riding or parking vehicles.
Safe work method statement is defined in the Work Health and Safety
Regulation 2011.
Should means an advisory, recommended, but not mandatory condition.
TCASAP means the Traffic Controller Accreditation Scheme Approved
Procedure.
Traffic means all vehicles, persons or animals travelling on a road.
WHS management plan is defined in the Work Health and Safety Regulation
2011.
Work area means an area where construction work is being done.
Worksite means an area which includes the work area(s) and any additional
length of road required for advance signing, tapers, side-tracks or other areas
needed for associated purposes.

Appendix 2: Sample safe work method statement
Safe work method statement ABN
High risk construction work Working on, or adjacent to, a road
If your work procedure or activity identifies the need to work on, or adjacent to, a road, then
it is high risk construction work, and you will need to develop a safe work method
statement.
The following is a generic safe work method statement. It cannot be used as a safe work
method statement onsite, unless the project specific section has been completed.
It must be reviewed prior to undertaking the activity, and all site-specific details must be
documented.
Control measures How to use control Monitor and Responsible

measures review officer
1. Road work signs will A road works signing layout Daily inspections to Sup
be erected prior to will be developed. be carried out and
work commencing. documented in
PM
project records.
All signs will be in
accordance with the MUTCD Signing layout to be
Part 3. approved before
work commences.
2. All workers will have General safety induction All training records Sup
general safety cards will be sighted and to be checked.
induction training recorded for all workers.
and a site- specific
All workers, including sub- Safety audits to Safety
induction before
contractors, will be given a include check on Coordinator
starting work.
site-specific induction. training and
induction records.
Site-specific induction
records will be kept for all
inductions.
3. Traffic controllers to All traffic controllers will be All traffic controller Sup
be used as required. certified by Queensland tickets are to be
Transport. checked and
recorded.
Traffic control will be
conducted in accordance with
the approved procedure.
4. Work zone and Work zones will be Traffic PM

separation delineated in accordance with Management Plan
distances to be the Traffic Management to be reviewed and
delineated. approved before

Control How to use control Monitor and review Responsible
measures measures officer
Plan. work commences.
All workers will remain within Supervisor to Sup

the work zone, unless traffic constantly check on
has been stopped by traffic workers and take
controllers. appropriate action.
Note: In the site-specific

section, detail traffic control
devices such as barriers.
5. All workers will All workers will wear high Supervisor to PM/Sup
wear appropriate visibility clothing, safety constantly check and
personal protective footwear, wide brim hat and take appropriate
clothing and any other equipment action for breaches.
equipment. identified in the risk
assessment.
6. All control Signs will be checked Sup
measures detailed before work starts
above will be each day and at
monitored and regular intervals
reviewed regularly during the day.
during the work.
These inspections Sup
are to be recorded.
Daily pre-start Sup

meetings will be held
to ensure all workers
are informed of
control measures.
Any failure of a All

control measure will
be reported to the
supervisor
immediately for
action.

Tick relevant boxes to indicate all occupational licences and certificates
employed for this activity on this project.
Approved by Manager: / /
(Safety and Risk Management) Signature Date

Project: Project manager:
How to use Monitor Resp
Control measures
control and review .
Describe the work activity measures
Either use a control If using a project office
where working on, or adjacent measure from the specific control r
to, a road is required. generic section above, measure, the
or develop a project method of
specific control monitor and
measure. review must be
documented, as
well as the
responsible
officer.
Project specific details

The following instructions are in addition to the standard safe work method
statement instructions above and are specific to this project only. This section must
be developed after a project specific risk assessment has been conducted, and
must take into account all hazards associated with the activity.
For further assistance/information contact your local Safety Coordinator/Officer.
For generic safe work method statements, the only section that can be edited is
the project specific details. If instructions in the generic section are not being
followed, this should be outlined in the project specific details and an alternative
method must be documented.
Approved by Project manager: / /

Signature Date

Appendix 3: Example of a road signing checklist
Site signing record
Date: Road: Suburb:
Time installed: am/pm Time removed: am/pm Chainage:
Lane closed: Left / Centre / Right Direction: In bound / Out bound
Lane closure changes required: Yes / No Lane changed to:
Visibility: Good / Poor Weather conditions: Fine / Dry / Wet / Cloudy / Fog / Night / Ice /
Left / Centre / Right Time: am/pm
Note: For night conditions traffic
Smokecones must have retro reflective bands fitted. Signs and
devices not listed below may be added to page 2
Position Number Distance from Time checked

Sign description
no installed previous sign 1 2 3 4
ROADWORK 1 km AHEAD
ROADWORK AHEAD
NIGHT - Supplementary plate for night work
80 kph - Speed reduction sign

ROAD PLANT AHEAD
WORKERS AHEAD
60 kph - Speed reduction sign (1.2 m to 3.0 m)
REDUCE SPEED
40 kph - Speed reduction sign (less than 1.2 m)
TWO LANE STATUS

THREE LANE STATUS
FOUR LANE STATUS
LATERAL SHIFT MARKERS
TRAFFIC CONTROLLER AHEAD
STOP/SLOW BAT
PREPARE TO STOP
TRAFFIC SIGNALS AHEAD
STOP HERE ON RED SIGNAL
PORTABLE TRAFFIC SIGNALS
TRAFFIC CONES - 700 mm
TRAFFIC CONES - 450 mm
TRAFFIC CONES - 300 mm (linemarking only)
END ROADWORK
SPEED SIGN - restored to appropriate limit
TRACTOR/SLASHER AHEAD -
(symbolic)
PROBABLE DELAY 15 MINUTES
SIGNALS UNDER REPAIR
POLICE CONTROL AHEAD
VARIABLE MESSAGE SIGN
ARROW BOARD
BARRIER BOARD
Signature: Date: / /
(Person in control of the worksite)

Appendix 4: Sample traffic guidance scheme

Appendix 5: Standards
AS1158.4 - Lighting for roads and public spaces – Lighting of pedestrian crossings
AS1348 - Glossary of terms - Road and traffic engineering
AS1743 - Road signs – Specifications
AS/NZS1768 - Lightning protection
AS/NZS1906 - Retroreflective materials and devices for road traffic control purposes
AS/NZS1906.1 - Retroreflective sheeting
AS/NZS 1906.2 - Retroreflective devices (non-pavement application)
AS/NZS 1906.3 - Raised pavement markers (retroreflective and non-retroreflective)
AS2601 - Demolition of Structures
AS/NZS3845 - Road safety barrier systems
AS4191 - Portable traffic signal systems AS4192 - Illuminated flashing arrow signs
AS/NZS4602 - High visibility safety garments
Definitions
AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic
AS Australian Standard
AS/NZS Australian/New Zealand Standard
CEMP Contractors Environmental Management Plan
DBYD Dial Before You Dig
F994 Form 994 – Temporary and Permanent Amendments to Regulatory Traffic

Signs/Devices
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet
MUTCD Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices
PUP Public Utility Provider
TMP Traffic Management Plan
TORUM Transport Operations (Road Use Management)
UBD Universal Business Directories (Used by DBYD for reference)
WMS Work Method Statement

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Section 36(b) of the Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995 states that you are obligated to use
personal protective equipment (PPE), if provided by the employer and properly instructed in its use.
PPE may include but not limited to:
! Safety Boots
! Safety Helmet
! High Vis Clothing
! Safety Glasses
! Disposable Respirator
! Gloves
! Ear Muffs/Plugs
! Hat
! Sunscreen (SPF30+)
Care and Replacement of PPE

Most work sites have a policy in place with respect to the supply and replacement of PPE. In
general, no reasonable request for the supply of PPE will be rejected. You should however, ensure
that you do not abuse whatever system is in place at your work site. You can play your part by
observing the following rules:
! Do not request or order items of PPE for which you have no need or will not use;
! Do not destroy or dispose of PPE that can be readily re-used (gloves, etc);
! Avoid unnecessary damage to, and wastage of, items of PPE;
! Take care of your PPE – your health and safety depends on it; and
! Be hygienic in your use of PPE.
REMEMBER
The main considerations that apply to the use of Personal Protective Equipment are:
! It must be suited specifically for the intended use;
! It must be inspected properly prior to use;
! It must be worn correctly;
! It must fit properly; and it must be hygienic.

Hygiene is an important issue in the use of PPE. You should NOT use another person’s PPE and
you should take care not to self-infect by adopting poor hygiene habits, i.e. ensure your hands are
clean before fitting ‘sponge’ type earplugs.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personnel identifying, locating and protecting underground services are required to wear appropriate
PPE for the job which should include a high visibility vest and sunscreen.
Typical Dress Requirements

Typical dress and PPE requirements are designed to offer you maximum safety and protection
and are detailed in the following sections.
SAFETY HELMETS
Safety Helmets are important items of PPE as they protect your head from impact-
induced injury. Safety helmets must be worn at all times and in all locations except
when you are in areas that are designated safe areas.
You must ensure that you have adjusted the helmet you are wearing so that it fits correctly and is not
prone to falling off. You should:
! never paint your helmet or attach unauthorized stickers – the paint or glue may cause a
chemical reaction which reduces the helmet’s life
! never drill or punch holes in the helmet or modify its shape in any way – structural changes
to the helmet will weaken its resistance to impact
! never wear a chipped or cracked helmet
! never wear a helmet after a solid impact – although the helmet may appear sound, it may be
weakened and should be replaced
! always replace the helmet shell after three years and the harness after two years unless it is
required to be replaced sooner
Neck Protection
Helmet attachments are available to protect against sunburn and ultraviolet radiation. Cloth neck
flaps and brim extensions are available.
Use these items whenever you feel it is necessary in order to avoid sunburn. Where safety helmets
are not required, a broad brimmed hat should be worn to provide adequate sun protection.
SAFETY BOOTS
All areas of construction sites are designated as foot protection areas. You must wear
approved safety footwear at all times and in all locations whilst you are on site. Safety
footwear must be in good condition and, where applicable, the laces must be securely
tied and of the correct type.
Safety Goggles/Glasses
Your eyesight is one of your most valuable faculties and one of your most vulnerable.
To prevent dust and debris from the worksite causing damage to your eyesight you
must ensure that you wear safety goggles/glasses at all times.

Sunglasses
Sunglasses should be worn if there is a likelihood of sun damage to the eyes. Apart from the obvious
damage caused to the eyes by the sun, other side effects may include headaches, nausea and the
inability to make fast and correct decisions.
Gloves
Hand injuries represent 25% of all workplace injuries with in excess of 50,000 being recorded in
Australia each year. The use of the appropriate gloves can reduce the risk of hand injuries. The
types of hazards you may encounter which would require the wearing of gloves may include:
! Hot liquids
! Abrasive material
! Chemicals including cement, fuels, oils, glues, paints and herbicides.
! Sharp metal objects
! Corrosive material
Ear Muffs/Ear Plugs

Hearing protection is required to be worn when operating
machines or small plant equipment. Where there is no
signage, the need to wear hearing protection can be
identified by the following:
! A need to frequently speak louder than normal in order to be heard

or understood in a noisy environment, while standing within one
metre or your listener;
! A noticeable, though temporary, loss of hearing on leaving an area

of noise after an extended period of exposure; and
! A noticeable ‘ringing’ in the ears on leaving an area of noise, after an extended period of
exposure.
Safety Harnesses
Safety harnesses must be worn when working at heights or near unprotected edges. This includes the
tops of cut batters and drainage chutes on fill batters. Safety harnesses must be to an Australian
Standard and specific harnesses are required for specific tasks such as fall arrest, confined space, work
positioning and ladder work. They must be anchored soundly and hung to air when not in use. Any
damage to harnesses is to be reported immediately.
NOTE
Specific harnesses are required for female workers
Working at heights is an activity that requires use of Work Method Statement which must be
followed.

Equipment and Tools
You will be responsible for selecting and checking your equipment and tools required for performing
tasks in this unit. Equipment and tools available to you may include:
! Measuring Tape
! String lines and Flagging Tape
! Straight Edge
! Shovel/Spade
! Jackhammer with an asphalt cutter attachment or a quick cut/demolition saw
! Crow/Spud Bar
! Broom
! Watering can/bucket
! Hand tampering bar/plate
! Testing equipment – sound, temperature and dust.
! Traffic signage
! Environmental protection materials i.e. silt fencing
Assistance with Learning

If at any time during the course you experience learning difficulties or require assistance and advice,
you can access support by contacting your Trainer.
WORK HAZARDS
The exact nature of the hazards vary from site to site, so it is important to assess each new task
that you are about to undertake for potential hazards. If a hazard is identified, you should take
steps to eliminate the hazard, or adjust your work operation to neutralize its effects. For certain
high-risk activities Work Method Statements are required and must be followed.
Some of the more common hazards that you are likely to encounter on site include:
! Slip & trip hazards
! Fall hazards
! Power tools & equipment
! Hand tools
! Mobile plant & equipment
! Hazardous substances
! Hot materials
! Traffic on public roads

SAFETY SIGNAGE
This section provides information on the signs that you can encounter on the work site. Most signs
are self-explanatory, but if you encounter a sign where the meaning is not clear, seek advice before
you commence work in the area covered by the sign.
Safety signs draw your attention to objects and situations affecting your health and safety. The signs
need to be placed in strategic locations as close as possible to hazardous areas. If they become
damaged or unreadable, report this to your supervisor so replacement signs can be organised.
A sign displaying a distinct safety message carries the same authority as a direct instruction from a
supervisor.
Different Types of Signs

Signs are coloured differently to differentiate between instructions that must be carried out
(mandatory), to actions or activities that are not permitted (prohibited). They are also serve to warn
people of dangerous activities being carried out in the vicinity.
MANDATORY SIGNS - BLUE AND WHITE
Mandatory signs indicate an instruction that MUST BE CARRIED OUT.
PROHIBITORY SIGNS - RED, BLACK AND WHITE
Prohibited signs indicate an action or activity that is NOT PERMITTED.
WARNING SIGNS - BLACK AND

YELLOW
Warning signs indicate a hazard or hazardous condition that is NOT LIKELY TO BE

LIFE THREATENING

DANGER SIGNS - RED, BLACK AND WHITE
Danger signs warn of a hazard or hazardous condition that is likely to be LIFE THREATENING.
EMERGENCY INFORMATION SIGNS - GREEN AND WHITE
Emergency information signs indicate the location of or direction to emergency related facilities
FIRE RELATED SIGNS
Fire related signs indicate the location of fire alarms and fire fighting equipment and
facilities. Protective devices of various types are provided throughout the site.
HAZCHEM SIGNS
Hazchem signs and placards are used to identify dangerous goods whenever they are packaged, transported
or stored. The design, text size and colours on the various signs and placards are specific to the type of
dangerous goods to which they relate. Beware of these signs when operating an Explosive Power Tool (EPT).

ROADWORK SIGNS
Signage for the safety of personnel to indicate to motorists road work is being conducted.
Signs
Signs will be positioned as detailed in the traffic control plan to warn, guide and instruct motorists
safely through the work area. Signage is also important in controlling the speed of the traffic within
or adjacent to the work area.
Worker Ahead
This sign is used to give warning that road workers are on or adjacent to the travelled path and that
they are engaged in short term repair work.
Traffic Controller Ahead

The traffic controller ahead sign is used to give advance notice that a traffic controller is in
attendance at the work site. This sign should not be displayed if the traffic controller is not in
attendance.
The sign must be located in advance of the work site but inside the ‘Worker Ahead’ sign.
Stop/Slow
A Stop/Slow sign is used by a traffic controller (when in
attendance) to control the traffic flow past the work site.

Speed Restriction
Speed restriction signs are used when considered necessary and must be
applied in accordance with the appropriate state legislation.
Speed restriction signs should be erected in advance of the work area to

indicate the maximum speed at which the vehicles may be driven
between the sign and the next speed control sign. The restricted speed
zones should be kept as short as possible, to protect workers and to
encourage compliance by motorists.
Give Way
A Give Way sign is to indicate to motorists which traffic should Give Way
when the travelled path past the work site is reduced to less than that is
required for two lanes of traffic.
This method should only be used in areas of extremely light traffic and each
entry to the work area is visible and the work site is less than 100m in length.
The use of the Give Way sign requires approval from the appropriate state authority.
Lane Status
The Lane Status sign is used when one or

more lanes of a multi-lane carriageway is
closed. This sign provides advance warning
of lane closures. The sign should be
positioned in advance to the work site but
inside the ‘Worker Ahead’ sign.
Removal of Signs
All signs that are deemed non-essential
should be removed or concealed on
completion of the task. Motorists are
normally unimpressed by signs they have
obeyed unnecessarily. The end of the
work zone should be clearly displayed to
advise motorists that they have passed the
road work area.
Barricades
Barricades are used to indicate restricted
access into areas which contain holes,
excavations, openings, or areas in which a
danger from falling objects is present.
! Anyone who creates a hole, opening, or is
working at height, is responsible for erecting a
barricade.
! Do not enter a barricaded area without
authorisation and knowledge of the area.
Barricades can be either a warning or

protective type.

Barricades can be either a warning or protective type.
Warning Barricades — call your attention to a hazard but offer no physical
protection. They consist of barrier tape, mesh, stands, or posts, however, they only deny access
to the work site but will not provide protection to the road work crew.
Protective Barricades — call your attention to a hazard and provide physical protection.
In all cases, signage must be erected on each side of the barrier stating the nature of the
enclosed hazard.
When using barricades, the following precautions must be observed:
! Barricades must be erected before repairs to potholes can commence;

! Flashing lights must be used on public roads after dark;
! An entrance, opening or gate must be placed where practical to allow
access/egress in or out of the barricaded area; and
! Barricades must be maintained erect and square.
Protective barricades used when repairing potholes on public roads may indicate a detour or
realignment of the road; while at the same time providing
protection to personnel working behind them. This type of
barricade may be either a pre-cast concrete structure or a
water filled plastic barrier.
Delineators
Delineators indicate the direction and width of the path available to travel. These may be in the form
of cones, barriers or temporary guide posts. These devices are normally equipped with reflective
tape, discs or lamps for night operations.
Lamps
Lamps draw attention to signs and the work site and are necessary to delineate the route of travel,
particularly if the road repair extends overnight.
Portable Traffic Signals - Cones

Portable traffic signals are used to control the passage of vehicles within or adjacent to the work site.
Cones or witches hats can be used to identify holding points for traffic and to identify and distinguish
temporary lanes. Cones are quite often used to identify repair work, particularly on road verges.

MOBILE EQUIPMENT
Construction sites generally have a high volume of traffic moving in and around the site. Much
of the mobile equipment is large and slow moving.
All personnel employed within the site must be aware that this mobile equipment generally
provides the operator with poor visibility.
With this in mind, all personnel must approach this equipment carefully and, if practicable,
obtain radio communication with the operator before doing so. If radio communication is not
possible pedestrians should gain verbal or eye contact with the equipment operator.
The following rules

should be observed in
relation to mobile
equipment:
! Passengers may only

ride in approved
seating and must wear
a correctly
adjusted seat belt
where fitted;
! Be aware of operator blind spots when working around mobile plant;
! No person shall get on or off vehicles or mobile equipment that are in motion;
! Before approaching equipment that is operating, personnel must ensure that the operator:
1. Is aware of the pedestrian’s intentions; and
2. Confirms that it is safe for the pedestrian to proceed
! As a pedestrian, assume the equipment operator has not seen you; and
! Do not operate or drive any equipment unless you have successfully completed a training
program for that particular type of equipment.
All persons on the ground should wear high visibility clothing.
Work Vehicle
Work vehicles should have a ‘Patrol’ sign and amber or yellow flashing lights mounted on the roof to
assist motorists in identifying the work area.

JOB PLANNING AND PREPARATION
Regardless of the size and complexity of the job in relation to traffic management, there are a
number of steps and checks that should be completed before the job is commenced. A small
amount of time spent ensuring that all of the required personnel, equipment, materials and signs
are on hand, the relevant permits or authorizations have been obtained, and that you have the
necessary plans and specifications, will save many hours of wasted time on the job.
There are a number of main areas that should be considered when planning and preparing for a
job. These are as follows:
! Regulations – what regulations cover the job?
! Public Utility Provider (PUP) – what services is there that will clash with the work?
! Ground Conditions – what is the ground conditions on site?
! Construction Plans and Specifications – are construction plans and specifications available
to provide detailed information about the site and work requirements?
! Site Preparation – what materials, equipment, personnel and signs are needed?
Regulations
All work sites are governed by Workplace Health and Safety Regulation. Depending on the
location and complexity of the job other regulations may apply.
! Environmental Protection Act and Regulation

! Electrical Safety Act, Regulation and Codes of Practice
! Workplace Health & Safety Act, Regulation and Standards
! Transport Operations (Road Use Management) Act (TORUM)
! Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD)
! Local Government Regulations
! Other legislation may also apply (there are some 31 different pieces of legislation that may
be applicable to road construction and maintenance)
Some of these regulations will be discussed in further detail throughout this training program.
PUBLIC UTILITY PROVIDER (PUP) SERVICES

Underground and overhead services may already exist in the work area. This can include items
such as:
! Water mains
! Power lines
! Gas mains
! Telecommunication cables
! Sewerage lines
! Drainage lines

You should ensure that you know the location of any underground or overhead services that will
affect the job at hand. Provision for locating and protecting these services should be made at
the planning stage and if necessary, Work Method Statements should be developed to provide
the protection.
The Electrical Safety Regulation section 62 stipulates specific requirements for the location and
protection of underground services and the Code of Practice for Working Near Live Electrical
Parts provides specific requirements for working near live overhead power lines.
GROUND CONDITIONS
Obtain information on the ground conditions and the lie of the land on site. This will help
determine the type and length of posts that will be required to support the road works signage.
CONSTRUCTION PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS

Construction plans and specifications provide all the detailed information with respect to the
work site and work requirements. Refer to these documents during the planning stage and over
the duration of the job.
Documents which may need to be referred to for traffic management may include:
! Standard specification
! Supplementary conditions of contract
! Annexure to the specifications
! Standard drawings
! Job drawings
! Traffic management plan
! Environmental management plan
! Safety plan

SITE PREPARATION
Site preparation involves organizing equipment, materials and personnel so that when the job
commences it proceeds quickly and smoothly to its conclusion. Every situation involving traffic
management will be different; consequently time will need to be spent before each job (possibly
daily) to identify:
! Where the job will start and finish
! What equipment and materials are needed, when they are needed and where they should
be positioned
! How many people (including traffic controllers) are required to complete the job in the
allotted time
Steps should be taken to ensure that:
! All necessary permits and approvals have been obtained
! The necessary signage checklists are available
! The sign locations are marked on the road shoulder
! The necessary signs are in operational condition
! The necessary materials and signs are delivered to the designated locations
! All personnel are aware of their role and responsibilities and when and where they are
required
MUTCD GENERAL
The MUTCD specifies the traffic control devices to be used to warn, instruct and guide users in
the safe negotiation of work sites on all roads/bridges and adjacent footpaths and bicycle paths.
It also provides guidance in the planning, design, installation and operation of traffic guidance
schemes together with requirements for maintaining a safe workplace for workers on site.
Instructions for carrying out daily routine checks of the traffic guidance scheme are also given.
The objective of the MUTCD is to provide agencies carrying out road works with a set of uniform
practices for the signing and delineation of construction and maintenance works which will
promote the safety of both road users and workers at the work site.
Definitions
Some definitions contained in the MUTCD will need to be used in order to select the correct
diagrams in the manual and to design the traffic guidance scheme. Most of the definitions have
legal ramifications consequently, persons implementing traffic management plans need to be
conversant with the definitions. The definitions listed in the MUTCD are as follows:
Approach speed
The speed at or below which 85% of vehicles are observed to travel under free-flowing
conditions past a nominated point

Arterial road
A general term for a main road carrying mostly long distance traffic, as distinct from local traffic
High-speed road
Roads on which the posted or general speed limit is above 80 km/h
High-volume road
Roads carrying more than 1500 vehicles per day
Long-term
Where a traffic guidance scheme is required to operate both day and night and may be left
unattended
Low-speed road
Roads where the posted or general speed limit is 60 km/h or less
Low-volume road
Roads carrying between 400 and 1500 vehicles per day
May
Indicates that use of the device is conditional or optional
Multi-lane
Two or more lanes in the one direction
Regulatory traffic control device
A sign, signal, marking or installation indicating an obligation to comply with a legally

enforceable instruction
Residential street
Normally a single roadway, two-way, road in a residential district of an urban area carrying little
through traffic and very few large vehicles even during peak hours. Such roads do not form part
of the arterial road system.

Road user
Any driver, rider, passenger or pedestrian using the road
Roadway
That portion of the road devoted particularly to the use of vehicles, inclusive of shoulders and
auxiliary lanes
Safety barrier
A physical barrier separating the work area and the travelled path, designed to resist
penetration by an out-of-control vehicle and as far as practicable, to redirect colliding vehicles
back into the travelled path
Shall
A mandatory condition. Where certain requirements in the design or application of the device
are described with the word “shall”, it is mandatory that when an installation is made, these
requirements are met
Should
An advisory condition. Where the word “should” is used, it is considered to be advisable usage;
recommended but not mandatory
Short-term
The description which applies when a traffic guidance scheme is required only while work
personnel are in attendance and is generally limited to the duration of a single work shift or
lesser period where road conditions are returned to normal when the shift or lesser period ends.
Traffic
All vehicles, persons or animals travelling on a road
Traffic controller
A person who is competent to control traffic at a work site
Traffic guidance scheme
An arrangement of signs and devices, and as necessary, a traffic management plan to warn
traffic and guide it through, past or around a work area or temporary hazard
Two-way road
A roadway having a single traffic lane allotted for use by traffic in opposing directions
Travelled path
That part of the roadway which is made available to vehicles and which may comprise of one or
more traffic lanes

Very low-volume roads
Roads carrying less than 400 vehicles per day
Work area
The specific area where work is being done
Work site
An area which includes the work area(s) and any additional length of road required for advance
signing, tapers, side-tracks or other areas needed for associated purposes
RESPONSIBILITIES
Responsibilities for safety at work sites
The organisation responsible for construction or maintenance operations on roads and bridges
needs to be aware of its responsibilities for injury to road users or damage to property as a
result of their operations. There is a further obligation to provide a safe working environment for
their workers.
Steps shall be taken to warn the road users of prevailing conditions and to guard, delineate and
where necessary illuminate work which may pose a hazard to those road users. Where
possible, long traffic flow delays should be avoided.
Responsibilities of the Person in Control
The person in control of works which requires the use of a traffic guidance scheme should give
attention to the following:
! Be mindful of their obligation to provide safe and convenient travelling conditions for road
users and a safe work environment for the workers
! Be courteous to road users and not allow disgruntled road users to provoke them
! Ensure workers and traffic controllers have adequate training and informed of their duties
! Be familiar with and act in accordance with the MUTCD

LEGAL AUTHORITY
The Transport Operations (Road Use Management) Act (TORUM)
provides that official traffic signs shall be installed only by the authority
of the Director General of Main Roads or a local authority. The Act also
provides that any such signs shall be installed in accordance with the
MUTCD, or other duly approved document.
TORUM Act section 68 allows the chief executive to install or remove official traffic signs
TORUM Act section 69 allows local government to install or remove official traffic signs
TORUM Act section 72 allows prescribed persons to install official traffic signs
TORUM Act section 72A requires signs to be installed in accordance with the MUTCD
TORUM Act section 75 deals with signs installed unlawfully (not installed as per sections 68 to
72A)
Workplace Health and Safety Regulation sections 209 to 211 deal with civil construction work
involving traffic and pedestrian protection.
Introduction
Careful consideration should be given to the placement of signs at the work site, no matter how
briefly the area is to be a work site. This should include:
! Provision of adequate warning of changes in surface condition and the presence of

personnel and/or plant;
! Adequate instruction of road users and their guidance safely through the work site; and
! Protection of personnel employed on the work site.
Four important basic principles that should be observed are:
! Signs and devices should be used in a standard manner and be appropriate to the
conditions;
! Signs and devices should be erected and displayed before work commences;
! Signs and devices should be regularly checked and maintained; and
! Signs and devices should be removed from the work site as soon practicable on
completion of the work.
However, some signs may need to remain for a period after , these signs could include :

Section 2 follows on and introduces methods of setting out the traffic guidance scheme.
More specifically, Section 2 covers the theory and knowledge required for:
! Set out the Traffic Guidance Scheme

This information combined with the practical application will enable you to complete Assessment
Task 2.
The information relating to all of the above learning outcomes will be presented over eleven topics:
1. Levels of Planning
2. Planning Procedure
3. Traffic Management
4. Device Requirements
5. Installation
6. Operation
7. Description /Use of Signs and Devices
8. Procedures for the Installation and Operation of Traffic Control Devices
9. Maintaining Traffic Flow
10. Works on Unsealed Roads
11. Multi-Message Sign System
PLANNING
Levels of Planning
Some planning is required for all road works protection or traffic guidance schemes. It will
normally take place at one of three levels:
(1) Short-term and mobile works not involving a road closure – may only require the
development of procedures and the provision of appropriate set of signs and devices to
cover all routine tasks likely to be encountered. The procedures should be in the form of
Work Method Statements supported by a standard drawing if necessary. An example of
this type of work is pothole patching.
(2) Works involving relatively simple part-road closures – may only require a sketch showing
the protective devices and delineation required and a list of devices required. A reference
to a MUTCD diagram may be substituted for the sketch or plan provided it adequately
matches the on site situation.
(3) Works involving complex traffic arrangements. In this case a fully documented traffic
guidance scheme is required and should include the following:
a. Plans showing temporary traffic paths, delineation and the position of devices and
traffic controllers where required

b. On multi-stage works, a separate plan for each stage
c. Details of after-hours traffic arrangements including emergency contacts, unless

otherwise communicated to the relevant authority.
d. All necessary instructions for the installation, operation, rearrangements where

needed and removal of devices at the conclusion of the job
It is essential to prepare such plans well before the job starts to allow time for the acquisition of
signs and any approvals needed.
Planning Procedure
Planning at all levels requires a procedure whereby all essential aspects of the plan are
considered. The following should be considered:
! Traffic demand
Determine the capacity required to accommodate traffic demand including peak hour volumes.
This will indicate the amount of road space which will need to remain open and the hours during
which the work can be undertaken.
! Traffic routing
Selecting the appropriate route which may entail passing through, around or past the site or a
combination thereof.
! Traffic control
The need for traffic control by traffic controllers, portable traffic lights or police
! Other road users
This includes pedestrians, cyclists, school children, local residents and emergency vehicles.

! Special vehicles
These include buses and over dimensional vehicles under escort.
Risk Management
As with occupational health and safety, in traffic management you should also identify the
hazards, assess the risks, implement the control measures and monitor on an ongoing basis.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
As previously mentioned, movement of traffic can be achieved in three ways:
! Through the work area by intermingling with workers or plant
! Past the work area by a delineated path alongside but clear of the work area
! Around the work area by a detour, side track or existing road
SAFETY AND CONVENIENCE
In order to achieve minimum disruption to road users, only the minimum practical length and
width of road should be closed off.
Work schedules should be planned to minimise:
! Disruption of normal traffic movements and patterns
! Interface with traffic at peak hour periods, at night, weekends, holidays and special
events
! Interface with public transport services
Signs and devices should not direct a motorist to disobey a law unless an authorised person is
present to direct traffic.

TRAFFIC THROUGH THE WORKSITE
Traffic through the worksite should only be permitted where both the traffic and the work can be
adequately controlled by traffic controllers or portable traffic lights. A guide vehicle may be
required to lead traffic along the desired path and to control speed.
TRAFFIC PAST THE WORK AREA

This is the normal method of traffic management where the elimination of traffic from the site is
not required. The traffic path past the work area shall be clearly delineated and, as far as
practicable, pre-existing delineation removed so as not to misdirect drivers negotiating the site.
TRAFFIC AROUND THE SITE

This is where traffic is diverted around the site using either a detour on existing roads or a side
track on a specially constructed temporary road.
NIGHT CONDITIONS
Where ever practicable, any part of the normal roadway which is closed during the day should
be temporarily reinstated for night use provided travel conditions and safety can be improved.
Temporary lighting may be required through the worksite where high-speed, high-volume traffic
exists and there is a substantial deviation from the normal travelled path. In urban areas where
the travelled path through the site may be difficult to follow, lighting should also be considered.
Uncontrolled single lane operation shall not be permitted except for very short lengths of low-
volume, low-speed traffic in residential streets.
PROVISION FOR PEDESTRIANS AND BICYCLES
Where pedestrians, including the disabled have to move through, past or around
a worksite or to cross the road within the worksite, they shall be directed to a suitably
constructed and protected temporary footpath and crossing points.
Bicycle paths separate from vehicular traffic paths should be provided where the
bicycles cannot be safely accommodated within vehicular traffic paths.
Widths of the various paths are as follows:
! One-way bicycle paths – 1.2m wide
! Two-way bicycle paths – 2.0m wide
! One-way shared paths – 2.0m wide
! Two-way shared paths – 3.0m wide
For pedestrians crossing the road within the work site and under direction, it would be prudent
to construct a pedestrian crossing of a similar design to a permanent crossing. This is essential
if an existing crossing has been demolished.

