Intermediate 2 Unit 7

Students guide
Day 1:
1- Watch this interesting video about climate change and its consequences. Students will be
able to practice vocabulary related to climate and environment in general.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VT-dvQCSM04

Exercises:

2- Complete the following online worksheets about environment vocabulary and verbs

https://www.liveworksheets.com/yz1401985tz

● https://www.liveworksheets.com/bf4899cy (listen)

https://www.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_Language

_(ESL)/Environment/Reduce,_Reuse,_Recycle_comprehension_fs116992qb (read)

Core Vocabulary
Important environmental issues, natural environmental disasters and other environment
vocabulary.
acid rain
rain which contains large amounts of disposable products
harmful chemicals as a result of burning
describes an item that is intended to be
substances such as coal and oil.
thrown away after use.
biodegradable
drought
able to decay naturally and harmlessly.
a long period when there is little or no
biodiversity rain.
the number and variety of plant and earthquake
animal species that exist in a particular
a sudden violent movement of the Earth's
environmental area or in the world.
surface, sometimes causing great damage.
carbon monoxide
endangered species
the poisonous gas formed by the burning
endangered birds/plants/species animals
of carbon, especially in the form of car
or plants which may soon not exist
fuel.
because there are very few now alive.
carbon dioxide
energy
the gas formed when carbon is burned, or
the power from something such as
when people or animals breathe out.
electricity or oil, which can do work, such
climate as providing light and heat. There are
different types of energy: solar, nuclear,
the general weather conditions usually
hydroelectric...
found in a particular place.
energy conservation
climate change
the process of conserving energy
there has been a growing concern about
climate change. environment
deforestation the air, water and land in or on which
people, animals and plants live.
the cutting down of trees in a large area;
the destruction of forests by people. Extinction
Many species of plants and animals are in
danger of/threatened with extinction (=
being destroyed so that they no longer
desertification exist)

the process by which land changes into flood

desert.
a large amount of water covering an area ozone layer
that is usually dry.
a layer of air high above the Earth, which
fumes contains a lot of ozone, and which
prevents harmful ultraviolet light from the
strong, unpleasant and sometimes
sun from reaching the Earth.
dangerous gas or smoke.
pollution
natural resources
damage caused to water, air.... by harmful
things such as minerals, forests, coal, etc.
substances or waste.
which exist in a place and can be used by
people. recycle waste
global warming to collect and treat rubbish to produce
useful materials which can be used again.
a gradual increase in world temperatures
caused by polluting gases such as carbon sustainable development
dioxide which are collecting in the air
a development that is causing little or no
around the Earth and preventing heat
damage to the environment and therefore
escaping into space.
able to continue for a long time.
greenhouse effect
tsunami
an increase in the amount of carbon
an extremely large wave caused by
dioxide and other gases in the
movement of the earth under the sea,
atmosphere which is believed to be the
often caused by an earthquake (= when
cause of a gradual warming of the surface
the Earth shakes)
of the Earth.
unleaded petrol
green peace
describes a type of petrol or other
an organization that fights for the
substance that does not contain lead.
protection of the environment.
volcano
renewable energy
a mountain with a large circular hole at the
describes a form of energy that can be
top through which lava (= hot liquid rock),
produced as quickly as it is used.
gases, steam and dust are or have been
forced out.
oil slick Waste: unwanted matter or material of any
type, often that which is left after useful
a layer of oil that is floating over a large substances or parts have been removed.
area of the surface of the sea.
 The Present Perfect Tense and the Passive Voice

Using the Present Perfect

The present perfect is a tense that usually describes something about the past that
has a connection with the present. It can describe a past experience that has
importance to now, or it can refer to an action that began in the past and continues
in the present, or it can express a recent action that creates consequences in this
moment.

We create the present perfect by using the verb ‘have’ and the past participle of a
verb. For example,

“You have finished.”

To make questions we invert ‘have’ and the subject:

“Have you finished?”

And to make negative forms we add ‘not’:

“You haven’t finished.”

The only small variation of this is with the third person singular that
requires has instead of have. For example,

She has finished.

The Main Uses

Let’s look in detail at the three main situations in which we use the Present Perfect
and see some examples.
1) Recent actions

We use the present perfect to describe a recent action or ask if something has
happened recently. It’s often used with words like just, already, yet, still. For example,

Jack’s asked me to marry him! I’m so happy!

(Finished action in recent past – consequence now.)

Have you finished reading the newspaper yet?

Ann’s just called. She’s missed her bus and will be here late.