DEVICE REQUIREMENTS
SELECTION AND USE
The MUTCD specifies the minimum number of signs and devices required to:
! Provide advance warning
! Guide traffic through, around or past the work area
! Minimise the possibility of confusion and misinterpretation of the intended advice
Advance warning signs and devices should allow adequate time for correct response under the
worst anticipated conditions. All approaches to the work area, including side roads shall be
considered.
Approval for the erection or removal of regulatory traffic control devices shall be obtained form
the Department of Main Roads or local authority as appropriate.
Standard signs shall be used wherever a suitable sign exists. There may be instances where a
standard sign does not exist; in this case, the sign developed shall comply with the format of
signs as specified in Clause 3.2 of the MUTCD. Approval for the sign by the Director-General of
Main Roads shall be obtained before erecting the non-standard sign.
Delineation
The travelled path on the approaches and past the work area shall be delineated so as to
properly define which part of the roadway is available to road users.
Delineation should be considered for both long and short range purposes.
! Long range delineation should provide the travelling public approaching the job site with an
advanced view of the site indicating the general location and direction of the travelled path.
Long range delineation will generally be the signage mounted on the side of the road
! Short range delineation should guide the travelling public through the works once they
have entered the work area or side track.
Short range delineation will be:
! Linemarking;
! Pavement markers;
! Traffic cones; or
! Bollards.

NIGHT CONDITIONS
Signs shall be retro-reflective. Delineation devices shall comprise or incorporate retro-reflectors.
Flashing lamps may be used to draw attention to certain signs but shall not be used for
delineation.
Signs which are required to be fluorescent by day and retro-reflective by night (worker symbolic
sign) shall have a sign face background comprising a combination fluorescent/retro-reflective
material.
SIZE OF SIGNS
There are four sizes of signs available.
a. The smaller signs are considered adequate for low-speed, low-volume roads.
b. The next largest signs are recommended on high-speed or high volume roads or
both.
c. The two largest signs are normally for use on freeways or roads of a similar
standard.
ADJUSTMENT TO EXISTING DEVICES

Existing signs and devices which are in conflict with the work site situation are to be covered or
removed.
Regulatory signs require approval for covering or removal.
SAFETY BARRIER
Safety barriers may be required for situations where any of the following are cause for concern:
! Hazardous traffic conflict (head-on collision)
! Collisions with fixed objects or falls into excavations close to the travelled path.
! Safety of workers and plant on site
! Separation of vehicular travelled path and pedestrian/cyclists

VEHICLE SIZE AND LOAD RESTRICTIONS
Where the width, height or load carrying capacity of the roadway or structure is to be
temporarily reduced during the works, the appropriate authority (Police/Queensland
Transport/Main Roads) should be advised so that arrangements can be made to divert traffic
which would exceed the temporary limitations.
INSTALLATION
CONDITION OF DEVICES
Individual signs and devices should be checked before installation to ensure:
! Items that are bent, broken or have surface damage are not used
! Items are clean
! Fluorescent signs whose colour has faded to a point where they have lost their daylight
impact are not used
! Retro-reflective signs for use at night are checked for retro-reflectivity
POSITIONING OF DEVICES
Signs and devices should be positioned and erected so that:
! They are properly displayed and securely mounted
! They are in the line of sight of the road user
! They cannot be obscured from view by vegetation or parked cars
! They do not obscure other devices from the line of sight of the road user
! They do not become a potential hazard
! They do not deflect traffic into an undesirable path
Signs should generally be placed 1.0 m from the travelled path.
In rural areas:
! Long-term signs should be erected a minimum of 1.5m from the underside of the
sign to the level of the nearest edge of the travelled path.
In urban areas:
! Long-term signs should be erected a minimum of 2.2m above the level of the kerb.
! Short-term signs should be erected a minimum of 0.2m from the underside of the
sign to the level of the nearest edge of the travelled path or kerb.

SEQUENCE OF ERECTION
Before work commences, signs and devices at the approaches to the work area should be
erected in accordance with the traffic management plan in the following sequence:
a. Advance warning signs
b. Intermediate advance and positional signs and devices required in advance of the
taper or start of the work
c. Delineation devices required to form the taper
d. Delineation past the work area or into the side track
e. All other required and regulatory signs
A vehicle displaying a vehicle mounted warning device shall be used in advance of the taper to
protect workers setting out, reinstating or retrieving signage devices in the taper.
Signs and devices erected before they are needed are to be covered by a suitable material.
ORIENTATION OF SIGNS
Signs should face towards the approaching traffic approximately at right angles to the line of
sight from the driver to the sign.
At curved alignments, the sign should be placed approximately at right angles to the line of sight
of a motorist 50m in advance of the sign.
Inspection
When the installation of all signs and devices is complete and the condition of the signs have
been checked, a functional inspection should be carried out.
The inspection should be carried out at the normal speed along the travelled path. A similar
inspection should be carried out at night with the headlights on low beam.
Functional inspections also need to be carried out after any changes to the arrangement.
NOTIFICATION TO PUBLIC
Subject to contractual requirements, the complexity of the traffic guidance scheme and the
length of time it is to operate, special signs may be required to inform the public.
Newspaper and radio advertisements may be required as well as letter box drops in urban
areas.

OPERATION
DAILY ROUTINE
One person should be nominated to conduct inspections and maintenance of the traffic
guidance system.
LAYOUT VARIATION
It is important that signs that are no longer required on a temporary or permanent basis are
covered or removed. Additional signs and devices may need to be introduced as circumstances
demand.
Symbolic worker and traffic controller signs should only be displayed whilst those people are on
site (during the lunch break cover them).
MAINTENANCE OF DEVICES
Damaged and defective signs are to be replaced.
Clean the signs and devices on a regular basis.
USE OF HIGH VISIBILITY CLOTHING

All personnel shall wear high visibility clothing whilst on the worksite.
for day use for night use
CLOSURES AND DELAYS

There may be occasions where there is no alternative to the complete closure of the road.
Delays should be limited to a maximum of 15 minutes.
If delays are to be longer then side tracks or detours should be considered.
Emergency services should be made aware of potential delays prior to the event.
WORK SITE RECORDS

Records should be kept of all worksite signing and delineation. Photographs may also be
advantageous. Topic Eight covers example records and procedures.
REMOVAL
It is important that the relevant signage and delineation that is no longer required be removed or
covered as soon as an activity is completed or a hazard ceases to exist.

DESCRIPTION/USE OF SIGNS AND DEVICES
FUNCTION OF DEVICES
The functions of the various traffic control devices are as follows:
! To warn, guide and instruct road users (signs)
! To draw attention to the work area, personnel and equipment
! To control the speed or the passage of traffic within and adjacent to the work area
! To indicate the direction and width of the available travelled path
! To discourage access to the whole or portion of the work area
! To provide physical protection for the work area and its occupants (safety barriers)
FORMAT OF SIGNS
The format of signs used at roadworks shall be as follows:
! Signs warning of work personnel – these shall be rectangular with a black legend on a
combination fluorescent/retro-reflective orange background.
! Such signs shall only be displayed when personnel are working on the site.
! Prepare to stop signs and signs associated with blasting operations – these shall be
rectangular with a white legend on a red background, both retro-reflective.

! Guide and other roadworks signs – these shall be rectangular with a black legend on a
yellow retro-reflective background.
! Regulatory and warning signs used in roadworks – these shall be the same format as their
permanent counterpart.
Retro-reflective material used on signs for roadworks shall meet at least the requirements of
Class 1 material as specified in AS/NZS 1906.1.
SIGN MOUNTINGS
At roadworks, sign mountings are required to suit a variety of maintenance and construction
situations. Both signs and mountings used for short-term operations should be portable, easily
erected, transported and stored.
The mountings should:
! Be quick and easy to install
! Provide secure sign attachment
! Be stable in windy conditions and from the effects of moving traffic
! Provide for installation on both gravel and bitumen surfaces
! Be able to handle the size of sign involved
! Be easily handled, transported and stored
! Not be a hazard to road users
Mountings for short-term operations should be arranged so that the signs are prominently
displayed to traffic. The sign should be mounted so that it is clear of the ground and free from
obstruction, with the minimum height from the shoulder surface to the bottom of the sign being
200 mm.
Signs for long-term work should be mounted on normal fixed supports so that they are not likely
to be disturbed by the weather, vandals or traffic.

CORRECT INCORRECT
INCORRECT – ALSO A REDUNDANT SIGN
SIGNS/DEVICES FOR WORK SITE APPROACHES AND DEPARTURES

Signs used for work site approaches and departures are listed below.
Sign Description Sign No. Size in mm

Roadwork Ahead T1-1A 1800 x 600
T1-1B 2400 x 900
Bridgework Ahead T1-2A 1800 x 600
T1-2B 2400 x 900
Road Plant Ahead T1-3-1 900 x 600
T1-3-2 1800 x 600
Workers (symbolic) T1-5-A 900 x 600
T1-5-B 1200 x 900
T1-5-C 1800 x 1200
Grader Ahead T1-4 900 x 600
Roadwork x km Ahead T1-16A 1800 x 600
T1-16B 2400 x 900

Roadwork Next x km T1-24A 1800 x 600
T1-24B 2400 x 900
Roadwork On Side Road T1-25 A 1800 x 600
T1-25B 2400 x 900
Road Plant On Side Road T1-27A 1800 x 600
Next 2 km T1-28A 600 x 600
T1-28B 900 x 900
Bridgework x km Ahead T1-29A 1800 x 600
2400 x 900
Road Work Ahead (narrow format) T1-31A 900 X 1200
End Roadwork T2-16A 1800 x 600
T2-16B 2400 x 900
T2 -16C 900 x 600

SIGNS/ DEVICES FOR REGULATORY CONTROL OF TRAFFIC
Signs used for regulatory control of traffic at worksites are listed below. Other regulatory signs
specified in Part 2 of the MUTCD may be used.

Give Way R1-2A 750 height
R1-2B 900 height
R1-2C 1200 height
Speed Restriction R4-1A 450 x 600
R4-1B 600 x 800
R4-1C 900 x 1200
R4-1D 1200 x 1600
Road Work R4-3A 450 x 300
R4-3B 600 x 400
R4-3C 900 x 600
End Speed Limit R4-12B 600 x 1000
No Overtaking Or Passing R6-1A 750 x 900
Stop/Slow Bat - Stop Face R6-8A 450 diam
R6-8B 600 diam
Stop/Slow Bat - Slow Face T7-1A 450 diam
T7-1B 600 diam
Signals Ahead (diamond) W3-3B 750 x 750
W3-3C 900 x 900
Traffic Controller Ahead/Prepare To Stop T1-Q05A 900 x 1000
T1-Q05B 1200 x 900
Signals Ahead (rectangle) T1-30A 900 x 600
Next___m R9-6A 750 x 150
R9-6B 1000 x 200
Portable traffic signals are also used to control traffic and are regulatory.

DETOUR SIGNS
Signs used for the guidance of traffic in advance of and through detours are listed below.

Two-way R2-11A 450 x 750
R2-11B 600 x 1000
All Traffic Turn R2-14B (L or R) 900 x 1200
Low Bridge Ahead __ m, High Vehicles Detour G9-3A (L or R) 1700 x 900
Load Limit __ t On Bridge, Heavy Vehicles Detour G9-4A (L or R) 1700 x 900
Detour For High Vehicles G9-5-1 (L or R) 1300 x 350
Detour For Heavy Vehicles G9-5-2 (L or R) 1400 X350
Local Traffic Only G9-40-2A 900 x 600
G9-40-2B 900 x 600
Two-way Traffic (Diamond) W4-11B 750 x 750
W4-11C 900 x 900
W4-11D 1200 x 1200
Detour Ahead T1-6A 1200 x 600
T1-6B 1800 x 1200
End Detour T2-23 1200 x 600
Two-way Traffic T2-24A 900 x 600
Detour (Arrow) T5-1A (L or R) 1200 x 300
T5-1B (L or R) 1800 x 450
Detour (marker) T5-6A 450 x 450
T5-6B 600 x 600

ROAD CONDITION SIGNS
Signs used to advise road users of road conditions are listed below.

Wet Tar T3-1A 900 x 600
Slippery T3-3A 900 x 600
T3-3B 1500 x 900
Soft Edges T3-6A 900 x 600
Rough Surface T3-7A 900 x 600
T3-7B 1599 x 900
Loose Stones T3-9A 900 x 600
1500 x 900
New Work No Lines Marked T3-11 1500 x 900
No Lines, Do Not Overtake Unless Safe T3-12 1500 x 900
Gravel Road T3-13A 900 x 600
1500 x 900
Loose Surface T3-14A 900 x 600
T3-14B 1500 x 900
SIGNS AND DEVICES FOR LANE AND ROAD CLOSURES
Signs used to effect lane and road closures are listed below.

Road Closed T2-4 1800 x 300
Lane Status (2 lanes) T2-6-1 1200 x 900
Lane Status (3 lanes) T2-6-2 1800 x 900
Exit Closed T2-20 2100 x 1200
Exit Closed (arrow) Alternative T2-21 (L or R) 2600 x 1700
Road Closed __ km Aheaad T2-Q02 1800 x 600

DEVICES FOR DELINEATING AND INDICATING THE TRAVELLED PATH
Requirements and recommendations for the use of traffic cones and temporary bollards are as
follows:
Traffic Cones
Traffic cones should be used on short-term works to define the travelled path past or around the
work area. They shall comprise cones of fluorescent red or orange material that is resilient to
impact and will not damage vehicles when hit at low speed. Various sizes are available and
should be used as follows:
! Small cones – 250 to 300 mm high for footpath works and for use during line marking
operations to deter traffic from running on the wet paint.
! Medium cones – 450 to 500 mm high for most low-speed applications.
! Large cones – greater than 750 mm high for merge tapers on freeways and other high
speed roads.
Temporary Bollards
Temporary bollards should be used to define the traffic path past or around the works.
They shall comprise a vertical parallel sided or tapered tube of fluorescent orange or red
material supported on a weighted portable base and be at least 750 mm high and a minimum of
100 mm in diameter.
For night time use, cones and bollards shall be fitted with a white retro-reflective band of Class
1 retro-reflective material as specified in AS/NZS 1906.1
Cones should be spaced so as to discourage entry to the work area, generally 5m - 25m apart

ROADWORKS DELINEATORS
Road works delineators should comprise red delineators on the left side and white on the right
and comply with the requirements of AS1906.
Delineators should be erected at a uniform height of approximately 1.0 m above the road
surface and the posts are to be frangible or otherwise non-hazardous. Spacing should be 20 to
50 m for separating the work area from the through traffic.
TEMPORARY HAZARD MARKERS

Temporary hazard markers should be used to show any lateral change of direction of the
travelled path through the worksite and to delineate any hazards and non-trafficable areas near
the travelled path.
PAVEMENT MARKING
Appropriate pavement markings should be provided to guide traffic through or past a work area
as follows:
! Satisfactory existing markings should remain and be maintained in good

condition
! Where existing markings are not appropriate they should be removed and
replaced
! Temporary line marking should be supplemented with raised retro-reflective

pavement markers
! Where a section of roadway is to be left without linemarking for a period of time,

use signage indicating no linemarking should also be used.
Where a pre-existing very low-volume road did not have line marking, this requirement does not
apply.
CONTAINMENT FENCES AND SAFETY BARRIERS
Containment Fences.
These may be used to provide visible separation between the travelled path and pedestrians,
pedestrians and the work site in situations where physical protection is not warranted.
Descriptions and uses of containment fences are as follows:

Containment Tapes. These tapes may be used to contain workers on foot or plant within the
safe workplace boundary at the worksite. The tape should be a minimum of 100 mm wide with
alternate black and yellow stripes, supported approximately 1.0 m above the ground with
supports spaced so that the minimum height after sag in the tape is not less than 800 mm.
Mesh Fencing. Mesh fencing should be used to exclude pedestrians from a work area as well
as for the containment of workers. Mesh fencing consists of a flexible orange mesh
approximately 1.0m high and should have a top and bottom wire/rope.
Lightweight Modules. Interconnected lightweight water ballasted modules or any other

barrier-like device not meeting the requirements of a safety barrier in accordance with
AS/NZS3845 shall be subject to the following:
! They shall not be used as a containment fence at a work area exposed to motor traffic
where traffic speed is likely to exceed 20km/h
! They shall be marked NOT A SAFETY BARRIER in letters at least 25mm high
Safety Barriers
Safety barriers are designed to provide a physical barrier between the travelled path and the
work area, which will inhibit penetration by an out-of-control vehicle and will preferably have
some vehicle redirection properties. Most water filled barriers do not meet the requirements of
AS3845 for safety barriers.
Safety barriers are generally used to in the following situations:
! Between traffic and severe hazards such as deep excavations
! Leading up to a bridge pier or abutment
! Protection of pedestrians and workers where the lateral clearance to traffic is not sufficient
for safety
LAMPS
Battery operated flashing yellow lamps are generally used to highlight a sign. They are not to be
used to delineate a travelled path.

VEHICLE-MOUNTED WARNING DEVICE
A vehicle mounted warning device shall consist of one or other of the following:
! Single yellow beacon lamp for emergency or other infrequent use on a vehicle not
normally used for road works purposes, or for plant, or supervisory vehicle
! Pair of yellow beacon lamps for use on vehicles working on low-volume or very- low
volume roads (patrol vehicle)
! Illuminated flashing arrow sign for work on high-volume roads and for mobile works
ILLUMINATED FLASHING ARROW SIGN
This sign comprises a matrix of lamps in the form of an arrow that is flashed in a cyclic manner
to provide advance warning of a temporary diversion on high-volume roads
SUPPLEMENTARY VEHICLE-MOUNTED SIGNS

These signs are used in conjunction with the illuminated flashing arrow sign where necessary to
warn road users of workers on foot or the nature of the operation.
BLASTING WORKS
Sign Description Sign No. Sixe in mm
Blasting Stop Await Signal T4-1A 900 x 600
T4-1B 1200 x 900
Blasting Area, Switch Off Radio Transmitters T4-2 1200 x 900
End Blasting Area T4-3 1200 x 450

SIGNS AND DEVICES FOR PEDESTRIAN CONTROL

Pedestrians Watch Your Step T8-1 900 x 600
Pedestrians (arrow) T8-2 (L or R) 1200 x 300
Use Other Footpath T8-3 900 x 600
OTHER SIGNS AND DEVICES

Signs used at road works sites which do not fall into previously defined classifications are listed
below.

Traffic Hazard Ahead T1-10 1200 x 900
Trucks (crossing or entering) T2-25A (L or R) 900 x 600
Power Line Works In Progress T4-5 1800 x 900
Probable Delay 15 Minutes T1-Q02 900 x 600
No Entry R2-4A 450 x 450
R2-4B 600 x 600
R2-4C 750 x 750
R2-4D 900 x 900
Danger Gas No Smoking T4-Q03 1200 x 600
NOTE
The “Traffic Hazard Ahead” sign is for emergency purposes only.

Procedures for the installation and operation of traffic control devices
GENERAL
This topic sets out the procedures for installing and operating traffic control devices to ensure
that they are used consistently to provide the maximum protection to road users and road
workers.
The components of a typical work site are:
! Advance warning area where the advance warning signs are located
! Transition or taper area where lateral shifts are undertaken
! Clearance area wherever approach speeds are 60km/h or more
! Work area
! Termination area for signs indicate resumption of normal conditions
Advance warning signs

Requirements for the display of advance warning signs and devices will vary according to
factors such as the speed of approaching traffic, the degree to which the hazard requires
modification of speed or diversion of travel path, available sight distance to the hazard and
obstructions.
Advance warning signs are not required in the following situations:
! Where work is sufficiently remote from the roadway that no action or extra vigilance is
required of a road user
! Where approach speeds are naturally so low that no advance devices are required (urban
back street)
! Where the roadway is, or is expected to be, occupied for less than 5 minutes (pothole
patch)
! If the effects of the works are confined to one direction of travel and travel in the other
direction needs no special vigilance on the part of the travelling public
! Very low-volume conditions on unsealed roads

Advance sign selection
The following signs shall be placed in advance of the work area:
or and
Exception to the above is:
! On freeways and on other high-speed roads
! or
! On frequently changing work areas the advance signs may be displayed up to 2

km in advance of the work vehicle and on very-low volume roads this may be
increased to 5 km.
! for mobile work the advance signs are carried on the work vehicle
! Long distance warning of portable traffic signals on the likes of rural roads may be
required
! plus
Intermediate advance warning signs
The following signs shall be used where, in addition to the above signs, warning is needed to
advise of specific action a driver may need to take or road conditions:
! To indicate the closure of a lane on a multi-lane road

! To indicate the existence of a detour or side track
! to indicate the existence of active traffic control and the possible need to stop
The distance that the first advance warning sign is placed in advance of the roadworks is 2D
(120 to 160). The distance from the first advanced warning sign to subsequent advance warning
signs is D (60 to 80 m).
MAINTAINING A SAFE WORKPLACE

Organisations and contractors carrying out roadworks, together with supervisory staff of all
levels, are obliged to maintain a safe workplace. This entails the prevention of injury to workers,
protection of the workers from oncoming or passing traffic and the protection of road users from
hazards within the work site.
Requirements and recommendations are as follows:
! Work area 3m or more clear of traffic
plus

! Work area closer than 3m to traffic – protection by safety barrier and advance warning
signs
plus possibly
! Work area clearance to traffic of 1.2 to 3.0 m – 60 km/h speed zone, delineation and a
containment fence
plus
! Work area clearance to traffic less than 1.2 m – 40 km/h speed zone, delineation and a
containment fence where practicable
plus

! Protection of traffic controller – traffic controllers are not subject to the above requirements
but can only operate in a speed zone of 60 km/h or less and with delineation of their
station with traffic cones
APPROACH TAPERS
If a roadway has to be partially closed, an appropriate taper should be formed in the transition
area and wherever possible, its full length should be visible to approaching traffic.
LANE CLOSURES
Recommended taper lengths for two-way roads and multilane roads are as follows:
! Traffic control at the beginning of a taper – where there is a traffic controller, “Give Way”
sign or temporary traffic signals which are being controlled by a controller, the taper length
should be 30 m.
! Lateral shift taper – where traffic is required to laterally shift without conflict with another
traffic stream. The taper length should be D (where D = 60 to 80 m).

! Merge taper – where one lane of traffic is required to merge on a multi-lane road. The
taper length should be 2D (where D = 60 to 80 m).
The closure of more than one lane on a multi-lane road should be effected one lane at a time,
with the distance between tapers being 2D (where D = 60 to 80 m).

DEVICES
Devices used to form a taper may be temporary hazard markers, traffic cones or bollards with
retro-reflective bands if required for night use.
or and or
Where temporary hazard markers are used to delineate the edge of a traffic path on a taper,
they should be used on one side only so as to avoid confusion.
Devices used to form a taper should be spaced so as to discourage traffic weaving through
them.
Following is a diagram showing typical applications of tapers in advance of a partial road

closure.

CREATING A TEMPORARY SPEED ZONE AT ROADWORKS
Temporary speed zones may be implemented at road works for the purpose of creating a safe
workplace for the road workers or for the safety of the road users. Safety of the workers should
take precedence and a risk assessment should be undertaken to determine the appropriate
speed to impose.
Speed should be reduced in 20 km/h increments, however where 110 or 70 km/h speed zones
exist, these may be lowered to 80 and 40 km/h respectively.
Temporary speed zones for worker safety should be lifted when workers are not present.
Temporary speed zones for road user safety should be lifted when the hazard no longer exists.
A buffer zone in advance of a 40 km/h speed zone should be between 150 to 250m in length. A
buffer zone in advance of a 60 km/h speed zone should be between 300 to 500m in length.
Repeater signs may be required to confirm and remind road users of the speed zone.
Consideration is also to be given to entering side roads.
Temporary speed zoning which results in speed limits which are different in each direction of
travel shall be permitted under the following circumstances:
! On a divided road where road works affect traffic conditions on one side of the median
only
! On any road where a buffer zone has been provided. The buffer zone speed limit is not
required for traffic leaving the lower speed limit merely because the limit applies to the
opposite direction of travel.

TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS
Traffic controllers are required to have the appropriate authorization to perform these duties.
Apart from the items shown below, the traffic controller will also need sun cream and a supply of
cool drinking water. A relief traffic controller may also be required.
PORTABLE TRAFFIC LIGHTS

Portable traffic lights may be either vehicle actuated, fixed-time operation or manual operation.
Portable traffic lights should not be left unattended at night, particularly on roads with high traffic
volumes, unless two signals display in either direction and adequate equipment security is
provided.
Advance warning signs should be:
INTERMITTENT AND LOW IMPACT WORKS

The following treatments are permitted in recognition of the need to allow certain short-term and
low impact works to be carried out without the use of fully protected work sites or mobile works
convoys which could otherwise lead to significant inefficiencies. Since they are partial relaxation
of safety standards, it is vital that a risk assessment be carried out before implementation.
WORK BETWEEN GAPS IN TRAFFIC

Work of short duration that can be carried out within gaps in traffic may be conducted without
signs or delineation provided that:
! A lookout person is posted, who can see traffic for at least 200 m (in time to warn workers
to vacate the work area before the traffic arrives)
! Work vehicles and equipment are parked clear of the traffic lanes
! A vehicle-mounted warning device is displayed on the work vehicle
WORK TAKING 5 MINUTES MAXIMUM
When the roadway is, or expected to be, occupied for less than 5 minutes for other than a
frequently changing work area by workers with a vehicle or item of plant equipped with a
vehicle-mounted warning device, the work may proceed provided that the site distance to the
vehicle-mounted device for approaching drivers is:
! Greater than 150m in a 60 km/h or lower sped zone;
! Greater than 250m elsewhere;
! The vehicle-mounted device is not obscured and the work shall not reduce the overall
width to less than that required for the safe passage of two-way traffic without crossing the
marked separation line.

FREQUENTLY CHANGING WORK AREA
For activities such as shoulder grading or maintenance, minor pavement maintenance and
longitudinal survey work at successive locations less than
2 km apart the following shall apply:
! The conditions for work taking less than 5 minutes shall apply;
! Advance warning signs up to 2 km ahead of each work position shall be displayed;
! Advance warning signs shall be
! plus or plus or plus
! If any of the requirements of “work taking 5 minutes maximum” cannot be met, the work
site must be set up as a fully protected worksite
WORK AREA OFF THE ROAD

For activities involving a vehicle or item of plant running off the road (slashing, REGP
maintenance etc.), the work may proceed without the use of advance signs provided that the
sight distance to the vehicle-mounted warning device is:
! Greater than 150m in a 60 km/h or lower speed zone
! Greater than 250m elsewhere
! The vehicle-mounted device is displayed and not obscured
MOBILE INSPECTIONS
Mobile road inspections may be carried out in accordance with one of the following
requirements:
! If the inspection vehicle maintains a speed within 20 km/h of the posted speed limit, no
protection is required
! If the vehicle can operate by travelling along a shoulder or verge clear of moving traffic,
using gaps in the traffic to pass any obstructions in the shoulder or verge, it may operate
as such provide two yellow beacon lamps are displayed
! If the vehicle is required to block or partially block a traffic lane at speeds lower than 20
km/h below the posted speed, then it shall operate in a mobile convoy

WORK PROTECTED BY SPECIALIST VEHICLES
This work involves the use of a vehicle with a truck-mounted attenuator. The vehicle shall be
fitted with an illuminated flashing arrow. The activities may include:
! Placement and recovery of temporary signs and barriers
! Mobile lane closures
! Slow moving or stationery vehicles operating on the road
A temporary speed zone may be created by use of a vehicle-mounted speed restriction sign. If
deemed acceptable by risk assessment, the specialist vehicle may be replaced by a shadow
vehicle fitted with an illuminated flashing arrow.
TRAFFIC INVESTIGATIONS
For traffic engineering investigations or inspections, viewing or measuring a section of road, no
controls are required where:
! The activity is clear of the roadway
! The vehicle is parked well clear of the traffic lanes
! Personnel utilise footpaths or verges
! Personnel may cross the road within gaps in the traffic provided the following sight
distances are observed:
! Greater than 150m in a 60 km/h or lower;
! Greater than 250m elsewhere
High visibility clothing is to be worn as shown above.
MOBILE WORKS
Mobile works includes the following:
! Long-run line-marking using ride-on, self propelled, towed or pushed plant;

! Pedestrian type line-marking and pavement marker laying or removal where a shadow
vehicle is used; and
! Operation of pavement testing vehicles
Activities such as shoulder grading, short-run line-marking, pavement and edge patching and
other works involving workers on foot without a shadow vehicle are regarded as frequently
changing work areas.

WORK CONVOY ARRANGEMENTS
A mobile work convoy should be made up of the following vehicles selected as necessary for
the relevant road situation:
! A lead vehicle in two-way roads when marking the separation line
! The work vehicle or item of plant which is undertaking the work
! A shadow vehicle to provide close up protection
! A tail vehicle to provide advance warning to road users and alert workers of any impending
hazard
SIGNS
All vehicles and items of plant in the mobile works convoy should carry an illuminated flashing
arrow sign. Supplementary vehicle-mounted signs shall be used where necessary to indicate
the type of work being done.
All advance warning signs and devices shall be displayed.
Maintaining Traffic flow
LENGTH OF SINGLE-LANE OPERATION UNDER REVERSIBLE FLOW

Vehicles per hour in both directions Length of single lane section in m
800 70
700 100
600 150
500 250
300 600
< 300 800
The MUTCD section 4.11 should be referenced for further requirements on the number of lanes
for each direction of flow, lane widths and work in residential streets.
DETOURS, SIDE TRACKS AND CROSSOVERS

In situations where it becomes impracticable to accommodate traffic within the existing
roadway, one or more of the following forms of traffic detour should be considered:
Side Track – a temporary road constructed beside or near the existing roadway and may
cater for one or both directions of travel

Detour – where one or both directions of travel are diverted via existing roads
Crossover – where part of a divided road is converted to a two-way road by closing one
roadway and constructing a temporary crossover to transfer traffic in that direction to the other
roadway
Detour of heavy or oversize vehicles – where a side track or a detour via existing
roads is needed to carry those vehicles past an obstruction or weakened bridge or section of
roadway.
The MUTCD section 4.12 should be referenced for further information on:
! Surface condition
! Alignment, width and capacity
! Provision for pedestrians, bicycles, wheelchairs and public transport
! Access to local traffic
! Delineation
! Continuity of signing at a detour
! Reversed traffic direction
! Detours for high and heavy vehicles
For the construction of side tracks and crossovers you will also need to refer to your job
specifications and any annexure to the specifications. You may also need to refer to the
relevant authority for their approval to detour of vehicles on existing roads.
Signs that may apply to either a high vehicle or a heavy vehicle detour.

WORKS ON UNSEALED ROADS
MAINTENANCE GRADING
Maintenance grading may be carried out with or without leaving a windrow. Work done without
leaving a windrow normally involves a second grader in tandem or by the use of a specialised
machine to pick up the rill. In no case shall a grader be permitted to travel on the right hand side
of the road in the direction of grading, without leaving sufficient room for an oncoming vehicle to
pass.
It is vital that a risk assessment be undertaken to identify any potential hazards and which
option to adopt.
Working without leaving a rill

If sight distance to the graders vehicle mounted warning device is at least 250 m throughout the
length of road being graded, no advance warning signs are required. However the following
signs may be required:
or
Leaving a rill
Where a windrow becomes too high for following traffic to cross in order to overtake the grader,
the grader operator should be instructed to raise the blade from time to time and move forward
a short distance to allow that traffic to pass.
For following traffic, the following signs shall be placed 100m in advance of the windrow:
The following signs may also be required:
or
Arrangement diagrams for traffic guidance schemes

SCOPE
Section 5 of the MUTCD provides 46 different traffic guidance schemes which illustrate the
application of traffic control devices to various work site situations and circumstances. The
diagrams, which indicate the approximate positions of the signs and devices required to guide
traffic safely around, through or past the worksite, should cover most work situations. The
diagrams are also accompanied by notes which must be read.

APPLICATION
The traffic guidance schemes illustrated in the MUTCD include examples of applications to:
! Short-term works
! Long-term works
! Urban works
! Rural works
! Two-way and multi-lane roads
! Specialist activities such as blasting
No one standard arrangement of signs and devices can operate for every work site, or for
different operations at a particular site. It may be necessary to vary warning signs and devices
at a work site on a day by day, day to night and hour by hour. Regardless, any variation to the
diagrams must not lower the standard set in the diagrams.
For the purpose of this training session we will only look at a small selection of diagrams.
DIAGRAM SELECTION
Table 5.1 in the MUTCD is the primary reference used to select the diagram appropriate to the
prevailing or expected work site conditions. In some cases Table 5.1 will refer directly to the
appropriate diagram whilst in other cases reference is made to Tables 5.2 and 5.5 which
provide a further selection guide to determine the appropriate diagram.
The diagrams selected using this procedure should satisfy the requirements of safety and public
convenience if consideration is given to the following factors:
Where “low speed” is used, the approach speed should be regarded as

60 km/h or less. Speed more than 60 km/h are referred to as “high speed”.
! There are no diagrams specific Duration of work

! Type of work site
! Width restrictions
! Lane configuration
! Actual width available for traffic
! Time of restriction
! Traffic diversion options
! Availability of personnel
! Traffic volumes
To bridge works, however choose the appropriate diagram and replace the “Roadwork Ahead”
signs with “Bridgework Ahead”.

MUTCD – TABLE 5.1 DIAGRAM SELECTION FOR ROADWORKS
Diagram Selection/Road type

Description of Works
2 way Multi-lane undivided Multi-lane divided
Closure of footpath 1, 22 1, 22
Closure of shoulder Table 5.2 11, 23 11, 23
Closure of traffic lane(s) Table 5.3 Table 5.5 Table 5.5
Temporary road closure Table 5.4 30 40
Work under traffic 15
Select the appropriate description and Diagram from this table
Bridgeworks
and refer to Clause 5.2
Detours
High vehicle detour 31 Adapt 31 to multi-lane (see notes 1 & 5)
Heavy vehicle detour 32 Adapt 32 to multi-lane (see notes 2 & 5)
One lane sidetrack 33 Adapt 33 to multi-lane (see note3)
Two-lane sidetrack 34 Adapt 34 to multi-lane (see note 3)
Sidetrack crossing median 35
One direction detour 36 Adapt 36 to multilane
(see note 2)
All traffic detour 37 Adapt 36 to multilane
(see note 2)
Exit ramp closure 38
Miscellaneous situations
Frequently changing work area 38 18
Blasting 30 30
Haul road crossing 25
Pavement marking 39 19 & 20
21 Adapt 21 to multi-lane
Short-term kerbside work - urban 8 9 & 10
Roundabouts 43 42
Pavement testing 44 45 & 46
MUTCD – TABLE 5.2 CLOSURE OF SHOULDER – TWO-WAY ROAD
Duration of AADT Pavement Lighting

Diagram No.
works Veh/day Encroach conditions Method of control
Day only Usually not needed 18
Minor
0-400 Night only
Short-term None Usually not needed 11
Day/night
works None
Over 400 3 - urban
Minor Day/night Usually not needed
12 - rural
Minor
0-400
Long-term None
Day/night Usually not needed 23
works None
Over 400
Minor
A minor pavement encroachment is one that leaves at least the following formed width of
trafficable road:
! Approach speed less than 60 km/h – 5.5m
! Approach speed greater than 60 km/h – AADT 0-400 – 5.5 m AADT over 400 – 6.4 m
Consider a lane closure or road widening to allow two-way traffic where large combination
vehicles.

MUTCD – TABLE 5.3 CLOSURE OF TRAFFIC LANES – TWO-WAY ROAD
Duration AADT Available Diagram

Other considerations Method of control
of works Veh/day width (m) No.
Residential Adequate Not needed 2,3
street,
3.5 or 5.5 visibility
N/A
and over between Inadequate Traffic controllers 7
ends of
closure
Visibility Inadequate Traffic controllers 13
between
3.0 - 4.9
SHORT-TERM WORK
0 - 400 ends of Adequate GIVE WAY sign 17

closure
5.0 & over Not usually needed 12
5.0 & over Not usually needed 39
400 - 800
3.0 - 4.9 Traffic controllers 13
Controllers - consider
3.0 - 5.9 7, 13
800 - 1500 use of boom barriers
6.0 & over Not usually needed 12,39
3.0 - 5.9
Controllers - consider
13, 7
1500 - 3000 Available No use of boom barriers
6.0 & over
width sealed
Yes
Not usually needed (1) 12
Yes
Available
6.0 & over
Over 3000 width sealed No Temporary traffic
14
signals (1)
3.0 - 5.9
Visibility Temporary traffic
Inadequate 24
between signals
3.0 - 4.9
0 - 400 ends of
LONG-TERM WORKS
Adequate GIVE WAY sign 24

closure
5.0 & over
Not usually needed 26
5.0 & over
400 - 800
3.0 - 4.9 Temporary traffic
24
3.0 - 5.9 signals
800 - 1500
6.0 & over
Not usually needed 26
Yes
Available
6.0 & over
Over 1500 width sealed No Temporary traffic
24
signals
3.0 - 5.9
(4) Formed width of the roadway (sealed or unsealed). This is the minimum lane width to be
provided.

MUTCD – TABLE 5.4 TEMPORARY ROAD CLOSURE – TWO-WAY ROAD
Duration of
Nature of works AADT Description Diagram No.
works
Blasting or where unsafe to
All 30
Day only traverse works during closure Complete road closure
Elsewhere All 16,30
Work area to be made trafficable and barriers removed by nightfall. Elsewhere
Night
and where an alternative route is available see Diagram 37
MUTCD – Table 5.5 MULTI-LANE ROADS

Configuration Duration of works No. of lanes Diagram No.
5 - urban
Short-term 4 to 8
One lane closed 19, 20 - rural
Long-term 4 to 8 27
Two lanes closed - Short-term 4 20
equal No. of lanes in 28 - 2 outer lanes closed
Long-term 6 or 8
both directions 29 - 2 centre lanes closed
Two lanes closed -
Short-term 4 to 8 41
unbalanced flows
4 - urban, low-speed
Short-term 4
One side closed 6 - urban, high-speed
Long-term 4 35
Temporary closure All 3 40
For detours refer to table 5.1
DIAGRAM SYMBOLS
Symbols used in the diagrams are as follows:

DIAGRAMS
The diagrams are divided into nine categories which are:
! Short-term – urban works
! Short-term – rural works
! Mobile works (line-marking)
! Short-term – night works
! Short-term – works on unsealed roads
! Short-term bituminous – surfacing works
! Long-term – lane and roadway closures
! Long-term works – detours and sidetracks
! Special work situations
NOTE
Do not just look at the diagram, also read the notes accompanying the diagram. The diagram or
notes may also refer to other clauses in the MUTCD which you will need to reference.
For this reason a copy of the MUTCD should be available on site.
Following are a selection of diagrams from the MUTCD.

MULTI-MESSAGE SIGN SYSTEM
The multi-message sign consists of up to three linked messages on a single 1200 x 900 mm
frame, comprising two panels of 600 x 600 mm panels at the top and one 1200 x 300 mm panel
at the bottom. The bottom panel is used regardless of the speed environment.
The multi message sign can convey up to 3 messages in the one frame.
These will include as required:
! Warning of works activity, road condition or works personnel;
! Regulatory restriction (speed limit);
! Provision of advice to motorists or advising of recommended actions.
Multi-message panel configuration should be as follows:
! At least one of the 600 X 600 mm panels must be symbolic
! Conflicting messages must not be used
! Messages must be linked logically
! Speed signs where used must be closest to the traffic and reflect conditions
! Colour combinations for sign legends and background are to have high contrast on
adjacent panels where practicable (try and avoid close colouring)
The lower 1200 x 300 mm panel may consist of the following:
The right hand upper 600 x 600 panel may consist of:

A selection of the signs as illustrated for the upper left hand panel may be used in the upper
right hand panel, however where possible should be avoided due to the same colouring. An
accepted example is depicted below.
The left hand upper 600 x 600mm panel may consist of:
PROTECTION AND DELINEATION AT EXCAVATION WORKS

Excavation work is covered under Part 17 of the Workplace Health and Safety Regulation and is
an activity, which requires a Work Method Statement.
Additional precautions are required at roadworks excavations and a risk assessment needs to
be carried out on:
! The length of excavation parallel to the roadway
! Duration of exposure
! Traffic volume
! Traffic speed
! Depth of excavation
! Road alignment
The MUTCD gives recommended lateral clearances where protection and/or delineation is
required to excavations.

ROADWORKS AT INTERSECTIONS
Considerable planning is required for undertaking roadworks within an intersection. There will
need to be advance warning signs on all approach roads, tapers formed prior to the intersection
and appropriate signs and delineation to guide the traffic through the site.
On intersections under the control of traffic lights where traffic control is to be used, the traffic
lights will have to be turned to flashing amber for the duration of the manual traffic control.
SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF TEMPORARY ROADWORK SIGNS

The following signs are used for special situations at temporary roadworks:
DAILY ROUTINE TASKS AND RECORD KEEPING
RECORD KEEPING
The following records should be kept:
! Daily records of sign arrangements or traffic guidance scheme in a diary or work sheet. Of
particular importance is the installation, alteration or removal of regulatory signs. The
records should indicate the hours of operation and the surface condition of the road. Any
significant departures from, or additions to the signs and devices included in the relevant
diagram(s) should be noted.
! In the case of accidents, either witnessed or reported, which involve the public, full details
of the accident and the associated road condition and signage at the time should be
recorded. Photographs will assist in the recording. This information may be critical in the
case of legal action being taken, which may not proceed until some years later.
DAILY ROUTINES
A daily routine for the inspection and maintenance of the traffic control signs and devices should
be established. It is advisable to appoint one person or a small gang to undertake these tasks
which will include:
! Before work
! During work hours
! Closing down at the end of the day
! After hours
It is vital that the appropriate signs and devices are in place for the days work and it is just as
important that all the necessary signs are closed down at the end of the days work.
Open each morning Close each afternoon

Typical Daily Traffic Management Checklist
Reference No.______ Supervisors Name: ____________________________________

Road name: ____________________________________________________________
Location of work area: from ______________________ to ______________________
Length of work area: ___________ Weather conditions: _______________________
Traffic controllers used: Yes / No Number of controllers: _________
Existing speed signs covered during work activity: Yes / No
Main Activity: ________________________________________ Date:___/___/______
Plant used (tick):
Grader Loader Backhoe Excavator Trucks
M/T Roller Vib Roller Broom Paver Sprayer
Other
Tick signs used, the distance of each sign from the start of the work area on each approach and the time of erection / removal. Also tick signs which remain
erected overnight.
Tick Distance Distance Time Time Remain
General Road Signs if 1st 2nd erected removed erected
used approach approach approach approach overnight
Roadwork 1 km Ahead
Roadwork Ahead
Bridgework Ahead
Road Plant Ahead
Grader Ahead
Workmen Ahead
Prepare To Stop
Road Closed
End Roadwork
Lane Status
Portable Traffic Signals
Stop Here On Red Signal
Signals Ahead
Speed Signs: 40
60
80
100
Other:
I certify that all signing and works were in accordance with the MUTCD Part 3 Works on Roads.
Signed: _________________________________________ (Supervisor) Date: ___/___/______
Attach a sketch or diagram of the work area and signage if required.

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING
Because of the inherent hazards of working with plant and traffic, all persons working on or
authorized to enter the site shall be supplied by their employer, the relevant high visibility
protective equipment and clothing.
Helmet or daytime workers traffic controller night time
workers
INFORMATION FOR CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISORS

We have already discussed the responsibilities of the company and persons in control of the
worksite, however as a reminder, the supervisor needs to continually consider, monitor and
review the following where applicable:
! Factors affecting traffic provision
! Two-way traffic
! One-way traffic
! One lane traffic
! Detours and side tracks
! Construction under traffic
! Blasting
! Mobile, intermittent, low-impact works
! Close Down traffic Guidance Scheme
This essential information combined with practical application on the worksite will enable you
to complete Assessment Task 4, which addresses elements 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4.
The information relating to all of the above learning outcomes will be presented over one
topics:
1. Erection and Removal of Regulatory Traffic Control Devices

ERECTION AND REMOVAL OF REGULATORY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
An essential adjunct to the erection or removal of any regulatory sign or device is the recording
and filing of circumstances for use in connection with any prosecution or litigation resulting from
a traffic offence or accident.
Approval must be obtained from the relevant regulatory authority before the implementation of a
traffic management plan and notification given to the regulatory authority of the
decommissioning of the traffic guidance scheme.

SIGN REMOVAL WORK PROTECTED BY SPECIALIST VEHICLES
This work involves the use of a vehicle with a truck-mounted attenuator. The vehicle shall be
fitted with an illuminated flashing arrow to protect workers in the recovery of signs and devices.
The sequence of removal of signs and devices is a reversal of the erection sequence in that it
commences at the job and signs are progressively removed heading away from the job.
RECORDING THE REMOVAL OF SIGNS AND DEVICES
Reference No.______ Supervisors Name: ____________________________________

Road name: ____________________________________________________________
Location of work area: from ______________________ to ______________________
Length of work area: ___________ Weather conditions: _______________________
Traffic controllers used: Yes / No Number of controllers: _________
Existing speed signs covered during work activity: Yes / No
Main Activity: ________________________________________ Date:___/___/______
Plant used (tick):
Grader Loader Backhoe Excavator Trucks
M/T Roller Vib Roller Broom Paver Sprayer
Other
Tick signs used, the distance of each sign from the start of the work area on each approach and the time of erection / removal. Also tick signs which remain
erected overnight.
Tick Distance Distance Time Time Remain
General Road Signs if 1st 2nd erected removed erected
used approach approach approach approach overnight
Roadwork 1 km Ahead
Roadwork Ahead
Bridgework Ahead
Road Plant Ahead
Grader Ahead
Workmen Ahead
Prepare To Stop
Road Closed
End Roadwork
Lane Status
Portable Traffic Signals
Stop Here On Red Signal
Signals Ahead
Speed Signs: 40
60
80
100
Other:
I certify that all signing and works were in accordance with the MUTCD Part 3 Works on Roads.
Signed: _________________________________________ (Supervisor) Date: ___/___/______
Attach a sketch or diagram of the work area and signage if required.

Clean up is a vital part of any construction work and is an essential part of the job. A thorough
clean up of the work site and restoration of the work site also provides good public relations
and more importantly good relations with the principal contractor.
More specifically, Section 3 covers the theory and knowledge required for
Clean Up
This essential information combined with practical application on the worksite will enable you
to complete Assessment Task 5, which addresses elements 5.1 and 5.2
CLEAN UP
This is the final clean up of the job once all signs have been removed and where applicable
side-tracks have been decommissioned.
It will involve restoration of disturbed ground surfaces and protection of waterways, drains and
stormwater systems in accordance with the project environmental plan.
Finally the appropriate storage of signs and tools is undertaken in accordance with the
manufacturers’ recommendations and normal work practices. This will involve cleaning, repair
and storage in a secure area that is protected from the weather.
Damage or wear to traffic control devices should be reported immediately so that they can be
either repaired or replaced for future use.
Further information is already prepared relating to sediment control in the Environmental

Practices unit, which is available for use in conjunction with this unit material.

Section 1: Access the Work Site
Basic Principals
Read – MUTCD, Part 3, Section 2
Paragraph 2.2.1 – Principles of the development, installation and operation of a traffic Guidance System. Sets out
the general principals that are to be applied when planning and operating traffic guidance systems on or through a
construction site. They are restated below
Planning
MUTCD, Part 3, Section 2

2.2.1 Levels of planning
Some measure of planning is required for all road works protection or traffic guidance schemes. It will normally take
place at one of three levels, as follows:
(a) Short-term and mobile works not involving road closure
Planning in these cases should comprise the development of procedures and the provision of
appropriate sets of signs and devices to cover all of the routine tasks the workers will encounter. The procedures
should be documented by means of work methods statements supported if necessary by standard plans showing,
for example, the processional order and separation distances of items in a mobile works gang.
(b) Works involving relatively simple part-roadway closures
Planning in these cases should comprise a minimum requirement to sketch the protective devices and delineation
required on a road construction or similar plan, and to prepare a list of devices required for the job. A reference to a
diagram or figure or similar standardized illustration may be substituted for the sketch or plan provided it matches
adequately the situation.
(c) Works involving complex traffic arrangements or staging, or both
Planning in these cases should comprise the preparation of a fully documented traffic guidance scheme providing
the following:
(i) Plans showing temporary traffic paths, their delineation and the position of traffic control or
warning devices.
(ii) On multi-stage works, a separate set of plans for each stage.
(iii) Details of after-hours traffic arrangements, on separate plans if they cannot be adequately
incorporated into the above.
(iv) All necessary instructions for the installation, operation, between-stage rearrangement and ultimate removal of
devices at the conclusion of the job.
It is essential to prepare such plans well before the job starts or before the start of the stage to which they apply, so
that there is enough time to obtain any special devices or approvals.
General

No matter how brief the occupation of a worksite may be, you need to give careful consideration to the following (3)
x principals when signing a work site:
• To provide adequate warning of changes in the road’s surface or driving conditions and of personnel or
plant engaged in work on the road.
• To adequately instruct and guide road users safely through, around or at the worksite
• Protection of workers
Listed below are three (3) x important basic principals you need to observe.
• Signs and devices should be erected and displayed before work commences at the worksite.
• Signs and devices should be regularly checked for effectiveness and maintained in a satisfactory condition
• Signs and devices should be removed from the worksite as soon as practical, however appropriate signs
should remain in place until all work (including bituminous surfacing, removal of loose stones and line
marking) has been completed. You should apply the same principals to the signing of road hazards caused
by circumstances outside the control of the authority.
Responsibility of the Authority
The agency carrying out construction or maintenance operations on roads or bridges should take reasonable care
to minimise the risk of injury to road users or damage to their property as a result of such operations. Care should
be taken to:
• Minimise the risk of injury to road users
• Minimise the risk of damage to road users property
• Warn public of prevailing conditions
• Guard, delineate or where necessary illuminate works which may pose a hazard.
• Avoid where possible, long delays or detours which may cause unnecessary inconvenience to road users
• Manage the traffic within or adjacent to the work area to provide a working environment which minimises
the risk of injury
Responsibility of the Authority
Supervisory personnel employed by the agency carrying out construction, maintenance or other works which
required the use of a traffic guidance scheme should ensure that both the agency’s and their own responsibilities
are discharged as far as practical. These include:
• Provide safe and convenient travelling conditions for road users

• Provide safe working conditions for personnel and plant under their control
• Exercising personnel courtesy towards the travelling public and encouraging personnel to do the same
• Ensuring that personnel assigned to the signing works are adequately trained to perform tasks to the
required standards
• Ensuring the requirements of the Code of Practice for Traffic Controllers are met
Legal Authority

The traffic Act provides that official traffic signs shall be installed only by the authority of the director general of
Transport or a local government. The regulation under this Act provide that any such sign shall be installed in
accordance with the methods, standards and procedures prescribed in the MUTCD or AS 1742 – 1995
Definitions
Long Term – The description which applies when a traffic guidance scheme is required to operate during both day
and night and may be left unattended
Short Term - The description which applies when a traffic guidance scheme is required only while work personnel
are in attendance and is generally limited to the duration of a single work shift, but which may include a duration of
no more than one (1) x night.
Work Area - The specific area where work is being done
Work Site - An area which includes the work area and any additional length of road required for signing, tappers,
etc.
Traffic Control Device - Any sign, signal, pavement marking or other installation placed or erected under authority
of the Traffic Act for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic
Traffic Controller - A person who’s duty is to control traffic at a worksite
Traffic Guidance Scheme - An arrangement of temporary signs and devices to warn traffic and guide it through or
past a work site or hazard
Planning
Read MUTCD, Part 3, Section 2
Paragraph 2.2.2
The planning of roadwork’s, including any proposed staging of construction, would include detailed consideration of
a traffic guidance scheme (TGS) to warn, guide and instruct road users among them cyclists and pedestrians and
to protect workers.
st
Department of Main Roads is generally the first (1 ) point of contact in helping to determine traffic flow
requirements for the proposed work site for all main arterial roads and highways and local councils for suburban
streets and rural roads.
Where appropriate, special consideration should be given to the movements of school children, blind people and
other handicapped pedestrians. You also need to consider provisions for all existing traffic movements to cause
minimum in convenience.
Planning should include consideration of the need for traffic controllers, temporary regulatory signs, portable traffic
signals or alterations to existing traffic signals and temporary, new or altered line markings. Consideration should
also be given to the following sections when planning a traffic guidance system
Traffic Guidance
Paragraph 2.3.1
Depending on the circumstances, you may achieve movement of traffic in one of the following ways:
• Through the work area
• Around the work area
• Past the work area by a detour which may be an existing road or side track
Unless there is no practical alternative, traffic through the work area should only be considered on lightly trafficked
roads.

Signs and devices should not direct motorists to disobey the law unless an authorised person (police officer) is
present to direct traffic. If traffic control is extremely difficult, it may be desirable to seek help from the local police.
Traffic control will be most difficult at signalled intersections and other multi-laned roads, depending on the
circumstances and the actual movements to be allowed. Basically the greater the traffic number, the more difficult it
is to control.
Planning should also include consideration of the need for traffic controllers, or portable traffic signals t various
stages of the work.

Paragraph 2.3.2 – Safety and Convenience
Paragraph 2.3.5 – Sidetracks and Detours
Rules of thumb when planning roadwork’s construction signing
• The amount of time you take planning and setting up a traffic guidance scheme is insignificant compared to
the amount of time you would take in reporting the aftermath of an accident
• You have a duty of care or obligation to the workers and the public to make sure that the workplace is safe
and that traffic can negotiate the worksite safely
• Only minimum practical length and width of road should be closed off at any one time, to minimise
disruption and inconvenience to road users.
• Parts of a lane (width) are not to be closed off unless there is a sufficient width remaining for vehicle use,
that is, a minimum of three (3) x metres. In a nutshell: either all of the lane is closed off or none of it
• Work should be planned to avoid peak traffic periods. These include:

- Normal morning and afternoon commuter periods
- Christmas period
- Special events such as football games, rock concerts and street parades
• Make alternative arrangements for public transport well in advance. On almost all worksites except for
lightly travelled, advance warning signs placed prior to the job commencing advising of possible traffic
delays, will be one of the most effective methods of avoiding public condemnation and sever traffic
disruptions.
• Always be prepared to extend the traffic Guidance Scheme into night
• The maximum speed past any roadwork’s site should never exceed 60kph. Often this is reduced to 40 kph
• Traffic should always be guided through, past or around the worksite, that is, drivers should hardly ever
have to make a decision

Section 2: Implement Traffic Control Plan

Paragraph 2.4.1 to 2.4.7
General
Once a traffic management plan has been developed for a particular roadwork project it needs to be certified and
accepted by the department of Main Roads.
After setting up the traffic guidance scheme, you should drive along all approaches to and from the worksite to
determine the appropriateness and correctness of the traffic management plan as it is set up. The number of signs
and devices should be sufficient, however they should also be the minimum required to avoid causing confusion.
Roadwork’s signs are temporary warning signs which feature a black legend on a reflective yellow background,
often with a black border. As with all signs, only retro-reflective materials cab be seen properly at night. As no one
can ever be certain that a sign will not be needed at night, all sign backgrounds should be reflective.
Reflective back grounds could be Class 1 or Class 2 material. The argument for Class 1 is that because of its extra
brightness at night it should at least be used on the main advance warning signs. There is, however, no legal
requirement to do so.
Temporary warning signs can be accompanied by appropriate regulatory signs, e.g. speed limit signs or traffic
movement restrictions, e.g. R2-14 (ALL TRAFFIC LEFT or RIGHT).
Fluorescent or day – glow signs and other equipment and devices such as workers vests and traffic cones are for
day time use only and are ineffective at night. For night usage a device must either be illuminated or have a
significant retro-reflective portion.
Types, functions and limitations of devices

Types of devices
Signs and devices should be selected to give the appropriate warnings, guidance and instructions. Unless the
circumstances are exceptional, you should select them from the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices
(MUTCD).
A full list of all the various types of devices is given in Part 3 of the MUTCD, Works on Roads. The following
chapter will discuss these devices that are more commonly used in this unit and explain their overall concepts.
Portable traffic signals (MUTCD Paragraph 3.5.4)
Portable traffic signals can be used for short duration temporary works. For longer duration works, you should
consider temporary installation of signals. Portable signals should not be left unattended for long periods or at night
because of the possibility of equipment failure and or security problems.
Cab-mounted warning devices (MUTCD Paragraph 3.12.1)
You should use cab-mounted warning devices to warn traffic of the presence of personnel or plant on or near the
carriageway. The device should consist of a yellow multi-directional flashing light as a minimum. Maintenance
vehicles should also have a PATROL sign mounted, which can be erected when such a vehicle is operating.
Structural/Safety barriers (MUTCD Paragraph 3.10.2)
Concrete or water filled plastic GM or New Jersey portable structural barriers are available, or they can be made if
the circumstances warrant, e.g. to protect against a sever hazard. You should follow normal design and installation
practice, taking care to ensure that the barriers themselves have no unprotected ends, which could cause a
hazard.

Temporary kerbing can also be installed. This can take the form of sandbags painted white, precast concrete
blocks or recycled plastic blocks. The kerbing should be painted white and should not be higher than 150mm. Such
kerbing should be securely fastened to the pavement.
Lamps (MUTCD Paragraph 3.11)
The flashing yellow warning lamp is the standard lamp available in South East Queensland and is widely used. Its
light output is highly directional and you need to take care with its orientation.
These lamps are used to draw attention to a particular sign, barrier or hazard. They are very effective in this
respect. Such lamps should not be used for delineation because of the confusing light pattern a series of lamps will
produce.
Part 3 of the MUTCD states that steady yellow lamps, can be used for delineation or placed on barriers at non-
trafficable sections. In practice, retro-reflective devices have taken over this job and in the end are more effective
because they are not as great a target for vandals who steal the batteries. The greatest problem with the flashing
yellow light is their security, which is another reason for regularly checking the roadwork’s signing setup.
Plastic Drums
Empty 200 litre drums painted white, with retro-reflective applied were used, however due to the higher level of
damage caused to vehicles involved in accidents, they have been replaced lightweight drums. They are highly
visible and because of their dimensions, appear more imposing than they really are, e.g. they usually have to be
filled with water or have a sandbag placed inside for stability.
Loose weights should not be placed on top of drums. For night-time use at least one quarter of the drum must have
a retro-reflective surface. Use of drums may not do away with the need for temporary delineators, which can be
attached to the drums.
Flexible or collapsible posts
The MUTCD Part 3 requires posts to be a minimum of 450mm high and at least 50mm wide with retro-reflecting
surface of not less than 5,000 mm2.
Flexible posts are used for temporary delineation requirements and are more conspicuous and stable than traffic
cones (witches hats). Hence they are useful at the lead in sections. The separable heavy rubber/plastic base gives
good stability, sufficient to allow small KEEP LEFT signs or other small signs to be attached. However, they are not
sufficiently stable to do this in a high wind area or where large or heavy vehicles will pass closely at a full 60 kph.
Proprietary posts available are all much the same size and colour, and are very good for their job.
Raised reflective pavement markers (MUTCD Paragraph 3.9.5).
Raised reflective pavement markers (RRPM) may be used in conjunction
with temporary pavement marking at roadwork sites. Spacing and application should be as for new, permanent
installations. There is a temporary version of these, which is like a plastic angle with one leg having a sticky surface
for attachment to asphalt surfaces and the other leg having a retro-reflective surface.
Some brands have an easily removable sticker that covers the retro-reflective part, so that, say, a primer coat or
bitumen seal is applied, the ticker is removed and delineation is still available

Pavement marking (MUTCD Paragraph 3.9.4)
Like permanent marking, temporary pavement markings are very important for guiding traffic. You should consider
them when you are planning temporary markings.
Marking tape may be used because of it’s ease of removal as it does not leave a mark, which does occur when
conventional lines are ground off. This grind mark may appear to be real line under certain conditions, such as on a
wet night.
If the situation is such that temporary pavement markings are required, it’s likely that substantial associated works
would also be required e.g. temporary kerbing and regulatory signage, RRPM’s (raised reflective permanent
markers)and others.
If existing markings are confusing or potentially misleading they should be removed and replaced later if required.
Traffic cones (witches hats) (MUTCD Paragraph 3.9.1)
A traffic cone is a hollow, stackable, fluorescent orange or red plastic cone used to delineate the travelled path at
short-term work sites.
Cones are normally 450mm in height. Smaller cones may be used (300mm) during pavement marking operations
to deter drivers from travelling on newly applied wet paint. These 300mm cones should not be used for any other
purpose, as they are to small. Large 700mm cones may be used on freeways or for high speed applications,
particularly at the leading edge of tapers and diversions.
For night time use, cones are to be fitted with a retro-reflective band covering the middle third of the cone. A
number of cones with retro-reflective banding should always be kept on hand in case they are needed for night
works. However, such cones should not be left unattended at night or overnight as they are not stable and would
be everywhere come morning, with displaced cones possibly leading to accidents.
Spacing of cones depends on the application, generally it’s five (5) to fifteen (15) metres. Where lateral movement
of traffic is required the spacing should be reduced to give a clear indication of the prohibition to use a particular
area, for example, a the beginning of a lane closure.
You will need to maintain the positioning of cones regularly throughout the job due to displacement by traffic and
vandals.
Temporary post-mounted delineator (MUTCD Paragraph 3.9.2)
This is a yellow retro-reflective material of not less than 5000 mm2 or a type A circular reflector Part 3 MUTCD, not
less than 85 mm diameter attached to both sides of a plate which in turn is fastened to a support. The supports
should be uniformly one (1) metre from the edge of the travelled path and the delineator one (1) metre above the
road surface.
Plastic Mesh fencing
Plastic mesh fencing is used to exclude pedestrians from the work area and to contain personnel. It is not used for
vehicular traffic delineations. The colour is commonly fluorescent orange/red and is approximately one (1) metre
high.
Barrier Boards/Rails (MUTCD Paragraph 3.8.3)
Barrier rails are 2.5 – 4.0 metres long and 150mm – 200mm wide. They are mounted on trestles or fixed posts
about a metre above the pavement. The colour is alternate black and retro-reflective yellow striping.
They are used to inhibit access to the work site and should be erected approximately perpendicular to the direction
of traffic flow. They are not used for delineation purposes. The typical use of barrier rails is at the actual closure of
a road with a ROAD CLOSED sign and lamp attached.

Signage
Sign mounting and location requirements
Paragraphs 3.3.1 to 3.3.2 and Paragraphs 17.1 to 17.2
The mounting of road works signage is important and must be designed to suit varying conditions. Signs which are
not portable and easily erected are frequently not erected. Therefore a primary requirement is that they be easily
stored and installed. They should be secure as far as possible and not present a hazard to pedestrians or vehicles
themselves. Mountings should be stable and not removed by normal wind gusts originating from large, freely
moving vehicles.
Signs should never be left in place and visible when no work is in progress or no hazard exists. The travelling
public’s current attitude is to ignore signs as “the workmen are probably not there anyway”. Unfortunately this is
often true! The danger this perception represents to the public and workers cannot be overstated.
For longer-term works, signs can be mounted on fixed poles similar to permanent signing.
Signing and devices should provide sufficient advance warning and allow adequate time for correct response under
the anticipated worst conditions. All approaches to the work area, including any side roads, must be considered.
Signs and devices required to operate at night should be either retro-reflective or illuminated. Flashing lamps
should be used appropriately to draw attention to signs and steady lamps to augment lines of delineation.
Existing signs and traffic control devices which are inappropriate or conflict with temporary worksite situations
should be covered or removed.
Structural barriers may be needed to prevent vehicles from leaving the travelled path where head on conflict is
possible, or where steep embankments or other hazards or obstructions must be temporarily tolerated. At night,
hazards or barriers may require flood lighting to make them more conspicuous.
Temporary signs and their mountings may be affected by weather conditions, air disturbance or travelling vehicles,
should be fixed in place as firmly as is practical.
Traffic Signals
Major traffic guidance scheme for roadwork’s or special events will often be required in high traffic urban areas. In
these circumstances drivers will encounter traffic signals either within the extent of the worksite or along a diversion
route. Because of the changes forced by the roadworks with respect to traffic volumes per lane, changes to the
signal phasing would usually be required. The alternative is to turn the signals off or to flash and have police
manually control the intersection. Generally for short periods, police control would be the chosen option, with
changes to signals used for longer term works.
Unless the diversion is at a set of signals controlled by the City Council, Department of Main Roads would have to
be contacted for phase changes. You would have to be contacted for phase changes. You would need to arrange
this well in advance. As mentioned in MUTCD, Section 3, Intersection Devices, if roadworks disturb the detector
loops at a set of signals, default timings will become active. This may cause significant traffic delays.