2) Life experience

We can also use the present perfect to talk about important things we’ve done. In
this case we often use ever  and never. For example,

I’ve been to Canada. Have you ever been there?

How many times have you travelled abroad?

He’s won a lot of competitions during his sports career.

3) Unfinished actions

The third use of the present perfect is to describe actions that started in the past but
continue now. With this we use for  and since.  For example,

He’s worked here for 18 years.

We’ve lived in the city center since 2008.

How long have you known Pablo?

Let’s watch some instructional videos

● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KRL4iPSGDWc (part 1)

● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvgflzWAJho (part 2)
 Exercise on Passive Voice - Present Perfect

Rewrite the sentences in a passive voice.

Example: Kerrie has paid the bill. The bill has been paid by Kerrie

1. I have eaten a hamburger. A hamburger has been eaten by me

2. We have cycled five miles. Five miles have been cycled by us.
3. I have opened the present. The present has been opened by me.
4. They have not read the book The book has not been read by them.
5. You have not sent the parcel. The parcel has not been sent by you.
6. We have not agreed to this issue. This issue has not been agreed to by us.
7. They have not caught the thieves. The thieves have not been caught by them.
8. Has she phoned him? Has he been phoned by her?
9. Have they noticed us? Have we been noticed by them?

Infinitive Phrase Definition

We can only understand what an infinitive phrase is by first understanding the
meaning of the term infinitive. An infinitive is formed from a verb but functions as
a noun, adverb, or adjective. It is composed of two words, “to” and “a verb”. The two
words function as a noun, adverb, or adjective. Let’s look at the infinitive examples
as a noun, adverb, and adjective.

● I love to fish. (noun)
● I won’t mind to wait. (adverb)
● The boy to return the book is Josphat. (adjective)

What Is An Infinitive Phrase?

An infinitive phrase is a multi-word that begins with the infinitive. An infinitive

phrase, just like infinitives, can function as a noun, adverb, or adjective in a sentence.
When functioning as a noun, infinitive and infinitive phrases can appear as subjects,
objects (in this case direct), or predicate nominatives.
Here are examples of infinitive phrases:

● To clean kitchen utensils.

● To go on holiday.
● I told the candidates to revise thoroughly.
● I want to walk home quickly.

Components of an Infinitive Phrase

Infinitive phrases start with an infinitive, and at times take in modifiers and objects
to make them more meaningful.
Infinitive

An infinitive is the main component of an infinitive phrase. In simple terms, an

infinitive is a word “to” alongside a verb. Below are the examples to illustrate what it
means:

● To walk (to +walk)

● To go (to +go)
● To drink (to +drink)
● To watch (to +watch)

Infinitives are spoken words describing an action and should not be mistaken with
a prepositional phrase that starts with the word “to” alongside a noun or a pronoun.

Objects
An object can be a noun or a pronoun that receives the action of a verb. In
an infinitive phrase, an object is a word that receives the action of the infinitive.

Infinitive clauses and Phrases

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZ4PJ5YQOAk (watch)

● https://www.liveworksheets.com/xl939961if
 ● https://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-5677.php
●

Prepositions of cause and effect

Definition:

Preposition of Cause, Reason, Purpose

The preposition of the cause shows the reason of a happening or being in a sentence.
Preposition mostly indicates the cause of something happening or the purpose of an
action.

Preposition joins a verb with the noun and shows the reason for happening.

Here are some of the examples mentioned below:

They are traveling on the train.

Ruma reacted to the incident.

I am playing Ludo with my friends.

The moon shines because of the sun.

The tourists arrived on the island on a hovercraft.

Let us see some more examples of a preposition in detail:

To: This is used to show the purpose of the noun. This preposition joins a noun with a
verb.

Ex: Alesha gave a hundred rupees to her brother.

For: This word is also used to show the purpose of the noun and joins a noun with
usually another noun or an adjective.

Ex: They went for an interview to get a job.

From: The word “from” is used to indicate distance or direction from separation,
deprivation.

Ex: She is traveling from Hyderabad to Vijayawada.

Into: This word is used to express any movement action that something enclosed.

Ex: He and his friends jumped into the well.

More resources:

https://youtu.be/0hBW3Jcj44g

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nep5BlRYNyc

Vocabulary:
Exersices:

https://es.liveworksheets.com/up1120266cf

https://es.liveworksheets.com/js1990557jo

https://es.liveworksheets.com/sd1490831nb

https://es.liveworksheets.com/om826917sk