Typical traffic control arrangements
The MUTCD Part 3, Section 5 “Arrangement Diagram for Traffic Guidance Scheme” Diagram 1 to Diagram 46
provides a series of diagrams of traffic guidance schemes to meet a range of different work conditions. These
diagrams illustrate the traffic control devices used including notes also include tables and other information such as
the distances between signs and length of tapers where these are required.
The traffic guidance scheme depicted on the diagrams are associated with works of either long term or short term
nature, and for all types of roads, multi-lane and single lane systems.
The selection of an appropriate guidance scheme is subject to a number of factors
• Duration of work
• Type of work
• Width restriction
• Lane configuration
• Actual width available
• Time restrictions
• Traffic diversion options
• Availability of personnel
• Traffic volumes
After consideration of these factors the work situation may not be specifically covered by the diagrams, the task will
then be to select an appropriate arrangement of signs and devices to meet the particular site conditions in Part 3 of
the MUTCD.

Paragraphs 5.3 of section 5
Diagrams 5.1 to 5.5 provides notes on how you should select the appropriate diagram. It refers to table 5.1 which is
the starting point in the selection of appropriate traffic guidance system.
Diagram Selection/Road Type

Description of works 2 way Multi-lane undivided Multi-lane divided
(freeway type operations)
Closure of Footpath 1,22 1,22 -
Closure of shoulder Table 5.2 11,23 11,23
Closure of traffic lane(s) Table 5.2 Table 5.5 Table 5.5
Temporary road closure Table 5.2 30 40
Work under traffic Table 5.2 - -
Bridgeworks Select the appropriate description and diagram from this table and also refer
to Clause 5.2
Detours
- High Vehicles 31 Adapt 31 to multilane case (See notes 1 and 5)
- Heavy vehicle detour 32 Adapt 32 to multilane case (See notes 2 and 5)
- One lane sidetrack 33
Adapt 33 to multilane case (See notes 3)
- Two lane side track 34
Adapt 34 to multilane case (See notes 3)
- - 35
- Sidetrack crossing median
34 Adapt 36 to multi-lane closure (see note 2) -
- One direction detour
Adapt 37 to multi-lane closure (see note 2)
37 -
- All traffic detour
- 38
- Exit ramp closure
Miscellaneous situations
- Frequent changing work area 18 18
- Blasting 30 30
- Haul road crossing 25 -
- Pavement marking 39 19 and 20
- Short term kerb work @ 21 Adapt 21 to multi-lane case, 9 & 10
intersections
- Roundabouts 43 42
- Pavement testing 44 45 and 46

Table 5.1 DIAGRAM SELECTION FOR ROADWORKS SITUATION
Duration of AADT Pavement Lighting Method of Diagram No

Works Veh/Day Encroachment Conditions Control
(1)
Minor Day only Usually not 18
needed
0 - 400 Day/night
Short term Works None Usually not 17
Day/night needed
None
Over - 400 Minor Day/night Usually not 3 – Urban
needed 12 - Rural
Minor
0 - 400 None Day/night Usually not 23
None needed
Long Term Works Over - 400 Minor Day/night Usually not 23
needed
Table 5.2 CLOSURE OF SHOULDER – TWO-WAY ROAD
Note :
1. A minor pavement encroachment is one that leaves at least the following formed width of trafficable
road
- Approach speed less than 60km/h - 5.5m
- Approach speed greater than 60 km/h - AADT - 0 to 400m – 5m.
AADT - over 400m – 6.4m

See Table (next page 29) - 5.3 CLOSURE OF TRAFFIC LANE – TWO WAY ROAD
Duration of AADT Veh/Day Available Width Other Considerations Method of Diagram

works (m) (1) control No.
N/a 3.5 or 5.5 and Residential street adequate Not needed 2,3
over visibility between Inadequate Traffic 7
ends of closure controllers
0 - 400 Visibility between Inadequate Traffic 13
ends of closure controllers
adequate Give way sign 17
Not usually 12, 39
400 - 800 5.0 and over needed
WORKS
3.0 – 4.9 Traffic 13

controllers
800 - 1500 3.0 – 5.9 Controllers - 7, 13
TERM
consider the use

of boom barriers
SHORT
6.0 and over Not usually 12, 39

needed
1500 - 3000 3.0 – 5.9 Controllers - 13, 7
6.0 and over Availability width fully no consider the use
sealed? of boom barriers
yes Not usually 12
Over 3000 6.0 and over Availability width fully yes needed (1)
sealed? no Temporary 14
3.0 – 5.9 traffic signals (1)
0 - 400 3.0 to 4.9 Visibility between Inadequate Temporary 24
ends of closure traffic signals
adequate Give way sign 24
LONG TERM WORKS
5.0 and over Not usually 26

400 - 800 5.0 and over needed
3.0 – 4.9 Temporary 24
800 - 1500 3.0 – 5.9 traffic signals
6.0 and over Not usually 26
Over 1500 6.0 and over Availability width fully yes needed
sealed? no Temporary 24
3.0 – 5.9 traffic signals
Duration of Woks Nature of Works AADT Description Diagram No
Day only Blasting or where unsafe to traverse All Complete Road 30

works during closure Closure
Elsewhere All 16, 30
Night Work area to be made trafficable and barriers removed by nightfall. Elsewhere and where an alternative
route is available (see Diagram 37)
Table 5.4 TEMPOARAY ROAD CLOSURE – TWO WAY ROAD

Configuration Duration of Works No of Lanes Diagram No.
One Lane Closed 5 – urban
Short term works 4 to 8
19,20 - rural
Long term works 4 to 8 27
Two Lane Closed Short term works 4 20
28 – 2 outer lanes closed

- Equal No of Lanes in both Long term works 6 or 8
29 – 2inner lanes closed
directions
Two Lanes Closed Short term works
4 to 8 41
-Unbalanced flows
4 – urban, low speed

Short term works 4
One Side Closed 6 – urban, high speed
Long term works 4 35
Temporary road closure All 3 40
Table 5.4 MULTILANE ROADS

Note: For detours refer Table 5.1
Description and use of signs and other devices
Section 3 of the MUTCD describes the signs and other devices used in the control of traffic at works on roads and
footpaths.
The functions of the devices are detailed in paragraph 3.1. You should then become familiar with the signs
described in the following paragraphs.
Paragraph 3.3 - Sign mountings
Paragraph 3.4 – Signs and Devices for worksite approaches and departures
Paragraph 3.5 - Sign and devices for regulatory control of Traffic
Paragraph 3.6 – Detour Signs
Paragraph 3.7 – Road Construction Signs
Paragraph 3.8 - Sign and Devices for Lane and Road closures
Paragraph 3.9 – Devices for Delineating and Indicating the Travelled Path
Paragraph 3.10 – Containment Fences and Safety Barriers
Paragraph 3.11 – Lamps
Paragraph 3.12 – Vehicle mounted signs and Devices
Paragraph 3.13 – Blasting works Signs
Paragraph 3.14 - Sign and Devices for Pedestrian Control
Paragraph 3.15 - Sign and Devices for Vehicle Height and Mass Restrictions
Paragraph 3.16 – Other Signs and Devices
Traffic Management throughout a worksite

We have been discussing the various aspects of traffic control and it’s recognised as an integral part of safety on
the worksite. The obligations of each person employed on a job site are readily set out in the OH&S Acts and
Regulations and should be understood. Each state has their own OH&S Acts, Regulations, Codes of Practice and
Advisory standards, but each are similar in content.
In regards to the code of practice for traffic control each state has a Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices, this
is based upon AS 1742, 1995, Part 3 Traffic Control Devices for Works

Arrangement Diagrams for Traffic Guidance Scheme (TGS)
Section 5, Part 3, of the MUTCD has a comprehensive list of typical arrangements. Read this section. When you
first look at them, the diagrams may seem complicated, with too much information. However, if you look at most
typical situations, you will notice that there is a consistency to them. In most conventional work situations the
advanced warning signs are required, and then the worksite signs. The first sign ROADWORK AHEAD, the second
sign is the symbolic WORKMAN AHEAD or ROAD PLANT AHEAD, as the case may be and the third is (depending
on the situation) the symbolic TRAFFIC CONTROLLER or LANE CLOSED or DETOUR AHEAD. The most
common extras associated with these are regulatory speed signs or LANE CLOSED MERGE LEFT or RIGHT
(multi – lane roads).
Each situation is different and must be considered on it’s merits. However, the correct use of the above mentioned
approach signs plus the correct length of tapers and appropriate worksite delineation will improve most worksites.
Each layout is also accompanied by notes explaining the layouts and the reasons for the inclusion of certain signs.
In respect to the distance D between signs, the notes include a table showing this dimension for a range of speeds.
A typical layout Figure 23 (next page) taken from Part 3, Highlights all the points discussed.

1. Traffic cones at 5m – 15m spacing may be used along the edge line or centreline with traffic controllers.
2. The vehicle should be parked -

(a) so it does not unduly obstruct motorist’s vision of the travel path.
(b) to leave a clear escape path for workers, and
(c) where necessary, in advance of the work area to protect workers.
3. A traffic Controller Ahead or Workers Ahead sign may be required on the right-hand side of heavily
trafficked roads.
4. Work area should not extend beyond centreline.
5. Traffic controller stops and holds all traffic in obstructed lane then when work areas is temporarily clear,
direct traffic to the left of the Short-Term Works Marker and through the work area.
6. Traffic should not be held for longer than 5 mins at any time
7. This arrangement should be used where -

(a) remaining clear carriageway width including trafficable shoulder is 3.5m minimum
(b) where only one traffic controller is available, and
(c) the road is heavily trafficked or barrier lines are present.
8. For night operation -

(a) Use reflectorised signs and place yellow flashing lamp at Workers Ahead sign
(b) Relocate vehicle to illuminate work area and avoid glare to approaching motorists
(c) Wear high visibility clothing (see clause 31.2), and
(d) Use reflectorised delineation or steady yellow lamps.
9. A maximum speed limit of 60km/h shall be used (see clause 35.3d). Cover or alter if inappropriate at night
10. Use ROADWORK 1km AHEAD sign 1 km in advance of the work for approach speeds greater than 80
km/h. This sign may be omitted for work of short duration, unless presence of next advance sign would be
unexpected.
11. Safety helmet and high visibility garment should be worn(see appendix B)
12. May be omitted if continuous operations are in progress and vehicle in marked area is signed with the
PATROL sign and rotating yellow lamp is activated.
13. The sign PREPARE TO STOP (T1-18) may be used subject to the conditions in Clause 30.3
14. The speed restriction sign may be mounted together with the END ROADWORK sign, where desired

Traffic Controllers
General
Traffic controllers would normally be used:
• When construction traffic regularly crosses or partly enters the trafficked lane/s
• To regulate flow where one lane is open in a normally two-way road or bridge
• In emergencies to stop and direct traffic
• Where sight distance to the worksite is poor
• To warn or slow traffic where slow speed is essential for safe operations
Approved procedure for controlling traffic

A document titled “Approved Procedure for Controlling Traffic” prepared by the department of Main Roads in
accordance with Section 166 of the Transport Operations (Road Use Management) Act 1995, spells out the
following:
An accredited Traffic Controller is a person who must:
• Have successfully completed a Main Roads traffic controller course
• Hold an identification card, which shows an expiry date of no more than 3 years
• Have held a drivers licence continuously for 12 months

The duties and responsibilities of a Traffic Controller are set out in BCCCM2013C Control Traffic at a Worksite.
Section 3: Monitor Traffic Flow

Supervisor responsibility
In any situation where road use is reduced by works it is necessary for the Supervisor of either a construction or
maintenance operation to monitor the traffic guidance system that has been designed for the works.
It must be remembered that the system which includes signs and devices set out MUTCD is mandatory and that all
road users are legally bound to observe the signs and devices.
Thus as was stated in Section 1 all supervisory personnel have the responsibility that the traffic guidance systems
used in operated within the legal requirements of the Traffic Acts of which the MUTCD is a part.
This will mean that the supervisor has the responsibility to monitor the system at all times.
These responsibilities are set out in the MUTCD Part 3 Appendix D – Information for Construction Supervisors
Read Appendix D – Information for Construction Supervisors
The most appropriate section in regards to monitoring the Traffic Guidance System is set out in Part D3, and is
repeated below.

D3 factors affecting traffic provisions
In deciding what measures will be taken to control traffic movements around or through the works, the following
factors must be considered.
• Width of the road formation. Is there enough room for the traffic and Plant to manoeuvre safely?
• Traffic Density. What delay in construction will traffic movements be likely to cause and vice versa?
• Percentage of heavy vehicles. Consider seasonal operations such a sugar and grain harvests.
• Terrain. Shape and composition of the ground e.g. crests and curves, rocky outcrops, black soil, swamps.
• Seasonal influences. Wet season, drought (water shortage).
• Safety. Job employees and the public.
• Time. Comparison between alternatives.
• Cost. Comparison between alternatives.

Should traffic volume increase significantly there are a number of steps that can be taken, to ensure safe and
effective traffic flow:
• Decrease the amount of stoppage time
• Open extra lanes if possible
• Plan work to avoid peak periods (i.e. after 9:30am and before 4:30pm)
The other sections provide recommendations on how certain situations can be handled.
D4 Two–way traffic
D5 One–way traffic
D6 One-Lane traffic
D7 Detours
D8 Construction under traffic
D9 Blasting
Safety Plan
Another document which is now mandatory is the Safety Plan which needs to be prepared prior to the
commencement of works.
This safety plan has to be seen and read by all employees engaged upon works. It also must be placed in a
prominent position so that it is readily available and can be read by any person visiting or working on site.
This document will contain the traffics guidance plan, therefore any changes that are made during the course of the
works must also be recorded in this document.

Section 4: Maintain Traffic Control Plan
Record keepers
A traffic guidance plan is always prepared for any works that impinge on roads. It also forms part of the job safety
plan which was described in the previous element.
Read MUTCD Part 3 Appendix A Daily Routine Tasks and Record Keepers
The appendix sets out the procedure and guidelines for daily routine tasks, inspections and record keeping in
respect to the traffic guidance solutions.
Section A2 provides guidance on what records need to be kept, because of it’s significance it is repeated below:
A2 Record Keeping
Supervisory personnel engaged on works which require the use of a traffic guidance scheme should keep the
following records:
• Daily records should be kept in a diary, or in work sheets of the sign arrangement or traffic guidance
scheme, by reference to the figure numbers (see section 5) which generally applies to the layout of signs
and devices erected on the road, the hours of operation, and the surface condition of the road.
Any significant departures from, or additions to, the signs and devices included in the relevant figures
should also be noted.
• In the case of accidents, either witnessed or reported, involving the public or from which legal proceedings
might arise, the actual type, size and location of signs and devices, in use at the time of the accident,
should be recorded and the sign arrangement photographed for subsequent reporting.
Details of the actual travelled path width and condition and weather conditions should also be recorded.
Note:
This information may be critical should legal proceedings result from an accident. In such cases authorities are
often requested to provide details of signs and devices erected at the worksite. Frequently such requests relate to
works carried out in the distance past and cannot be accurately answered unless detailed records are kept.
The other sections of Appendix A are also relevant and should be read:
A3 Daily routine tables
3.1 – General
3.2 - Before working hours
3.3 – During working hours
3.4 – Closing down at the end of the day
3.5 – After hours
Read MUTCD Part 3, Appendix C – Erection and Removal of Regulatory Traffic Control Devices on Roads,
Controlled by Department of Main Roads.
It should be noted that this is a procedure applied by the Queensland Department of Main Roads and is not an
integral part of the manual.
However, it does set out the procedures that need to be followed when erecting or removing permanent or
temporary regulatory signs and devices.
This will form part of the records that are kept for the job.

Accident reports
Refer to A2 Record Keeping paragraph 6.
This paragraph details the procedure when an accident occurs on a job. Also refer to the note in this section on the
legality of the reports.
It is also mandatory in the OH&S Acts and Regulations to prepare a report on any accident occurring on a job site.
All accidents and near-misses should be investigated quickly. If possible, before anything has been changed in the
place where it happened. This will help you get an accurate picture of the incident before the evidence has been
cleaned up and the people have forgotten details.
When investigating the cause of any accident it can be divided into 2 x types:
1. Unsafe work practices and behaviour
2. Unsafe conditions
Some of the practices associated with traffic guidance systems are as follows:
Unsafe practice:
• Failing to warn others of the dangerous conditions
• Operating at too high a speed
• Disabling safety signs and devices
• Using equipment in an improper manner or for the wrong purpose
• Lack of knowledge of the risks associated with traffic hazards
• Not wearing the proper personal protective clothing and gear
• Working in a poor/unsafe condition
Unsafe conditions
• Defective signs and devices
• Poor lighting
• Inadequate signing
• Untidy workplace
You may also be able to add others to these lists.
The person who undertakes the investigation should have a good working knowledge of the workplace, the work
being undertaken and the planning of the use of the traffic control signs and devices. The seriousness of the
accident may also require the presence of government safety inspectors.
The report should contain a full story of the incident using interviews of people who were at the accident and where
possible involved in the accident. This information being obtained by interviews and observation to fix the exact
sequence of events.
There are four (4) x types of accidents that should be reported:

Near Misses:
Something goes wrong but no-one gets hurt and nothing is damaged. The incident could have injured someone or
damaged property.
Property Damage:
No one is hurt but there is some damage to plant or equipment. Someone could have been hurt
Minor Injury:
One or more workers are hurt, including cuts, strains, sprains and bruises and other injuries which require first aide.
No time is lost from work except for rest and treatment. There may also be property damage. These injuries,
however minor, must be reported as they may become serious later. The reports let the employer know that there
is a problem in the workplace.
Serious Injury:
One or more workers are killed or injured badly enough to require hospital treatment or admission. One or more
workers losses time from work. The employer must report these injuries to the authorities.
For every serious accident, there are approximately 600 near misses where no one gets hurt and no damage is
done. To often, everyone breathes a sigh of relief and then gets on with the job. These near misses must be
recorded and reported. Each one is a warning of worse to come. Several reports of near misses in the same area
or on the same equipment reveal a serious hazard. This means that something has to be done quickly, before
serious injury or property damage occurs.
There are also community accidents. Accidents that occur during travel to and from work or during breaks from
work. These must also be reported immediately, as compensation may be involved
Using accident data:
Accident records are not kept only for legislative requirements. Organisations can find out a lot about hazards and
trends from accident records.
Accidents can be used to:
• Identify hazards
• Identify trends of injury/disease/accident types
• Show whether the occupational health and safety program is performing effectively
• Assess control methods or preventative programs

The Australian Standard AS1885.1 1990 allows the use of a computer based data system. WORKSAFE Australia
has produced the GUARDIAN System for accident data analysis to use with the standard.
Advantages of computer based systems are:
• Improve surveillance
• Fast and easy access information
• Earlier identification of problems
• Better staff management
• Higher quality of information

Comparisons:
A number of cross tabulations can be made using the Standard. Major hazards, types of injuries or diseases
caused by hazards, and the working arrangements most commonly associated with them, can be identified.
Summary:
Traffic control should be provided at road works sites to guide traffic safely trough, past or around the worksite. The
guidance should be properly planned and take pedestrians and cyclists into account. It should give special
consideration to areas of high traffic, schools and the like.
Adequate public advertising of a TGS (Traffic Guidance System) is very important. The travelling public do not
observe signage very well, and should be positively and unambiguously funnelled through the correct path.
You need to meet extra requirements that are essential for night time control. All TGS (Traffic Guidance Systems)
should be planned as if they may run into the night, in case of problems on jobs.
The principals for roadwork’s signs are very similar to those for permanent signing, in that they should be
consistent and uniform in similar situations, so that drivers can be properly informed and know what to expect.
Significant or longer term TGS’s (Traffic Guidance System) may require:
• Permanent mounted signage
• Changes to line marking
• Changes to signal phasing (timing)

Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices Part 3
Works on Roads 2003 Edition

PREFACE

This part of the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (Queensland) has been based on Australian Standards
AS1742.3 - 2002, Traffic Control Devices for Works on Roads.

It updates the specification of traffic control devices for roadwork’s previously given in 1995 Manual of Uniform Traffic
Control Devices and Departmental document Works on Roads. It deals with the principles of signing at roadwork’s,
describes the signs and devices used to effect traffic guidance and provides typical layout diagrams for deployment of
signs and devices for various work site configurations. It is intended as both an office reference document for the
planning and design of traffic guidance schemes, and a field guide for the installation, operation and removal of traffic
guidance schemes.

Principal variations from the previous issue are as follows:

(a) Very low-volume roads are defined as roads carrying less than 400 vehicles per day.
(b) Additional information concerning the use of lightweight modules and safety barriers.
(c) Introduction of a clause treating variable message signs.
(d) Inclusion of Pavement Testing signing arrangements for pavement testing operations carried out at a very slow
speed.
(e) Provision of an appendix for guidance concerning traffic protection and/or delineation adjacent to longitudinal
excavations.
(f) Removal of appendices treating Testing and Acceptance of Temporary Raised Reflective
Pavement Markers and Truck Mounted Attenuators.

Other variations include:

(a) Introduction of the ROAD WORK AHEAD T1-31 sign.
(b) Deletion of the ROAD PLANT NEXT 2 km T1-26 sign.
(c) Use of the END Speed Limit R4-12 sign to terminate a temporary speed zone in special
circumstances where a normal speed restriction R4-1 sign may not be appropriate.
(d) Introduction of the NEW WORK, NO LINES MARKED T3-11 sign.
(e) The Workers Ahead T1-5 sign is now called Workers (symbolic) sign.
(f) Relocation of multi-message signing to Clause 3.3.2.
(g) Introduction of an appendix listing supplementary roadwork’s signs for special situations.
This amendment to the Manual requires signs for roadwork’s to be at least Class 1 material. The Preface of the 2001
Edition indicated this intended requirement. Roadwork signs not meeting this minimum requirement should not be
purchased. Existing signs need not be discarded immediately.

DEPARTMENT OF MAIN ROADS
Queensland
Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices

PART 3 – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES FOR WORKS ON ROADS

SECTION 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
This Part of the Manual specifies the traffic control devices to be used to warn, instruct and guide road users in the safe
negotiation of work sites on roads including unsealed roads together with footpaths, shared paths and bicycle paths
adjacent to the roadway. It is applicable to traffic guidance schemes for road and bridge construction and maintenance
sites, and for works associated with other public utilities and services which cause interference or obstruction to the
normal use of a road by any road user. It also provides guidance for the planning, design, installation and operation of
such traffic guidance schemes together with requirements for maintaining a safe workplace for workers on site.
Instructions for carrying out daily routine checks of the traffic guidance scheme are given in
appendices.

NOTE: Detailed specifications for the design and manufacture of the signs used are given in AS 1743.

1.2 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this Part of the Manual is to provide agencies carrying out works on roads with a set of uniform
practices for the signing and delineation of construction and maintenance works which will promote the safety of both
road users and workers at the work site.

1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
The following documents are referred to in this Part:

AS
1158 The lighting of urban roads and other public thoroughfares
1158.4 Part 4: Supplementary lighting at pedestrian crossings
1348 Road and traffic engineering - Glossary of terms
1743 Road signs - Specifications
1906 Retroreflective materials and devices for road traffic control purposes
1906.2 Part 2: Retroreflective devices (non-pavement application)
1906.3 Part 3: Raised pavement markers (retroreflective and non-retroreflective)
4191 Portable traffic signal systems

AS/NZS
1906 Retroreflective materials and devices for road traffic control purposes
1906.1 Part 1: Retroreflective materials
3845 Road safety barrier systems
4192 Illuminated flashing arrow signs
4360 Risk Management
4602 High visibility safety garments

1.4 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Manual, the definitions in AS 1348 and those below apply.

1.4.1 Approach speed
The speed at or below which 85 percent of vehicles are observed to travel under free-flowing
conditions past a nominated point. This is also known as the 85th percentile speed (V85 km/h).

1.4.2 Arterial road
A general term for a main road carrying mostly long distance traffic, as distinct from local traffic.

1.4.3 High-speed roads
Roads on which the posted or general speed limit is above 60 km/h.

1.4.4 High-volume roads

Roads carrying more than 1500 vehicles per day.
1.4.5 Long-term
The description which applies when a traffic guidance scheme is required to operate both day and night and may be left
unattended.

1.4.6 Low-speed roads
Roads on which the posted or general speed limit is 60 km/h or less.

1.4.7 Low-volume roads
Roads carrying between 400 and 1500 vehicles per day.

1.4.8 May
A permissive condition. Where the word “may” is used, it indicates that usage of the device is
conditional, or optional. Usually, no specific requirement for design or application is intended.

1.4.9 Multilane
Two or more traffic lanes in one direction.

1.4.10 Regulatory traffic control device
A sign, signal, marking or installation indicating an obligation to comply with a legally enforceable instruction.

1.4.11 Residential street
Normally a single roadway, two-way, road in a residential district of an urban area carrying little through traffic and
few large vehicles even during peak hours. Such roads do not form any part of the arterial road system.

1.4.12 Road user
Any driver, rider, passenger or pedestrian using the road.

1.4.13 Roadway
That portion of the road devoted particularly to the use of vehicles, inclusive of shoulders and auxiliary lanes.

1.4.14 Safety barrier
A physical barrier separating the work area and the travelled path, designed to resist penetration by an out-of-control
vehicle and as far as practicable, to redirect colliding vehicles back into the travelled path (see Clause 3.10.2).

1.4.15 Shall
A mandatory condition. Where certain requirements in the design or application of the device are described with the
"shall" stipulation, it is mandatory that when an installation is made, these requirements be met.
1.4.16 Should
An advisory condition. Where the word "should" is used, it is considered to be advisable usage; recommended but not
mandatory.

1.4.17 Short-term
The description which applies when a traffic guidance scheme is required only while work personnel are in attendance
and is generally limited to the duration of a single work shift or lesser period where road conditions are returned to
normal when the shift or lesser period ends.

1.4.18 Traffic
All vehicles, persons or animals travelling on a road.

1.4.19 Traffic controller
A person who is competent to control traffic at a work site (see Clause 4.6.5).

1.4.20 Traffic guidance scheme
An arrangement of signs and devices, and as necessary, a traffic management plan to warn traffic and guide it through,
past or around a work area or temporary hazard.

1.4.21 Two-way roadway
A roadway having a single traffic lane allotted for use by traffic in opposing directions.


1.4.22 Travelled path
That part of the roadway which is made available to vehicles and which may comprise of one or more traffic lanes.

1.4.23 Very low-volume roads
Roads carrying less than 400 vehicles per day.

1.4.24 Work area
The specific area where work is being done.

1.4.25 Work site
An area which includes the work area(s) and any additional length of road required for advance signing, tapers, side-
tracks or other areas needed for associated purposes.

1.5 RESPONSIBILITY FOR SAFETY AT WORK SITES
The organisation responsible for construction or maintenance operations on roads or bridges needs to be aware of its
responsibilities for any injury to road users or damage to property as a result of such operations. There is a further
obligation to provide a safe workplace environment which minimises, as far as practicable, the likelihood of injury to
workers by traffic within or adjacent the work area. To meet these obligations, the organisation should ensure
personnel are appropriately trained. Principals and contractors need to be aware of the requirements of State OHS
legislation and be prepared to implement them as they apply to this obligation.

Steps shall be taken to warn the public of prevailing conditions and to guard, delineate, and, where necessary,
illuminate work which may pose a hazard to road users. Care should also be taken to avoid, wherever possible, long
delays or detours which may cause unnecessary inconvenience to road users.

1.6 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PERSON IN CONTROL
The person in control of construction, maintenance or other works which require the use of a traffic guidance scheme
should give attention to the following:

(a) Be mindful of their responsibility to provide, as far as practicable, safe and convenient travelling conditions for road
users and a safe workplace for personnel and plant under their control.
(b) Remember that they, and personnel under their control, should at all times be courteous to road users. Personnel
should not allow themselves to be provoked by members of the public. By exercising restraint they will strengthen their
position both then and in the event of any
subsequent inquiry into an incident or during any subsequent proceedings.
(c) Ensure that personnel assigned to signing the works are adequately trained to perform the task and that traffic
controllers are appropriately trained and informed of their duties.
(d) Be familiar with, and act as far as is practicable, in accordance with the provisions of this Manual.

1.7 LEGAL AUTHORITY
The Transport Operations Road Use Management Act provides that Official Traffic Signs shall be installed only by the
authority of the Director-General of Main Roads or a local government. The Act also provides that any such sign shall be
installed in accordance with the methods, standards and procedures prescribed in this Manual, or other duly approved
documents.

SECTION 2. PRINCIPLES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT, INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF A
TRAFFIC GUIDANCE SCHEME
2.1 GENERAL
Careful consideration should be given to the signing of the work site, no matter how brief the
occupation of the site may be. This should include-

(a) Provision of adequate warning of changes in surface condition and the presence of personnel or plant engaged in
work on the road;

(b) Adequate instruction of road users and their guidance safely through, around or past the work site; and

(c) Protection of workers.


Four important basic principles to be observed are as follows:

(i) Signs and devices should be used in a standard manner and be appropriate to the conditions at the work site.

(ii) Signs and devices should be erected and displayed before work commences at a work site.

(iii) Signs and devices should be regularly checked and maintained in a satisfactory condition.

(iv) Signs and devices should be removed from a work site as soon as practicable. However,
appropriate signs should remain in place until all work (including loose stone removal and
line marking following bituminous surfacing) has been completed. Similar principles should be applied to the signing of
emergency road hazards, where possible.

2.2 PLANNING

2.2.1 Levels of planning
Some measure of planning is required for all road works protection or traffic guidance schemes. It will normally take
place at one of three levels, as follows:

(a) Short-term and mobile works not involving road closure

Planning in these cases should comprise the development of procedures and the provision of
appropriate sets of signs and devices to cover all of the routine tasks the workers will encounter. The procedures
should be documented by means of work methods statements supported if necessary by standard plans showing, for
example, the processional order and separation distances of items in a mobile works gang.

(b) Works involving relatively simple part-roadway closures

Planning in these cases should comprise a minimum requirement to sketch the protective devices and delineation
required on a road construction or similar plan, and to prepare a list of devices required for the job. A reference to a
diagram or figure or similar standardized illustration may be substituted for the sketch or plan provided it matches
adequately the situation.

(c) Works involving complex traffic arrangements or staging,or both

Planning in these cases should comprise the preparation of a fully documented traffic guidance scheme providing the
following:

(i) Plans showing temporary traffic paths, their delineation and the position of traffic control or
warning devices.

(ii) On multi-stage works, a separate set of plans for each stage.

(iii) Details of after-hours traffic arrangements, on separate plans if they cannot be adequately
incorporated into the above.

(iv) All necessary instructions for the installation, operation, between-stage rearrangement and ultimate removal of
devices at the conclusion of the job. It is essential to prepare such plans well before the job starts or before the start of
the stage to which they apply, so that there is enough time to obtain any special devices or approvals needed.
2.2.2 Planning procedure
Planning at all levels requires a procedure to be followed whereby all essential aspects of the plan are considered in an
ordered way.
The following matters should be considered in turn and incorporated into the plan if relevant:

(a) Traffic demand
Determination of the capacity required to accommodate traffic demand at an acceptable level of service and
convenience to road users. From this is determined the amount of road space which must remain open and where
applicable, the times of day during which greater amounts of road space are needed to handle higher traffic volumes,
e.g. urban peak periods

(b) Traffic routing
Selection of the appropriate means of routing traffic at the site, i.e. through, around or past the

site or a combination of these (see Clause 4.12), and ensuring that all required traffic movements are provided for.

(c) Traffic control
Determination of the need for traffic control, i.e. by traffic controller, traffic signals (portable or
permanent), police or other means.

(d) Other road users
Determination of the need to make provisions for road users other than vehicular traffic, including:
(i) Pedestrians, including people with disabilities where appropriate.
(ii) Bicycles.
(iii) School children.
(iv) Local residents.
(v) Emergency vehicles.

(e) Special vehicle requirements
Determination of the need to provide for vehicles such as:
(i) Buses, including stops and terminals.
(ii) Over-dimensional vehicles, i.e. vehicles which, together with their load, are wider or longer
than a legal limit vehicle.
(iii) Restricted vehicles, i.e. vehicles which, although within legal limits, are permitted to use only specified routes.
2.2.3 Risk management

Risk management entails the identification and analysis of all safety risks likely to arise during
roadwork’s including the setting up, operating, changing and ultimate dismantling of a traffic guidance scheme,
followed by the determination of appropriate measures to mitigate those risks. The process is appropriate at two levels
as follows:

(a) When preparing standardised procedural statements for the conduct of minor routine and mobile works.

(b) When preparing traffic guidance schemes for more extensive or complex works where site specific risks will
assume importance. In each case the process should be carried out by first identifying all the safety risks likely to arise,
evaluating them in terms of likelihood of occurrence and adverse consequences using historical data, experience or
other means. The proposed procedural statement or traffic guidance scheme should then be checked in detail to ensure
that adequate means of controlling or reducing those risks found to be significant, are in place.

More detail on the management of risk is given in AS/NZS 4360.

2.3 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

2.3.1 General
Depending on circumstances, movement of traffic may be achieved in one of the following ways:
(a) Through the work area by intermingling with workers or plant.
(b) Past the work area by means of a delineated path alongside but clear of the work area.
(c) Around the work area by a detour which may be via a side track, or an existing road.

Figure 2.1 illustrates the various components of a typical work site. A summary of the requirements for signing and
delineation of each component is given in Clause 4.1. It is essential that at any work site, all of these components which
are relevant in a particular case, are identified and the appropriate treatment applied.

2.3.2 Safety and convenience
In order to achieve minimum disruption and inconvenience to road users, only the minimum
practicable length and width of a road should be closed off at any time. Capacity requirements should be provided for in
accordance with Clause 4.11.

Work schedules should be arranged to minimise-

(a) disruption of established traffic movements and patterns;
(b) interference with traffic at peak movement periods and at night, weekends, holiday periods or other special events;
and
(c) interference with public transport services.


Signs and devices should not direct a motorist to disobey a law unless an authorised person is present to direct traffic.
If traffic control will be extremely difficult, it may be desirable to seek help from the local Police.

Requirements of a traffic guidance scheme to provide for the safety of workers are specified in Clause 4.3.

Figure 2.1 COMPONENTS OF A TYPICAL WORK SITE

2.3.3 Traffic through the work area

Passage of traffic through a work area should only be permitted where both the traffic and the work can be adequately
controlled. Traffic controllers or traffic signals shall be employed as necessary to slow traffic on the immediate
approach to an active work area, to stop traffic for short periods when required for the movement of plant or other
operations, or to control single line flow. A guide vehicle may be needed to lead traffic along the desired path and to
control its speed. Controllers should also be provided if necessary to control the movement of plant within the
trafficable area.

2.3.4 Traffic past the work area

This will be the normal method of traffic management at sites where complete elimination of traffic from the site is not
required. Traffic paths past the work area shall be clearly delineated. At long-term works, if the travel path substantially
deviates from normal, as far as practicable, original pre-works delineation including pavement markings and raised
pavement markers (RPMs) shall be obliterated if they are likely to misdirect drivers negotiating the site.

2.3.5 Traffic around the work area (side-tracks and detours)

When it is not practicable to allow traffic through or past the work area, it may be catered for by means of either a
detour using existing roads or a specially constructed side-track. Requirements and recommendations for the operation
of side-tracks, detours and temporary crossovers on divided roads, are given in Clause 4.12.

2.3.6 Night conditions

Where work at a site extends for more than a single work shift or is to be performed at night, the following
requirements and recommendations for operating or securing the site at night apply:

(a) Wherever practicable, any part of the normal roadway which is closed during the day and can be opened at night
should be opened if by so doing either travel conditions or safety, or both for night traffic, can be improved.
(b) Temporary traffic route lighting through a works site may be required in high-volume, high-speed rural areas if
there is a substantial deviation of the travel path from normal, and in urban areas where the path through the site could
be difficult to follow. The existence of extraneous lighting, especially glare sources, should be taken into account when
assessing the need for work site lighting (see Clause 2.4.3).

(c) Uncontrolled single lane operation shall not be permitted except for very short lengths under naturally low-speed,
low-volume conditions such as in residential streets, and where adequate lighting is provided.


2.3.7 Provision for pedestrians and bicycles

Where pedestrians, including people with disabilities, have to move through, past or around a work site or to cross the
road within a work site, they shall be provided with and directed to suitably constructed and protected temporary
footpaths and crossing points, or formal pedestrian crossings, or refuges if warranted. Such facilities shall meet the
requirements of Clause 2.3.8.

Bicycle or shared paths separate from vehicular traffic paths should be provided through, past or around the work area
whenever there is a bicycle demand and the volume of vehicles or bicycles, or both, is too great for bicycles to be safely
accommodated within vehicular traffic paths. Bicycle paths, where provided, should be at least 1.2 m wide, one-way, or
2 m wide, two-way. Shared paths, where provided, should be at least 2 m wide, one-way or 3 m wide, two-way. Both
should have an alignment and surface condition suitable for riding.

2.3.8 Temporary footpaths and pedestrian crossing

Where footpaths or pedestrian crossings have been temporarily relocated, requirements and
Recommendations for the temporary facilities are as follows:

(a) The width should be not less than 2 m, with an absolute minimum of 1 m at local constrictions.

(b) Where pedestrian traffic has been diverted onto an existing roadway the pedestrian path may be separated from
vehicular traffic by a mesh fence, provided that –

(i) the clearance to the delineated edge of the traffic lane is at least 1.2 m and the speed limit is 60 km/h or
less;or
(ii) the clearance to the delineated edge of the traffic lane is less than 1.2 m and the speed limit is 40 km/h or
less.

Where these requirements cannot be met or where observance of the speed limit is likely to be poor (85th percentile
speed more than 10 km/h above the speed limit) a safety barrier (see Clause 3.10.2) should be provided.

(c) Surfacing should provide for prams, strollers and wheelchairs, and for the visually impaired.

(d) Lighting should be not less than the level provided on the original footpath or crossing. Lighting to AS 1158.4 should
be provided if the associated works reduce either the sight distance to, or the prominence of, the crossing.

(e) Crossings should be located as near as practicable to established pedestrian routes, and should be to the same
standard as regards width and surface smoothness as the crossings they replace, including provisions for the visually
impaired.

(f) Crossings should be signalized if the crossings they replace were signalized.

2.4 DEVICE REQUIREMENTS

2.4.1 Selection and use

This Manual specifies the minimum number of signs and devices required-

(a) to provide advance warning;
(b) to guide traffic through, around or past the work area; and
(c) to minimise the possibility of confusion and misinterpretation of the intended instructions.

Advance warning signs and devices should allow adequate time for correct response under the anticipated worst
conditions (see Clause 4.2.1). All approaches to the work area, including any side roads, shall be considered.

Approval for erection or removal of regulatory traffic control devices shall be obtained from the
Department of Main Roads or local government, as appropriate. Authorities shall use standard signs wherever a
suitable sign for the purpose exists. However, there will

be instances where there is no suitable standard sign. In such cases, the sign developed shall comply with the format
requirements specified in Clause 3.2, and approval of the Director-General of Main Roads shall be obtained for such
non-standard signs prior to erection.

2.4.2 Delineation

The travelled path on the approaches and past the work area shall be delineated so as to properly define which part of
the roadway is available to road users, or the path that traffic is required to follow, under all reasonably expected
weather and atmospheric conditions, day or night as applicable.

Delineation should be considered for both long and short range purposes. The former should provide drivers
approaching the work site with an advance view of the site indicating the general location and direction of the
trafficable path, whilst the latter should guide drivers through the works once they have entered the work area or side
track. Long range delineation should begin to provide advance guidance at the start of the work site. Short range
Delineation should indicate a continuous path for at least (where D = 60 to 80) metres in front of the vehicle.

Although all forms of delineation will contribute to both functions, long range delineation will be mostly achieved by
effective side-mount, above-pavement devices. Short range will usually rely on a combination of retroreflective line
marking and other pavement based devices, and above pavement devices such as traffic cones and bollards.

2.4.3 Night conditions

Signs shall be either retroreflective or floodlit. Delineating devices shall comprise or incorporate retroreflectors.
Flashing lamps may be used to draw attention to certain advance signs (see Clause 3.11). Flashing lamps shall not be
used for delineation.

Pavement markings through the work site shall be retroreflective. This may be achieved by means such as
reflectorising paint using drop-on beads,retroreflective preformed materials or raised retroreflective pavement
markers.

NOTE:The use of steady or ripple lamps has been deleted from this Part of the Manual.

Hazards or barriers may require floodlighting to make them more conspicuous. Care should be taken that floodlighting,
undimmed illuminated flashing arrow signs, matrix type variable message signs and other similar devices do not cause
disability glare for approaching drivers. Except in an emergency, floodlighting should not be provided by use of vehicle
headlights.

Signs required to be fluorescent by day and retroreflective at night, e.g. the Workers (symbolic) sign, shall have a sign
face background comprising combination fluorescent/retroreflective material. Signs and equipment e.g. Workers
(symbolic) sign and high visibility clothing worn by traffic controllers, which comprise combination
fluorescent/retroreflective material do not require illumination i.e floodlighting.

Further requirements for the use of temporary delineators are given in Clause 3.9.2.

2.4.4 Size of signs

Where alternative sizes are given for a particular sign in Section 3, unless otherwise specified, the smaller signs are
considered adequate for low-volume, low-speed roads.

The use of the next largest sign is recommended on high-speed, or high-volume roads, or both. Where a third or fourth
alternative size is given it is normally for use on freeways and roads of similar standard. It is possible in constrained
circumstances, that smaller signs be required, or special designs may need to be developed.

2.4.5 Adjustment to existing devices

Existing signs and traffic control devices which are inappropriate for, or conflict with, the temporary work site situation
shall be covered, obliterated or removed. For regulatory traffic control devices, prior approval shall be obtained from
the Department of Main Roads or local government, as appropriate.


2.4.6 Safety barriers

The use of safety barriers may be required for situations where any of the following are cause for concern and safe
clearance between moving traffic and the hazard cannot be achieved:

(a) Hazardous traffic conflicts (e.g. head-on collisions).
(b) Collisions with hazardous fixed objects, or falls into excavations close to the travelled path.
(c) The safety of workers and plant on site (see Clause 4.3).
(d) The separation of temporary footpaths, shared paths or bicycle paths from vehicular traffic paths (see Clause 2.3.8).

Requirements and recommendations for the selection, positioning and end treatment of safety barriers are given in
Clause 3.10.2.

2.4.7 Vehicle size and load restrictions

Where the width, height or load-carrying capacity of the roadway or structure is to be temporarily reduced during
works, the appropriate authority should be informed in advance so that arrangements may be made to divert traffic
which would exceed the temporary limitations. The authority should also be advised when the restriction is removed
so that all traffic can resume use of the roadway or structure.

Possible ground clearance problems for long, low vehicles should also be made known.
Low clearance warning gauges may be required in advance of false work structures (see Clause 3.15.6 and Figure 4.10).

2.5 INSTALLATION

2.5.1 Condition of devices

Individual signs and devices should be examined before installation to ensure that they are in good condition and are
effective. The following checks are required:

(a) Mechanical condition
Items that are bent, broken or have surface damage, should not be used.

(b) Cleanliness
Items should be free from accumulated dirt, road grime or other contamination.

(c) Colour of fluorescent signs
Fluorescent signs whose colour has faded to a point where they have lost their daylight impact should be replaced.

Signs required to be effective at night should be checked for reflectivity as soon as possible after installation. Those
whose retroreflectivity is degraded either from long use or surface damage should be replaced. Night-time effectiveness
can best be checked by viewing the signs by vehicle headlights in dark conditions.

2.5.2 Positioning of devices

Signs and devices should be positioned and erected so that-

(a) they are properly displayed and securely mounted (see Clause 3.3);

(b) they are within the line of sight of the intended road user;

(c) they cannot be obscured from view, either by vegetation or parked cars;

(d) they do not obscure other devices from the line of sight of the intended road user;

(e) they do not become a possible hazard to workers, pedestrians or vehicles; and

(f) they do not deflect traffic into an undesirable path.

Signs and devices should generally be placed 1m clear of the travelled path.


In rural areas, where signs are to be mounted on posts for long-term works, they should normally be erected 1.5 m
minimum above the level of the nearest edge of the travelled path to the underside of the sign.

In urban areas where signs are mounted on posts for long-term works adjacent to a footpath, or where vehicle parking
may occur, they should be erected a minimum of 2.2 m above the level of the kerb or footpath to the underside of the
sign, to reduce interference from parked vehicles. Where neither pedestrians nor parked vehicles have to be
considered, e.g. on a traffic island or median, the height given for rural roads may be more appropriate.

Signs mounted on portable supports used for short-term operation (see Clause 3.3) should generally be located and
erected as follows:

(i) In rural areas - on the road shoulder.

(ii) In urban areas - behind the kerb if visible to oncoming traffic and not obstructing traffic; otherwise, on the
pavement as near as practicable to the kerb, without the sign becoming obscured.

Where an instruction sign (e.g. see Clauses 3.5 and 3.6) and a road condition sign (see Clause 3.7) would normally be
required at the same location, the former shall take precedence and the latter should be positioned at the best
alternative location.

The need to erect signs on both sides of the roadway on high-speed, high-volume roads, or on multilane roads or at
curved alignments, should be considered.

The visibility of a sign can be affected by deep shade, the direction of the sunlight, background conditions (including
lighting) and oncoming headlights. These factors should be considered when signs and devices are erected to ensure
that they can be clearly seen at all times.

2.5.3 Sequence of erection

Before work commences, signs and devices at the approaches to the work area should be erected in accordance with
the installation plan in the following sequence:

Rule of thumb to follow when erecting signs (start at the furthest sign from the job and then work backwards, removal
is the opposite i.e. start at the closest sign and work away from the job)

(a) Advance warning signs.

(b) All intermediate advance and positional signs and devices required in advance of the taper or start of the work area.

(c) All delineating devices required to form the taper including the illuminated flashing arrow sign at the end of the
taper where required.

(d) Delineation past the work area or into a side track.

(e) All other required warning and regulatory signs.

A vehicle displaying a vehicle mounted warning device as specified in Clause 3.12.1(b) or (c) as appropriate shall be
used in advance of the taper position to protect workers setting out or retrieving the taper, or reinstating it if displaced
or knocked out.
Signs and devices that are erected before they are required and should be covered by a suitable material. The cover
should be removed immediately prior to the commencement of work.

NOTE: These signs should be covered with opaque materials. Open weave materials such as hessian are not suitable as the retroreflective
performance of the sign is not sufficiently inhibited when viewed at night using vehicle headlights. Covering signs with black or dark coloured plastic
materials can result in excessive temperature and moisture cycling which may damage the sign.

2.5.4 Orientation of sign

Signs should face towards approaching traffic approximately at right angles to the line of sight from the driver to the
sign.
At curved alignments, the sign should be placed approximately at right angles to the line of sight of a motorist 50 m in
advance of the sign.


2.5.5 Inspection

When the erection of the signs and devices is completed and the condition of devices has been checked in accordance
with Clause 2.5.1, supervisory personnel should carry out a functional inspection before and after opening to traffic.
This inspection should be carried out at the normal traffic speed, along the travelled path, and past all of the signs and
devices. The same inspection should be carried out at night with dipped headlights. If the arrangement is considered
confusing or unsatisfactory, it should be adjusted and reinspected. A similar functional inspection should be carried out
after any change is made to the arrangement.

2.5.6 Publicity

Depending on the complexity of the traffic guidance scheme and the length of time it is to operate, it may be necessary
to erect special signs to inform the public of the traffic guidance scheme.

NOTE: It may also be advisable to implement a publicity campaign using printed material and local media, particularly the radio.

2.6 OPERATION

2.6.1 Daily routine
An example routine for the operation of a work site, including the keeping of records of any incidents which might have
ongoing consequences, is given in Appendix A.

2.6.2 Layout variation

It is most important that signs and devices for which the temporary or permanent need no longer exists, be covered
(see Note to Clause 2.5.3) or removed. Additional appropriate signs and devices should be introduced as changed
circumstances or road conditions dictate and any changes should be noted on daily work sheets or in a diary (see
Paragraph A2(a) Appendix A).

Any work site which is long-term and at which work is not being carried out continuously shall, in addition to the signs
and devices required to protect the work area on a continuing basis, e.g. overnight and at weekends, have the Workers
(symbolic) sign (see Clause 3.4.4) erected on each approach to each location within the site whenever workers are
actually on site at the location. The latter signs shall be removed at the end of the shift (except where multiple shifts are
involved), or when the workers leave the site. A change of speed limit may also be required in conjunction with the
placement or removal of the Workers (symbolic) sign (see Clause 4.3).

2.6.3 Maintenance of devices

Ineffective signs and devices shall be replaced by similar items in good condition, if they cannot be made effective by
cleaning or repairing.

Signs and devices which are no longer in good condition should be either refurbished to new condition or replaced.
Non-repairable signs should be destroyed so that they are not inadvertently reused.

2.6.4 Use of high visibility clothing

All personnel shall wear high visibility clothing while on or adjacent to the travelled path, or in other potentially
hazardous areas, e.g. on or adjacent to construction haul roads

2.6.5 Closures and delays

There may be occasions when there is no alternative to the complete closure of a road. Delays to traffic should be
minimised with a desirable maximum delay of about 15 min. If the delay is expected to be longer, the method of
working should be altered or a detour or side track provided.

If the delay is longer than 15 min because of an unexpected event, e.g. plant breakdown, the
supervisor should inform the traffic controllers of the delay and should give an estimated time to be relayed to the
public. If traffic queues become too long, consideration should be given to either finding a suitable detour or otherwise
re-routing traffic. Advice should also be given to emergency services.


2.6.6 Work site records

Records should be kept of all work site signing and delineation. Appendix A and Appendix B provide example
procedures for this purpose.

2.7 REMOVAL

It is most important that the relevant signs and devices be removed or concealed from view as soon as any activity is
completed or a hazard ceases to exist.

SECTION 3. DESCRIPTION AND USE OF SIGNS AND DEVICES

3.1 FUNCTIONS OF DEVICES

The functions of the various traffic control devices are as follows:

(a) To warn, guide and instruct road users, e.g. signs.

(b) To draw attention to the work area, personnel and equipment.

(c) To control the speed or the passage of traffic within and adjacent to the work area, e.g. the
Stop/Slow bat, signals and speed limit signs.

(d) To indicate the direction and width of the available travelled path, e.g. delineators.

(e) To discourage access to the whole or portion of the work area, e.g. barrier boards and mesh fence.

(f) To provide physical protection for the work area and its occupants, e.g. safety barriers.

3.2 FORMAT OF SIGNS

The format of signs used at roadworks shall be as follows:

(a) Signs warning of works personnel

These shall be rectangular with a black legend on a combination fluorescent/retroreflective orange background. Such
signs shall be displayed only when personnel are working at the site.

(b) Prepare to stop signs and signs associated with blasting operations

These shall be rectangular with a white legend on a red background, both retroreflective.

(c) Guide and other roadwork’s signs

All other roadwork’s signs including temporary guide signs shall be rectangular with a black
legend on a yellow retroreflective background.

NOTE: Combined fluorescent/retroreflective yellow may be used.

(d) Regulatory and warning signs used for roadwork’s purposes

These shall be the same format as their permanent counterparts.

NOTE: Substrates and mounting arrangements may need to be altered to suit temporary mounting.

Retroreflective material used on signs for roadwork’s shall meet at least the requirements for Class 1 material as
specified in AS/NZS 1906.1.


3.3 SIGN MOUNTINGS

3.3.1 General

At roadworks, sign mountings are required to suit a variety of maintenance and construction situations.

Both signs and mountings used for short-term operations should be portable, easily erected and stored. The mountings
should-

(a) be quick and easy to install;

(b) provide secure sign attachment;

(c) be stable in windy conditions and from the effects of moving traffic;

(d) provide for installation on both gravel and bitumen surfaces;

(e) have the flexibility to handle the sizes of signs involved;

(f) be easily handled, transported and stored; and

(g) not be a hazard to road users if struck in their normal upright position or after being knocked over.

Mountings for short-term operations should be arranged so that the signs are prominently displayed to traffic and will
command attention. The sign should be mounted so that is clear of the ground and free of obstruction. The minimum
height from the shoulder surface to the bottom edge of the sign is 200 mm.

Signs for long-term work should be mounted on normal fixed supports so that they are not likely to be disturbed by the
weather, vandals or traffic (see Clause 2.5.2).

3.3.2 Multiple sign displays

In cases where this Part of the Manual requires two signs to be displayed together at the one position (e.g. the Workers
(symbolic) and Speed restriction signs) they may be displayed on the same mounting. Multi-message signing
arrangements may also be used for this purpose. Multiple message signing entails the combination of multiple
roadwork warning, regulatory signing and traffic instruction messages within a single sign. Appendix E sets out the
requirements for the approved panel configuration, size of sign and typical arrangement diagrams.

3.4 SIGNS AND DEVICES FOR WORK SITE APPROACHES AND DEPARTURES

3.4.1 General

Signs used for work site approaches and departures are listed in Table 3.1.




3.4.2 Roadwork ahead (T1-1, T1-31), Roadwork X km ahead (T1-16)

3.4.3 Bridgework ahead (T1-2), Bridgework X km ahead (T1-29)

3.4.4 Workers (symbolic) (T1-5)


3.4.5 Road plant ahead (T1-3), Grader ahead (T1-4)

3.4.6 Roadwork next X km (T1-24), Roadwork on side road (T1-25), Road plant on side road
(T1-27)


3.4.7 Next 2 km (T1-28)

3.4.8 End roadwork (T2-16, T2-17, T2-Q03)


3.5 SIGNS AND DEVICES FOR REGULATORY CONTROL OF TRAFFIC

3.5.1 General

Signs used for regulatory control of traffic at work sites are listed in Table 3.2. Other regulatory signs specified in Part 2
of this Manual may be used, where appropriate, if the usage specified in Part 2 applies.

3.5.2 Manual control
The following are used for the manual control of traffic:



3.5.3 Sign control

The following are used for controlling traffic by signs only:

3.5.4 Traffic signal control

The following traffic signals and signs are used to control traffic:

(a) Portable traffic signal - A portable traffic signal usually comprises two signal lanterns each capable of showing a red,
yellow or green light; two vehicle detectors, a signal control unit and a portable power source. The signal control unit is
usually designed to permit vehicle-actuated, fixed-time or manual operation (see Note). Requirements for portable
traffic signals are specified in AS 4191. A typical signal unit is shown in Figure 3.1.



A portable traffic signal may be used to control traffic where the direction of flow in a one lane
section of road is to be alternated or where all traffic is to be stopped, e.g. at a machinery or haul road crossing.

The procedures for operating portable traffic signals are given in Clause 4.7.

NOTE: All traffic and signal control equipment shall meet the applicable standards and specifications prescribed in Part 14 of this Manual, the
requirements of relevant Statutory Authorities and current Queensland Department of Main Roads or local government specifications.

(b) Temporary fixed traffic signal - The design and installation of a temporary fixed traffic signal shall comply with the
relevant requirements of Part 14 of this Manual.

The use of temporary fixed traffic signals instead of portable signals should be considered on
safety grounds. The additional signal lanterns provide a more reliable control indication to traffic.

It will usually be found preferable to install fixed temporary signals for service periods in excess of one to two weeks.
Temporary signals will require either mains electricity supply or use of a generator.



3.5.5 Temporary speed limits




3.6 DETOUR SIGNS

3.6.1 General
Signs used for the guidance of traffic in advance of and through detours, are listed in Table 3.3.



3.6.6 Low bridge ahead ... m, high vehicles detour (G9-3)
Load limit on bridge ... t gross, heavy vehicles detour (G9-4)

3.6.7 Detour for ....... vehicles (G9-5)

3.6.8 Two-way traffic (W4-11)
Two-way traffic (T2-24)


3.6.9 All traffic turn (R2-14)

3.6.10 Local traffic only (G9-40-2)


3.7 ROAD CONDITION SIGNS

3.7.1 General
Signs used to advise road users of road conditions are listed in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4 ROAD CONDITION SIGNS - SIZE TABLE

Sign * Sign Number Size mm
WET TAR T3-1A 900 X 600
SLIPPERY T3-3A 900 X 600

T3-3B 1500 X 900
SOFT EDGES T3-6A 900 X 600
ROUGH SURFACE T3-7A 900 X 600

T3-7B 1500 X 900
NEW WORK NO LINES T3-11 1500 X 900

MARKED
NO LINES, DO NOT T3-12 1500 X 900

OVERTAKE UNLESS SAFE
GRAVEL ROAD T3-13A 900 X 600

T3-13B 1500 X 900
LOOSE SURFACE T3-14A 900 X 600

T3-14B 1500 X 900


3.7.2 Wet tar (T3-1), Slippery (T3-3), Soft edges (T3-6), Rough surface (T3-7), Gravel road
(T3-13), Loose stones (T3-9), Loose surface (T3-14)

3.7.3 New work, no lines marked (T3-11)
No lines do not overtake unless safe (T3-12)
.

3.8 SIGNS AND DEVICES FOR LANE AND ROAD CLOSURES

3.8.1 General

Signs used to effect lane and road closures are listed in Table 3.5.


3.8.2 Signs
The following signs are used for lane and road closures:


3.8.3 Barrier boards

Barrier boards are up to 2.5 m to 4 m long and 150 mm to 200 mm in height. They should be mounted on trestles or
fixed posts at about 1 m above the pavement. The colour combination used for barrier boards should be alternate
diagonal stripes of black and retroreflective yellow terminating in yellow at each end, as illustrated in Figure 3.2.

Barrier boards are used to inhibit access to the work area. They should be erected approximately perpendicular to the
direction of traffic flow at intervals not exceeding 100 m. Barrier boards should not be used for delineation purposes.
They should not be placed parallel to the direction of traffic flow. Barrier boards so placed can become a spearing
hazard if struck end-on by an out-of-control vehicle.

Note: In this figure, vehicles pass to the left of the board. The bars should be aligned to point to the right for vehicles to pass to that side.

3.9 DEVICES FOR DELINEATING AND INDICATING THE TRAVELLED PATH

3.9.1 Traffic cones and temporary bollards

Requirements and recommendations for the use of traffic cones and temporary bollards are as follows:

(a) Traffic cones

Traffic cones should be used on short-term works to define the traffic path past or around the
work area. They shall comprise cones of fluorescent red or fluorescent orange material that is
resilient to impact and will not damage vehicles when hit at low speed. Various sizes available
should be used as follows:

(i) Small cones

250 to 300 mm height: For footpath, shared path and bicycle path works and for for use during line
marking operations to deter traffic from running onto wet paint.

(ii) Medium size cones

450 to 500 mm height: Most low-speed applications.

(iii) Large cones

Greater than 700 mm height: Merge tapers on freeways and other high-speed applications.

(b) Temporary bollards
(c)
Temporary bollards should be used on short or long-term works to define the traffic path past or around the works
area. They shall comprise a vertical parallel sided or tapered tube of fluorescent orange or red material supported by a
portable base, weighted to provide stability for the bollard. They shall be at least 750 mm in height and a minimum of
100 mm in diameter.


For night-time use, cones and bollards shall be fitted with a white horizontal retroreflective band having a
retroreflective performance at least equal to Class 1 material as specified in AS/NZS 1906.1. The size and positioning of
retroreflective bands on traffic cones and bollards are given in Table 3.6.

Cones and bollards shall be designed to be stable under reasonably expected wind conditions and air turbulence from
passing traffic. However they can be displaced by passing traffic and therefore, unless workers are they are securely
fixed to the pavement.

Cones should be spaced so as to discourage entry to the work area, generally 5m to 25m apart.

3.9.2 Roadworks delineators

Roadworks delineators should comprise red delineators on the left side and white on the right.

Delineators consist of either the 80 mm diameter corner-cube Type A delineator specified in AS 1906.2, or comprise
retroreflective material equivalent to 100 cm² of Class 1A material as specified in AS/NZS 1906.1, in the appropriate
colour. The minimum width of retroreflective material shall be 40 mm. Delineators made from orientation-sensitive
material shall be made and installed at the material manufacturer's recommended orientation for optimum
performance.

NOTE: Orientation-sensitive material is generally regarded as material whose CIL at the specified measurement angles changes by more than 10% as
it is progressively rotated in its plane.

Delineators should be erected 1 m minimum from the edge of the travelled path and at a uniform height of
approximately 1 m above the road surface. Delineator posts should be frangible or otherwise non-hazardous.

Delineators should be installed so as to provide a single continuous line defining the travelled path.

The spacing of delineators should be as follows:

(i) Separating the work area from the through traffic, at 20 m to 50 m depending on the nature of the hazard.
(ii) On side tracks and detours-as specified in Clause 4.12.6.


3.9.3 Temporary hazard markers (T5-4, T5-5, T5-Q02)
On works extending overnight or being conducted at night where an obstruction encroaches onto the roadway, a series
of T5-4 Temporary Hazard markers may be used in lieu of traffic cones or bollards to form the tapper guiding traffic
away from obstruction. The T5-4 markers should be spaced so that when the taper is approached they appear as a
continuous line (see Clause 4.4.3). If temporary delineation is required on both sides of the vehicle path at a taper,
hazard markers should only be used on the side primarily steering traffic away from the obstruction. Since in most
cases two parallel lines of hazard markers will lead to confusing visual patterns, traffic cones or bollards should be used
on the other side. For daytime – only works, traffic cones or temporary bollards used in conjunction with the T5-5.
Temporary Hazard marker as indicated below, will generally suffice.

The T5-5 Temporary Hazard marker may be used on works extending overnight, in lieu of the T5-4 marker, in confined
areas where there is insufficient space to use the wider marker.

The T5-5 marker should also be used at short-term works to indicate the beginning of a line of traffic cones or bollards
where the devices themselves may not be sufficiently visible to approaching traffic.

If other signs, such as ROAD CLOSED or DETOUR, are required at a site in conjunction with a line of Temporary Hazard
markers they should be placed so as to appear above but not among the line of Temporary Hazard markers.

The Temporary Collapsible Chevron delineator T5-Q02 may be used to delineate hazards and non trafficable work
areas adjacent the travelled path.

3.9.4 Pavement markings
Appropriate pavement markings should be provided to guide traffic through and past a work area. The following
principles apply:

(a) Where existing markings are satisfactory, they should be maintained in good condition throughout the period of the
work.

(b) If existing markings are not appropriate or are potentially misleading, they should be removed and replaced by
more suitable markings.

NOTE: It is inadvisable to obliterate markings using black or grey paint as under certain light conditions (e.g. specular
illumination by opposing vehicle headlights) they may appear indistinguishable from white markings.


(c) Consideration should be given to the use of retroreflective pavement marking tape for all
temporary lines as the removal of road marking paint is often difficult and may leave a mark which may be mistaken for
a line under certain lighting or wet weather conditions.

(d) Temporary lines used to guide traffic through substantial diversions or changes in direction, should be
supplemented by raised retroreflective pavement markers.

(e) Where, during or at the conclusion of pavement-surfacing works, a section of roadway is to be left for a period of
time without linemarking, temporary raised retroreflective pavement markers should be used to provide delineation of
the separation or lane lines. The use of appropriate signs warning of the need to exercise caution in the absence of lines
is set out in Clause 3.7.3.

This clause does not apply to very low-volume roads where there were no pavement markings prior to the works.

3.9.5 Raised retroreflective pavement markers

Raised retroreflective pavement markers (RRPMs) complying with AS 1906.3 may be used in
conjunction with temporary pavement markings at long-term work sites. The spacing and application should be as
specified for permanent use in Part 2 of this Manual.

Temporary RRPMs recommended under Clause 3.9.4(e) at freshly surfaced pavements should be sufficiently robust to
survive under traffic until permanent markings are installed.

On high-volume roads where special emphasis of a separation line is required, e.g. where a multilane or divided road
has been temporarily reduced to a two-way road, lane dividers typically comprising a larger base than the RRPM, with a
vertical flexible flap attached and incorporating a retroreflector, may be placed along the separation line, generally at
the same spacing as RRPMs.

3.9.6 Temporary kerbing

Temporary kerbing consisting of precast kerb units or interlocking blocks may be used to form
temporary medians, traffic islands or pavement edges during long-term works. Such kerbing shall be not greater than
150 mm in height and should be securely fastened to the pavement. It should be white, and as seen by approaching
traffic shall appear as a continuous line at least 150 mm wide.

3.10 CONTAINMENT FENCES AND SAFETY BARRIERS

3.10.1 Containment fences

Containment fences may be used to provide visible separation between the travelled path and
pedestrians, or pedestrians and the work area in situations where physical protection by use of a safety barrier is not
warranted.

When used for worker containment the clearance between the containment fence and the edge of the adjacent traffic
lane shall be in accordance with the safe workplace option selected and established for the particular work site from
Clause 4.3.

All types of containment fence shall have sufficient stability to resist displacement or excessive deflection resulting
from all expected wind conditions, air turbulence from passing traffic and minor vehicular impacts. Deflection of more
than 0.5m from the nominal line of the fence is considered excessive.

Descriptions and uses of containment fences are as follows:

(a) Tapes
Containment tapes may be used to contain workers on foot and plant within the safe workplace boundary
established at the particular work site. The tape should be a minimum of 100 mm wide with alternate black and
yellow stripes, and should be supported approximately 1 m above ground level with supports spaced so that the
minimum height of the tape above ground is not less than 800 mm. The maximum breaking strength should not be
high enough to cause hazard to any vehicle or motor bike which might run into it.



(b) Mesh fencing
Mesh fencing should be used to exclude pedestrians from a work area as well as for the
containment of workers on foot and plant as in Item (a). It comprises a flexible orange mesh approximately 1 m
high. If mesh fencing is erected parallel and adjacent to traffic, separate delineation is needed at night

(c) Lightweight modules
Use of lightweight modules including interconnected lightweight plastic water ballasted modules or any other
barrier-like device not meeting the requirements for a safety barrier as specified in Clause 3.10.2, shall be subject
to the following:

(i) They shall not be used as a containment fence at a work area exposed to motor traffic where traffic speed is
likely to exceed 20 km/h.

(ii) They shall satisfy the requirements of Impact tests 70 and 71 of NCHRP 350 for work zone traffic control
devices.

NOTE: These requirements determine whether the items can be struck by an out-of control vehicle without the likelihood of injury to vehicle
occupants.

(iii) They shall be marked NOT A SAFETY BARRIER in letters at least 25 mm high.
Typical uses include placement in a work area behind a safety barrier for the purpose specified in Clause 3.10.2(d).
Subject to the restriction in Item (i) they may also be used to channel pedestrians and cyclists through or past the
work area.

3.10.2 Safety barriers

Safety barriers are designed to provide a physical barrier between the travelled path and the work area, which will
inhibit penetration by an out-of-control vehicle and will preferably have some vehicle redirecting properties. They are
typically used between traffic and a severe hazard such as a deep excavation, a bridge pier or a hazardous stockpile, and
for the protection of workers and pedestrians in vulnerable situations where lateral clearance to moving traffic would
otherwise be insufficient for safety. They may also be used to separate opposing traffic. In locations where the end of
the barrier cannot be protected by other means from possible collision, devices which will reduce the severity of an
end-of barrier collision shall be provided.

The following requirements apply to the use of safety barriers:

(a) They shall conform to the requirements of AS/NZS 3845.

(b) They shall only be used in the situation for which the barrier type to be used has been verified by test for that usage
including deflection under impact.

(c) Positioning in relation to the edge of roadway together with end tapers and terminal treatment shall be as specified
in AS/NZS 3845.

(d) Means such as containment fences including lightweight water ballasted modules shall be placed behind the safety
barrier to constrain the work area to areas beyond the likely deflection limits of the safety barrier if struck by a vehicle.

Water filled plastic barriers that have satisfied the requirements for the appropriate test level of NCHRP 350 for
redirection, occupant risk and speed may be used as safety barriers.

NOTE: Reference should be made to the Main Roads Road Planning and Design Manual for the selection, design and positioning of safety barriers at
work sites.
3.10.3 Temporary crash cushions

On high-volume roads, hazardous fixed objects such as bridge piers or safety barrier ends should be equipped with
purpose designed energy absorbing terminal devices to reduce the severity of collision by an out-of-control vehicle.

NOTE: Reference should be made to NCHRP 350 and NCHRP 358 for the selection, design and positioning of temporary crash cushions.


3.11 LAMPS

Battery operated flashing yellow lamps may be used at work sites to draw attention to advance signs. They are typically
used with the ROADWORK AHEAD (T1-1) or BRIDGEWORK AHEAD (T1-2) signs in areas where road lighting is poor or
absent. Flashing lamps shall not be used for delineation purposes.

NOTE: The use of battery operated steady or ripple lamps for any purpose including delineation has now been omitted from this Part of the Manual.
Any mandatory requirements for the use of flashing lamps have also been omitted.

3.12 VEHICLE-MOUNTED SIGNS AND DEVICES

3.12.1 Vehicle-mounted warning device

A vehicle-mounted warning device shall consist of one or other of the following:

(a) A single yellow beacon lamp for emergency or other infrequent use on a vehicle not normally used for roadworks
purposes, or for use on a plant item or supervisory vehicle.

(b) A pair of yellow beacon lamps for use on vehicles (e.g. patrol trucks) working on low-volume or very low-volume
roads, and positioned on the vehicle so that at least one and preferably both lamps are visible from any direction.

(c) An illuminated flashing arrow sign as specified in Clause 3.12.2 for work on high-volume roads (generally carrying
more than 20,000 vehicles per day) and for mobile works where indicated in Clause 4.9.

The vehicle-mounted warning device shall be mounted as high as practicable on the vehicle for best visibility to other
traffic, e.g. on top of the cab of a truck. It may need to be placed near the rear of the vehicle if a cab-mounted sign could
be obscured by a load.
Supplementary signs used in conjunction with the illuminated flashing arrow sign (see Clause 3.12.3), may be mounted
either in conjunction with that sign or elsewhere in a prominent position on the vehicle.

Where signs are mounted on the device or elsewhere on a vehicle, they shall be capable of being removed from view
(e.g. by covering, folding or turning off) when not needed.

3.12.2 Illuminated flashing arrow sign

This sign comprises a matrix of lamps in the form of an arrow that is flashed in a cyclic manner to provide advance
warning of a temporary diversion on high-volume roads. It includes a backing board for the lamps together with
ancillary equipment necessary for mounting and operating the sign, and reducing its light output (dimming) for night-
time use.

Requirements for this sign are specified in AS/NZS 4192.
The sign is normally available in three sizes. The size designations and typical uses of each are as follows:

(a) Size A

1250 x 650 mm-designed for roof mounting on a light vehicle, and is typically used for short-term lane
closure and mobile works on low-speed roads.

(b) Size B

1500 x 750 mm-designed for cab mounting on a truck. It is typically used for short-term lane closures or
mobile works, and is suitable for use on high-speed roads. It is also suitable for mobile works on high-speed
multilane roads and freeways.

(c) Size C

2400 x 1200 mm-trailer mounted with its own power supply and suitable for medium and long term lane
closures on high-speed multilane roads, freeways and elsewhere where a high level of long distance advance
warning is desirable for safety.

The sizes given above are the maximum signboard sizes specified in AS/NZS 4192.


High intensity flashing lamps may be used in conjunction with this sign.

Requirements for the flashing of different patterns of the lights are as follows:

(i) When traffic is expected to pass the sign on a particular side and can do so in safety, i.e. it is not required to
seek a gap in oncoming traffic, the bar of the arrow and the barb directing traffic to that side shall be flashed.

(ii) When the sign is used to give a general warning of works activity ahead including mobile works, but
either the sign is located clear of the traffic path or the display of an arrow would not be appropriate for some
other reason, the four corner lights at the extremities of the barbs should be flashed. In this case diagonal
pairs should be flashed alternately.

Figure 3.3

A typical sign as part of a vehicle-mounted warning device is shown in Figure 3.3.

3.12.3 Supplementary vehicle-mounted signs

The following lists signs appropriate for use in conjunction with the illuminated flashing arrow sign where necessary to
warn road users of the presence of workers on foot or the nature of the work:

(i) Workers (symbolic) (similar to sign T1-5) - This sign shall be used on all vehicles in a mobile works convoy (see
Clause 4.9) whenever workers on foot are part of the operation. The colour requirements for this sign are the same as
specified for the T1-5 sign in Clause 3.4.4.

(ii) LINE MARKING (T6-Q07) - This sign shall be used on advance warning vehicles as well as work vehicle. The colour
requirements for this sign are specified in Item (a) below.

Where used, these signs shall be mounted either on the vehicle-mounted warning device along with the flashing arrow
sign, or elsewhere in a permanent position on the body of the vehicle.

Standard signboard sizes are not specified for these signs. They shall be tailored to suit the positioning and mounting
arrangements on the vehicle.

Legends shall be of sufficient size to be read by drivers at a distance of at least D (where D = 60 to 80 m).

The following signs may be used in conjunction with other signs and devices to warn traffic that work is in progress on
the road ahead. The signs incorporate a panel of chevrons which is adjusted to indicate the side of the vehicle to which
traffic should pass.


Table 3.7 SUPPLEMENTARY VEHICLE MOUNTED SIGNS - SIZE TABLE

3.12.4 Painting of vehicles and machinery

Vehicles and machinery required to work in or alongside normal road traffic should be painted a distinctive bright
colour. The colour should contrast with the colour of high-visibility clothing used by personnel.

3.12.5 Truck-mounted attenuator

Slow-moving or stationary work vehicles which are exposed to potential collisions by approaching traffic, may be fitted
with truck-mounted attenuators. Design and performance characteristics shall be in accordance with NCHRP 350.


3.13 BLASTING WORK SIGNS
3.13.1 General
Signs used at blasting works are listed in Table 3.8.

3.13.2 Blasting, stop await signal (T4-1)

3.13.3 Blasting area switch off radio transmitters (T4-2)

3.13.4 End blasting area (T4-3)

3.14 SIGNS AND DEVICES FOR PEDESTRIAN CONTROL

3.14.1 General

Signs for pedestrian control are listed in Table 3.9.

3.14.2 Pedestrians watch your step (T8-1)

3.14.3 Pedestrians (arrow) (T8-2)

3.14.4 Use other footpath (T8-3)

3.14.5 Pedestrian containment
Barrier boards (see Clause 3.8.3) or mesh fence (see Clause 3.10.1(b)) may be used to control pedestrian movements at
a work site. Where pedestrian traffic has been diverted onto an existing roadway the recommendations in Clause
2.3.8(b) apply.


3.15 SIGNS AND DEVICES FOR VEHICLE HEIGHT AND MASS RESTRICTIONS

3.15.1 General

Signs indicating vehicle height and mass restrictions are listed in Table 3.10.

Table 3.10 SIGNS FOR VEHICLE HEIGHT AND MASS RESTRICTIONS – SIZE TABLE

SIGN SIGN NUMBER SIZE mm

BRIDGE LOAD LIMIT R6-3A 600 X 900
…. T Gross R6-3B 900 X 1350

Low Clearance…m R6-11 1950 X 600

Clearance …..m R6-12 1500 X 600

Low Clearance ……m W4-8B 750 X 750
W4-8C 900 X 900

3.15.2 Bridge load limit ... t gross (R6-3)

The DETOUR FOR HEAVY VEHICLES sign (G9-5-2) (see Clause 3.6.7) should be erected at
appropriate intersections to advise road users of an alternative route bypassing the load limitation.

An alternative to this sign with the legend BRIDGE WIDTH LIMIT …m shall be used if required to indicate the maximum
permissible width of a vehicle crossing the bridge.

3.15.3 Low clearance ... m (R6-11)


3.15.4 Clearance ... m (R6-12)

3.15.5 Low clearance ... m (W4-8)

The LOW CLEARANCE ... m sign (R6-11) (see Clause 3.15.3) located on or adjacent to the structure is used in
conjunction with this sign.

The informative sign (G9-3) (see Clause 3.6.6) should be erected at an appropriate intersection in advance of the
structure to advise road users of the height limitation and to indicate an alternative route.

A supplementary detour sign (G9-5-1) (see Clause 3.6.7) should be erected at appropriate
intersections to advise road users of an alternative route bypassing the low clearance hazard.

3.15.6 Low clearance warning gauge

A low clearance warning gauge is a device which may be erected in advance of an overhead structure where there is a
safety risk to workers or other traffic in the event of impact. It should be designed either to physically inhibit passage
under the structure, or to visually or audibly warn that a vehicle exceeds the available clearance. The gauge should be
located sufficiently in advance of the structure to permit a vehicle which exceeds the available clearance and is driven
at not more than the speed limit, to stop safely. The gauge should apply to the full width of the approach roadway, be
mounted approximately at right angles to it and be signposted appropriately.

3.16 OTHER SIGNS AND DEVICES

3.16.1 General

Signs used at road works sites which do not fall into previously defined classifications, are listed in Table 3.11.
Table 3.11 Other Road works Signs – Size Table

Sign Sign Number Size mm
Traffic Hazard Ahead T1-10 1200 x 900
Trucks (Crossing or Entering) T2-25A 900 x 600
(L or R)
Power Line work in progress T4 - 5 1800 x 900


3.16.2 Trucks (crossing or entering) (T2-25) (L or R)

3.16.3 Traffic hazard ahead (T1-10)

3.16.4 Power line works in progress (T4-5)

3.16.5 High-visibility clothing for work personnel

High visibility clothing meeting the requirements of AS/NZS 4602 for Types D, N or D/N garments shall be worn by all
personnel working in or adjacent to traffic, including traffic at work sites, in quarries and on construction haul roads.
The clothing is designed to make personnel more conspicuous and to warn road users of their presence.

The clothing shall be used as follows:

(a) For general use by all personnel at a works site - a Type D/N (day/night) garment.

NOTE: This requirement covers the contingency that a worker may be required to work in darkness or in partial darkness at the beginning or end of a
day shift, or may be called out unexpectedly at night.

(b) Where the garment is to be worn during daylight hours - a Type D (day only) garment

(c) Where the garment is to be worn during hours of darkness - a Type N (night only) garment.

Clothing shall be properly fastened when being worn at a works site so that the entire available area of high visibility
material for each direction of observation, can be seen.


3.16.6 Antiglare screen
An antiglare screen which reduces excessive headlight glare to an acceptable level should be
considered where temporary diversions result in directly opposing traffic. Screens should also be provided where
oncoming headlights could mislead drivers as to their correct travel path. The screen supports should be of sufficient
strength to ensure the stability of the screen in windy conditions but frangible under vehicle impact.

3.16.7 Variable message signs
Where variable message signs are to be used at or near a roadworks site to carry warning or other messages relating to
the works, the following requirements apply:

(a) Word legends to comprise not more than four words or numbers on any one screen.

(b) Letter forms and legend height to be adequate to be comfortably read by drivers at the prevailing approach speed of
traffic (see also Item (d)).

(c) No more than two separate screens in any alternating series of screens.

(d) Where there are alternating screens the “on” time of each screen should be 0.6±0.1 s per word or number and the
total time required to read the message on both screens taken into account when determining message length and
letter height.

NOTE: A procedure for determining letter sizes for signs is given in Part 2 of this Manual. The letter series which most nearly matches the on-screen
fonts should be used in the calculations. It is recommended that the calculated letter height be doubled for this purpose.

(e) Symbols should not be used unless they have been tested for comprehension in their on-screen format (i.e. taking
into account distortions due to pixel size limitations).

(f) Messages to be relevant to the nature and phase of the work in progress and shall be changed or switched off when
they are not relevant.

(g) Messages to be additional to and not substituted for any sign, or warning or delineating device required by this Part
of the Manual. The nature and positioning of the messages not to detract from those signs or devices.

Variable message signs near road works sites displaying unrelated messages should be switched off.

3.16.8 Miscellaneous signs

(a) Probable delay 15 minutes (T1-Q02)

The PROBABLE DELAY 15 MINUTES sign may be erected in advance of roadworks where delays are expected to be
longer than normal.

(b) No entry (R2-4)



The NO ENTRY sign is used at the termination of a one-way roadway to prohibit access from the wrong direction.

At one-way streets at least one NO ENTRY sign shall be erected at the intersection facing in the opposite direction to the
one-way flow. It may need to be located a short distance into the one-way street if there is a possibility of drivers
becoming confused as to which street is closed to entry. Sufficient signs shall be erected to ensure that at least one is
clearly visible to drivers approaching from any direction, and some signs may have to be set at an angle to achieve this
purpose.

(c) Project information signs

Where a public authority with the necessary jurisdiction decides to erect project information signs at or near a road or
bridge construction job which has commenced or is about to commence, such signs should be dignified in appearance
and shall conform to the best practices for the design of highway signs. The main part of the legend shall be of
sufficiently large letters, and of such brevity that the motorist travelling at the prevailing traffic speed can read the
legend without being unduly distracted from the driving task. Additional information may be given in small size legend
provided that the sign is located so that the motorist may safely stop to read the sign.

For detailed information on the use of project information signs, refer to the Traffic and Road Use Management (TRUM)
manual.

(d) Danger gas no smoking (T4-Q03)

The DANGER GAS NO SMOKING sign shall be used where there is a risk of road users causing an explosion of gas.

This sign shall supplement, and not replace, the appropriate standard signs and devices required in accordance with
this Manual for the particular work site.

(e) Other signs

Signs may be used to indicate the special loads being carried or the specialised nature of work being undertaken by
service vehicles which could create a hazard to traffic whilst so engaged, provided that the signs are approved as
Official Traffic Signs. Typical legends would include: OVERSIZE, EXPLOSIVES, VEHICLE CONSTANTLY STOPPING.


SECTION 4. PROCEDURES FOR THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF TRAFFIC
CONTROL DEVICES
4.1 GENERAL

4.1.1 Scope of section

This Section sets out the procedures for installing and operating traffic control devices to ensure that they are used
consistently to provide the maximum protection to road users and roadworks personnel.

4.1.2 Components of a typical work site

The components of a typical work site are illustrated in Figure 4.1.

Requirements and recommendations for signs and devices in each of the areas are as follows:

(a) Advance warning area
Advance warning signs are dealt with in Clause 4.2.

(b) Transition (taper) area
The provision of devices to form tapers and associated signs and other devices is dealt with in Clause 4.4.

(c) Clearance area
A clearance area to act as a safety buffer immediately in advance of the work area shall be provided wherever approach
speeds are 60 km/h or more. An area 20 to 30 m in length is normally sufficient, however, if the works are hidden from
approaching traffic, e.g. by a crest or curve, the clearance area should extend back to a point which can be adequately
seen by approaching traffic. Primary positional signs or devices such as temporary hazard markers or trailer mounted
illuminated flashing arrow signs should be located at the beginning of the clearance area. The clearance area shall be
kept clear of work vehicles, plant or other activity.

(d) Work area
The work area comprises the area where works are physically being carried out.

(e) Termination area
Signs indicating the end of the works where normal traffic conditions resume and where appropriate, the end of a
roadworks speed zone, should be placed at the end of the termination area.

4.1.3 Tolerances on positioning

Where this Part of the Manual gives a specific distance for the longitudinal positioning of signs or devices with respect
to other items or features, the placement of the sign or device will need to take into account proximity of
intersection(s), bridges and other features to ensure that the sign or device can be readily seen by road users at all
times.


4.2 ADVANCE WARNING SIGNS

4.2.1 General
Requirements for the display of advance warning signs and devices will vary according to factors such as the speed of
approaching traffic, the degree to which the hazard requires modification of speed or diversion of travel path, or extra
vigilance for other reasons, and the sight distance available to the hazard, including sight obstruction caused by other
traffic.

Typical advance sign layouts are illustrated in Figure 4.2. (next page)

Advance warning signs are not required in the following situations:

(a) Where work is sufficiently remote from a roadway that no action or extra vigilance is required of a road user other
than would be normally required on that section of road.

(b) Where approach speeds to the site are naturally so low that no devices physically in advance of the site are needed
to give advance warning, i.e. positional signs and delineation devices at the site can be seen in plenty of time for a driver
to take the necessary action. In this case, the advance sign should be relocated at the start of the taper. This ensures that
all roadworks have minimum signing of at least Workers (symbolic) sign, ROADWORK AHEAD sign or BRIDGEWORK
AHEAD sign.

(c) When the roadway is, or is expected to be, occupied for less than 5 min as provided for in Clause 4.8.3.

(d) If the effects of the works are confined to one direction of travel, for travel in the other direction provided that no
special vigilance is required of drivers travelling in that direction.
(e) Under very low-volume conditions on unsealed roads as specified in Clause 4.13.3(a).

4.2.2 Advance sign selection

The following signs shall be placed in advance of work areas:

(a) Workers (symbolic) (T1-5) - short-term works not involving the diversion of traffic along a detour or sidetrack; and
long-term works during all periods and at all locations where workers are actually working on or adjacent the traffic
path or are visible to oncoming traffic, or both.

(b) ROADWORK AHEAD (T1-1) - at roadworks involving either a closure or part-closure at long-term works, a diversion
of traffic along a side track or detour, or a changed condition road users would not necessarily expect, e.g. loose stones
or the absence of linemarking. The sign may also be used at short-term works where additional advance warning is
considered necessary.

(c) BRIDGEWORK AHEAD (T1-2) - all long-term bridgeworks.
Except for special cases given below, advance signs shall be limited to the above signs, i.e. they do not indicate the type
of work being done or any more detailed nature of the hazard unless it is vital for a road user to have that information,
e.g. existence of wet paint on the road.

Exceptions to the above sign usages are as follows:

(i) Long distance advance signs - On freeways and other high-speed roads, additional signs of the type ROADWORK 1 km
AHEAD (T1-16) may be required, especially when the work site requires a substantial reduction in speed, i.e. 40 km/h
or more. Distances of 500 m or 1 km would usually be considered.
(ii) Frequently changing working areas - Under appropriate conditions (see Clause 4.8.4) advance signs may be
displayed up to 2 km in advance of the work vehicle.



4.2.3 Intermediate advance signs
Intermediate advance signs shall be used where, in addition to a general warning of the onset of road works, warning is
needed either of specific action a driver may be required to take, or of the condition of the road. The signs used are as
follows:

(a) Lane status (T2-6) - shall be used to indicate closure of a lane on a multi-lane road.

(b) DETOUR AHEAD (T1-6) - shall be used to indicate existence of a detour or side-track ahead.

(c) Road condition signs as described in Clause 3.7.2 - should be used to indicate road surface conditions which may be
temporarily hazardous.

(d) PREPARE TO STOP (T1-18), Signals ahead (W3-3) - shall be used to indicate the existence of active traffic control
and the possible need to stop.

4.2.4 Advance warning distances
The minimum distance that an advance sign is placed in advance of the road works should be 2D (D = 60 to 80 m).

This distance is measured from the sign position to the beginning of the transition (taper) area (see Clause 4.1) or
beginning of a diversion associated with the work site.

Where there is more than one advance sign position (e.g. see Figure 4.2(b)), the advance signs nearest the work area
are placed 2D m from transition area, and other advance sign positions at spacing’s of D further in advance of the work
area.
Advance sign distances for mobile works are specified in Clause 4.9.3.


4.2.5 Frequently changing work area
For the activities and corresponding work practices given in Clause 4.8.4 where the work area is continuously
progressing along the route, advance signs ahead of the work may initially be placed up to 2 km in advance of the work
and if so, shall be progressively relocated as specified in that Clause.

The 2 km distance may be increased up to 5km on very low-volume roads (see Clause 4.8.4(e).

4.2.6 Mobile works
Requirements for mobile works, including advance signing are set out in Clause 4.9.

4.3 MAINTAINING A SAFE WORKPLACE
As indicated in Clause 1.5, both organisations and contractors carrying out works on roads, together with supervisory
personnel at all levels, are obliged to maintain a safe workplace.

This entails the prevention of injury to workers due to hazards within the works site, the protection of workers from
oncoming or passing traffic, and the protection of road users from hazards within the work site.

Requirements and recommendations for protecting workers from oncoming or passing traffic and road users from
hazards within works site are as shown below. Intermittent and low-impact works permitted under Clause 4.8, and
mobile works permitted under Clause 4.9 are exempted from these requirements and recommendations provided that
the requirements of those clauses are observed.

(a) Work area 3 m or more clear of traffic (Option 1).

If no part of the road shoulder, parking or auxiliary lane has been closed and the entire work area including all vehicles
and plant is located a minimum of 3 m from the nearest edge of a lane carrying traffic, no signing or traffic delineation
of the work area will be required other than a Workers (symbolic) (T1-5) sign in advance of the work area when
workers or plant are present on site. This situation is illustrated as Option 1 on Figure 4.3.

If there is closure or partial closure of the roadway, shoulder, parking lane or auxiliary lane but the work area is located
a minimum of 3 m from the nearest edge of a lane carrying traffic, all of the signs and delineation specified in Item
(b)(ii) are required except that there will be no requirement to reduce traffic speeds for the protection of workers. A
temporary speed zone may be needed for the safety of traffic negotiating the site.

In each of the above cases a containment fence (see Clause 3.10.1) should be used to delineate the clearance line for
workers if the work area clearance is close to the 3 m minimum.

(b) Work area closer than 3 m to traffic.

If the clearance between the work area and the nearest edge of a lane carrying traffic is less than 3 m one or other of the
following options shall be used:

(i) Protection by safety barrier (Option 2)

If the work area is protected by a safety barrier (see Clause 3.10.2) there will be no
requirement for temporary speed zoning for the protection of workers. Advance signing and
delineation are required including Workers (symbolic) (T1-5) signs when workers are on site,
and temporary speed zoning may be required for the safety of traffic negotiating the site
outside the barrier. Steps should be taken to ensure that workers and plant will remain within
the protection of the barrier. A containment fence behind the barrier as recommended in
Clause 3.10.1(c) and temporary crash cushions as recommended in Clause 3.10.3 should also be used. This situation is
illustrated as Option 2 on Figure 4.3.

(ii) Clearance to traffic 1.2 to 3 m (Option 3)

If there is no physical barrier between the edge of the work area and the nearest edge of a
lane carrying traffic, but the clearance between the two is from 1.2 m to less than 3 m, the
following are required when workers are on site, in addition to the requirements for other
works site management devices specified in Part 3 of the MUTCD:

(A) A Workers (symbolic) (T1-5) sign in advance of the work area.

(B) Delineation of the edge of the traffic lane by cones, bollards or similar means.


(C) Separate delineation of the edge of the work area by means of a containment fence. (See Clause 3.10.1).

(D) A temporary 60 km/h speed zone if the road does not already have a speed limit of 60
km/h or less.

This situation is illustrated as Option 3 on Figure 4.3.
(iii) Clearance to traffic less than 1.2 m (Option 4)

If the clearance requirement of 1.2 m in Item (ii) above cannot be achieved or where workers
or plant, or both are working within the trafficked area, all of the requirements of Item (ii) shall
apply except that-

(A) A temporary speed zone of 40 km/h shall be used; and

(B) Use of a containment fence may be omitted if its use would not be practicable.

This situation is illustrated as Option 4 on Figure 4.3.

(c) Protection of traffic controller

Traffic controllers are not subject to the requirements of Clause 4.3(b), but shall be allowed to
operate only in an area where a 60 km/h maximum speed limit applies. If such a speed limit does not already exist at
the site a temporary speed zone shall be established.


4.4 APPROACH TAPERS

4.4.1 General

If a roadway has to be partially closed, an appropriate taper should be marked in the transition (taper) area (see Clause
4.1) and, wherever possible, should be located so that its full length is visible to approaching traffic. Typical application
of tapers is illustrated in Figure 4.4.

4.4.2 Lane closures

Recommended taper lengths for two-way roads and multilane roads are applied as follows:

(a) Traffic control at beginning of taper - applicable at a location where there is a traffic controller, a GIVE WAY sign, or
temporary traffic signals which is being controlled by the controller, GIVE WAY sign or signals. A taper of 30 m should
be used.

(b) Lateral shift taper - applicable where traffic is simply required to shift laterally without conflict with another traffic
stream. Taper length should be D (where D = 60 to 80 m). Refer to example in Diagram 12.

(c) Merge taper - applicable where one lane of traffic is required to merge on a multi-lane road. Taper length should be
2D (where D = 60 to 80 m).

The lateral shift and merge taper lengths may be reduced to 15 or 20 m where the speed limit is less than 60 km/h
(typically a low-speed residential or commercial street) or approach to traffic signals.

The closure of more than one lane on multilane roadways should be effected one lane at a time, with the distance
between tapers at least 2D (where D = 60 to 80 m).

4.4.3 Devices

Devices used for forming the taper may be temporary hazard markers, traffic cones or bollards with retroreflective
bands if required for night use (see Clause 3.9) and these may be augmented by temporary line-marking.

A taper needed for a short-term daytime-only work site may be formed with traffic cones or temporary bollards. For
night work the taper may be formed with temporary hazard markers at approximately twice the spacing specified for
cones or bollards.

For periods of longer duration, temporary hazard markers and roadworks delineators as specified in Clause 3.9.2 may
be used to form the taper. These should be spaced so that to an approaching driver they appear as a continuous line.

Where temporary hazard markers are used to delineate the edge of a traffic path, they should be used on one side only,
e.g. at a taper. Use on both sides of a traffic path can create confusing patterns of delineation.

Devices used to form tapers should be spaced so that traffic is discouraged from weaving through them.

A vehicle- or trailer-mounted illuminated flashing arrow sign may be used on high-volume roads (generally carrying
more than 20,000 vehicles per day) to assist traffic in negotiating the taper. Typical locations are shown in Figure 4.4.





Figure 4.5 Types of Taper

4.5 CREATING A TEMPORARY SPEED ZONE AT ROADWORKS

4.5.1 General

Requirements and recommendations for the use of temporary speed zones at roadworks are
summarised as follows:

(a) Workplace safety

The application of temporary speed zones of 60 km/h and 40 km/h to meet the safe workplace requirements of Clause
4.3, is a mandatory condition.

(b) Traffic safety

Guidance only is given on the application of temporary speed zones for traffic safety purposes. However, where a
decision has been made to create a temporary speed zone, mandatory requirements may apply to its implementation.
Workplace safety requirements shall take precedence over traffic safety guidelines whenever the former requires a
lower speed limit to be imposed.

4.5.2 Speed zones for workplace safety purposes
The use of speed zones for workplace safety purposes is given in Clause 4.3. Similar principles to those given in Clause
4.5.3 for selection of speed limits also apply.

4.5.3 Speed zones for traffic safety purposes
Temporary speed zones to be implemented for traffic safety purposes are appropriate where the consequences of
excessive speed are not apparent and motorists are unlikely to reduce speed voluntarily. A speed zone should not be
introduced unless it is either self-enforcing or likely to be enforced. Roadwork speed limit signs should not be used
alone but introduced in addition to other signs and devices already required by prevailing site conditions.

Speed zones for traffic safety purposes should not be used where alternative means of traffic control such as advisory
speed signing would be adequate, nor should they be used to avoid the necessity for some other more appropriate
action such as the use of a traffic controller to slow traffic at a critical location.

Temporary speed zones may be used where one or more of the following conditions exist:


(a) Loose materials or stones generally larger than 10 mm nominal size are present on the road surface.

NOTE: Speed limits should be removed after loose stone has been removed.

(b) Sprayed seal works exceed 500 m in length on high-volume roads.

(c) Dust or smoke may reduce visibility and cannot be controlled.

(d) The standard of the pavement surface, or the vertical or horizontal road geometry at a work site is reduced below
that of the adjacent sections of road.

(e) The unobstructed clear width of the roadway is reduced by at least a half, on the approaches to the work area.

The following principles should be applied in the selection of an appropriate speed limit:

(i) The speed limit applied to a zone should not exceed the maximum safe speed of travel which depends on the degree
of vehicular and pedestrian activity, and the type and extent of the work in progress, as well as the characteristics of the
road. The more frequent the incidence of conflicts or hazards on the road, the lower the maximum safe speed of travel.

(ii) The speed limit should not be so low that a significant number of motorists will disregard it.
Prevailing conditions vary over a length of road so any speed limit imposed is a compromise.

(iii) Speed limits should encourage uniform speed of travel but be low enough to allow drivers time to react to unusual
events or to directions by personnel or traffic controllers.

(iv) In rural areas, when the normal operating speed is 100 km/h, provision for traffic shall generally be such that
posted regulatory speed limits are not less than 60 km/h. Road conditions at least suitable for travel at 70 km/h shall
be maintained at all times through the work site. A speed limit of 80 km/h should be used if the 100 km/h limit is
considered too high and 60 km/h is considered unnecessarily restrictive. Where a 60 km/h limit is used and a safe
travel speed of 70 km/h is not provided throughout the work site, the sections with reduced operation speed should be
suitably signed including advisory speed limit signs. A low speed limit applying to the whole section should be avoided
in these cases.

A guide to the selection of speed limits at road works is given in Table 4.1.

4.5.4 Duration

The temporary speed zone shall apply only while the conditions exist. It shall be removed as soon as practicable after
the need for its imposition passes. This requirement applies to either of the purposes in Clause 4.5.1 for which the
speed zone is used.

Temporary speed zone signs used under Clause 4.3 for workplace safety shall be displayed only when workers, plant or
traffic controllers are on site. At long-term roadworks the signs shall be removed or covered up at other times unless
they are deemed necessary for any of the other purposes listed in Table 4.1.

NOTE: These signs will normally be placed in conjunction with the Workers (symbolic) (T1-5) sign which is subject to the same requirements for
display and removal.

A record should be kept of the dates and times temporary speed zones are in operation including any changes made,
and the names of personnel erecting, changing or removing signs for use in connection with prosecutions or litigation
resulting from traffic offences or traffic accidents (see Appendix A). It is also desirable to advise police of the speed limit
so that enforcement action may be taken. Appendix B details example procedures for recording such matters on roads
controlled by Department of Main Roads. Other authorities may choose to adopt similar practices.

4.5.5 Advance warning, buffer zones

Where advance warning of a temporary speed zone is required, it should be provided by means of a buffer zone (see
Table 4.1).

It is desirable to reduce speed limits in 20 km/h steps. However, in 110 km/h speed zones, the speed may be reduced to
80 km/h in one step, and in 70 km/h speed zones, the speed may be reduced to 40 km/h in one step.


A buffer zone will not be required if the approach speed to the temporary speed zone (i.e. the 85th percentile speed in
advance of the start of the zone) is not more than 20 km/h higher than the temporary limit, regardless of the speed
limit applying on the approach. For example, on an unsealed road on the approach to a temporary 60 km/h zone,
although the speed limit (general rural limit or zoned limit) might be 100 km/h, road conditions may not permit speeds
generally faster than 80 km/h, in which case no buffer zone is required.

4.5.6 End of zone

To terminate a temporary speed zone, except as indicated below, Speed Restriction (R4-1) signs indicating the speed
limit existing beyond the temporary zone shall be used. ROAD WORK supplementary plates (R4-3) are not used with
these signs. See also Clause 4.5.9(b) where a buffer zone has been provided for the opposite direction of travel. Where
END ROADWORK (T2-16, T2-17) signs are used (see Clause 3.4.8), the Speed Restriction sign may be mounted together
with the END ROADWORK sign where desired.

If it is not practicable or desirable to indicate the speed limit beyond the temporary zone by means of Speed Restriction
signs, the END Speed Limit (R4-12) sign (see Clause 3.5.5(c)) may be used in lieu.
This case could typically occur where although the continuing speed limit (general rural limit or zoned limit) is 100
km/h, road surface, alignment or other conditions will not allow traffic to travel safely at that speed.




4.5.7 Repeater signs

Repeater speed restriction signs should be provided as follows:

(a) To confirm and remind road users of the speed limit where it is imposed over a considerable length and there are
locations where it may appear that the limit no longer applies, e.g. between work areas in an extended work site.

(b) Where traffic enters from a side road and it is necessary to advise drivers of the speed limit in the road they have
entered.

Where used, they should be placed on the left side of the roadway at a maximum spacing of 1km. In certain
circumstances, e.g. long lengths of reseal, this spacing may be increased to 5km. Where works are being carried out on
multilane one-way roads or divided roads, signs should be duplicated on the right side of the roadway.

4.5.8 Placing of signs

Typical applications of speed zoning at road works sites are illustrated in Figure 4.6 for short-term work site’s, and
Figure 4.7 for long-term works sites. These Figures illustrate the use of Speed Restriction signs, and show their
relationship to ROADWORK AHEAD (T1-1), Workers (symbolic) (T1-5) and supplementary ROAD WORK (R4-3) signs.

4.5.9 Offset speed zones

Temporary speed zoning which results in speed limits which are different for each direction of travel at a particular
location shall be permitted under the following conditions:

(a) On a divided road where roadwork’s affect traffic conditions on one side of the median only.

(b) On a divided or undivided road where a buffer zone has been provided. The buffer zone speed limit is not required
for traffic leaving the lower speed limit merely because the limit applies to the opposite direction of travel.






4.6 TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS

4.6.1 Application

Situations requiring control of traffic by traffic controllers using Stop/Slow bats are listed in Table 4.2.

4.6.2 Equipment

Traffic controllers shall wear high visibility clothing as specified in Clause 3.16.5.

A STOP/SLOW hand bat (R6-8/T7-1) (see Clause 3.5.2) shall be used, except when a boom barrier is used. For night-
time operations, an illuminated wand should be used in conjunction with the bat. If a boom barrier is used, the STOP
sign, R6-8, may be mounted on the boom.

A temporary hazard marker (T5-5) (see Clause 3.9.3), a temporary barrier or a boom barrier may be used to assist the
traffic controller.

Portable two-way radios should be used for communication between traffic controllers (except in the vicinity of
blasting works).

4.6.3 Sight distance

Traffic controllers shall not be located in positions where the sight distance is less than 150 metres between the
controller and oncoming traffic.

4.6.4 Control of approach speed

Approach speeds to locations where traffic controllers are operating shall be controlled to 60 km/h or less by means of
appropriate advance signs and devices including a temporary speed zone.


4.6.5 Traffic controller competency
Traffic Controllers shall be appointed and operate in accordance with the "Approved Procedure for Controlling Traffic”.

4.6.6 Operations
Where traffic is restricted to the use of single lane, reversible flow conditions or other appropriate conditions where
operations are not controlled by traffic signals or GIVE WAY signs, traffic controllers should be employed to control
traffic movements.

At road works not exceeding 30 m in length, one (1) controller may be used where traffic volumes are very low (AADT
less than 400) and there is visibility on both approaches to the work area of at least 200 m.

On single lanes exceeding 30 m in length, two (2) controllers, preferably within sight of each other, should be used. In
cases where visibility between controllers is not possible, effective communication between controllers is essential (see
Clause 4.6.2). Alternatively a third controller, with visibility to the other two, may be used.

4.7 PORTABLE TRAFFIC SIGNALS
4.7.1 General
Portable signals (see Clause 3.5.4(a)) are intended only for traffic control applications of a relatively short duration. For
sites where work will continue for a longer period without the location of the work area changing, consideration should
be given to the installation of temporary, rather than portable, traffic signals (see Clause 3.5.4(b)).

Portable traffic signals are intended to be applied primarily to shuttle control, i.e. where a portion of the roadway is
closed so that a single lane has to be used alternately by traffic from opposite directions. Traffic capacities for single
lane sections of various lengths under shuttle control are given in Clause 4.11.1.

Signals may also be adapted for machinery crossing application.

Portable traffic signals should not be left unattended at night, particularly on roads with high traffic volumes and/or
speeds, unless adequate redundancy (at least two signal displays in each direction) and equipment security are
provided.

4.7.2 Operation

The following gives guidelines for the three modes of operation of portable traffic signals:

(a) Vehicle-actuated operation

Vehicle-actuated operation allows the signals to operate automatically in response to vehicle
demands.

Vehicle-actuated operation is the preferred mode and should be used wherever possible under the following
conditions:

(i) Traffic flow is not hindered by operations at the work area.

(ii) Traffic control is required to operate after working hours.

NOTE: Portable signal equipment with vehicle-actuated capability was not available at time of publication of this Part of the Manual.

(b) Fixed-time operation
Fixed-time operation does not respond to vehicle demand. Cycle times are a fixed length. Fixed time operation is
applicable to the following conditions:

(i) Vehicle-actuated control is not possible.

(ii) The flow of traffic on all approaches is relatively constant and is not hindered by operations at the work
area.

Failure of vehicle detectors in a vehicle-actuated system will usually cause the system to default to fixed-time operation.
(c) Manual operation


Manual operation allows operation of the signals by a traffic controller and is applicable to the
following conditions:

(i) Flow of traffic on each approach is variable and may be hindered from time to time by
operations in the work area.

(ii) A detector fails during the use of the vehicle-actuated mode and the fixed-time mode is not
appropriate.

(iii) Traffic must be kept out of the work area for an extended period, e.g. during blasting, priming or full
width sealing.

4.7.3 Approach conditions and speed

Sight distance on the approach to traffic signals shall be a minimum of 150 m to the primary signal face. A roadwork’s
speed limit no higher than 60 km/h shall be imposed if the signals would otherwise be in a higher speed limit zone.

4.7.4 Performance monitoring

Irrespective of the form of operation, signals should be monitored to ensure that they are operating safely and
effectively and do not cause unnecessary delays to traffic.

4.8 INTERMITTENT AND LOW IMPACT WORKS

4.8.1 General

The following treatments are permitted in recognition of the need to allow certain short-term and low impact works to
be carried out without the use of fully protected work sites or mobile works convoys which could otherwise lead to
significant work inefficiencies. Since they could be seen as a partial relaxation of safety standards, it is vital that a risk
assessment (See Clause 2.2.3) be made of the proposed adoption of these treatments taking particular account of
factors such as traffic volume and speed, road geometry and width, and the general behaviour of road users.

4.8.2 Work between gaps in traffic

Work which is of such short duration that it could be carried out within gaps in traffic may be done without signs or
delineation provided that:

(a) a lookout person is posted, who can see approaching traffic for a distance of at least 200 m in time to warn workers
to vacate the work area before its arrival.

(b) work vehicles and equipment are parked clear of the moving traffic lanes.

(c) a vehicle mounted warning device is displayed on the work vehicle.

4.8.3 Work taking 5 minutes maximum

When the roadway is, or is expected to be, occupied for less than 5 min for other than a frequently changing work area
(see Clause 4.8.4) by workers with a vehicle, or item of plant equipped with a vehicle-mounted warning device, the
work may proceed without the use of advance signs under the following conditions provided that the sight distance to
the vehicle-mounted warning device for approaching drivers is:

(a) greater than 150 m in a 60 km/h or lower speed zone; or

(b) greater than 250 m elsewhere; and

(c) the vehicle-mounted device shall not be obscured either by overhanging vegetation or a raised truck body, and the
work shall not reduce-

(i) the overall width to less than that required for safe passage for two-way traffic; or


(ii) the traffic lane width adjacent to a barrier line or a single unbroken separation line, to less than that needed to allow
vehicles to proceed without crossing the line.

A lookout person shall be posted to warn workers on foot of the approach of any vehicles whose speed or size might
constitute a safety threat. If two or more locations within a space of 2 km or less are to be worked as above, the site
shall be treated as a frequently changing work area (see Clause 4.8.4).

4.8.4 Frequently changing work area

For activities such as shoulder grading or maintenance, pedestrian type line marking or pavement marker laying
(excluding work on separation lines on 2-way roadways), minor pavement maintenance and longitudinal survey work
at successive locations less than 2 km apart, the frequently changing work area treatment may be applied, and if so
shall be subject to the following requirements:

(a) In all cases the requirements of Clause 4.8.3 regarding work vehicle positioning and display of the vehicle mounted
warning device, sight distance to the work vehicle for approaching traffic and the need for a lookout person to warn
workers on foot on the roadway, of approaching traffic, shall be observed.
(b) Advance signs up to 2 km ahead of each work position or item of moving plant shall be displayed. The distance
between advance signs for opposing directions of travel shall not exceed 2 km at any time and the location of such signs
shall be progressively changed to ensure the maximum separation is not exceeded as the work progresses along the
road.

(c) At each advance sign location the following signs shall be used-

(i) Workers (symbolic) (T1-5) where there are workers on foot; or

(ii) GRADER AHEAD (T1-4) where a grader only will be encountered; or

(iii) ROAD PLANT AHEAD (T1-3-1) where another kind of road plant item will be encountered.

The sign NEXT 2 km (T1-28) shall be placed beside whichever of the above signs is used.

(d) If any of the requirements of Item (a) cannot be met at a particular location, e.g. sight distance is substandard, that
site shall be set up as a fully protected work site with advance signs at the standard distances.

(e) On very low-volume roads, where sight distance to the vehicle mounted warning device is greater than 250 m in
both directions, the distance between the signs at the limits of the works may be increased to 5 km. In this case, where
this sight distance is not available, an additional sign, e.g. GRADER AHEAD, must be placed in advance of the work to
warn motorists.

4.8.5 Work area off the road

For activities involving a vehicle or item of plant running off the road such as grass mowing and shoulder grading or
activities such as sign/road edge guide post maintenance where the vehicle is parked clear of the road so that traffic
does not have to deviate from the normal travelled path, the work may proceed without the use of advance signs under
the following conditions. Sight distance to the vehicle-mounted warning device for approaching drivers shall be-

(a) greater than 150 m in a 60 km/h or lower speed zone; or

(b) greater than 250 m elsewhere; and

(c) the vehicle-mounted device is displayed and not be obscured either by overhanging vegetation or a raised truck
body.

4.8.6 Mobile inspections

Mobile road inspections are carried out according to one of the following requirements or
recommendations:

(a) If the inspection vehicle maintains a speed which is less than 20 km/h below the speed limit, it may travel in the
traffic stream and no protection is required.


(b) If the inspection vehicle can operate by travelling along a shoulder or verge clear of moving traffic, using gaps in
traffic to pass any obstructions in the shoulder or verge, it may operate as a single vehicle but shall display a pair of
yellow beacon lamps.

(c) If the inspection vehicle is required to block or partially block a traffic lane continuously at speeds lower than in
Item (a) it shall operate within a mobile works convoy.

4.8.7 Work protected by specialist vehicles

This work involves the use of a vehicle fitted with a truck-mounted attenuator. The vehicle shall be fitted with an
illuminated flashing arrow sign. The activities may include:

(a) placement and recovery of temporary signing and barriers;

(b) mobile lane closures; and

(c) slow moving or stationary vehicles operating on the roadway e.g. maintenance of traffic signals, street lighting and
emergency phones.

A temporary speed zone may be created by the use of a vehicle-mounted speed restriction sign.

If determined acceptable by a risk assessment, the specialist vehicle may be replaced by a shadow vehicle fitted with an
illuminated flashing arrow.

4.8.8 Survey work

The occupation of the roadway for survey work may be in accordance with one of the previous treatments. A risk
assessment will determine the treatment adopted in a particular environment.

4.8.9 Traffic investigations

For activities associated with traffic engineering investigations or inspecting, viewing or measuring a section of
roadway or road feature (e.g. for maintenance or planning purposes), no controls are needed where:

(a) the activity is clear of the roadway. The exception to this would be where the activity is carried out while crossing
the road, e.g. measuring the lane width;

(b) the vehicle used for the investigation is parked well clear of the traffic lanes;

(c) personnel utilize existing footpaths or verges;

(d) inspecting personnel may cross the road safely within gaps in traffic. In this case, sight distance to personnel for
approaching drivers is:

(i) greater than 150 m in a 60 km/h or lower speed zone;
(ii) greater than 250 m elsewhere.

Personnel carrying out investigations should wear high visibility clothing at all times when they are not in their vehicle.
4.9 MOBILE WORKS

4.9.1 General

Mobile works are works which entail vehicles moving along the roadway continually at a speed significantly lower than
other traffic and obstructing or partially obstructing traffic lanes. Mobile works include the following:

(a) Line marking using ride-on plant, self-propelled, towed or pushed.

(b) Pedestrian type line marking and pavement marker laying or removal where a shadow vehicle (see Clause
4.9.2(c))is used.

(c) Operation of pavement test vehicles.

Activities such as shoulder grading, short-run line marking, pavement and edge patching, and other works involving
workers on foot without a shadow vehicle shall be regarded as frequently changing work areas and dealt with in
accordance with Clause 4.8.4.

4.9.2 Work convoy arrangements

A mobile works convoy should be made up of the following vehicles selected as necessary for the relevant road
situation:

(a) Lead vehicle - A lead vehicle is required on two-way roadways when marking the separation line.

(b) Work vehicle - This is the vehicle or item of plant which is undertaking the work (e.g. a line marking machine) or
supporting workers on foot operating immediately behind it.

(c) Shadow vehicle - A shadow vehicle is required to provide close-up protection to the rear of
workers on foot (e.g. laying pavement markers, operating a pedestrian type line marker). The
shadow vehicle should travel a clear distance of 20 m to 40 m behind the work vehicle.

(d) Tail vehicle - A tail vehicle is required to provide advance warning of the works for following traffic, to divert traffic
around the works and to enable the driver to alert workers ahead of any impending hazard.

4.9.3 Operating principles

The following are requirements and recommendations for the operation of a mobile works convoy:

(a) All signs and warning or delineation devices shall be displayed.

(b) Advance warning of the works vehicle shall be provided by a tail vehicle and, if required, a lead vehicle (see Clause
4.9.2(a)) except in the following cases:

(i) Very low-volume rural roads where sight distance is adequate and speeds are relatively low, typically roads with
less than 400 vehicles per day, traffic speeds generally 80 km/h or less, and sight distance at least 2D m (where D = 60
to 80 m).

(ii) Urban residential, collector or commercial streets where speeds are generally less than 60
km/h.
(c) Vehicles providing advance warning shall travel in the same lane or shall straddle the same line as the work vehicle,
with the following exceptions:

(i) For line marking the separation line on a two-way road, the tail vehicle should travel within its lane if
following traffic can pass it to the left, otherwise it should straddle the separation line.

(ii) For other than line marking the separation line on a two-way road, the tail vehicle should always
travel in its lane.

(iii) On a multilane road, if the work vehicle is straddling the left or right hand lane line, the tail vehicle
should travel within the corresponding left or right hand lane.

(d) Vehicles providing advance warning should travel at the following convoy spacing’s:

(i) In locations where sight distance is good:

(A) Lead vehicle - 200 m to 400 m rural, or 30 m to 100 m urban in advance of the work vehicle.

(B) Tail vehicle - 500 m to 700 m rural, or 200 m to 300 m urban behind the work vehicle or behind
the shadow vehicle if one is being used.

(ii) In locations where sight distance is poor:

(A) The lead vehicle shall move as necessary beyond the distances given in Item (i) to a point where
good sight distance is regained, and remain there until the work vehicle catches up.


(B) The tail vehicle shall hold at a position of good sight distance until the work vehicle has
progressed to a point where the tail vehicle can move through the section with restricted sight to a
point where good sight distance is regained.

(e) A shadow vehicle is required wherever the operation involves workers on foot.

(f) A second tail vehicle shall be provided for works on freeways. The two vehicles should be
arranged to form a ‘mobile taper’.

(g) Traffic controllers shall not direct traffic from a moving vehicle during mobile works. If a situation necessitates the
use of a traffic controller, a fully protected work site should be established.

(h) All vehicle-mounted warning signs and devices shall be removed from display or deactivated when the vehicle is no
longer working and becomes part of the normal traffic stream.

4.9.4 Signs

All vehicles and items of plant in the mobile works convoy, other than minor items of plant protected by a works
vehicle and a shadow vehicle should carry an illuminated flashing arrow sign (see Clause 3.12.2). Requirements for
flashing the arrow or other displays (i.e. four corner lights) are specified in Clause 3.12.2.

Supplementary vehicle-mounted signs as specified in Clause 3.12.3, mounted either with the flashing arrow sign or
panel of chevrons, or elsewhere in a permanent position on the body of the vehicle, shall be used where necessary to
indicate the type of work being done, or to provide essential additional warnings of the presence of workers on foot or
driving instructions.

4.10 GUIDE VEHICLE

A vehicle may be used to guide traffic through a work site. This form of assistance to traffic
management may be required where:

(a) part of the length of the work site is out of view of the supervisor, work gang and the traffic
controller; or

(b) the traffic speed is required to be kept low to minimise damage to the works; or

(c) traffic needs to follow a particular path through the site which may not be obvious unless a guide vehicle is used.

Minimum identification of a guide vehicle should be a flashing yellow lamp. Traffic should be
instructed, either verbally or by means of a special sign, to follow and not to pass the guide vehicle.

4.11 MAINTAINING TRAFFIC FLOW

4.11.1 Length of single-lane operation under reversible flow

On two-way roads, two-way flow should be maintained wherever possible. This may necessitate the construction of a
side track or detour. However, where this is not possible, traffic may be restricted to one lane over short lengths,
preferably not longer than indicated in Table 4.3, for short periods of time (see Clause 2.3.2).

In general, where traffic flows are within the recommended limits shown in Table 4.3, single-lane operation requires
active control by traffic controllers or by portable or temporary fixed traffic signals.

The selection of the appropriate method of control requires consideration of:

(a) traffic volumes;

(b) duration of work;

(c) site conditions and layout; and


(d) personnel available.
Table 4.3 DESIRABLE MAXIMUM LENGTH OF SINGLE-LANE OPERATION UNDER REVERSIBLE FLOW

In situations with low traffic flows, where drivers have a clear view of the work area and the opposing approach for a
distance of at least 100 m beyond the work area, controls may be modified as follows:

(i) Low speed, very low volume roads (less than 100 vehicles per day), where the length of a single lane does not exceed
100 m - active control may not be required (see also Clause 4.11.4).

(ii) All other low and very low-volume roads where the length of a single lane does not exceed 100 m - control may be
exercised by the use of a GIVE WAY sign (see Clause 3.5.3(a)).


4.11.2 Number of lanes for each direction of flow
On multilane roadways in peak periods, the normal number of traffic lanes in the direction of major flow should be
available. A single lane should never be required to carry more than 1000 vehicles per hour. Table 4.4 gives guidance
on the number of lanes required.

Where the requirements of Table 4.4 cannot be complied with, parking bans or lane reversal or both may be necessary.
If in extreme circumstances one direction of travel must be detoured, safety arrangements should be planned in
advance so that conditions can be improved on the detour route prior to opening. In congested urban areas many
works, especially mobile and maintenance works, are necessarily confined to nights and weekends.

Right turns may need to be banned at appropriate locations in the work site to maintain traffic flow. Allowance might
also be required for the effects on traffic flow of rough or unsealed surfaces, or altered geometry which markedly
reduces speed.

Lane reversal requires special consideration of, and provision for pedestrians, where the traffic flow is opposite to
normal expectations, especially where traffic is diverted to the opposite side of a median. This should be avoided if at all
possible, but failing that, every effort should be made to redirect pedestrian movements to locations beyond the work
area concerned, or at least to marked crossings at signalised intersections.

4.11.3 Lane widths

The lane width should match as near as practicable that of the approach road.

The minimum lane width to be provided through or past a works site should be 3.0 m with the following exceptions:

(a) Curve widening of 0.5 m per lane is applied to curves of radius between 100 m and 250 m.

(b) Curve widening on curves of less than 100 m radius is, in addition to Item (a), to take into account the swept path of
long vehicles.


(c) Where lanes on the approach to the work site are less than 3.0 m in width, the approach lane width may be adopted.
This should not however, apply to curves of radius 250 m or less, nor to locations where there are fixed vertical
obstructions such as fences or safety barriers within 300 mm of the edge of the lane on one or both sides.

(d) Two-way roadway width on residential streets may be reduced to 5.5 m

4.11.4 Work in residential streets

Where work is in residential streets, the following should be observed:

(a) If the remaining clear roadway width is 5.5 m or more, two-way operation should be maintained. If 5.5 m cannot be
maintained, the width should be reduced to no more than 3.5 m to ensure vehicles operate in single file under shuttle
working conditions. The need to accommodate the swept path of large vehicles negotiating a work site should also be
considered.

(b) The normal method of traffic operation for shuttle working will be a natural ‘give and take’,
provided that there is clear visibility past the work area and beyond it for at least 100 m, and the length of shuttle lane
does not exceed 100 m. If these conditions cannot be maintained, active traffic control will be needed, i.e. traffic
controllers or temporary traffic signals.

(c) The length of the approach taper should be approximately 15 m where two-way operation is maintained. Where
shuttle working under natural ‘give and take’ is in operation, the taper should be at 45 degrees on both the approach
and departure sides of the works.

(d) The need for advance warning should be determined in accordance with Clause 4.2.1.
4.12 DETOURS, SIDE-TRACKS AND CROSSOVERS

4.12.1 General

In situations where it becomes impracticable to accommodate traffic within the existing roadway, one of the following
forms of traffic detour should be considered:

(a) Side-tracks - A temporary roadway may be constructed beside or near the existing roadway, usually within the same
road reserve. It may cater for one or both directions of travel.

(b) Detours via existing roads - Traffic in one or both directions may be detoured via existing roads suitably located to
carry traffic around the work area.

(c) Crossovers - Part of a divided road is converted to a two-way roadway by closing one roadway and constructing
temporary crossovers to transfer traffic in that direction to the other roadway.

(d) Detours for heavy or over-dimensional vehicles - A side-track or a detour via existing roads may be needed to carry
heavy, high or long vehicles past a temporary obstruction or weakened bridge or section of roadway. Where it is
necessary to close one roadway of a multilane road, every attempt should be made to avoid the use of the other
pavement for temporary two-way operations. Sidetracks or altered construction methods are preferred for safety
reasons. Where it is desired to make use of the other roadway, prior approval of the signing layout shall be obtained
from the Department of Main Roads or local government as appropriate. Even when this layout is used during working
hours every attempt should be made to remove opposing traffic from the other roadway at night. The maximum length
of two-way operation on a one-way roadway is not to exceed 2 km. Desirably, this length should not exceed 1 km.

Where appropriate, the capacity of a proposed detour should be assessed to ensure that known traffic demand can be
met at an acceptable level of service. A side-track should also be designed to provide an acceptable level of service.

NOTE: Where a detour crosses a median (i.e. a crossover) on a multilane divided road controlled by Queensland Department of Main Roads requiring
traffic to travel temporarily the wrong way on an existing roadway, prior approval for the traffic arrangements shall be obtained from the Regional
Director, Department of Main Roads.

Where used, the above forms of detour shall be provided in accordance with the requirements and recommendations in
the clauses below. Typical signing arrangements are illustrated in Figures 4.8, 4.9 and 4.10.


4.12.2 Surface condition

Pavement and pavement surface condition should be appropriate to and adequate for the type and volume of traffic
using the facility and its location. The following requirements should be observed:

(a) Temporary pavements shall have sufficient structural strength to carry the anticipated heavy vehicle traffic.

(b) Pavements on detours via existing roads shall be checked to ensure that they are structurally adequate to carry the
increased volumes and loads.

(c) Pavements on detours and side-tracks shall be monitored to ensure that all signs of impending pavement failure are
dealt with promptly.


4.12.3 Alignment, width and capacity

For detours which will be in use for periods in excess of 14 days, the lane width and design speed should match as
nearly as practicable those of the approach road. For shorter term works, lane widths shall be in accordance with
Clause 4.11.3 and the design speed should not be less than the following:

(a) 75 km/h where the speed limit on the approach is 90 km/h or more.

(b) 60 km/h where the speed limit on the approach is 80 km/h.

(c) 50 km/h where the speed limit on the approach is less than 80 km/h.


If speeds on approach to the work site are significantly less than the speed limit, e.g. on a section of winding road, the
actual typical approach speed may be used in the above assessment.

Every attempt should be made to maintain capacity on roads which normally run close to their
capacity, particularly during peak hours on urban roads. In addition to maintaining the required number of lanes in
accordance with Clause 4.11.2, note should be taken of the effect on capacity of-

(A) traffic lanes less than 3 m in width; and

(B) unsealed or rough surfaces.

In either case, lane capacity can be reduced by as much as 50 percent. Works may need to be scheduled so that peak
hour capacities are maintained.

4.12.4 Provision for pedestrians, bicycles, wheelchairs and public transport

Where there is a demand for use of the detour by pedestrians, cyclists or wheelchairs, facilities such as footpaths, cycle
tracks and sealed shoulders as appropriate to the demand and the safety requirements should be provided. Use of the
signs and devices specified in Clause 3.14 may be necessary to guide pedestrians and to ensure their safety.

Where public transport stops need to be temporarily relocated on a detour, provision shall be made for the vehicle to
stop clear of moving traffic and for safe pedestrian access to the stop.

4.12.5 Access for local traffic

Provision shall be made for local traffic to bypass barriers to gain access to properties within the closed-off section of
road. Gaps should be left in barriers in locations which will not encourage through traffic to use them either by mistake
or intentionally, e.g. locating the gap to the far side of the roadway and making it as small as practicable. The sign
LOCAL TRAFFIC ONLY (G9-40-2) should be placed beside the gap.

4.12.6 Delineation

The following are requirements and recommendations for delineation at side-tracks and detours:

(a) A side-track having the same standard of alignment, width and pavement surface as the approach route, shall be
delineated as for a permanent roadway in accordance with Part 2 of this Manual.

NOTE: Such a side-track represents the ideal and should be sought after for long-term side-tracks. It will rarely require temporary road works
signing.

(b) Side-tracks where any of the factors in Item (a) are below the standard of the approach road, shall have the
following delineation:

(i) Delineators, red on the left side and white on the right, at the following spacing:

(A) Straights and curves greater than 200 m radius - 20 m spacing, in pairs.

(B) Curves up to 200 m radius - 6 m on outside of curve, 12 m on inside.

(C) On low-volume roads, spacings increased up to the following:

(1) Long flat straights - up to 100 m.

(2) Short and undulating straights - up to 50 m.

(3) Curves greater than 200 m radius - up to 25 m.

(ii) On sealed pavements the following linemarking:

(A) Separation line, marking in accordance with Part 2 of this Manual, including barrier line where warranted.


(B) Edge lines on other than very low-volume roads, provided that adequate width is available (generally 6.8 m or
greater).

(iii) Temporary hazard markers at the beginning of the side-track if either it begins with a small radius curve, or it
could appear in some visibility conditions that the road does not diverge.

(c) At detours using existing roads or streets, upgrading of linemarking in a normally low-volume street to that
consistent with the volume using the detour should be undertaken whenever the detour is likely to be in use for more
than three days.

(d) At crossovers, the temporary diversion through the median shall be delineated as specified in Item (b).

The temporary separation line on the single open roadway shall be treated with extra delineation as appropriate.
Depending on traffic volumes and speeds, the following additional delineation should be considered:

(i) Conversion of the separation line to double unbroken.

(ii) Reducing spacing of RRPMs to one half or one quarter.

(iii) Use of lane dividers (see Clause 3.9.5).

Alternatively, provision of a safety barrier, appropriately delineated should be considered.

4.12.7 Continuity of signing at a detour
Where a detour via existing roads is provided, signing of the detour at all changes of direction and at other locations
where reassurance is needed shall be applied consistently throughout for each direction of travel. Signing
arrangements should be checked to ensure that all detour signs are prominently displayed.

4.12.8 Reversed traffic direction
When a detour requires traffic to travel temporarily in the wrong direction on an existing roadway, any special
potential hazards should be considered, e.g. the trailing ends of existing guardrails and bridge parapets will become
leading ends and may require modification.

4.12.9 Freeway exit closures
Where a freeway exit is to be closed advice shall be provided-

(a) in advance of the previous exit if traffic is to be detoured by that exit; or

(b) in advance of the closed exit if traffic is to be detoured by the succeeding exit.

Advice shall take the form of black on yellow temporary signs mounted in conjunction with each advance and position
sign for the relevant exit in Item (a) or (b) above, indicating the exit which is closed and which alternative exit should
be taken. The legend should as far as practicable be equal in legibility to the legends on the associated permanent
direction signs.

All necessary direction signs and detour signs shall be provided on the adjacent street system for diverted traffic.

4.12.10 Detours for high and heavy vehicles
Detours for high or heavy vehicles will usually be required:

(a) if road works or other factors have temporarily reduced the height clearance or load carrying capacity of the
original road; or

(b) if the route is a designated over dimensional load route on which over dimensional clearances have been
temporarily reduced.

Signposting of a typical high vehicle detour is illustrated in Figure 4.10.

NOTE: A second physical over-height barrier may be required in the case shown in Figure 4.10, if the risk of collision is high or the consequences
especially severe, or both.



4.13 WORKS ON UNSEALED ROADS
4.13.1 General
The following treatments are permitted on unsealed roads in recognition of the generally lower volumes and traffic
speeds encountered on those roads than on sealed roads and the need to be economical in the expenditure of resources
on these low usage facilities. Since they could be seen as a partial relaxation of safety standards, it is vital that a risk
assessment (see Clause 2.2.3) be made of the proposed adoption of these treatments in particular environments taking
particular account of factors such as traffic volume and speed, road geometry, width and surface condition, and the
general behaviour of road users.

The treatments shall not be applied to any road which would normally be sealed, but has been left unsealed either
temporarily or permanently due to, for example, economic or climatic factors or is in the process of construction or
reconstruction as a sealed road.

4.13.2 Maintenance grading
4.13.2.1 General
Maintenance grading may be carried out either with or without leaving a windrow as indicated below. Work done
without leaving a windrow normally involves use of either a windrow eliminator or a second grader in tandem. In no
case shall a grader be permitted to travel on the right hand side of the road in the direction of grading, without leaving
sufficient room for an oncoming vehicle to pass. Working without leaving a windrow is preferred whenever possible.

4.13.2.2 Working without leaving a windrow
If sight distance to the grader's vehicle mounted warning device is at least 250 m throughout the length of road being
graded, no advance warning signs are required. Slippery (T3-3) or LOOSE SURFACE (T3-14) signs may be required if
the freshly graded surface has loose material which may be a hazard.


If the sight distance falls to less than 250 m at some locations along the road being graded, or the grader may be hidden
by dust, advance GRADER AHEAD (T1-4) and NEXT 2 km (T1-28) sign shall be used at each end of road sections
covering those locations as indicated for frequently changing works areas (see Clause 4.8.4).

4.13.2.3 Leaving a windrow
For oncoming traffic, the requirements and recommendations of Clause 4.13.2.2 apply.

For following traffic, the signs GRADER AHEAD (T1-4) and NEXT 2 km (T1-28) shall be placed 100 m in advance of the
windrow. Slippery (T3-3) signs may also be required (see Clause 4.13.2.2).

NOTE: The NEXT 2 km sign is not required where a windrow will act as a constant reminder of the work ahead.

Where a windrow becomes too high for following traffic to cross in order to overtake the grader, the grader driver
should be instructed to raise the blade from time to time and move forward a short distance to allow that traffic to pass.

4.13.3 Short-term partial road closures
The following apply to the treatment of short-term partial road closures:

(a) Omission of advance signs

Advance signs may be omitted provided that-

(i) the vehicle mounted warning device on the work vehicle can be seen by approaching traffic for at least 250 m;

(ii) no traffic controller is needed (see Clause 4.11.1(i)); and

(iii) either-

(A) the road is a very low-volume road; or

(B) sufficient width exists for two-way traffic past the work area; or both.

(b) Using a single traffic controller

Traffic control is required but may be performed by a single traffic controller under the conditions in Clause 4.6.6:
(c) Other cases

Situations not meeting the conditions set out in Items (a) or (b) shall be treated in the same way as sealed roads.

4.14 EXCAVATION WORKS
Recommendations for traffic protection or delineation at longitudinal excavations adjacent to traffic lanes are given in
Appendix F.

4.15 PAVEMENT TESTING

4.15.1 General
The operations of pavement test units are normally carried out at a slow speed advancing intermittently at a rate of 1–2
km/h.

NOTE: The Benkelman Beam Test Unit is an example of this type of operation.

4.15.2 Application
Separate signing procedures are recommended for traffic control associated with this type of
pavement testing unit on:

(a) 2 lane roads

(b) 4 lane roads

(c) roads with more than 4 lanes.


It is normal practice, with minor exceptions in the interests of road safety, to conduct pavement testing against the
direction of the traffic flow employing Police officers, or traffic controllers if Police are not available, to control traffic.

Diagrams 44, 45, and 46 show the recommended traffic control arrangements for the various road types described
above. If testing is carried out in the same direction as traffic flow, it is essential that a suitably signed following vehicle
be provided for the protection of the operators. In this case, the Police Officer or traffic controller should be positioned
behind the following vehicle.

Alternatively, a signing arrangement as shown in Diagrams 13 or 20 may be used. In these situations the test unit may
operate in either direction. Where traffic controllers are used in lieu of Police Officers, a Traffic Controller
Ahead/PREPARE TO STOP sign (T1-Q05) shall be placed a sufficient distance in advance of the control station.

4.15.3 Duration
To avoid undue interruption to traffic, testing should not be carried out during peak traffic periods. Safety
considerations usually preclude testing outside daylight hours or during adverse weather conditions.

4.15.4 Vehicle mounted warning devices
Test vehicles shall be equipped with yellow beacon lamps (see Clause 3.12.1), and vehicle mounted signs (see Clause
3.12.2). Where the test vehicle is not used exclusively for pavement testing, and does not carry the prescribed lights and
signs, a support vehicle carrying such signs and lights shall be provided.

SECTION 5. ARRANGEMENT DIAGRAMS FOR TRAFFIC GUIDANCE SCHEMES

5.1 SCOPE
This Section provides diagrams of traffic guidance schemes which illustrate the application of traffic control devices to
various work site situations and circumstances. The diagrams, which indicate the appropriate positions of the signs and
devices required to guide traffic safely around, through or past the work site, should cover most road work situations.
Each diagram is accompanied by notes.

5.2 APPLICATION
The traffic guidance schemes illustrated include examples of applications to short-term and long-term works, and to all
types of roads, e.g. multilane roadway and two-way.

Work site situations which are not specifically covered by the diagrams should be signed by adapting the most
appropriate diagram according to the principles outlined in this Manual.

No one standard arrangement of signs and devices can operate for every work site, or for different operations at a
particular site. It may be necessary to vary warning signs and devices at a work site, not only from day to day, or from
day to night operation, but also from hour to hour (see Clause 2.6.2 and Appendix D).

Whenever it is necessary to undertake roadwork’s within an intersection, warning signs must be erected on each of the
approaches on which traffic is affected by the works (see Diagrams 8, 9, 10, 42, 43 and Appendix G). It is also important
to consider the needs of pedestrians (see Clause 3.14).

5.3 DIAGRAM SELECTION
The Table 5.1 is the primary reference used to select the diagram appropriate to the prevailing or expected work site
conditions.

In some cases Table 5.1 refers directly to an appropriate diagram which shows the traffic control devices and their
arrangement. In other cases, reference is made to Tables 5.2 to 5.5 which provide a further selection guide to determine
the appropriate diagram.

The situation diagrams illustrate the traffic arrangements for various roadwork applications. For
bridgework, the ROADWORK AHEAD (T1-1) sign should be replaced with the BRIDGEWORK AHEAD (T1-2) sign.


The diagrams selected using this procedure should satisfy the requirements of safety and public convenience if
consideration is given to the following factors:

(a) Duration of work.

(b) Type of work site.

(c) Width restricted.

(d) Lane configuration.

(e) Actual width available for traffic.

(f) Time of restriction.

(g) Traffic diversion options.

(h) Availability of personnel.

(j) Traffic volumes.

Where 'low speed' is used the approach speed should be regarded as 60 km/h or less. Speeds more than 60 km/h are
referred to as ‘high speed’.



5.5 DIAGRAMS

The diagrams are divided into nine categories which are set out below together with a brief description of the type of
work site covered by each diagram.

(a) Short-term: urban works

Diagram 1 Work occupying the full width of a footpath.

Diagram 2 Full lane closure: residential street - low speed.


Diagram 3 Part lane closure: two-way road - low speed.

Diagram 4 Closure of one side: multilane road - low speed.

Diagram 5 Left or median lane closure: multilane road.

Diagram 6 Closure of one side: multilane road - high speed.

Diagram 7 Full lane closure: two-way road (traffic controllers).

Diagram 8 Kerbside work: intersection of a minor and a low speed road.

Diagram 9 Kerbside work: intersection of a minor and a high speed, high volume road.

Diagram 10 Kerbside work: intersection of two high speed roads.

(b) Short-term: rural works

Diagram 11 Shoulder closure.

Diagram 12 Part lane closure: two-way road.

Diagram 13 Full lane closure: two-way road (traffic control - traffic controllers).

Diagram 14 Full lane closure: two-way road or bridge (traffic control - portable signals).

Diagram 15 Traffic through work area: two-way road.

Diagram 16 Road temporarily closed: two-way road.

Diagram 17 Full lane closure: two-way road - very low volume (traffic control - give way sign).

Diagram 18 Frequently changing: clear of traffic lanes.

Diagram 19 Left or median lane closure: multilane road.

Diagram 20 Lane closure: multilane road: work in central lane.

(c) Mobile Works

Diagram 21 Line marking: all roads.

(d) Short-term: night works

Refer to Diagrams 1 - 10 for urban works at night and Diagrams 11 - 20 for rural works at night.

(e) Short-term works: unsealed roads

For typical signing arrangements for works on unsealed roads, refer to Diagrams 11 - 18 for rural works. For additional
advice relating to works on unsealed roads, refer to Clauses 4.5.5, 4.5.6 and 4.13.

(f) Short-term: bituminous surfacing works

For typical signing arrangements, refer to Diagrams 1 - 20.

(g) Long-term works: lane and roadway closures

Diagram 22 Work occupying the full width of a footpath.

Diagram 23 Shoulder closure.


Diagram 24 Lane closure: two-way road or bridge.

Diagram 25 Haul road crossing: two-way road.

Diagram 26 Lane closure: two-way road.

Diagram 27 Lane closure: multilane road.

Diagram 28 Closure over 2 outer lanes: multilane road.
Diagram 29 Closure over 2 central lanes: multilane road.

Diagram 30 Road closed: blasting.

(h) Long-term works: detours and sidetracks

Diagram 31 High vehicle detour: two-way road.

Diagram 32 Heavy vehicle detour: two-way road.

Diagram 33 Lane closure: two-way road (one-way sidetrack).

Diagram 34 Lane closure: two-way road (two-way sidetrack).

Diagram 35 Sidetrack crossing median (crossover): multilane divided road.

Diagram 36 One direction detour: two-way road.

Diagram 37 Detour all traffic: two-way road.

Diagram 38 Exit closure: multilane road.

(i) Special work situations

Diagram 39 Short-term occupation of centre of roadway: two-way road.

Diagram 40 Short-term: temporary closure of roadway: multilane road: traffic through work area.

Diagram 41 Short-term: closure of two outer lanes: one direction - multilane road.

Diagram 42 Short-term works at major roundabout.

Diagram 43 Short-term works at minor roundabout.

Diagram 44 Pavement testing: two-way road.

Diagram 45 Pavement testing: central lane, multilane road.

Diagram 46 Pavement testing: left or median lane, multilane road.




















SEACTION 6 - DAILY ROUTINE TASKS AND RECORD KEEPING

APPENDIX A

A1 SCOPE

This Appendix sets out example procedures and guidelines for the daily routine tasks, inspections and record keeping
required for the overall safety and smooth operation of a traffic guidance scheme.

A2 RECORD KEEPING

Supervisory personnel engaged on works which require the use of a traffic guidance scheme should keep the following
records:

(a) Daily records of the sign arrangement or traffic guidance scheme, should be kept in a diary or in work sheets.

Special attention should be given to recording the installation, alteration and removal of all
regulatory signs and devices, including speed restriction signs. For short-term works, reference to the diagram
number(s) in Section 5 which generally applies to the layout used or to a documented procedure will usually be
sufficient. The records should include the hours of
operation and the surface condition of the road. Any significant departures from, or additions to, the signs and devices
included in the relevant diagram(s) should also be noted.

(b) In the case of accidents, either witnessed or reported, involving the public or from which legal proceedings might
arise, the actual type, size and location of signs and devices in use at the time of the accident should be recorded and the
sign arrangement photographed for subsequent reporting. Details of the actual width and condition of the travelled
path and weather conditions should also be recorded.

NOTE: This information may be critical should legal proceedings result from an accident. In such cases, the organisation is often requested to provide
details of signs and devices erected at works carried out in the distant past and which cannot be accurately answered unless detailed records are
kept.

A3 DAILY ROUTINE TASKS

A3.1 General

Supervisory personnel should establish a daily routine which allots specific tasks to personnel, including supervisors,
so that-

(a) loss of production time is minimised;
(b) plant operations are not disrupted;
(c) signing at all times is adequate for the safety of personnel and traffic; and
(d) the surface of the travelled path is maintained in a satisfactory condition.

The supervisor’s role in this routine procedure is coordination, inspection and correction.

A3.2 Before work starts

The following routine should be undertaken before work starts each day:

(a) An inspection of all traffic signs and devices should be made and a note made of signs out of place or damaged
during the night for subsequent rectification.

(b) All lamps should be switched off and checked and cleaned, if necessary.

(c) An inspection should be made of all water ballasted safety barrier or containment fence modules and a note taken of
any out of position modules, low water levels and damaged modules for subsequent rectification.


(d) After adjustments have been made to the traffic management provisions for the day they should be checked for
safety and effectiveness by an inspection drive through the job, and a record made of the signs erected and their
locations (see Paragraph A2).

A3.3 During hours of work

The following routine should be followed while work is in progress:

(a) Periodically drive through the work site to check that all signs, markings and delineating devices as seen by other
road users are satisfactory and in their correct position.

(b) Attend to minor problems as they occur.

(c) During work breaks, e.g. tea breaks, move personnel clear of the work area; park plant clear of traffic lanes and
remove from view or cover inappropriate signs such as Traffic Controller Ahead / PREPARE TO STOP or Workers
(symbolic) if workers leave the site or cannot be seen.

(d) Where there are traffic hazards or where only one lane is open to traffic, instruct traffic controllers to remain on the
job and relieve them as necessary.

(e) Reposition barriers, signs and tapers as necessary, e.g. adjust the length of single lane traffic operation as necessary
to keep it to a minimum, and keep records of changes made and the time these occurred.

(f) Coordinate maintenance of the travelled path with other job operations.

A3.4 Closing down at the end of the day

Special provisions are required if less than one lane in each direction is available after working hours, during weekends
or holidays, or if the traffic flow in one direction on a multilane highway exceeds the figures shown in Table 4.4, for the
number of lanes available. Special provisions can only be determined with a full knowledge of the situation. These could
include traffic controllers working in shifts for the full period of the obstruction, illumination of the site or the
installation of portable or temporary traffic signals.

In general the following action is required at the end of a day's work:

(a) Carry out a pre-closedown inspection allowing time for urgent maintenance to the travelled path.

(b) Remove Traffic Controller Ahead/PREPARE TO STOP, Workers (symbolic) and other inappropriate signs.

(c) Affix and light lamps on advance signs, if appropriate.

(d) Drive through the work site to confirm that signs and devices are in position and operating before leaving the site.

(e) Finally, record any changes that have been made to the previously recorded sign arrangement or traffic guidance
scheme.

A3.5 After hours

During the hours when work is suspended:

(a) Make arrangements for personnel to check lamps after dark and to maintain the lamp system during weekends and
holidays.

(b) Provide after hours contact so that arrangements can be made to replace damaged signs,
delineators or barriers.

(c) Ensure that a record is kept of signs found damaged, missing or out of place (and their location) at night, weekend
or holiday inspections (see Paragraph A2).

(d) Carry out periodic after-dark inspections on low headlight beam to ensure that all devices are visible and
performing their correct function.

APPENDIX B

ERECTION AND REMOVAL OF REGULATORY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
B1 GENERAL

An essential adjunct to the erection or removal of any regulatory sign/device, is the recording and filing of the
circumstances for use in connection with any prosecutions or litigation resulting from traffic offences, or traffic
accidents, in the area of the particular sign/device. This procedure particularly applies when regulatory signs/devices
are used as a traffic control aid at, or adjacent to, road construction and maintenance work sites.

This Appendix outlines example procedures for long-term traffic arrangement plans, and for the erection and removal
of permanent signs and devices. Variations to these procedures can be implemented to address Quality Management
and Administration Practices.

B2 EXAMPLE PROCEDURES

The example procedures are as follows:

For the implementation of a traffic arrangement plan requiring the temporary use of regulatory
signs/devices,

(a) Prior to the implementation of each plan, a Form M994 should be completed with particular attention to the
following information:

• the types, sizes and numbers of regulatory signs/devices to be used;

• a sketch or description of the exact location of the regulatory signs/devices giving details of the extremities of
the roadworks;

• the date on which each regulatory sign/device is first required;

• the anticipated date when each regulatory sign/device will no longer be required.
Traffic management plans for the project, suitably annotated, may be used in lieu of Form M994.

(b) The original Form M994 or equivalent should be forwarded to the District Director or his delegate for approval if
not already approved.

(c) If considered necessary, the District Director should:

• advise the public via the media, of the presence, nature, and duration of the proposed road works and, in
particular, the temporary use of any regulatory signs/devices;

• advise the local Police accordingly, and, in certain situations, include the Police in discussions on proposed
traffic control measures.

For short-term works signing arrangements records, see Appendix A2(a).

For permanent installation or removal of regulatory signs/devices,

(a) Prior to the placement or removal of regulatory signs/devices, a Form M994 should be completed and approved by
the District Director or his delegate.

(b) Once approved, the original Form M994 should be filed on the District Register. Speed limits (i.e. speed limit
changes with time and date of change) may be recorded alternatively on the authority’s road database system, where
available.

(c) A Form M994 is not required when a damaged or deteriorated sign/device is removed and
replaced with a new one of the same size and type, providing the replacement is erected in the same location as the old
sign/device.

APPENDIX C
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING
C1 INTRODUCTION

Because of the potential hazards associated with working on or adjacent to road and bridge work sites, all persons
working on or authorised to enter such work sites, shall be supplied by their employer with the relevant high visibility
protective equipment and clothing and shall be instructed to wear same at all times when required.

This equipment and clothing shall comprise the following items:

• Safety helmets (hat or cap type)
• High visibility cloth hats
• High visibility garments
• Approved skin protection (sun screens)

Details on the selection and use of such equipment and clothing are outlined below.

C2 SAFETY HELMETS

High visibility safety helmets which comply with the requirements of the current Australian Standard shall be worn by
personnel working on or entering work sites where there is a danger of the wearer receiving head injuries as a result of
striking or being struck by objects.

C3 HIGH VISIBILITY CLOTH HATS

Where safety policy permits, high visibility cloth hats may be worn by field personnel as an alternative to the standard
safety helmets provided they are not on a work site where there is any danger of the wearer receiving head injuries as a
result of striking or being struck by objects.

C4 HIGH VISIBILITY GARMENTS

Recommendations for the selection and use of high visibility garments are listed in Table C1.

C5 SKIN PROTECTION

Broad spectrum protective sun screens, lotions and creams for skin protection should be worn by all personnel
required to work regularly in the sun. With respect to their use, reference should be made to the manufacturers
instructions.

APPENDIX D

INFORMATION FOR CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISORS

D1 OBJECTIVE

In any situation, in which the motorist is denied the usage of the full roadway, provision for traffic is essential. This
principle applies to both construction and maintenance operations.

The safety of the motoring public and of the job employees shall be the key consideration when making adequate
provision for traffic.

Traffic may be slowed down, stopped or diverted according to the job circumstances. However when any of these
actions are taken, the need to provide good public relations must be taken into consideration in addition to the safety
aspects.

D2 RESPONSIBILITY OF SUPERVISORS

The provisions of this appendix should be treated as “General Procedures for the Provision for Traffic” to be observed
by the Construction Supervisor. Exceptions to these rules generally require approval of the Supervising Engineer.

D3 FACTORS AFFECTING TRAFFIC PROVISIONS

In deciding what measures will be taken to control traffic movements around or through the works, the following
factors must be considered:

• Width of the Road Formation - Is there enough room for the traffic and plant to manoeuvre safely? Can the
shoulders be utilised to provide an additional traffic lane?
• Traffic Density - What delay in construction will traffic movements be likely to cause and vice versa?
• Percentage of Heavy Vehicles - Consider seasonal operations such as sugar or grain harvests.
• Terrain - Shape and composition of the ground - e.g. crests and curves, rocky outcrops, blacksoil, swamps.
• Seasonal Influences - Wet season, drought (water shortage).
• Safety - Job employees and the public.
• Time - Comparison between alternatives.
• Cost - Comparison between alternatives.

D4 TWO-WAY TRAFFIC

The construction supervisor should aim to keep at least two traffic lanes open at all times, particularly during the hours
of darkness and at weekends. There are a number of ways of doing this, e.g.:

• detour traffic onto side tracks constructed essentially parallel to the main route
• detour traffic along existing roads or streets, as in an urban area
• widen existing shoulders to create a temporary additional traffic lane
• complete each day’s work to a stage such that the section of the road concerned can be opened to traffic at
night and at weekends.

D5 ONE-WAY TRAFFIC

Where it is necessary to close one roadway of a multilane road every attempt should be made to avoid use of the other
pavement for temporary two-way operations. Side tracks or altered construction methods are preferred for safety
reasons. Where it is desired to make temporary use of the other roadway, prior approval of the signing layout shall be
obtained from the Department of Main Roads or Local Government as appropriate (see Clause 4.12.1).

D6 ONE LANE TRAFFIC

Where it is not practicable to keep two traffic lanes open and it is inappropriate to use a GIVE WAY sign, traffic
controllers or traffic signals should be used to control traffic movements on the approaches to and through the job site.

D7 DETOURS

Side tracks when provided shall be constructed to and maintained at adequate and safe standards.

Side tracks shall be:

• wide enough to allow two-way traffic to negotiate the side track safely, and
• of a suitable construction standard to handle the expected traffic without excessive maintenance.

A good side track is one where:

• the motorist can traverse the track safely at the designed speed
• a high standard of visibility is maintained
• the boundaries are marked with posts and roadworks delineators
• warning devices have been placed in accordance with the procedures set out in this Manual
• guard rails have been provided where there are steep batters or roadside hazards.

Side tracks have a number of advantages over constructing under traffic, e.g.:

• job employees can work in safety
• delays to construction are avoided, thus reducing costs
• the job is easier to manage
• the motoring public can traverse the job with safety and with the minimum of delay, resulting in improved
public relations.

The disadvantages of side tracks are:

• the cost of their construction may be disproportionately high in some cases
• where side tracks are used, there is a tendency to construct too great a length of the job at one time,
resulting in long side tracks
• geometric standards obtainable often require speed restrictions
• plant, money and effort are required to maintain the side track in a safe and adequate condition.

The following factors should be considered when planning side tracks:

• the time and costs involved in constructing the side tracks must be allowed for when programming and
estimating
• the need (if any) to provide temporary culverts along the route of the side tracks and the need to pave and
seal the tracks
• maintenance of unsurfaced side tracks must be programmed and the cost allowed for in estimates
• the length of side track must be kept to the minimum possible. This means the job must be so planned as
to be carried out in sections
• consideration must be given to the side of the road on which the side track is best located
• provide for proper drainage of the side track pavement or formation
• the location and alignment of both the start and finish of a side track requires detailed consideration. Give
the motorist plenty of warning. Do not make the entrance and exits too abrupt or curves too sharp
• ensure safe connections to existing bridges (if any)
• provide for regular inspection of the side track. This includes night-time inspections.

D8 CONSTRUCTION UNDER TRAFFIC

Construction under traffic saves the cost of building and maintaining a side track. However there are hidden, though
nevertheless real costs in terms of delays, restrictions and disruption of plant usage, and reduced production on the job.
These costs may be minimised by providing effective control measures.

Regarding the safety of the motorist, the construction supervisor must consider the following
questions:

• Can I provide two-way traffic by using the road shoulders?
• If so, what would be a safe travelling speed?
• Should channelisation (such as temporary kerbing) be provided?
• What advance warning signs will be required?

• Where should these signs be placed? (Signs must be easily seen by motorists, taking into account colours
of natural backgrounds, travelling speed, traffic queues etc).
• Are regulatory speed signs necessary?
• What action can be taken to ensure construction plant does not encroach on the traffic lanes
unnecessarily?
• Are traffic controllers necessary?
• What additional precautions (if any) are necessary for the safety of night and weekend traffic when the job
is unattended?
• Are there any obstacles? If so, what action must be taken to protect motorists?

The safety of the job employees is an important consideration when constructing under traffic.
Conditions at the works may affect employees causing apprehension which can lead to nervous strain, increased
accident potential, lowering of morale and a lowering of production. Consequently the construction supervisor must
take measures to afford the best possible protection to job employees.

Such measures shall include:

• ensuring that employees wear high visibility safety garments and safety helmets as set out in Appendix C.
(Protection by improved visibility)
• keeping the working area as short as possible to reduce the risk area. (Economic lead, location of accesses
and provision of turning circles for plant well clear of traffic lanes need consideration here)
• erecting effective barriers between the motorists and the workers
• using traffic controllers to control traffic as necessary
• using police to control high density traffic.

D9 BLASTING

Special attention to traffic control is required when blasting. Traffic shall be stopped at least 500 m from the blasting
area and appropriate signing provided.

The following procedures shall also be observed in detail:

• Before any explosives or detonators are brought into the explosives area signs BLASTING AREA SWITCH OFF RADIO
TRANSMITTERS and END BLASTING AREA shall be located in the appropriate position on the road verge, facing the
direction of oncoming traffic.
• Just prior to firing the charge, traffic controllers shall erect BLASTING STOP AWAIT SIGNAL signs in the appropriate
locations and stop all vehicular and pedestrian traffic entering the blasting area.
• The shotfirer shall positively confirm that the signs and traffic controllers are in position and that there are no
vehicles or personnel within the blasting area. A warning siren shall be sounded to advise that blasting is imminent.
• After the blast the “All Clear” siren shall be sounded. The construction supervisor shall then inspect the road surface
between the signs, arrange for the removal of any debris from the road and/or station traffic controllers to control the
traffic through the blast area.
• Signs and traffic controllers shall remain in position and traffic remain stopped until the construction supervisor
advises otherwise. Traffic Controllers shall then remove the BLASTING STOP AWAIT SIGNAL sign and allow the traffic
to proceed.
• The signs BLASTING AREA SWITCH OFF TRANSMITTERS and END BLASTING AREA shall remain in position until all
explosives and detonators have been removed from the blasting area.

APPENDIX E
MULTI-MESSAGE SIGN SYSTEM

E1 SCOPE

This Appendix sets out the requirements for the approved panel configuration, size of sign and typical arrangement
diagrams.

E2 PANEL CONFIGURATION

Multi-message signs can convey up to 3 messages in the one sign. These will include, as required:
• Warning of works activity, road condition, works personnel;
• Regulatory restriction (e.g. restrict speed);

• Provision of advice to motorists or advising motorists of recommended actions.

Multi-message panel configuration guidelines are as follows:

• At least one of the 600 x 600 mm panels must be symbolic;
• Conflicting messages must not be used;
• Messages must be linked logically;
• Speed signs, where used, to be closest to traffic and reflect conditions;
• Letters and symbols to be in accordance with the MUTCD provisions for minimum readability in the order of
75 metres.
• Colour combinations for sign legend and background are to:
(a) match existing practice including colour and reflectivity;
(b) have high contrast between panels when used as a multi-message sign (i.e. close colouring should
be avoided, where practicable, on adjacent panels).

E3 PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT

The multi-message sign consists of up to three linked messages on a single 1200 x 900 mm frame, comprising two
panels of 600 x 600 mm and one of 1200 x 300 mm. The 1200 x 900 mm panel size is used irrespective of the speed
environment.

Sign mountings shall comply with Clauses 2.5.2 and 3.3 of this Part of the Manual.

APPENDIX F
PROTECTION AND DELINEATION AT EXCAVATION WORKS

F1 DETERMINATION OF NEED
The need for traffic protection or delineation, or both, adjacent to longitudinal excavations should be established
through application of a risk assessment based on-

(a) length of excavation parallel to the roadway;
(b) duration of exposure;
(c) traffic volume;
(d) traffic speed;
(e) depth of excavation; and
(f) road alignment.

For the purposes of this Appendix, an excavation should be regarded as a longitudinal depression with the slope of the
side adjacent to traffic 1.5 to 1 or steeper.

F2 LATERAL CLEARANCE
Where the need for traffic protection or delineation at excavation works adjacent to a traffic lane is established, it
should be provided in accordance with Table F1. The Table shows clearances below which protection or delineation is
recommended.

A minimum clearance of 0.3 m should be provided between the edge of the traffic lane and a safety barrier, where used.

F3 MEANS OF PROTECTION OR DELINEATION
The means of protection or delineation specified in Table F1 should be provided as follows:

(a) Standard delineation - Traffic cones or temporary bollards provided in accordance with Clause 3.9.1.

(b) Close delineation - Traffic cones or temporary bollards as for Item (a) but spaced at 4 m maximum in all cases.

(c) Safety barrier - Barriers in accordance with Clause 3.10.2.


APPENDIX G
ROADWORKS AT INTERSECTIONS

G1 GENERAL

Whenever it is necessary to undertake roadworks within an intersection, advance warning signs should be erected on
each of the approaches to the intersection. Signs are required also depending upon the situation and the extent of
works affecting each approach to the intersection. It is necessary to investigate each approach in turn and select an
appropriate method of signing. Most practical situations are covered by the diagrams included in this document.

Traffic should be guided through the intersection by traffic cones and, if necessary, by temporary hazard markers (see
Clause 3.9.3) located so that the trafficable area of pavement retains the form of an intersection although reduced in
size. If the obstruction is long term, barriers, delineators and other devices should be used as necessary for this
purpose. Adequate tapers in advance of closed areas of roadway are essential.

At intersections with minor roads or streets, consideration should be given to closing the minor street entrance
temporarily and detouring traffic by other routes. At intersections with major routes, it may be necessary to ban some
turning movements if there is insufficient space to accommodate them adequately or if they would be difficult to
provide for at times of high traffic volumes.

On approaches to intersections carrying mainly through traffic and where the obstruction occurs on the far left side of
the intersection, it is desirable to create a taper on the approach side of the intersection so that merging manoeuvres
take place in advance of, rather than within, the intersection.

A central obstruction within the intersection should have signs to indicate the path by which both through and right-
turning traffic, if any, may negotiate it. Traffic controllers or police may be needed in such locations. Small median or
channelising islands formed with traffic cones or temporary kerbs may be required on one or more of the approaches.


Self-Check Questions
1. Mandatory signs are blue and white.
a. True
b. False
2. Regulations which may apply to the implementation of a traffic management plan include:
a. Workplace Health & Safety
b. Environmental Protection
c. TORUM
d. All of the above
3. Name five documents which may need to be referred to for traffic management.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4. What is the objective of the MUTCD?
5. What is the definition of a regulatory traffic control device?

6. Very low-volume roads carry less than 500 vehicles per day
a. True
b. False
7. Which sections of the TORUM Act are relevant to the installation & removal of official
traffic signs? (Circle all applicable)
a. Section 68
b. Section 69
c. Section 72
d. Section 72A
e. Section 75
8. What are the four basic principles for the development, installation & operation of a traffic
guidance scheme?
1.
2.
3.
4.
9. Name the three ways in which traffic movement through the site can be achieved.
1.
2.
3.

10. Name the first three sequences for sign erection.
1.
2.
3.
11. Describe how short-term signs can be mounted.
12. What is the sign number for a “Roadwork Ahead” sign?
13. Most water filled barriers do not meet the requirements ofAS3845.
a. True
b. False
14. What are the five components of a typical work site?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

15. Advance warning signs are not required where:
a. Work is sufficiently remote from the roadway
b. Approach speeds are naturally low
c. Works confined to one direction of travel
d. Very low-volume conditions
e. All of the above
16. For the distance between signs D = 60 to 80 m.
a. True
b, False
17. Activities requiring work to be protected by a specialist vehicle include:
a. Placement & recovery of temporary signs
b. Mobile lane closures
c. Slow moving or stationery vehicles
d, All of the above
18. What table in the MUTCD is the primary reference used to select the appropriate sign?
19. List six of the nine considerations regarding safety & public convenience when selecting
a diagram.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

20. Low speed is an approach speed of 80 km/h or less.
a. True
b. False
21. You are required to select a diagram for the road involving day works. The work is on a
two-way, short-term road with over 5,000AADT and an encroachment that leaves 6.6 m
of sealed trafficable road. Which diagram would you use?
22. You need a copy of the MUTCD on site for reference.
a. True
b. False
23. In Diagram 24, which MUTCD clause is referred to for additional Information on delineation?
24. In the diagrams a number inside a circle indicates what?
25. For multi-message sign configuration, what must one 600 mm x 600mm be?
26. Name three supplementary temporary roadwork signs.
1.
2.
3.

27. What daily records should be kept?
1.
2.
28. Name four daily routines that should be carried out.
1.
2.
3.
4.
29. List four factors that the supervisor needs to continually consider, monitor & review.
1.
2.
3.
4.
30. Approval from the relevant authority must be obtained before erecting or removing
regulatory signs.
a. True
b. False
31. Sign removal work should be protected by what?

32. Describe the sequence of sign removal.
33. There is no need to record the removal of signs & devices.
a. True
b. False
34. The restoration of disturbed ground surfaces and protection of waterways, drains and
stormwater systems are to be carried out in accordance with which document?
35. What will the storage of signs and tools involve?

Left blank on purpose


RIIWHS302D Implement Traffic Management Plan LR

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RIIWHS302D Implement Traffic Management Plan LR

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Implement traffic management plan

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5 Clean up 5.1 Ensure work area is appropriately cleared

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Code of Practice 2008

Workplace Health and Safety

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This preserved code commences on 1 January 2012.

© The State of Queensland (Department of Justice and Attorney-General) 2011

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Who has duties?

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Maintenance work includes:

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Five important basic principles, to be observed, are as follows:

4.5 Traffic plans

Plans should be prepared for:

4.5.2 Traffic routing

4.5.3 Traffic control

4.5.5 Special vehicle requirements

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5.4 Responsibilities of approved traffic controller training providers

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A supervisor’s role in this routine procedure is coordination, inspection and

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Non-potable water, including recycled water, is considered to be a substance

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Safe work method statement ABN

High risk construction work Working on, or adjacent to, a road

Control measures How to use control Monitor and Responsible

4. Work zone and Work zones will be Traffic PM

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All workers will remain within Supervisor to Sup

Note: In the site-specific

Daily pre-start Sup

Any failure of a All

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Project specific details

For further assistance/information contact your local Safety Coordinator/Officer.

Approved by Project manager: / /

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Position Number Distance from Time checked

80 kph - Speed reduction sign

TWO LANE STATUS

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AS/NZS Australian/New Zealand Standard

CEMP Contractors Environmental Management Plan

DBYD Dial Before You Dig